An Architecture for the

Family of Alphabets
Joannes Richter

1: Logical family of signaries and alphabets from

the Ugaritic Node
Abstract
There are five locations to generate phonetic sounds and 5-letter words (Pentagrams), which are
activating these 5 phonetic sources. A subset of these five locations are the restricted to a number of
3-letter words (or Trigrams).
These 5 categories (linguals, palatals, gutturals, labials and dentals) may have been known to
archaic peoples and might have influenced the languages and the signaries or alphabets.
The motivations to investigate the pentagrams are:
• The 5 categories for alphabetical letters are specified in the Sefer Yetzirah (Book of
Formation, or Book of Creation, 3rd or 4th century AD1). The twenty-two letters of the
Hebrew alphabet are classified both with reference to the position of the vocal organs in
producing the sounds, and with regard to sonant intensity.
• A number of names of the sky-gods ( *DYAUS-PITAR, DJOUS PITER and *DII ĒUS) are
composed as pentagrams, which may be displayed in the 2-dimensional tables of the
corresponding alphabets.
• A number of Germanic names of the sky-gods (TIVAR, TĪÆWS, TIÉU,..) may be displayed
in the 2-dimensional tables of the corresponding alphabets.
• Trigrams may be found as Mediterranean personal pronouns (IAU, IEU, IOU) for the 1st
person singular and as the Great Name IHV in Sefer Yetzirah.2
This paper describes the suitable architecture for the family of alphabets which enables and supports
the heritage of the required symbols to display the correct theonyms TĪWAZ or *TIEWS in the
Futhark and TIΕU in the Ogham signaries.

1 According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, the essential elements of the book are characteristic of the 3rd or 4th century
2 11. He selected three letters from among the simple ones and sealed them and formed them into a Great Name, I H
V, (28) and with this He sealed the universe in six directions. Sefer Yetzirah trranslated from Hebrew by Wm. Wynn
Westcott
Overview of the sky-gods for a great number of signaries
In the essay The Lepontic Alphabet as a Source for the Runic Signaries and Notes to the Origin of
the Elder Futhark and Ogham Runes I checked the composition of a a few 2-dimensional displayed
patterns for well-known signaries, which were mapped into the 2-dimensional arrays.
Most of the signaries and alphabets are derived from the North Semitic Order of the Ugaritic
alphabet. Only the Geʽez abjad (displaying the theonym NYḪWS) may be derived from the South
Semitic Order of the Ugaritic alphabet:
The following patterns for the sky-god's theonyms are a 3-gram or 5-grams: IΕV, TIΕVS, ΘΙΕΥs,
ΘIUEŚ, ΘIVEŚ, ΘIVAZ, ⲐⲈⲒⲊⲢ, ÞIEVS, TĪÆWS, TIÉU, DIÉU, ... :

Ugaritic Derivative row Long Central Size

Semitic order Signaries theonym core Letters
North Sanskrit 1 TIAUṬ IAU 47
ṬIAUT
Ugaritic alphabet 2 ṬYḪWŠ YḪW 27-30
Old-Persian 1 TIAUR IAU 25
Hebrew alphabet 2 TIΕVS IΕV 22
Early Greek alphabet 2 ΘΙΕΥs ΙΕΥ 21
Euboean Alphabet 2 ΘIUEŚ IUE 26
Early Etruscan 2 ΘIVEŚ IVE 23
Lepontic alphabet 1 ΘIVAZ IVA 17-20
Coptic alphabet 2 ⲐⲈⲒⲊⲢ ⲈⲒⲊ 33
Latin alphabet 2 ÞIEVS IΕV 24
Elder Futhark 3 TĪÆWS ĪÆW 24
Ogham signary 4 TIÉU(X) IÉU 20
Provencal 2 DIÉU IÉU 26 (?)
South Ugaritic alphabet 5 ṬYʿʾUẒ YʿʾU 28-31
Geʽez abjad 3 NYḪWS YḪW 26
Table 1 Theonyms of a sky-god in the 2-dimensional tables of the alphabets and signaries
The Ugaritic alphabet's Northern Semitic order
The first alphabets may have been the Northern and Southern Semitic orders of the Ugaritic
alphabet, which is dated around 1500-1300 BCE3. There are two versions of the Ugaritic alphabet.
Only one of these versions, the "Northern Semitic order", represents an abecedaria and is used to
generate the following 2-dimensional table. The first 27 letters are categorized as follows: linguals:
D, Ṭ, L, Ḏ, N, Ṯ, T, palatals: G, Y, K, Q, Ġ, gutturals: ʾA, Ḫ, H (E), Ḥ, ʿ (O), labials: B, W, M, P and
dentals: Z, Š, Ẓ, S, R. The 4th letter Ḫ does not exist in the Hebrew alphabet. Therefore in the
Hebrew alphabet the replacement for the letter Ḫ in the great Name YḪW may be the 6th letter H.
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
transcription ʾA B G Ḫ D H W Z Ḥ Ṭ Y K Š L M Ḏ N Ẓ S ʿ P Ṣ Q R Ṯ Ġ T ʾI ʾU S2
Hebrew
‫גבא‬ ‫מ לשכ י טחז ו הד‬ ‫נ‬ ‫רקצפעס‬ ‫ת‬
Table 2 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(Categorized according to the Hebrew standard of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's comments)
The 2-dimensional table contains 7 linguals, 5 gutturals, 5 palatals, 4 labials and 6 dentals. At the 2nd
row of this table a theonym ṬYḪWŠ () may be identified:
linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals #
7 t→ 1

T27
6 ṯ→ r→ 2

Θ 25 R24
5 n→ ġ→ ʿ→ ṣ→ 4

N17 Gh26 O20 Ṣ22

4 ḏ→ q→ ḥ→ p→ s→ 5

Z16 Q23 H9 P,Φ21 S19

3 l→ k → h(e) → m → ẓ → 5

L14 K12 E6 M15 Ẓ18

2 ṭ→ y→ ḫ→ w→ š→ 5

Th10 (Θ,Þ) Y11 Kh4 W7 Ś13

1 d→ g → ʾa → b→ z→ 5

D5 G3 A1 B2 Z8
# 7 5 5 4 6 27
Table 3 A sky-god's theonym ṬYḪWŠ (ṬYḪWŠ) at the 2nd row of the Ugaritic Signary
(in a Latin transliteration)

3 The Ugaritic writing system is a cuneiform abjad (consonantal alphabet) used from around either the fifteenth
century BCE[1] or 1300 BCE[2] for Ugaritic, an extinct Northwest Semitic language, and discovered in Ugarit
(modern Ras Al Shamra), Syria, in 1928. It has 30 letters. (Source: Ugaritic alphabet)
Comparing the Northern & Southern Semitic Orders 4

Obviously the 3-letter theonyms may be found in the lines with the palatal Y-letter, which is found
in different locations.
The palatal Y may be followed by a guttural letter Ḫ and a labial W, which is found in the Northern
Semitic order of the Ugaritic alphabet and the Ge'ez-alphabet.
In the southern Semitic order the palatal Y is shifted to the 5th line, which is followed by the ʿ and a
labial ʾU.

Fig. 3: Southern Semitic order

Fig. 2 Northern Semitic order (ʾAbgad) (HLḤM, or Halaḥam)

Fig. 4 Ge'ez-alphabet
4 The Common YHV-Root in the Ugaritic Alphabets
The inherited theonyms
The highlighted sky-god's theonym ṬYḪWŠ (ṬYḪWŠ) is inherited to most Indo-European
alphabets (Greek,, Latin, Futhark, Ogham) and the Hebrew alphabet.5

linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals #

5 Τ22 Σ21 1
4 Ν14 Q19 Ο16 Π17 Ρ20 5
3 Λ12 Κ11 Η8 Μ13 (Ts18) 5
2 Θ9 Ι10 Ε5 Υ6 (s15) 5
1 Δ4 Γ3 Α1 Β2 Ζ7 5
# 5 4 4 4 4 21
Table 4 Displaying the early Greek theonym (ΘΙΕΥs)
in one of the Hellenic alphabets (in Greek capital letters)

5 The Common YHV-Root in the Ugaritic Alphabets

The Hebrew Alphabet and the Hebrew Great Name YHW
According to a comment to the Sefer Yetzirah the letters in the Hebrew alphabet had been
categorized according to 5 categories, which are based on the 5 phonetic sources where the human
voice is generating the phonetic sounds.
Based on Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic commentary on “Sefer Yetzirah” (chapter
4, paragraph 3), wherein he describes the phonetic sounds of the 22 characters of the
Hebrew alphabet and classifies them in groups based on their individual sounds: “Aleph
( ‫)א‬, hé (‫)ה‬, ḥet (‫)ח‬, ‘ayin (‫ )ע‬are [gutturals sounds] produced from the depth of the
tongue with the opening of the throat, but bet (‫)ב‬, waw (‫)ו‬, mim (‫)מ‬, pé (‫ )פ‬are [labial
sounds] made by the release of the lips and the end of the tongue; whereas gimel (‫)ג‬,
yōd (‫)י‬, kaf (‫)כ‬, quf (‫ )ק‬are [palatals] separated by the width of the tongue [against the
palate] with the [emission of] sound. However, daleth (‫)ד‬, ṭet (‫)ט‬, lamed (‫)ל‬, nūn (‫)נ‬, tau
(‫ )ת‬are [linguals] separated by the mid-section of the tongue with the [emission of]
sound; whereas zayin (‫)ז‬, samekh (‫)ס‬, ṣadi (‫)צ‬, resh (‫)ר‬, shin (‫ )ש‬are [dental sounds]
produced between the teeth by a tongue that is at rest.6”

According to the Sefer Yetzirah the Great Name, I H V is selected from the simple letters, which in
Hebrew language may represent vowels I, E, U or consonants J, H, V. The translation interprets the
formula I H V.
Chapter 1-11. He selected three letters from among the simple ones and sealed them and
formed them into a Great Name, I H V, (28) and with this He sealed the universe in six
directions7.

In the 2-dimensional table of the Hebrew alphabet the Great Name is located at the 2nd row:

linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals

5 Taw T22 Shin S21
4 Nun N14 Qoph K19 Ayin Gh16 Pe Ph17 Resh R20
3 Lamedh L12 Kaph Ch11 Heth H8 Mem M13 Tsade Ts18
2 Teth T9 Yodh I10 He (H) Ε5 Waw V6 Samekh S15
1 Dalet D4 Gimel G3 Aleph Æ1 Bet B2 Zayin Z7
Table 5: The location of the Great Name I10-Ε5-V6 inside the cartouche (D4, G3, Æ1 , B2, Z7, S15,
Ts18, M13, H8, Ch11, L12, T9) of the Hebrew alphabet

6 Footnote in Modern Hebrew phonology (quoted in The Composition of the Sky-God's Name in PIE-Languages)
7 Chapter I - quoted from the Wikisource Sefer Yetzirah, translated by W. W. Westcott ,
The Latin Alphabet
The fifth letter “(s15)” of the Latin theonym (ÞIΕVS) and “(s15)” in the early Greek theonym
(ΘΙΕΥs) is based on the Ugaritic letter Ś13 which had been skipped from the Latin and Greek
alphabets.
The Latin and early Greek alphabet do not contain the physical Ś13, but the 2-dimensional array still
reserves the last position of the second row for a ghost letter, which is found in the Hebrew alphabet
as Samekh S15.
A similar Ghost letter (Ts18) is found in the 3rd row.
Any ghost letters above the displayed theonym do not disturb the Great Names. Therefore the
alphabetical extensions and additional symbols are included at the end of the alphabet.
In the lower and lowest rows of the 2-dimensional table any skipped, added or modified letter may
destroy the pattern of the theonym. In archaic times the Great Name may have been protected by
keeping the initial section of the alphabet intact. Often the modifications of letters also disturbed the
archaic numbering systems. Therefore the Roman leaders avoided the proposed addition of
Claudius' letters. Most recent extensions had to be added at the end of the alphabet.

linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals

6 (W)
5 T22 (X) (Y) (U) S21
4 N14 Q19 O16 P17 R20
3 L12 K11 H8 M13 (Ts18)
2 Þ9 I10(J10) Ε5 (ϝ6) → V6 (s15)
1 D4 G3 → G3 A1 B2 Z7
Table 6: The Latin alfabet with a black highlighted 2e row of the table
displaying the theonym Þ-I-Ε-V–S (respectively Þ-I-Ε-U–S )
The Design of the Lepontic alphabet
According to Jackson Crawford8 the Lepontic alphabet may be the most suitable candidate as a
source for the runic signaries such as the Elder and Younger Futhark.
The foundation of the Lepontic alphabet may be the Etruscan alphabet.
Lepontic is an extinct Continental Celtic language once spoken in parts of Rhaetia and Cisalpine Gaul
(now northern Italy) between about 550 and 100 BC. Lepontic is considered by some scholars to be a
form of Cisapline Gaulish/Celtic and a dialect of Gaulish. Others, such as M. Lejeune, believe that is was
a distinct Continental Celtic language9.

The direction of writing is Boustrophedon (like plowing: left-to-right and right-to-left in alternate
lines), which indicates an ancient concept10.
There are various orders and lengths for the Lepontic/Lugano alphabet. In Wikipedia the number of
the alphabet's character is defined as 18 letters, although the Lugano (Lepontic) language in the
table11 specifies a length of 17 characters.12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

A E Z Θ I K L M N O P Ś R S T U Χ

Table 7 A 17-letter Lepontic alphabet (from The Lepontic alphabet in Wikipedia)

Another source defined the Leponto alphabet with 20 letters:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

A E V Z Θ I K L M N P Ś Q R S T U Φ Χ O

Table 8 A 20-letter Lepontic alphabet (from: North_Italic_Script)

based on the definition of the "Lugano" alphabet by Lejeune 1971 (cf. p. 14, fig. 2).
The 2-dimensional table displays a theonym ΘIVAZ (Θ5-I6-V3-A1-Z4) at the 1st row in the 20-letter
Lepontic alphabet. This is a most peculiar result as a similar theonym ṬYḪWŠ is found at the 2nd
row of the 2-dimensional table for the Ugaritic alphabet.

linguals palatals labials gutturals dentals

5 Φ18
4 T16 Χ19 U17 S15
3 N10 Q13 P11 O20 R14
2 L8 K7 M9 E2 Ś12
1 Θ5 I6 V3 A1 Z4

Table 9: The location of the theonym ΘIVAZ (Θ5-I6-V3-A1-Z4) in the 20-letter Lepontic alphabet
Source: https://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/North_Italic_Script
based on the definition of the "Lugano" alphabet by Lejeune 1971 (cf. p. 14, fig. 2).

8 In a videoclip Origin of the Runes (A New Intro.) by the author Jackson Crawford
9 Lepontic alphabet
10 Many ancient scripts, such as Etruscan, Safaitic, and Sabaean, were frequently or typically written
boustrophedonically.
11 The alphabets of Este (Venetic), Magrè and Bolzano/Bozen-Sanzeno (Raetic), Sondrio (Camunic), Lugano
(Lepontic) (in a table composed by Barbax)
12 The alphabet (Lepontic language)
The reduced 17-letter Lepontic alphabet
The 2-dimensional table displays a theonym ΘIVAZ (Θ5-I6-V3-A1-Z4) in the 20-letter Lepontic
alphabet, which as ΘIvAZ may also be valid for the (reduced) 17-letter alphabet.
The 17-letter alphabet's structure seems to have maintained the original 20-letter pattern

linguals palatals labials gutturals dentals

5 Φ

4 T15 Χ17 U16 S14

3 N9 Q P11 O10 R13

2 L7 K6 M8 E2 Ś12

1 Θ4 I5 V A1 Z3

Table 10: The location of the theonym ΘIvAZ (Θ4-I5-(v)-A1-Z3) in the 20-letter Lepontic alphabet
Source: https://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/North_Italic_Script
based on the definition of the "Lugano" alphabet by Lejeune 1971 (cf. p. 14, fig. 2).

The display of the theonym ΘIVAZ (Θ5-I6-V3-A1-Z4) in the bottom line of the 2-dimensional 20-
letter Lepontic alphabet may have been planned. This purposed design required a reduction of circa
4 letters (B, D, C, H) at the beginning of the Ugaritic alphabet.
Obviously some of skipped letters B, Ḫ, D, H may have been lost in the Celtic Leponto and Celtic
Gallic alphabets, which are beginning with A, C, E, V, Z, H, Θ, I. The D is still found in the Hebrew
alphabet. The B and H are still found in the Etruscan alphabet. The Θ of the Celtic Leponto is
missing in the Celtic Gallic alphabet.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Ugaritic (27-30) ʾA B G ḪDH WZ Ḥ Ṭ Y K Š L M Ḏ N Ẓ S ʿ P Ṣ Q R Ṯ Ġ T

North Semitic order
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Hebrew (22) ‫מ ל שכ י ט ח ז ו הד ג ב א‬ ‫ר קצפעס נ‬ ‫ת‬

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Euboian alphabet (26) A B G DE U Z H Θ I K L M N XOP Ś QRS TU X P C

h h
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Etruscan VII-VI (26) A B C EVZHΘ I K L M N OP Ś QRS T UΦΧF Ť

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Celtic Leponto (19) A C EVZ Θ I K L M N OP Ś RS TU Χ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Celtic Gallic (18) A C EVZ I K L M N OP Ś RS TU Χ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Futhark letters (24) A B C DE WZ H Θ I K L M N OP R S GT UF

N
J g

Table 11 The reduction of the letters B, D, H and Θ in the supposed "Celtic Gallic Alphabet"
The reduced 26-letter Euboan alphabet
The Euboan alphabet contains 26 letters, which cover most letters of the North Semitic ordered
Ugaritic alphabet.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Euboan alphabet A B G D E U/V Z H Θ I K L M N X O P Ś Q R S T U X Ph Ch
reduction BGD H X X
Remaining (20)
letters
A E U/V Z Θ I K L MN O P Ś Q R S T U Φ X

Table 12 Euboean Alphabet[5] from Etruskische_Schrift ( Steven Roger Fischer: History of Writing. S.
138. )
The included letters D, C/G, B, A, Z fill the 1st row in the 2-dimensional array of the Euboean
alphabet:

linguals palatals labials gutturals dentals

7 Ch

6 X Ph

5 T Q U

4 N X P O S

3 L K M H R

2 Θ I U E Ś

1 D C/G B A Z

Table 13: The location of the theonym ΘIUEŚ (Θ4-I5-U-A1-Z3) in the 26-letter Euboean alphabet
If we skip 6 letters (D, C/G, B, H, Q, X) in the Euboean alphabet we may reorder the remaining
letters as follows to a 20 -letter alphabet:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

A E V Z Θ I K L M N P Ś Q R S T U Φ Χ O

Table 14 Reduced and reordered Euboan Alphabet

The reduced and reordered Euboean Alphabet resembles the Celtic Leponto alphabet (20 letters).
The letter C however seems to be included to the alphabet, but the letter Q may be removed.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Celtic A C E V Z Θ I K L M N O P Ś (Q) R S T U Φ X
Leponto (20)

Table 15 Letters for the Celtic Leponto alphabet (20 letters)

The reduced and reordered Euboean Alphabet resembles the Celtic Leponto alphabet. The Leponto
Celts may have designed the reduction process to display the theonym ΘIUEŚ or ΘIVEŚ (Θ4-I5-U-
A1-Z3) in the 2nd row of the 2-dimensional alphabet.
The early 23-letter Etruscan alphabet
The Etruscan alphabet was the alphabet used by the Etruscans, an ancient civilization of central
and northern Italy, to write their language, from about 700 BC to sometime around 100 AD.
The Etruscan alphabet derives from the Euboean alphabet used in the Greek colonies in southern
Italy which belonged to the "western" ("red") type, the so called Western Greek alphabet. Several
Old Italic scripts, including the Latin alphabet, derived from it (or simultaneously with it).
The earliest known Etruscan abecedarium is inscribed on the frame of a wax tablet in ivory,
measuring 8.8×5 cm, found at Marsiliana (near Grosseto, Tuscany). It dates from about 700 BC,
and lists 26 letters corresponding to contemporary forms of the Greek alphabet, including digamma,
san and qoppa, but not omega which had still not been added at the time. 13

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Sound in
[w [tʰ [m [pʰ [kʰ
Ancient [a] [b] [g] [d] [e] [zd] [h] [i] [k] [l] [n] [ks] [o] [p] [s] [k] [r] [s] [t] [u] [ks]
Greek ] ] ] ] ]
Neo-Etruscan a c e v z h θ i k l m n p ś q r s t u φ χ f
Approx. pron. a k e v ts h th i k l m n p sh k r s t u ph kh f

Table 16 Neo-Etruscan alphabet (26 letters)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
P C
Euboean alphabet A B G D E U/V Z H Θ I K L M N X O P Ś Q R S T U X
h h
reduction B D XO X
early Etruscan
Alphabet A C E V ZHΘ I K L MN P Ś QR S T U Ś Φ X F
Remaining letters
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Table 17 Transforming the Euboean Alphabet[5] to an early Etruscan Alphabet

Source: Etruskische_Schrift ( Steven Roger Fischer: History of Writing. S. 138. )

The skipped letters B, D, X and O, which are inherited from the Euboean alphabet are needed to
display the theonym in the Etruscan alphabet. Therefore we may reserve the representative locations
for B, D, X and O in the 2-dimensional table.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Transcription A C E V Z H Θ I K L M N P Ś Q R S T U Ś Ph Ch F
Table 18 An early Etruscan Alphabet[24] (23 letters)
(fr. Steven Roger Fischer: History of Writing. S. 140. )

13 Source: Etruscan alphabet

The early Etruscan alphabet now displays the theonym ΘIVEŚ (Θ7-I8-V4-A1-Z3) in the 23-letter
early Etruscan alphabet:

linguals palatals labials gutturals dentals

Ch F

6 (X) Ph

5 T Q U

4 N X P (O) S

3 L K M H R

2 Θ I V E Ś

1 (D) C/G (B) A Z

Table 19: The location of the theonym ΘIVEŚ (Θ7-I8-V4-A1-Z3) in the 23-letter early Etruscan
alphabet, in which the rudimentary letters B and D and O and X are skipped

Both the early Etruscan Alphabet and the Celtic Leponto alphabet skipped 4 letters (B, D O and X,
respectively B, D, C/G and H). Both skipped the same categories, but different letters.

The Elder Futhark signary seems to have chosen to have garbled the alphabet in order to display a
similar theonym at another row of the 2-dimensional array.
The design of the 24-letter Elder Futhark signary
From: Notes to the Origin of the Elder Futhark and Ogham runes (10.6.2021)
The Kylver Stone, listed in the Rundata catalog as runic inscription G 88, is a Swedish runestone
which dates from about 400 AD. It is notable for its listing of each of the runes in the Elder
Futhark14. The Kylver stone is inscribed with the earliest known sequential listing of the 24 runes of
the Elder Futhark,[4]

Order Nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Rune ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛈ ᛇ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛞ ᛟ
Transliteration [f] u þ a r k g [w] h n i j p ï (æ) z s t b e m l ŋ d o
Category [F] U Þ A R K G [W] H N I J P Ï / Æ Z S T B E M L Ŋ D O
Table 20 One-dimensional table of the Kylver Stone signary (…ᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲᚷ…ᚺᚾᛁᛃᛈᛇᛉᛊᛏᛒᛖᛗᛚᛜᛞᛟ )

The one-dimensional rows of the Kylver Stone and the two Vadstena and Mariedamm bracteates
may be transformed to the same two-dimensional table with the theonym TĪWÆZ.
The theonym TĪWÆZ is displayed at the 3rd row of the 2-dimensional array of the elder Futhark.

# linguals palatals labials gutturals dentals

6 D M
5 Ŋ (NG) B O
4 L J P E
3 T I [W] Ï or Æ S
2 N G U H Z
1 Þ K [F] A R
Table 21 Two-dimensional table of the Kylver Stone's signary (with the theonym TĪWÆZ)

The designs for the runic symbols of the Elder Futhark may have been inspired by the Euboean,
Etruscan or North Italic (Lepontic or Gallic) alphabets. The order of the letters seems to have been
garbled to avoid any collision with other alphabets.
The theonym TĪWÆZ at the 3rd row of the Kylver Stone's signary seems to follow the standard
mechanism to display one variant for the theonym of the sky-god DYAUS.
There is no evidence for direct connections to the 23-letter early Etruscan alphabet or the 20-letter
Celtic Leponto alphabet, in which some relevant letters such as the B and D are missing.
A suitable source to design the Elder Futhark would be the Euboan alphabet, which contains all
relevant letters.

14 Kylver Stone
The design of the ogham signaries
It is generally thought that the earliest inscriptions in ogham date to about the 4th century AD,[8]
but James Carney believed its origin is rather within the 1st century BC.[9] The earliest scriptures
may have used runes, which were used without an “alphabetical” order or with a restricted set of
symbols.
The first three aicmí consist of 15 consonants, which allows to use the letters without any vowels.
The fourth aicme ("family") contains 5 vowels, which for a display of the pentagram “TIEU(X)”
need to be positioned in a special order. This order is guaranteed for the Goidelic, Pictish and
standard order. Only the Mediaval order misses a letter N and displays a distorted theonym NgIΕM.
All 4 aicmí are ordered as follows: A-O-U-E-I, which controls the sequence IEU in “TIEU(X)”. For the
“T” is earlier inserted at the 4th line of the 2-dimensional alphabet.
There is a standard order15 (defined in Wikipedia), local orders (Goidelic and Pictish) and
chronological orders such as the medieval order. I decided to investigate the following 4 orders16:
Aicme Beithe Aicme hÚatha Aicme Muine Aicme Ailme
Goidelic order B L N F/V S H D T C Q M G NG SS R A O U Ε I
Pictish order B L V S N H D T K KH M G NG ST R A O U Ε I
Medieval order B L F S V H D T K Q M G NG DD R A O U Ε I
Standard order B L F S N H D T C Q M G NG Z R A O U Ε I
Table 22 3 chronological orders from Proto-Ogham (2008) and the “standard order”.
(and additionally the forfeda : CH, TH, P, Ph, X-SK, and/or EA, OI, UI, IA, AE.)
A possible source for the (especially: Goidelic and Pictish) ordered ogham signaries may be found
in the mission of the bishop Palladius, who was consecrated by Pope Celestine I and sent to Ireland
in 431 AD - "to the Scotti believing in Christ". Palladius landed at Arklow. At this landing he may
have designed and explained the Goidelic order.
According to St Prosper, Palladius arrived among the Scots in North Britain (in the consulate of
Bassus and Antiochus) after he left Ireland in 431.[9] Scottish church tradition holds that he
presided over a Christian community there for about 20 years. At this landing he may have designed
and explained the Pictish order.
In order to explain these mechanisms I will list the 4 tables from the earlier essay: The Arrays (and
the Presumed Theonym TIEU) of the Ogham Signary.

15 From www.ancientscripts.com/ogham.html
16 Source: The Arrays (and the Presumed Theonym TIEU) of the Ogham Signary (11.02.2021)
The various arrays of the ogham signaries
Three of the 4 arrays of the ogham signaries display a typical PIE-theonym “TIΕU” in the 4th row of
the signary. Only the medieval order displays a theonym “NgIΕM” in the 4th row of the signary.

The array for the Goidelic order

1- the chronological Goidelic order; B, L, N, F/V, S, H, D, T, C, Q, M, G, NG, SS , R, A, O, U, Ε, I,
forfeda; CH, TH, P, Ph, X-SK, and/or EA, OI, UI, IA, AE.
linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals
5 NG
4 T I Ε U
3 D G O M R
2 N Q A F/V SS
1 L C H B S
Table 23 Displaying the theonym TIΕU in the Ogham signary (for the Goidelic order)

The Pictish order

2- Pictish order; B, L, V, S, N, H, D, T, K, KH, M, G, NG, ST, R, A, O, U, Ε, I,
Forfeda; P, and D, RR, and/or OI, UI, IA, OE, and O-HO, MA. 36

linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals

5 NG
4 T I Ε U
3 D G O M R
2 N KH A V ST
1 L K H B S
Table 24 Displaying the theonym TIΕU in the Ogham signary (for the Pictish order)

The Medieval order

3- Medieval order; B, L, F, S, V, H, D, T, K, Q, M, G, NG, DD, R, A, O, U, Ε, I,
forfeda; EA, OI, UI, IA, AE.
linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals
5 DD U
4 NG I Ε M
3 T G O V
2 D Q A F R
1 L K H B S
Table 25 Displaying the theonym NgIΕM in the Ogham signary (for the Medieval order)
The standard order
4- the standard order; B, L, F, S, N, H, D, T, C, Q, M, G, NG, Z, R, A, O, U, Ε, I,
forfeda; EA, OI, UI, IA, AE. P,...17

linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals

5 NG
4 T I Ε U
3 D G O M R
2 N Q A F Z
1 L C H B S
Table 26 Displaying the theonym TIΕU in the Ogham signary (for the standard order)

The displays for the 4 aicmi

Furthermore, when one combines the letter symbols in each five set of fews, one gets hidden
meanings similar the ones hinted at by the ancient Irish poets.
• Down strokes: B-L-N-U(W)-S : Belenus < Belenos, the Sun God.
• Up strokes: SC-D-T-C-Q: Scud < scudos = “shield” Tecq < tecoscii = “of the doctor of knowledge”;
ditaca = “smoke”
• Slanted cross strokes: M-G-‘N- Ð-R: Magon ðir < magunos ðiras = boy servant of stars.
• Straight cross strokes: A-O-U-E-I: auello / auilla = “willingness”; auelo = “air stream” 18.

17 online source : www.ancientscripts.com/ogham.html

18 Source : (PDF) Proto-Ogham | Michel Gérald Boutet - Academia.edu
A Family of Alphabets

The Proto-Sinaitic script Node

A logical family of signaries and alphabets from the Proto-Sinaitic script Node may be split up in
two variants of the Ugaritic alphabet: the north Semitic order (ʾAbgad) and a south Semitic order
(HLḤM, or Halaḥam).
The script is attested in a small corpus of inscriptions found at Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai
Peninsula, Egypt, dating to the Middle Bronze Age (2100–1500 BCE).[4] 19

5: Logical family of signaries and alphabets from

the Ugaritic Node

The North Semitic Order

In the North Semitic Order the runic Futhark signary (displaying the theonym TĪÆWS) may be
derived from the Euboian alphabet (displaying the theonym ΘIUEŚ) or the Early Etruscan alphabet
(displaying the theonym ΘIVEŚ).
The most suitable source to design the Elder Futhark would be the Euboan alphabet, which contains
all relevant letters, which had to be inherited to the Futhark. A second choice is the Early Etruscan
alphabet or the Celtic Leponto alphabet.bBoth the early Etruscan Alphabet and the Celtic Leponto
alphabet skipped 4 letters (B, D O and X, respectively B, D, C/G and H). Both skipped the same
categories, but different letters.
19 Proto-Sinaitic script
The letters of the Merovingian king Chilperic I
In order to save some of the Futhark symbolism the Merovingian king Chilperic I ( 539 – 584 AD)
may have added 4 letters to the Latin alphabet, which had to be removed after his death20.

The Provencal theonym

The Provencal theonym DIÉU deviates from the French DIEU. Therefore I decided to insert a more
precise language (Provencal) between the Latin and French nodes. In fact we may discuss whether
the Provencal and French have inherited their theonyms DIÉU and DIEU from Latin which had
chosen an archaic name DJOUS PITER. As a French and Provencal theonym I would expect
DJOU instead of DIÉU. The Roman naming convention Jupiter would not be leading to DIÉU,
Maybe the Provencal and French theonyms had to be inherited directly from the Greek colonists in
Marseille.

The Ogham signaries

In a missionary bishop Palladius (432 AD – 452 AD) traveled to Ireland and Scotland where he may have
helped to design the Ogham signaries (displaying the theonym TIEU) on a base of the French
alphabet (displaying the theonym DIEU).

20 King Chilperic I's letters (ΔΘZΨ)

A historical overview of a runic timetable
As far as my analysis allows to determine the runic timetable I may fill the agenda with the
following events.
Date stamp (Year) Event (Title) Description Runes and
Pentagrams
1 1500 BCE Rig Veda The name of the DIAUS
(in Sanskrit) sky-god -PITER
2 1400 BCE Ugaritic alphabet Sequence of the Cuneiform words
(North Semitic alphabet in a Latin Ugaritic Alphabet ṬḪYWŠ, or
transliteration) ZḪYWŚ
3 715–673 BC Numa Pompilius Installation of the *DIOUS
of Sabine origin cult of Jupiter -PITER
4 41–54 AD Claudian letters Claudius (reigned
41–54) introduced
three new letters to
the Latin alphabet
5 2nd and 3rd centuries Runes Earliest runic Runic letters
(100 – 300 AD) Vimose inscriptions inscriptions found TĪWAZ,
in bogs and graves LAGUZ,
around Jutland INgWAZ.
6 early 3rd century Goths Goths first appear in
(~200 AD) historical records
7 235–284 AD Crisis of the Third Century The Imperial Crisis
Imperial Crisis was a period in
which the Roman
Empire nearly
collapsed.
8  311–383 AD Ulfilas Gothic alphabet
Gothic Bible
9 400 AD Kylver Stone Sequence of the Futhark words
Elder Futhark TĪWAZ
*TIEWS
10 431 AD Palladius is sent to Ireland Sequence of the Ogham word
Ogham Signary TIΕU
Goidelic order
11 432 AD – 452 AD Palladius is sent to Scotland Sequence of the Ogham word
Ogham Signary TIΕU
Pictish order
12 500 AD Vadstena bracteate Futhark signary TĪWÆZ
13 6th century Grumpan bracteate Futhark signary ~ TĪWÆZ
14 539 – 584 AD King Chilperic I's letters (ΔΘZΨ)

Table. A historical overview of a runic timetable

The duality in the architectures of the Ugaritic alphabet
A language may have developed a long period of time before the introduction of an alphabet. Often
the archaic legends defined the scripture as a gift of the gods or a special god. Other religions
defined the scripture as the language of the gods. Of course it would be exciting to find the Creator's
Name correctly spelled as a theonym inside of the alphabet's structure.
Basically there is no need to define a special order of the alphabetical symbols. Therefore the
duality in the order of the Ugaritic alphabet invites us to find a special reason for these orders:
• a north Semitic order (ABC..., or ʾAbgad) and
• a south Semitic order (HLḤM, or Halaḥam).
I noticed the north Semitic order (ABC..., or ʾAbgad) displayed a theonym ṬYḪWŠ at the 2nd row
of the 2-dimensional alphabet. The south Semitic order (HLḤM, or Halaḥam) displayed a theonym
ṬyʿʾUẒ at the 5th row. Most of the PIE-alphabets are based on the north Semitic order (ABC..., or
ʾabgad) and in the course oft time the south Semitic order (HLḤM, or Halaḥam) seems to have lost
most of its derivations.
Both orders share a similar set of symbols and it would be easy to share a great basic subset of
letters, but in contrast both orders are radically different.
The designers of the PIE-alphabets seem to have preferred the north Semitic order (ABC..., or
ʾabgad), which displayed a theonym ṬYḪWŠ. The fundamental structure of the theonyms is
inherited to most of the derived alphabets as long as a relevant segment of the alphabetical order of
the north Semitic order is copied 1:1.
In order to display a correct theonym the copied alphabet must define the 5 letters Ṭ, Y, Ḫ, W, Š of
the theonym ṬYḪWŠ as the “second” letters of the 5 categories. This condition is satisfies as long
as the “first” letters D, G, ʾA, B, Z are available at their standard locations in the alphabet.
In most derivated alphabets the letter Ḫ (in ṬYḪWŠ) is missing, but this results in a replacement of
the letter Ḫ in E.
Most modifications of the Roman and runic alphabets have been taken place at the end of the
alphabet. The responsible Roman kings may have been aware of the symbolic theonym in the 2 nd
row of the 2-dimensional alphabet.
The south Semitic order (HLḤM, or Halaḥam) of the Ugaritic alphabet may have designed to
display another theonym. The word ṬyʿʾUẒ or ṬyOʾUẒ (?) at the 5th row seems to be a suitable
composition, but for this construct the alphabet has to be extended to the full range of 31 letters.
Of all well-known alphabets only the north Semitic order (ABC..., or ʾabgad) of the Ugaritic
alphabets seems to be designed to display theonyms. These displays also include the Futhark and
Ogham theonyms, which are located at the 3rd, respectively the 4th row of the 2-dimensional
alphabets. This feature is an amazing result of providing a signature of the Creator's Name in a
special 2-dimensional table of the alphabet.
Verifying the sky-god's name DYAUS-PITAR-LIBER
The following 3 attributes (sky-god, Father and Frank) for the superior sky-god may be specified
for both the Mediterranean and Germanic languages.
Attribute Label Mediterranean language Germanic language
1 Universe The Sky-god's Name DIOUS-PITER TĪÆWS, ΘIVAZ
2 Superiority “Father” PITER FAThER
3 Freedom “Liberty” LIBER FRANK
Table 27 The 3 attributes (Sky-god, Father and Frank)
These attributes have been identified in various PIE-languages.

The verification of the pentagrams DYAUS and PITAR

The following patterns for the sky-god's theonyms are a 3-gram or 5-grams: IΕV, TIΕVS, ΘΙΕΥs,
ΘIUEŚ, ΘIVEŚ, ΘIVAZ, ⲐⲈⲒⲊⲢ, ÞIEVS, TĪÆWS, TIÉU, DIÉU, ... :
The sky-god's pentagrams may be combined with a paternal pentagram attribute (PITAR or PITER),
which seems to promotes the sky-god to the supreme deity.
Another principal Roman deity may have been Liber Pater : "the free Father", who also was
honored with a pentagram attribute LIBER PATER.

The label UNIVERSE in Diderot's “Encyclopedia”

In the essay “Encyclopédie” as a part of his “Encyclopédie” the chief editor Denis Diderot describes
the formula for the universe as a “whole”, which may be encoded by the 5 categories (linguals,
palatals, gutturals, labials and dentals) in the words DIEUS, respectively DIOUS and TĪÆWS,
ΘIVAZ:
The language of a people furnishes its vocabulary, and the vocabulary is a fairly faithful
register of all the knowledge of that people: by merely comparing the vocabulary of a
nation at different times, one would get a sense of its progress. Each science has its
name; each notion in the science has one as well: everything known in nature is
denoted, just as everything that has been invented in the arts, and phenomena, and skills,
and instruments. …

We say the universe ; we say an atom : the universe is the whole, the atom is its
smallest part.21.

In Les mots et les choses: Une archéologie des sciences humaines. (Gallimard, Paris 1966)22
Michel Foucault also quotes from the “Encyclopédie”:
“The language of a people furnishes its vocabulary, and the vocabulary is a fairly
faithful register of all the knowledge of that people”.

21 Encyclopédie - Diderot, Denis. "Encyclopedia → ." The Encyclopedia → of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative
Translation Project. Translated by Philip Stewart. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library,
2002. Web. 8 Oct. 2021. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.004>. Trans. of "Encyclopédie,"
Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 5. Paris, 1755.
22 Page 125 in Die Ordnung der Dinge: Eine Archäologie der Humanwissenschaften. (Michel Foucault) - Suhrkamp,
Frankfurt am Main 1971.: “Die Sprache eines Volkes bildet ihr Vokabular und ihr Vokabular ist eine treue Bibel aller
Erkenntnisse dieses Volkes”
The label LIBER in Diderot's “Encyclopedia”
In the essay “Dieu” in the same “Encyclopédie” Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey describes the
attribute “liberty” (“freedom”) of the sky-god, who is free in his decisions:
Seventh proposition. That the being existing-by-itself should be a free agent. If the
supreme cause is without freedom and without choice, it is impossible for anything to
exist...

The necessary being is thus a free being, for to act following the laws of one’s will is to
be free. See Liberty, Optimism, etc.23

The label LIBER in ancient Roman religion and mythology

In Latin the attribute “LIBER” (“freedom”) also labeled the Roman deities LIBER and LIBERA,
who protected the rights of the Roman plebeians in the Aventine Triad (Ceres, Liber and Libera):
In ancient Roman religion and mythology, the god Liber Liber ("the free one"), also
known as Liber Pater ("the free Father"), was a god of viticulture and wine, fertility
and freedom. He was a patron deity of Rome's plebeians and was part of their Aventine
Triad. His festival of Liberalia (March 17) became associated with free speech and the
rights attached to coming of age. 24

Therefore the attribute “LIBERty” (“freedom”) represented two forms of freedom:

• the freedom of the Roman plebeians
• the freedom of the allmighty sky-god (Jupiter).

The termination of the DYAUS-project

At 8.10.2021 I terminated the DYAUS-project and deleted the draft papers in both Academia
storages. The draft papers are stored in Scribd25 and in the Google Blogger26.

23 Title: God - Formey, Johann Heinrich Samuel. "God." The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative
Translation Project. Translated by Susan Emanuel. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan
Library, 2013. Web.8 Oct. 2021. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0003.041>. Trans. of "Dieu,"
Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 4. Paris, 1754.
24 Liber
25 https://de.scribd.com/user/12354922/jwr47
26 Middernacht in het Avondland (heteindevandeeuro.blogspot.com)
Summary
There are five locations to generate phonetic sounds and 5-letter words (Pentagrams), which are
activating these 5 phonetic sources. A subset of these five locations are the restricted to a number of
3-letter words (or Trigrams).
These 5 categories (linguals, palatals, gutturals, labials and dentals) may have been known to
archaic peoples and might have influenced the languages and the signaries or alphabets.
The motivations to investigate the pentagrams are:
• The 5 categories for alphabetical letters are specified in the Sefer Yetzirah (Book of
Formation, or Book of Creation, 3rd or 4th century AD27). The twenty-two letters of the
Hebrew alphabet are classified both with reference to the position of the vocal organs in
producing the sounds, and with regard to sonant intensity.
• A number of names of the sky-gods ( *DYAUS-PITAR, DJOUS PITER and *DII ĒUS) are
composed as pentagrams, which may be displayed in the 2-dimensional tables of the
corresponding alphabets.
• A number of Germanic names of the sky-gods (TIVAR, TĪÆWS, TIÉU,..) may be displayed
in the 2-dimensional tables of the corresponding alphabets.
• Trigrams may be found as Mediterranean personal pronouns (IAU, IEU, IOU) for the 1st
person singular and as the Great Name IHV in Sefer Yetzirah.28
This paper describes the suitable architecture for the family of alphabets which enables and supports
the heritage of the required symbols to display the correct theonyms TĪWAZ or *TIEWS in the
Futhark and TIΕU in the Ogham signaries.

27 According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, the essential elements of the book are characteristic of the 3rd or 4th century
28 11. He selected three letters from among the simple ones and sealed them and formed them into a Great Name, I H
V, (28) and with this He sealed the universe in six directions. Sefer Yetzirah trranslated from Hebrew by Wm. Wynn
Westcott
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................2
Overview of the sky-gods for a great number of signaries..................................................................3
The Ugaritic alphabet's Northern Semitic order..............................................................................4
Comparing the Northern & Southern Semitic Orders ....................................................................5
The inherited theonyms...................................................................................................................6
The Hebrew Alphabet and the Hebrew Great Name YHW.............................................................7
The Latin Alphabet..........................................................................................................................8
The Design of the Lepontic alphabet...............................................................................................9
The reduced 26-letter Euboan alphabet.........................................................................................11
The early 23-letter Etruscan alphabet............................................................................................12
The design of the 24-letter Elder Futhark signary.........................................................................14
The design of the ogham signaries................................................................................................15
A Family of Alphabets........................................................................................................................18
The Proto-Sinaitic script Node......................................................................................................18
The North Semitic Order...............................................................................................................18
The letters of the Merovingian king Chilperic I............................................................................19
The Provencal theonym.................................................................................................................19
The Ogham signaries.....................................................................................................................19
A historical overview of a runic timetable.....................................................................................20
The duality in the architectures of the Ugaritic alphabet....................................................................21
Verifying the sky-god's name DYAUS-PITAR-LIBER......................................................................22
The verification of the pentagrams DYAUS and PITAR...............................................................22
The termination of the DYAUS-project.........................................................................................23
Summary.............................................................................................................................................24
Appendices.........................................................................................................................................26
Appendix 1 – Essays van J. Richter in Academia.edu en Scribd...................................................26
Appendix 2 - The (incomplete) overview of perfect pentagrams..................................................32
Appendix 3- Theonyms of a sky-god in the 2-dimensional tables ...............................................41
Appendices

Appendix 1 – Essays van J. Richter in Academia.edu en Scribd

The publications (~220 titles) are sorted according to their storage date 29. This storage is my own
record of documentations.

Januari – December 2021

• The Architecture of Pentagrammars
• A Scenario and Reconstruction of the Linguistic Ar...
• A Retrospect in my Analysis of Linguistics
• Over de spelling en correcte uitspraak van de heme...
• The Common Sky-god's Names in the PIE-Languages
• The Hittite Signary as the Origin of the PIE-Alpha...
• The Origin of the Linear-B Signary
• The Derivation and Composition of the PIE-Theonyms
• The Lepontic Alphabet as a Source for the Runic Signaries
• The Role of the Southern Semitic Order in the Ugaritic Signaries
• De rol van de wijstwaterbronnen in Brabant
• The Common YHV-Root in the Ugaritic Alphabets
• De reconstructie van een woordenlijst uit de wortelperiode
• An Initial Phase for a Number of Indo-European Languages
◦ De Samenzweerders zijn de "Valsemunters" van Andre Gide"
◦ Een twijfelachtig 50-jarig jubileum (De Nixon-schok van 15 augustus 1971)
• De opbouwfase van een aantal Europese talen (10.8.2021)
• The Architecture of the Words '(to) Free'
• Over de rol van het alfabet in de elektronica en de terugziendheid
• Het wandelende vergrootglas (ofwel “Het ontbrekende gebrek")
• The most precious PIE-Pentagrams
• De reconstructie van de Nederlandse pentagrammen
• Woorden, die de roos treffen als gevederde pijlen
• The Composition of the Words DYAUSH-PITAR and PṚTHVI-MATIR...
• An Architecture for 2-Dimensional Alphabets
• The Search for the Fundamental Pentagrams
• The Pentagrams in the Old- And Middle-Persian Languages
• A Possible Historical Record for the Development of European Languages
• Notes to the Origin of the Elder Futhark and Ogham Runes...
• Historisch overzicht van de taalkundige pentagrammen
• Pentagrams as a Protection against Linguistic Erosion
• Unveiling the Architecture of the Alphabets and Runic Signaries
• The Origin of the Futhark, Ogham and Gothic Runes
• De oorsprong van de Futhark, Ogham en Gotische runen
• The Pentagrams in Names Unveiled
• A Linguistic Distribution of the Pentagrams
• De rol van de pentagrammen in de namen der hemellichamen
• Swap Mutations in the Pentagram List
• The Role of the Pentagrams in the Globe's Architecture
• The Pentagrams in the Kernel of the PIE-Dictionary
• Gebeitelde woorden (24.4.2021)
29 https://independent.academia.edu/JoannesRichter, respectively https://independent.academia.edu/richterJoannes
 • The Reconstruction of a PIE-Language's Core
• Een reconstructie van de Dutche woordenschat
• The Secrets of the 2-Dimensional Alphabets
• A Self-Repair System for Languages (9.4.2021)
• Het MINOS Project
• An Etymology for the Pentagrams
• The Purpose of Chilperic's Additional Letters (30.3.2021)
• De etymologie van de woorden “Bazin” en „Baas“
• Het alfabetische pentagram (Het verhaal van de taal)
• A Theory of Hierarchical Alphabets
• The Role of the Pentagrams for the Merovingian Kingdom
• De rol van de bijen (of cicaden) uit het koningsgraf van Childerik I
• A New Chapter to the Philosophy of Language
• Overview of the Alphabetic Arrays (14.2.2021)
• Bericht over de analyse van een reeks alfabetten
• The Arrays (and the Presumed Theonym TIEU) of the Ogham Signary (11.02.2021)
• How to Read the Theonym „TIWÆS“ in the Runic „Futhark"-Signary... (30.01.2021)
• The Pentagrams in the Name-giving of the Runes
• De etymologie van de namen Diaus, Dieus en Djous
• The Etymology of the Words Diaus, Dieus and Djous ... (Scribd)
• The Evidence of Perfect Pentagrams in Greek, Roman...
• The Evidence of Perfect and Imperfect Pentagrams
• De woordenlijsten der perfecte en imperfecte pentagrammen

Januari – December 2020

• Verbale echo's in de Europese talen – Over de naamgeving van de Frankenkoningen (Dutch)
• Patterns of the European Languages
• Another View on the Design of the Frankish Language
• The Generation of Perfect Pentagrams (Like LIBER, FRANK and DYAUS)
• The Naming Convention for Kings in Francia
• Over de naamgeving voor de goden en vorsten van het Frankenrijk
• Hoe de adelgeslachten met de namen Franken, Willem en Lodewijk de onsterfelijkheid
konden pachten
• The Nomenclature of the Sky-Gods - How the Royals achieved Immortality - (Scribd)
• Standardizing the Signaries - The Encryption and Decryption of alphabets (Scribd)
• Another View on the Sefer Yetzirah (Scribd)
• Alphabets With Integrated Dictionaries (Scribd)
◦ The Quantization of the Ugaritic Alphabet (Scribd)
◦ De architectuur van het Oegaritische alfabet (Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Table for Ugaritic Signaries as a Root for the Sky-god Dyaus and the
Personal Pronouns for the 1st Person Singular and Dual Form
◦ Periodic Tables for the Gaelic (Irish and Scottish) alphabets (Scribd)
• Did the Word „Deus“ Exist in the Archaic Alphabets (Scribd)
◦ Periodic Tables for the Euboean and Etruscan Alphabets (Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Table for the Greek Alphabet
◦ Periodic Tables for the Upper and Lower Sorbian Alphabets
◦ Overview of the Periodic Tables of the Sami Languages
◦ Eight Periodic Tables for the Sámi Languages
• Het hart van de Dutche taal
◦ Periodic Tables for the Sami Alphabets
◦ A Periodic Table for the Dutch Language
◦ Periodic Tables for the Dalecarlian Runes and the Elfdalian Alphabet (Scribd)
 • The Hierarchical Structure of the Hebrew Alphabet (Scribd)
• De hiërarchische structuur van het Hebreeuwse alfabet (Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Table for the Phoenician and Hebrew Alpabet (Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Table for the Icelandic Alphabet (Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Table for the Coptic Alphabet (Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Table for the Cyrillic Alphabet (Scribd)
• The Impact of Ternary Coding Systems (Scribd)
• A Pedigree for Alphabets (Scribd)
• The Composition of the European Alphabets (Scribd)
• The Letter Repositioning in the Greek and Latin Alphabets
• Unstably Classified Letters in Alphabets (Scribd)
• Notes on the Common Architecture of Alphabetical Structures (Academia.edu)
◦ A Periodic Table for PIE-Alphabets
◦ A Periodic Classification for the Gothic Alphabet (obsolete, Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Classification for the Futhark-Alphabets (obsolete, Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Classification for the Latin Alphabet (obsolete, Scribd)
• The Model of a Language as a Communication Link (Scribd)
• The Roots of the Indo-European Alphabets (12.5.2020)
• Samenvatting van "The Alphabet as an Elementary Document"
• The Alphabet as an Elementary Document
• The Origin of the Name Dyaus
• De oorsprong van de naam Diaus
• The History of Designing an Alphabet (Scribd)
• Een architectuur voor de PIE-talen (Scribd)
• An Architecture for the PIE-Languages
• A Suggested Restoration of the 'Futhark'-Sequence (Scribd)
• The Composition of the Sky- God's Name in PIE-Languages
• The Ternary Codes in Language and Creation (Scribd)
• The Role of Saussure's Letter "E"
• The Optimal Number of Vowels in Languages (Scribd)
• A Ternary Encoding to Optimize Communications and Cooperation
• A Golden Box to Control the Lightnings
• The Ancient Lightning Rods around the Mediterranean Sea
• Die ältesten Blitz(ab)leiter am Mittelmeer (Scribd)
• Pyramids in the Role as Power Plants
• Piramides als energiecentrales (Scribd)
• The Role of the Pyramids in Melting Glass and Meta... (Scribd)
• The Egyptian Drilling Technology (Scribd)
• The Architecture of the Younger Futhark Alphabet

Januari – December 2019

• The Sources for the IΩ- Pronouns
• Notes to Herodotus' Histories of IΩ, Europa and Medea
• The Role of Irrigation and Drainage in a Successful Civilisation
• De rol van de irrigatie en drainage in een succesv... (Scribd)
• Notes to Frazer's "Pausanias's Description of Greece"
• The Initials of European Philosophy
• Atlantis vormde 3400 jaar geleden een Helleens Delta-project
• The War against Atlantis
• The "Ego"-Root inside the Name "Thebes"
• The Role of the AEtts in the Futharc Alpabet
• The Reconstruction of a European Philosophy
 • Traces of an old religion (The Root "Wit" in Wittekind)
• Woden (Wuþ) as the Designer and Author of the Futhark Alphabet
• Is the Core "Wut" in "Wutach" symbolizing "Wutan" ("Woden")
• The Bipolar Core of Germanic Languages
• Simon Stevin's Redefinition of Scientific Arts
• Simon Stevin's definitie van wetenschappelijk onderz
• De etymologie van de woorden met Wit-, Wita en Witan-kernen
• The "Vit"-Roots in the Anglo-Saxon Pedigree
• The Traces of "Wit" in Saxony
• King Chilperic I's letters (ΔΘZΨ) may be found at the beginning ("Futha") of the runic
alphabet and at the end (WIJZAE) of the Danish alphabet
• Aan het slot (WIJZAE) van het Deense alfabet en aan het begin ("Futha") van het
runenalfabet bevinden zich de letters (ΔΘZΨ) van koning Chilperic I
• The Role of the Ligature AE in the European Creation Legend
• A Concept for a Runic Dictionary
• Concentrating the Runes in the Runic Alphabets
• Traces of Vit, Rod and Chrodo
• De sleutelwoorden van het Futhark alfabet
• The Keywords of the Futhark Alphabet
• Het runenboek met het unieke woord Tiw
• A short Essay about the Evolution of European Personal Pronouns
• The Evolution of the European Personal Pronouns
• De miraculeuze transformatie van de Europese samenleving
• The Miraculous Transformation of European Civilization
• The Duality in Greek and Germanic Philosophy
• Bericht van de altaarschellist over de Lof der Zotheid
• De bronnen van Brabant (de Helleputten aan de Brabantse breuklijnen)
• De fundamenten van de samenleving
• De rol van de waterbronnen bij de kerstening van Nederland
• De etymologie van "wijst" en "wijstgrond"
• The Antipodes Mith and With
• The Role of the Dual Form in the Evolution of European Languages
• De rol van de dualis in de ontwikkeling der Europese talen
• The Search for Traces of a Dual Form in Quebec French
• Synthese van de Germanistische & Griekse mythologie en etymologie
• De restanten van de dualis in het Dutch, English en German
• Notes to the Corner Wedge in the Ugaritic Alphabet
• The Origin of the long IJ-symbol in the Dutch alphabet
• Over de oorsprong van de „lange IJ“ in het Dutche alfabet
• The Backbones of the Alphabets
• The Alphabet and and the Symbolic Structure of Europe
• The Unseen Words in the Runic Alphabet
• De ongelezen woorden in het runenalfabet
• The Role of the Vowels in Personal Pronouns of the 1st Person Singular
• Over de volgorde van de klinkers in woorden en in godennamen
• The Creation Legends of Hesiod and Ovid
• De taal van Adam en Eva (published: ca. 2.2.2019)

Januari – December 2018

• King Chilperic's 4 Letters and the Alphabet's Adaptation
• De 4 letters van koning Chilperic I en de aanpassing van het Frankenalfabet
• The Symbolism of Hair Braids and Bonnets in Magical Powers
• The Antipodes in PIE-Languages
• In het Dutch, German en English is de dualis nog lang niet uitgestorven
• In English, Dutch and German the dual form is still alive
• The Descendants of the Dual Form " Wit "
• A Structured Etymology for Germanic, Slavic and Romance Languages
• The “Rod”-Core in Slavic Etymology (published: ca. 27.11.2018)
• Encoding and decoding the runic alphabet
• Über die Evolution der Sprachen
• Over het ontwerpen van talen
• The Art of Designing Languages
• Notes to the usage of the Spanish words Nos and Vos, Nosotros and Vosotros
• Notes to the Dual Form and the Nous-Concept in the Inari Sami language
• Over het filosofische Nous-concept
• Notes to the Philosophical Nous-Concept
• The Common Root for European Religions (published: ca. 27.10.2018)
• A Scenario for the Medieval Christianization of a Pagan Culture
• Een scenario voor de middeleeuwse kerstening van een heidens volk
• The Role of the Slavic gods Rod and Vid in the Futhorc-alphabet
• The Unification of Medieval Europe
• The Divergence of Germanic Religions
• De correlatie tussen de dualis, Vut, Svantevit en de Sint-Vituskerken
• The Correlation between Dual Forms, Vut, Svantevit and the Saint Vitus Churches
• Die Rekonstruktion der Lage des Drususkanals (published: ca. 27.9.2018)
• Die Entzifferung der Symbolik einer Runenreihe
• Deciphering the Symbolism in Runic Alphabets
• The Sky-God, Adam and the Personal Pronouns
• Notities rond het boek Tiw (Published ca. 6.2.2018)
• Notes to the book TIW
• Von den Völkern, die nach dem Futhark benannt worden sind
• Designing an Alphabet for the Runes
• Die Wörter innerhalb der „Futhark“-Reihe
• The hidden Symbolism of European Alphabets
• Etymology, Religions and Myths
• The Symbolism of the Yampoos and Wampoos in Poe's “Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym
from Nantucket”
• Notizen zu " Über den Dualis " und " Gesammelte sprachwissenschaftliche Schriften "
• Ϝut - Het Dutche sleutelwoord
• Concepts for the Dual Forms
• The etymology of the Greek dual form νώ (νῶϊ)
• Proceedings in the Ego-pronouns' Etymology
• Notities bij „De godsdiensten der volken“
• The Role of *Teiwaz and *Dyeus in Filosofy
• A Linguistic Control of Egotism
• The Design of the Futhark Alphabet
• An Architecture for the Runic Alphabets
• The Celtic Hair Bonnets (Published Jun 24, 2018)
• Die keltische Haarhauben
• De sculpturen van de Walterich-kapel te Murrhardt
• The rediscovery of a lost symbolism
• Het herontdekken van een vergeten symbolisme
• De god met de twee gezichten
• The 3-faced sculpture at Michael's Church in Forchtenberg
 • Over de woorden en namen, die eeuwenlang bewaard gebleven zijn
• De zeven Planeten in zeven Brabantse plaatsnamen
• Analysis of the Futhorc-Header
• The Gods in the Days of the Week and inside the Futhor-alphabet
• Een reconstructie van de Dutche scheppingslegende
• The Symbolism in Roman Numerals
• The Keywords in the Alphabets Notes to the Futharc's Symbolism
• The Mechanisms for Depositing Loess in the Netherlands
• Over het ontstaan van de Halserug, de Heelwegen en Heilwegen in de windschaduw van de
Veluwe
• Investigations of the Rue d'Enfer-Markers in France
• Die Entwicklung des französischen Hellwegs ( " Rue d'Enfer ")
• De oorsprong van de Heelwegen op de Halserug, bij Dinxperlo en Beltrum
• The Reconstruction of the Gothic Alphabet's Design
• Von der Entstehungsphase eines Hellwegs in Dinxperlo-Bocholt
• Over de etymologie van de Hel-namen (Heelweg, Hellweg, Helle..) in Nederland
• Recapitulatie van de projecten Ego-Pronomina, Futhark en Hellweg
• Over het ontstaan en de ondergang van het Futhark-alfabet
• Die Etymologie der Wörter Hellweg, Heelweg, Rue d'Enfer, Rue de l'Enfer und Santerre
• The Etymology of the Words Hellweg, Rue d'Enfer and Santerre
• The Decoding of the Kylver Stone' Runes
• The Digamma-Joker of the Futhark
• The Kernel of the Futhorc Languages
• De kern van de Futhark-talen
• Der Kern der Futhark-Sprachen
• De symboolkern IE van het Dutch
• Notes to Guy Deutscher's "Through the Language Glass"
• Another Sight on the Unfolding of Language (Published 1 maart, 2018)

Januari – December 2017

• Notes to the Finnish linguistic symbolism of the sky-god's name and the days of the week
• A modified Swadesh List (Published 12 / 17 / 2017)
• A Paradise Made of Words
• The Sky-God Names and the Correlating Personal Pronouns
• The Nuclear Pillars of Symbolism (Published 10 / 28 / 2017)
• The Role of the Dual Form in Symbolism and Linguistics (Oct 17, 2017)
• The Correlation between the Central European Loess Belt, the Hellweg-Markers and the
Main Isoglosses
• The Central Symbolic Core of Provencal Language (Oct 7, 2017)

December 2011

• The Hermetic Codex II - Bipolar Monotheism (Scribd)

Appendix 2 - The (incomplete) overview of perfect pentagrams
According to a comment to the Sefer Yetzirah the letters in the Hebrew alphabet had been
categorized according to 5 categories, which are based on the 5 phonetic sources where the human
voice is generating the phonetic sounds.
Based on Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic commentary on “Sefer Yetzirah” (chapter 4,
paragraph 3), wherein he describes the phonetic sounds of the 22 characters of the Hebrew
alphabet and classifies them in groups based on their individual sounds: “Aleph ( ‫)א‬, hé (‫)ה‬, ḥet (
‫)ח‬, ‘ayin (‫ )ע‬are [gutturals sounds] produced from the depth of the tongue with the opening of
the throat, but bet (‫)ב‬, waw (‫)ו‬, mim (‫)מ‬, pé (‫ )פ‬are [labial sounds] made by the release of the lips
and the end of the tongue; whereas gimel (‫)ג‬, yōd (‫)י‬, kaf (‫)כ‬, quf (‫ )ק‬are [palatals] separated by
the width of the tongue [against the palate] with the [emission of] sound. However, daleth (‫)ד‬,
ṭet (‫)ט‬, lamed (‫)ל‬, nūn (‫)נ‬, tau (‫ )ת‬are [linguals] separated by the mid-section of the tongue with
the [emission of] sound; whereas zayin (‫)ז‬, samekh (‫)ס‬, ṣadi (‫)צ‬, resh (‫)ר‬, shin (‫ )ש‬are [dental
sounds] produced between the teeth by a tongue that is at rest. 30”

The following dictionary documents a number (~200) of perfect pentagrams in various languages.
Only a subset of these words have been composed as pentagrams. Other words unintentionally may
have turned into pentagrams. The words from the Latin dictionary are not yet updated in the
following table31:
#
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
1. A
AGNUS P agnus, Agnus Dei - (Noun) A lamb, especially Lamb Latin
one used as a sacrifice.
2. A
AMRIT P Amrit - a Phoenician port located near present- Amrit Punic (?)
day Tartus in Syria.
3. A
AMRIT P Nectar, s. AMṚTAṂ in Amrit – Yogawiki nectar Sanskrit
4. A
ANGUS P Angus Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Angus Scottish
Aonghas, perhaps literally "one choice". In Irish
myth, Aonghus was the god of love and youth.
5. A
APRIL P fourth month, AUERIL, from Latin (mensis) april (month), English
AVRIL P Aprilis 2nd Month Old French
6. A
ARJUN(A) P Kern: Arjun Arjuna Sanskrit
7. A
A ARMIN P The etymology of the Latin name Arminius is Armin Dutch
ARMINIUS - unknown Latin
8. A
AULIS P Aulis From Ancient Greek Αὐλίς (Aulís). Aulis (port) Latin
Ancient port-town, located in Boeotia in central
Greece
9. B
BÆTIS P Baetis, a river (Guadalquivir) in Spain Guadalquivir Latin
10. B
BATIR P Batir beat Spanish
11. B
BINZA P binza Pellicle Spanish
12. B
BISEL P bisel bezel Spanish
13. B
BISON P from Latin bison "wild ox," bison Latin
14. B
BÔZINE - Dialect: bôzine ‘landlady’. (bazin) landlady French

30 Footnote in Modern Hebrew phonology (quoted in The Composition of the Sky-God's Name in PIE-Languages)
31 Based on The Architecture of the Words '(to) Free'
 #
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
15. B
BRENG P To bring To bring Dutch
16. B
BRIAN P Brian. Etymology: Uncertain; possibly borrowed Brian Irish
from Proto-Brythonic *brɨɣėnt (“high, noble”).
17. B
B BÂTIR P bastir "build, construct, sew up, baste, make to build French
BASIN P baste (v.2) - Water vessel (of unknown origin) basin English
18. B
B BRAIN P Brain, brein; of uncertain origin, evt. van fr. PIE Brain Dutch
BREIN P root *mregh-m(n)o- "skull, brain" English
19. B
B BRIDE P Bride – Old-Frisian BREID; Dutch BRUID bride Dutch
B
BREID P English
BRUID - Old-Frisian
20. B
P BREChT P splendid (Brecht) splendid Dutch
B
PRAChT P Brecht (pronoun) bright Germanic
BRIGHT - bright (splendid) English
21. B
P BESIN P king Bisinus ( BESIN in Frankish) Thuringian Dutch
B
B
PISΕN P PISΕN in Lombard king Frankisch
BASIN(A) P Basina, the queen of Thuringia (5th century). Basina v. Lombard
BAZIN P woman in charge Thuringia Thuringian
woman in
charge
22. C
CĀNUS cānus (canus): grey, old, aged, venerable gray-haired Latin
23. C
CHURL P Churl (ceorl or CHURL), Churl English
lowest rank of freemen). (freeman)
24. C
CHURN P Churn Churn English
25. C
CROWN P "crown" – from Latin corona crown English
26. D
(D)JOUR - Jour day French
27. D
DECUS P Decus - deeds of honor, Grace, splendor, beauty. decus Latin
Honor, distinction, glory. Pride, dignity.
28. D
DIAUS P Dyáuṣ Pitṛṛ Sky-Father Sanskrit
29. D
DIÉU(S) P Dieu God French
30. D
DIVES P dives rich, wealthy Latin
31.
D DIS-PATER - Dīs Pater Dīs Pater Latin deity
D DĪVES-PATER P originally DĪVES-PATER (m.)
32. D
DIVUS - Divine, godlike – from the same source as deus. Divine Latin
godlike
33. D
DYEUS P *Dyeus DIEUS PIE
34. E
ELPIS P Elpis hope Greek
35. E
ERIDU P Eridu is the first city in the world by the ancient Eridu ?
Sumerians
36. E
ERMÏN P Tacitus's Germania (AD 98): (Irminones) (H)ERMÏN – Latin
(ARMIN) Herman
37. F
FAÐIR P faðir Father Old-Norse
38. F
FASTI P Fasti - Allowed days Fasti Latin
39. F
FĒLIS P Felis – cat, fret cat Latin
 #
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
40. F
FELIZ P feliz (happy) feliz Spanish
41. F
FESTI P Festī, Festî - ‘strength, power, document’ (veste) fort Ohd.
42. F
FIETS P Origin uncertain. Maybe from “vietse” ‘running’; bicycle Dutch
etymology from fiets (rijwiel)
43. F
FINAR P finar to die Spanish
44. F
FRANC P Frank free Dutch
FRANK P
45. F
F FRIJŌNĄ - from Proto-Germanic *frijōną to love; to Proto-Germ.
V
F
FRIJŌN P to free; make free free; to like Prt.-W.
V
V
VRÎEN P Germ.
F FRIJEN P M.L. German
VRIEN P Low German
VRIJEN P Middle Dutch
FRIJŌN P Dutch
Gothic
46. F
S FIDES P Fides, (confidence, trust)32 Fides Dutch
F
ΣΦΊΔΗ P σφίδη (sphídē). σφίδη Latin
BIDDEN - Old English: BIDDAN "to ask, beg, pray” (sphídē). Old Greek
to ask, beg,
pray
47. G
GAUTR P Runen-Sprachschatz (Runic dictionary,German) wise man Icelandic
48. G
GENUS P genus (GENUS, “kind, sort, ancestry, birth”) Family, Latin
pedigree
49. H
S (HI)SPANIA - Spain Spain Spanish
S
SPAIN P English
SPANIA - Phoenician
50. I
IOU-piter – Jupiter (D)IOU(S) JOU-piter Latin
*DJOUS P (*DJOUS PATĒR)
51. I
ISLAM P Islam – "submission [to God]" Islam English
52. I
ISTÆV P Tacitus's Germania (AD 98) – Istvaeones ISTÆV – Latin
53. I
J IANUS P Janus -god of the beginning and end [1]. Janus Latin
JANUS P Janus French
54. J
JUDAS P Judas Judas (name) Dutch
55. J
JULES P Jules Jules (name) French
56. J
JURAT P Jurat in Guernsey en Jersey Jury (court) French
57. J
JURON P juron curse French
58. J
JUSTE P Just "just, righteous; sincere" just French
JUSTO P Spanish
59. J
JUTES P Jutes People of English
Jutland
60. K
KAUTR P Related to (runes) “Kuþlant” (Gotland) and wise runic
“Guth” (God)

32 Numa is said to have built a temple to Fides publica; Source: fides in William Smith, editor (1848) A
Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology
 #
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
61. K
KOTUS P Kotys (war, slaughter) war, slaughter Greek
62. K
H *KHLAIBUZ - loaf (n.), the Germanic origin is uncertain bread Germanic
H
HLEIFR Hleifr Old-Norse
HLAIFS Hlaifs Gothic
63. K
K KRAUT P Kraut / cruyt – Gothic *krûþ (genitive *krûdis), herbs Dutch
C
KRUID – neuter, might be taken for krû-da German
CRUYT - Indo-European references are unsecure.
64. L
*LIB(A)RŌ P Lever (Germanic: *LIB(A)RŌ-) liver English
65. L
LACUS P the l-rune (OE lagu, ON lǫgr/laugr (i, k, l, m ) water in some Latin
LAGUZ Laguz form Old-Norse
LAUGR
66. L
LAPIS P Stone - May be connected with Ancient Greek lapis Latin
λέπας (lépas, “bare rock, crag”), from Proto-
Indo-European *lep- (“to peel”)
67. L
LEVIS P Levis, light (not heavy), quick, swift . Fickle , Levis (light) Latin
dispensable , trivial, trifling , easy (e.g. food)
68. L
LEWIS P Lewis (Louis, Clovis) Lewis English
69. L
LIBAR P libar suck Spanish
LIBER
70. L
L LIBER P the word Liberi was a pluralia tantum Child Latin
LIBERI - (only used in the plural) Children
71. L
LIBRA P Libra scales Latin
72. L
LIBRA P libra Pound Spanish
P Libra Libra
(astrology)
73. L
LIBRE P libre (adj.) free Spanish
74. L
LIEF(S) P Lief – crefte lieuis ‘power of love’ [10e century; Love Dutch
W.Ps.]
75. L
LIMES P Limes (border) border Latin
76. L
LII MOS Limos starvation Greek
77. L
LIVER P liver liver English
78. L
LIVES P lives lives English
79. L
LIVRE P livre book French
80. L
LOCUS P Location – Latin locus is from Old-Latinn stlocus Location Latin
‘id.’, etymology uncertain; maybe from → stal.
(loco-.)
81. L
LOUIS P Louis (Chlodowig) - LOUIS Louis French
82. L
LOUIS P Clovis (Chlodovechus) (Ch)LOUIS Clovis French
83. L
LUGAR P lugar {m} location Spanish
84. L
LUIER P luier (diaper) diaper Dutch
85. L
LUXIA (?) - Luxia1 (river in Spain: Rio Tinto) Tinto river Latin
86. L
LUXOR P among the oldest inhabited cities in the world Luxor, Egypt
 #
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
87. L
L LIBER P Liber - free, independent, unrestricted, unchecked free Latin
L
L
LIURE P (→ freeman) Old Occitan
L LIBRO P Old Occitan: liure ; Provencal libro Provencal
LIVRE P Portuguese: livre Portuguese
LIBRE P French: libre French
88. M
MANUS - Manus - (मनस):—[from man] m. man or Manu man, mankind Sanskrit
(the father of men)
89.
M MATIR P Mother - vanDoorn A (2016). "On The Mother Gaulish
Gaulish Influence on Breton"
90. M
MEDIR P medir (algo) {verb} measure Spanish
91. M
MELIS P Melis (honeybee → [Telling the bees]) Melis (name) Dutch
92. M
MENSCh P man (person) Man (person) Dutch
93. M
MERIT P Merit (Christianity), Merit (Buddhism), Variants: Merit English
MARIT P Maret (Estonia)/Marit (Swedish). (Name)
94. M
METIS P Metis (personified by Athena, pag. 2-59) Mind, Greek
(ΜΗΗΤΙΣ) P wisdom. She was the first wife of Zeus. wisdom
95. M
MIDAS P Midas (/ˈmaɪdəs/; Greek: Μίδας) is the name of Midas Greek
one of at least three members of the royal house
of Phrygia.
96. M
MILES P Latin mīles (“soldier”) ; Myles (given name) mīles Latin
(“soldaat”)
97. M
MÌNAS P Μήνας (moon) moon Greek
98. M
MINOR P minor (“less, smaller, inferior”) minor Latin
99. M
MINOS P Royal Name Minos Linear A
(Cretan)
100. M
MIThRA(S) P Mithra - Zoroastrian angelic divinity (yazata) Mithra Avestan
of covenant, light, and oath
101. M
MITRA P Mitra (Deity in the Rigveda) Mitra (god) Sanskrit
102. M
MÓÐIR P Móðir - mother mother Icelandic
103. M
MΑRKT P markt (from Mercatus?) (market) market Dutch
104. M
M *MELKS P Melk(en) milk Dutch
M
MÉLŽTI – (Lithuanian MÉLŽTI; Slovene MLÉSTI < Lithuanian
MLÉSTI - *MELZTI; all ‘milks’.) Slovene
105. N
NABIS P Nabis - Nabis, tyrant of Sparta Nabis Latin
106. N
NAVIS P Nāvis- ship or nave (middle or body of a church) ship Latin
107. N
NÎMES P Nîmes Nîmes French
108. N
NĪRAṂ P nīraṃ water Sanskrit
109. N
NUGOR P Nugor- I jest, trifle, play the fool, talk nonsense I trifle Latin
110.
O OCNUS P Ocnus – king of Alba Longa. He founded Ocnus Latin
modern Mantua in honor of his mother.[1]
111.
O OMNIS P Omnis - all, a word of unknown origin all Latin
112. P
PANIS P Pānis (bread, loaf ) bread, loaf Latin
 #
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
113. P
PARThI P Parthi - the Parthians, a Scythian people, Parthi Latin
114. P
PEDIR P pedir algo {verb} request Spanish
115. P
PEDIS P Pĕdis - Louse louse Latin
116. P
PĒNIS P Penis ; Old Low German root: *PISA penis Latin
117. P
PIeTER P Pieter (symbolic “PITER” or “PITAR”, because Pieter Dutch
the “e” indicates a long I vowel)
118. P
PILAR P short for "Maria del Pilar" and a popular Spanish Pilar (name) Spanish
given name
119. P
PILAR P Pilar (Catalan, Norwegian Bokmål, Nynorsk) pillar Catalaans
Noors
120. P
PITAR P Pitar (father) Father Sanskrit
121. P
PITER P Initial Name Sankt-Piter-Boerch (Санкт-Питер- Saint-Piter- Russian
Бурхъ) for Saint Petersburg (from Geschiedenis) Borough
122. P
PRAChT P Pracht (splendor) splendor Dutch
123. P
PRANG P Prang (nose clip) nose clip Dutch
124. P
PRITHVI - Prithvi earth Sanskrit
125. P
PRONG P Prong ([Fish-]fork) (Fish-)fork English
126. P
PYOTR P Pjotr (name) Peter Russian
127. P
P POLIS P ancient Greek city-state, 1894, from Greek polis, polis Greek
PTOLIS - ptolis "citadel, fort, city, .." from PIE *tpolh-
"citadel; .. high ground; hilltop"
128. P
P POTIS P powerful, able, capable; possible powerful Latin
PATIS P husband Lithuanian
129. P
P POLISh P from Latin polire "to polish, make smooth; To polish (E) English
P
POLIRE - decorate, embellish;" , from: polīre ‘polish’, polieren (D) Latin
POLIS P unknown etymology. polijsten (NL) French
130. Q
QUERN P quern (n.) quern English
131. Q
QUR'AN P Quran – het heilige Boek van de Islam Quran Arabic
132. R
RAPID P rapid from French rapide, from Latin rapidus rapid English
133. R
RIJVΕN P rijven (to rake) (to write) To rake, Dutch
to write
134. R
RIVAL P rival - from Latin rivalis "a rival" originally, "of rival English
the same brook,"
135. R
RĪVΕN P rīven (mnd. rīven ‘to rub’) To rub mn-Dutch
136. R
RIVΕT P rivet (fastener) rivet English
137. R
R RUÏNΕ P maybe from Latin verb ruere ruin Dutch
RUINA P (plural: RUINÆ) Latin
138. R
R RIJPΕN P ripen (etymology uncertain) ripen Dutch
R
RIPΕN P ripen English
REIFΕN - reifen German
139. S
SIBYL P sibyls are female prophets in Ancient Greece. sibyl English
 #
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
140. S
SILVA P Silva (wood, forest ) Silva Latin
141. S
SIMLA P Simla (city in India) Simla (stad) Indian (?)
142. S
SIMON P simon simon Dutch
143. S
SMILA Smile: Scandinavian source (such as Danish smile, smirk, Swedish
SMILE SMILE "smile," Swedish SMILA "smile, smirk, simper, fawn Danish
SMIÊT simper, fawn"), from Proto-Germanic *smil-, Latvian
extended form of PIE root *smei- "to laugh,
smile"
144. s
SPAIN P Spain - Spain English
145. S
SPILE P Spile wooden fork Lettish
146. S
SPINA P Spina - Etruscan city at the mouth of the Po-river Spina (city) Etruscan
147. S
SUTHI P tomb tomb Etruscan
148. S
S SABIN P Sabine [member of an Italian tribe] {1625} Sabine Etruscan
SABIJN P etymology: ‘kin’ sabijn Dutch
149. S
S SAUIL P sauil (Gothic), de zon en de letter “S” sun, Gothic
S
SAULI P sauli (Lithuanian, Indo-European Languages) (the letter S) Lithuanian
SÁULĖ - sáulė (Lithuanian)
150. S
S SPINE P spine (thorn, backbone, needle) Thorn, back English
S
S
SPĪNA P spīna (thorn, backbone, needle) Needle Latin
E
S
SPINÁ P spiná (спинаṛ , back) backbone Russian
ΣΠΊΛΟΣ - σπίλος (spílos) (rock, reef, cliff) cliff Greek
ESPIÑA - espiña spine Galician
SPELD - speld, diminutive form of SPINE needle Dutch
151. s
SWINE P Swine - Old High German swin, Middle swine English
Dutch swijn, Dutch zwijn, German Schwein,
Old Norse, Swedish, Danish svin)
152. T
*TEIWS P The name of a Gothic deity named *TEIWS *TEIWS Gothic
(later *Tīus) (later *Tīus)
153. T
TAGUS P The river Tagus in Spain, (in Spanish: Tajo) Tagus (river) Latin
154. T
TAMIS P tamis sifter French
155. T
TAPIR P Tapir Tapir English
156. T
TAXUS P Taxus baccata (European yew) yew English
157. T
TERUG P terug (backward) backward Dutch
158. T nd
ThEMIS P ThEMIS – After METIS the 2 wife of Zeus Themis Greek
(ΘEMIΣ) P (justice)
159. T
THIUS P Thius (Late Latin) uncle Thius Latin
From Ancient Greek θεῖος (theîos).
160. T
THUIS P thuis (at home) “at home” Dutch
161. T
TIBER P Tiber (name) Tiber as a Latin
river
162. T
TIEUS P TIEUS (Tieu) plural of - A surname, borrowed Tieu(s) Vietnamees
from Vietnamese Tiêu, from Chinese 蕭.
163. T
TIFOS P Tifos "still water" still water Aegean
 #
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
164. T
TIMOR P timor (Latin) awe, reverence. fear, dread. timor Latin
165. T
TIVAR P Plural for the deity týr gods Old-Norse
166. T
TIVAS P *Tīwaz deity Proto-
Germanic
167. T
TIWAS P Tiwaz Sun (as God) Luwian
168. T
TIWAZ P Rune (ᛏ) for the deity Týr Týr rune
169. T
TJEUS P nickname to define the JEU-sayers Val Medel Surselvisch
(Sw.)
170. T
TRIBΕ P Tribe (stam) Tribe English
171. T
TUROG P Locale pagan deity in Sussex Turog (god) Celtic (?)
172. T
T TAPIS P Tapis, rug French
T
TAPIS P Byzantine-Greek byz-Greek
TÁPĒS - Tápēs, Greek Greek
173. U
UNIRΕ P ūnīre (to join, to unite, to put together), ūnīre Latin
174. U
U ÛÐIRA P udder udder Germanic
UIDER P
175. U
U URINA P from Latin urina "urine," from PIE *ur- (source Urine, sperm Dutch
URINΕ P also of Greek ouron "urine"), variant of root *we- (source:urine) Latin
r- "water, liquid, milk, sperm" English
176. U
W UUATIRO – water (in watrischafo [709; ONW]) water Dutch
U
WATRIS – Old-Irish uisce ‘water’ (zie ook → whisky); (vloeistof) Dutch
UISCE - Old-Irish
177. V
VAÐIR P vaðir (from váð; piece of cloth; garment) Clothes (plr.) Old-Norse
178. V
VANIR P Vanir- House of the Wise (group of gods Vanir English
associated with health, fertility, wisdom, and the
ability to see the future. )
179. V
VENUS - Godess for love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, Venus Latin
prosperity and victory
180. V
VIDAR P Víðarr - son of Odin Víðarr Old Norse
181. V
VIRAL P Viral viral English
182. V
VLIES P Vlies (membrane) membrane Dutch
183. V
VRAChT P Vracht (freight) freight Dutch
184. V
VRIJEN P (1): “het VRIJEN”: to make love (1240). 1: To court Dutch
Originally: “to love” (from: vriend in 2: The free
Etymologiebank). people
(2): “de VRIJEN”: the “free people” (“FRANKs”)
185. W
(W)ILUŠA - Wiluša (Ἴλιον, ĪĪlion ) Troy, ĪĪlion Hittitisch
186. W
WHIRL P whirl to spin English
187. W
WIJZEN P To point, to teach To teach Dutch
188. W
WIZARD - Wizard – (originally): "to know the future." (?) philosopher English
189. W
WRANG P Wrang (sourish) sourish Dutch
190. W
WRONG P wrong wrong English
 #
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
191. W
W WRITE P To write To write English
WRITA P Old Frisian
192. W
W WETEN - “To have seen” - to wit (v.), weten, weten To know Dutch
V
WISSEN - (German); OldChurchSlaw. viždą, vidiši, viděti to see, German
VIŽDĄ ‘zien’ vědě ‘ik weet’; to know OCL
193. Z
ZEMLJA - Zemlja (earth) earth Slavic
194. ΦΦ
L FILOS P Filos, from: “philosopher” love Greek
L
ΦIΛOΣ P ΦIΛOΣ Greek
LIEF(S) P Dutch
LIeBES - German

Dictionary with a number of (~200) perfect pentagrams

Appendix 3- Theonyms of a sky-god in the 2-dimensional tables
Source: The Hittite Signary as the Origin of the PIE-Alphabets
The following overview is composed from various essays, in which the 2-dimensional tables are
derived from the 1-dimensional alphabetic rows:

Ugaritic Derivative row Long Central Size

Semitic order Signaries theonym core Letters
--- Hittite cuneiform 1 DIAUR IAU 19
North Sanskrit 1 TIAUṬ IAU 47
ṬIAUT
Old-Persian 1 TIAUR IAU 25
Lepontic alphabet 1 ΘIVAZ IVA 17-20
Coptic alphabet 2 ⲐⲈⲒⲊⲢ ⲈⲒⲊ 33
Ugaritic alphabet 2 ṬYḪWŠ YḪW 27-30
Provencal 2 DIÉU IÉU 26 (?)
Euboean Alphabet 2 ΘIUEŚ IUE 26
Latin alphabet 2 ÞIEVS IΕV 24
Early Etruscan 2 ΘIVEŚ IVE 23
Hebrew alphabet 2 TIΕVS IΕV 22
Early Greek alphabet 2 ΘΙΕΥs ΙΕΥ 21
Cypriot & Linear-B 2 ΘΙΕUŠ ΙΕU 17
& Cypro-Minoan
Elder Futhark 3 TĪÆWS ĪÆW 24
Ogham signary 4 TIÉU(X) IÉU 20
South Ugaritic alphabet 5 ṬYʿʾUẒ YʿʾU 28-31
Geʽez abjad 3 NYḪWS YḪW 26
Table 28 Theonyms of a sky-god in the 2-dimensional tables of the alphabets and signaries