THE SOCIAL SCIENCES:

SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY
& POLITICAL SCIENCE
LESSON 2

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LESSON PRETEST

Does the scene below qualify as a form of social engagement?

Why or why not?
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THE SOCIAL AS “DRIVER OF INTERACTION”

The study of society can be accomplished in three different ways:

1. Mapping the social forces impinging on the social actors as
their lives intersect in the society
2. Rehearsing the structures and components of cultural practices
and traditions
3. Exposing the asymmetrical power distribution among members
of social communities and organizations

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SOCIOLOGY
• The science that deals with the study of society and the
social interactions.
• It is concerned with the study of human societies and human
behaviour in social settings.
• Its idea is that “humans are to be understood in the context
of their social life that we are social animals influenced by
interaction, social patterns and socialization.”

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SOCIOLOGY
• At the personal level, sociology investigates the social causes
and consequences of such things as romantic love, racial and
gender identity, family conflict, and religious faith.
• At the societal level, sociology examines and explains
matters like crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice
and discrimination, and social movements.
• At the global level, sociology studies phenomena such as
population growth and migration, war and peace, and
economic development.
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SOCIAL FORCES

• It represent a constellation of unseen yet powerful forces

influencing the behaviour of individuals and institutions.
• It can be interpreted as any human created way of doing
things that influence, pressure, or force people to behave,
interact with each other, and think in certain ways.
• It is also considered remote and impersonal because mostly
people have no hand in creating them, nor do they know
anyone who do or did it.
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SOCIAL FORCES EXAMPLES:

1. Rules – a statement that tells you what is or is not allowed

in a particular situation.
Example:
a. Written Rules - Are easily seen and hence are easily
observed and obeyed.
b. Unwritten Rules - These are rules that aren’t
necessarily laws but we follow them on
a day to day basis.
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SOCIAL FORCES EXAMPLES:

2. Norms – standards of proper or acceptable behaviour. It is

an informal understandings that govern the behaviors of a
group. They are a pervasive element of social interaction that
help people to get along, share common experiences and
achieve common goals.

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SOCIAL FORCES EXAMPLES:

3. Expectations – a belief that something will happen or is

likely to happen.

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SOCIAL MAP

It refers to a person’s specific and economic location.

The assumption here is that a person coordinates in his / her
social map determines his / her opportunities and limitations
in life. Social maps, therefore, lock out any possibilities of
social mobility.

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C. WRIGHT MILLS’ SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION

It allows social actor to discern opportunities where

there is none by converting their personal troubles into public
issues. And when successfully done, this makes people
navigate the social world with much more ease as they have
these intersection points as opportunity makers.

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SOCIOLOGICAL AWARENESS

• It allows us to see opportunities where there are none and

to create one if need be.
• Being socially aware means that you understand how you
react to different social situations, and effectively modify
your interactions with other people so that you achieve the
best results.

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PIONEERS OF SOCIOLOGY

1. Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte

» “The Father of Sociology”
» He is the proponent of positivism
» He became interested in the two interrelated issues: social order (social
static) and social change (social dynamics).
» He concluded that the way to answer the problems of social order and
social dynamics was to apply the scientific method.

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PIONEERS OF SOCIOLOGY

2. Herbert Spencer
» “The Second Founder of Sociology”
» He believed that society operates under fixed laws
» He considered that societies evolve from lower to higher forms
» He applied the idea of Darwin to the development of human society
» He developed “Social Darwinism” that advocated that “let the fittest
survive”.
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PIONEERS OF SOCIOLOGY

3. Karl Marx
» He believed that the key to human history is “Class Conflict”.
» He introduced one of the major perspectives in sociology – Conflict
Perspective

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PIONEERS OF SOCIOLOGY

4. David Émile Durkheim

» His primary goal was of getting sociology recognized as a separate
academic discipline.
» According to him that people were likely to commit suicide if their ties to
others in communities were weak
» He identified the key role of social integration in social life.

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PIONEERS OF SOCIOLOGY

5. Max Weber
» He used cross-cultural and historical materials in order to determine how
extensively social groups affect people’s orientations to life.

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ANTHROPOLOGY

►It focuses on human diversity around the world.

►“Science of Man”.
►Dictionary defines anthropology as the science that treats the origin,
development, and especially the cultural development, customs, beliefs,
etc. of man
►Is the scientific study of the origins of humans, how we have changed
over the years, and how we relate to each other, both within our own
culture and with people from other cultures.
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MAN IS A UNIQUE ANIMAL KINGDOM BECAUSE:

How can you prove that a Man is a unique animal kingdom?

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MAN IS A UNIQUE ANIMAL KINGDOM BECAUSE:
He is also unique in the field of behavior for the following reasons:
 He possesses tools and other material artifacts.
 He has complex techniques for getting and prepairing food.
 He knows how to socialize
 He has a system of religious beliefs and rituals
 He communicates by means of language.

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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
1. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a
scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of
human beings, their related non-human primates and their extinct hominin
ancestors. Physical anthropologists focus on the evolution of human anatomy
and physiology, rather than culture.

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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
2. Archaeology
It is the study of the ancient and recent human past through material
remains. It is a subfield of anthropology, the study of all human culture. It offers
a unique perspective on human history and culture.
In Geology, these eras are: Archeozoic - when primitive forms of life appeared.
Proterozoic - when early life forms increased. Paleozoic - when fish,
amphibians and other amphibians appeared. Mesozoic - when huge reptiles
predominated. Cenozoic Era: Tertiary or age of Mammals and Halocene
Period.

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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
3. Cultural Anthropology
It is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation
among humans and is in contrast to social anthropology which perceives
cultural variation as a subset of the anthropological constant.
Cultural anthropologists study such topics as how people make their
living, how people interact with each other, what beliefs people hold, and what
institution organize people in the society

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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
4. Linguistics Anthropology
Concerned with man’s language, a non-literate or literate, past and
present.
a. Descriptive linguistics - Deals with the classification, arrangement and
study of the features of language .
b. Comparative or Historical Linguistics - Takes up the changes in language, the
borrowings from other languages, and the comparison of languages.

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PIONEERS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

1. Franz Boas
 The founder of American Anthropology
 The Father of Anthropology
 Believed in: a) - accurate records and a large data base (the scientific
method), (b) cultural relativism: “cultures should be judged by their own
values, as successful adaptations to their own environments” and
(c) established the importance of ethnology: “the study of the origins,
similarities, differences between races and cultures”.
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PIONEERS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
2. Henry Morgan
 He came up with a “Theory of Social Evolution”:
(a) savagery, (b) barbarism, (c) civilization:
 Once widely accepted, now the assumption of social or cultural
evolution is considered ethnocentric: Morgan was “judging other cultures
according to one’s values.”

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PIONEERS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
3. Ruth Benedict
 Looked at how culture and religion shape personality
 Concluded that cultures have personalities: some cultures believed in
restraint, and others might believe in fierceness.
 Main idea: the main personality traits of the culture become the
main personality traits of persons of that culture.

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PIONEERS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
4. Margaret Mead
 Student of Franz Boas.
 Her studies of 3 cultures in the south Pacific resulted in her conclusion
that, “nurture” (socialization) was more influential in development than
nature.
 This is where the Nature – Nurture debate began.

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POLITICAL SCIENCE

►POLIS – “city”
►SCIRE – “to know”
►Classical meaning: It refers to the art or science of government
concerned with the proper management of the affairs of society
►Simplest meaning: It is the systematic study of the state and the
government.

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SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

►Political Theory – The entire body of doctrines relating to the origin,

form, behaviour, and purposes of the state are dealt with in the study of
this subject.
►Public Law – (a) organization of governments, (b) powers and duties of
governmental office and officers, (c)limitations upon government
authority (d) and obligations of one states to another
►Subdivisions of Public Law: (A) Constitutional Law, (B) Administrative
Law AND (C) International Law

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SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

►Public Administration – Attention is focused upon the methods and

techniques used in the actual management of state affairs by executive,
legislative, and judicial branches of Government.

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GOAL IN THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

►Education for Citizenship – It is the preparation of students for

careers in politics, law, teaching, the civil service and the foreign service
is secondary to the task of equipping them to discharge the obligations of
democratic citizenship, which grow constantly heavier in the modern
world.
►Essential parts of liberal education – Most political science courses
should be viewed as essential parts or liberal education, bearing no
materialistic price tag and promising no job security. Such shop – worn
adjectives as “practical” and cultural have no relevance here.

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GOAL IN THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

►Knowledge and understanding of Government – Political science

seeks to gather and impart knowledge and understanding. The “good”
citizen who behaves himself and votes regularly is no longer enough. He
must also be the citizen who knows the answers. He must know how is
government really operates, what interests and forces are behind
particular policies, what the results of such policies are likely to be, what
his rights and obligations are, who his elected representatives are and
what they stand for.

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PIONEERS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. Aristotle
 Father of Political Science
 To investigate, on the basis of the constitutions collected, what makes for
good government and what makes for bad government and to identify
the factors favourable or unfavourable to the preservation of a
constitution.

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PIONEERS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
2. Niccolo Bernardo Machiavelli
 Father of Modern Political Science
 The Prince

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