National Harmonized Post Basic Curriculum for Bachelor of

Science in Medical Laboratory Sciences

November, 2018

Adama, Ethiopia
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This curriculum was developed by the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) in collaboration with the
Ethiopian Public Higher Educational Institutions. The members of the task force who developed the
curriculum are the following:

 Mr. Gizachew Kedida (Ethiopian Medical Laboratory Association)

 Mr. Abebe Bimerew (FMoH)
 Mrs. Tirsit Mehari (FMoH)
 Mr. Assegid Samuel (FMoH)
 Sr. Aregash Worku (FMoH)
 Mrs. Azeb Tamrat (FMoH)
 Mr. Solomon Gebeyehu (FMoH)
 Mr. Debasu Damtie (University of Gondar)
 Mr. Lealem Gedefaw (Jimma University)
 Mr. Fitsum Weldegebreal (Haramaya University)
 Ms. Gelila Biresaw (Arba Minch University)
 Mr. Ephrem Awulachew (Dilla University)
 Mr. Edosa Kifle (Wollega University)
 Mr. G/Sillasie Demeke (Debre Markose University)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................... ii

1. Background ............................................................................................................................................................ 1

2. Rationale ................................................................................................................................................................ 2

3. Objectives .............................................................................................................................................................. 3

a. General Objectives ...........................................................................................................................................3

b. Specific Objectives ...........................................................................................................................................3

4. Program domains and competencies ......................................................................................................................3

5. Professional Profile ................................................................................................................................................7

6. Graduate Profile .....................................................................................................................................................8

7. Program Profile......................................................................................................................................................9

8. Admission Requirements (Post Basic Regular Program): ................................................................................... 10

9. Duration of study: 3 years .................................................................................................................................... 10

10. Mode of module delivery: Block /Semester /Year Based ............................................................................... 10

11. Teaching – Learning Methods and Materials ................................................................................................. 10

12. Assessment Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 12

13. Grading system ............................................................................................................................................... 14

14. Module policy................................................................................................................................................. 14

15. Degree Nomenclature ..................................................................................................................................... 16

16. Resource Profile ............................................................................................................................................. 16

17. Quality Assurance .......................................................................................................................................... 16

18. Module profile ................................................................................................................................................ 17

 Module Name ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

 Module Number.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

19. Module versus Competencies alignment ........................................................................................................ 20

Annexes ..................................................................................................................................................................... 173

Appendix I: Modules exempted (23.3 % of the module weight in the regular program)..................................... 173

Appendix II: Professional Attitudes Evaluation Form ......................................................................................... 174

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Appendix III: SMLS Clinical Laboratory Practicum Student Contract ................................................................ 176

Appendix IV: Students Confidentiality Agreement .............................................................................................. 177

Appendix V: Clinical Practicum Student Evaluation Form .................................................................................. 178

Appendix VI: Student Progress Report format ..................................................................................................... 181

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BACKGROUND
Ethiopia is a country characterized by low socio economic status and health service coverage. As a result,
there is low ratio and improper mix of health professional to the population. The current Ethiopian health
policy is based on health promotion and disease prevention by giving priority to the rural and
unprivileged urban population. Successful implementation of this policy is highly dependent on
availability of well-trained health professionals, both in quality and quantity.

Education is a mainstay for development and alleviation of rampant problems of a given nation. It can
offer opportunities to the citizens of a country to play a pivotal role in bringing and sustaining the
required development in various sectors in which the health delivery system is not an exception. The
laboratory service as an essential component of the health care delivery system requires properly trained
professionals.

Historically, although rudimentary examinations of human body fluids date back to the time of the ancient
Greek physician Hippocrates around 300 BC, simple laboratory procedures were performed by
physicians, then by laboratory assistants trained by pathologists. However, World War I brought about a
critical shortage of qualified laboratory assistants to staff the laboratories, prompting the creation of a
wide variety of training programs to meet the growing need. The clinical laboratory work force comprises
a critical sector of the health care workforce. Due to advances in medical technology, clinical laboratory
workers perform an ever increasing range of tests help in detecting and diagnosing diseases or pre disease
states as well as monitoring the progress and results of treatment among other things.

Formal laboratory professionals training in Ethiopia was started in 1954. The pioneers were the then
Pastor institute (EPHI), Menillik the II Hospital, Gondar health Science College (UoG) and Jima health
science college (JU).

Since then numerous laboratory professionals were trained at different levels and assumed positions in
various health institutions and contributed significantly to the health care delivery system of the country.
which enabled selected laboratory technology diploma graduates to pursue their first degree. This was
followed by a five year B.Sc. training program for generic students under the directives of the Ministry of
Education. The fives year program was subjected to series of review process to fit into a new three years
training and education policy of the country.

Currently, health institutions (hospitals, health centers, regional laboratories, and others), higher education
institutions (government and private), research institutions and industries that require competent medical
laboratory professionals at different level of training and expertise are progressively growing. As a
consequence, ample opportunities are created for medical laboratory science practitioners to play a vital
role in the country‘s development. However, the input of these professionals to a great extent depends on
the quality of education (training) they receive in the higher learning institutions. In addition to the higher
education institutions, mid-level Medical Laboratory professionals are being trained in regional health
Science colleges in the country. These mid-level professionals require to advancing their carrier to a B.Sc.
level so that quality of medical laboratory services shall be improved. As a result, the development of new
post-basic B.Sc. degree program in Medical Laboratory Science is found to be essential.

The Federal Ministry of Education F(MoE) and Ministry of Health (FMoH) coordinated different levels
of workshops to have a nationalized post-basic curriculum at all higher education institutions in the
country. As a result, the 3-year draft post-basic B.Sc. curriculum was produced at a national workshop
organized by the FMoE, in which experts from FOMH, universities providing medical laboratory science
training, reviewed the Level IV training curriculum and developed a draft post basic B.Sc. curriculum.
Hence, the medical laboratory departments at different higher education institutions are expected to adopt
the new nationally harmonized post-basic B.Sc. curriculum so as to train well-skilled and competent
medical laboratory science practitioners who would play a significant role in improving medical
laboratory services in Ethiopia.

1. RATIONALE

Post Basic B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Science program is initiated in response to the need of the
country for a community oriented, competent and qualified medical laboratory professionals. from the
ultimate consumer of the graduates (The Regional Health Bureaus and the private health sectors). With
the focus on meeting the needs of learners, the post basic program aims to provide a positive and
supportive learning environment, preparing the Medical Laboratory Science professional in the art and
science of Medical Laboratory Science, meeting the societal need for safe and quality medical laboratory
services. Due to a critical shortage of medical laboratory professionals, the ministry of health in
collaboration with the regional health bureaus has started a mid-level medical laboratory professionals
training to fill the existing shortage of such professionals. However, due to the absence of career
development training modalities, those professionals are practicing in different health facilities with
limited capacities. Therefore, this curriculum is developed to provide the career development schemes for
the professionals that ultimately capacitate the trainees and improve quality of medical laboratory services
in the country.

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 2. OBJECTIVES

3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE

To Produce medical laboratory science practitioners who are capable of providing quality comprehensive
health laboratory services to the community.

3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives of Post-Basic Medical Laboratory Science program are to Produce:
 Qualified medical laboratory science practitioners to work in health institutions, higher
institutions, research institutions and industries.
 Graduates those are capable of developing and promoting the medical laboratory profession for
human good.
 Competent medical laboratory science practitioners to meet the human power needs of various
health and health related institutions.
 Graduates who are equipped with skills to utilize classical and advanced laboratory techniques in
clinical diagnosis of human disease (In both clinical and public health laboratory settings).
 Graduates who can test and analyze tissue, blood, and other biological specimens collected for the
purposes of criminal and other legal investigations.
 Graduates with managerial, supervisory and quality assurance responsibility.
 Graduates who can participate in identifying and solving the community problems in various
health perspectives.
 Competent practitioners who can maintain the professional code of ethics.

4. PROGRAM DOMAINS AND COMPETENCIES

4.1. Professionalism and ethical conduct
Description: A Medical Laboratory Science professional shall maintain the medical laboratory ethical
code of conduct standards and contribute to stewardship of their profession. The professionals will also
participate in policy, professional standards, and continuing professional development issues pertaining
to medical laboratory profession. They will establish interpersonal relationships; apply principles of
ethics; exercise duties and responsibilities of medical laboratory professionals, and maintain patients‘
bill of rights. Moreover, these professionals will deliver medical laboratory services in a respectful,
compassionate and caring manner to patients and other clients. Graduates of this program will have the
following competencies:

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  Apply medical laboratory ethical code of conduct and contribute to stewardship of their
profession
 Implement laboratory standard operating procedures while performing tests
 Value compassionate, respectful, and caring behavior at individual and family level
 Demonstrate Excellence
 Understand and manage self
4.2 Medical laboratory science practice
Description: As a Medical laboratory professional, they perform different laboratory tests which play an
important role in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Medical laboratory professionals are
capable of patient identification proper specimen collection, handling, processing and storage skills for
onsite analysis and sample referral. They are multi-skilled health care providers who perform various
tests for different diagnostic purposes and generate data on blood, urine, body fluids and other specimens
through the use of precise methodologies and automated technologies. Graduates of this program will
have the following competencies:
 Identify the chemical characteristics of different chemical compounds and solutions,
 Prepare stock and working laboratory solution of different concentrations
 Identify appropriate anatomic sites for biological sample collection
 Perform patient identification proper specimen collection, handling, processing and
storage for onsite analysis and sample referral as per standard operating procedure.
 Perform molecular tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
 Perform immunological assays on clinical specimens as per standard operating
procedure.
 Perform serological assays on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
 Perform parasitological tests as per standard operating procedure.
 Identify public health important vectors and apply integrated vector control strategies
 Perform hematological tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
 Perform immunohematological tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating
procedure.
 Perform histopathological techniques on tissue specimen for histopathological
investigation.
 Perform bacteriological tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
 Perform virological tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
 Perform fungal tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.

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  Perform clinical chemistry tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating
procedure.
 Perform toxin analysis using different methods and instruments following standard
operating procedure.
 Use automated equipment and instruments capable of performing a number of tests
simultaneously
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results correctly.
4.3 Public health laboratory practice
Description: As a Medical laboratory professional, they involve in outbreak investigation and
microbiological analysis of food, water and beverages. They will collect and analyze biological and
environmental samples for the purpose of outbreak investigation, surveillance and prevention and control
of communicable diseases. Graduates of this program will have the following competencies:
 Practice specimen collection, processing, and analysis during disease outbreak and
surveillance according to standard operating procedure.
 Collect, process and analyze food, water, beverages and other environmental samples for
communicable disease prevention and control as per the standard operating procedures.
 Interpret, report and document public health laboratory test results correctly.
4.4 Laboratory quality management and safety practice
Description: As Medical Laboratory Science professionals, they evaluate test results, develop and modify
procedures and implement standard laboratory practices to ensure quality test results and promote safety.
They involve in planning, and execution of internal and external laboratory quality assurance. Monitor
and maintain proper functioning of medical laboratory equipment/reagents. Collect, document, retrieve
and interpret laboratory data. Assure safe working environment in the laboratory. Graduates of this
program will have the following competencies:
 Apply computer skills for data storage, analysis and report generation
 Evaluate test results, develop and update procedures to ensure the accuracy of tests.
 Design and implement quality enhancement plan to ensure the delivery of quality
laboratory services.
 Apply knowledge and critical thinking to improve the laboratory-working environment
 Apply international Medical/Clinical laboratory quality standards
 Confirm and verify laboratory test results through an in-depth knowledge of scientific
methods, principles and instrumentation theory.

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  Implement Laboratory standard operative procedures and safety rule while performing
tests
 Monitor and maintain proper functioning of medical laboratory equipment and reagents
4.5 Research and education
Description: As a medical laboratory Science Professional, they assist, participate and conduct operational and
basic research undertakings and involve in development of new medical laboratory diagnostic technologies.
They participate in teaching at higher education institutions, training of laboratory workforce and engage in
continuous professional development. Graduates of this program will have the following competencies:
 Design and conduct problem solving operational and basic research projects
 Analyze occurrence of disease and health events in terms of place, time and person.
 Participate in teaching at higher education institutions
 Train laboratory workforce and engage in continuous professional development.
4.6 Leadership and management
Description: Medical laboratory professionals shall participate in Leadership, Management and Governance of
the health care system in general and medical laboratory programs in particular. Medical laboratory science
practitioners involve in planning, directing and supervising medical laboratory personnel, laboratory supplies,
equipment and financial resources required to run medical laboratories in the health care system. Graduates of
this program will have the following competencies:
 Supervise medical/clinical laboratory personnel
 Participate in Leadership, Management and Governance of the health care system in
general and medical laboratory in particular.
 Setup specification for laboratory equipment and other related logistics
 Demonstrate the ability to create a health care system that can provide compassionate,
respectful and caring service.
4.7 Communication and collaboration
Description: Medical Laboratory Professionals shall communicate effectively with the health workforce both
verbally and in writing to improve the health care system. Involve in health promotion activities in the
community and advocate the proper use of laboratory tests. Graduates of this program will have the following
competencies:
 Advocate proper use of laboratory tests
 Demonstrate effective verbal and written communication client and clients‘ family.
 Work in harmony with health care workforce and partners
 Provide health education to communities and clients.

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5. PROFESSIONAL PROFILE

 Medical laboratory professionals are equipped with ethical communication skill, maintain patient
confidentiality and privacy.
 Medical laboratory professionals are capable for patient identification and proper specimen
collection skill
 Medical laboratory professionals prepare specimens for examination, count cells and look for
abnormal cells or findings.
 Medical laboratory professionals are multi-skilled health care providers who perform various
tests for different diagnostic purposes.
 Medical laboratory professionals generate data on blood, urine, body fluids and other specimens
through the use of precise methodologies and technologies, which help to diagnose and treat
diseases and assess general health.
 Medical laboratory professionals work in hospital laboratories, health centers, in industrial
medical laboratories, in pharmaceutical companies, and research programs.
 Medical laboratory professionals serve as faculty of higher training institutions preparing medical
laboratory personnel.
 Medical laboratory professionals use automated equipment and instruments capable of
performing a number of tests simultaneously, as well as microscopes, cell counters and other
sophisticated laboratory equipment.
 Medical laboratory professionals analyze the results and relay them to physicians.
 Medical laboratory professionals perform an assay of complex chemical, biological,
hematological, immunologic, microscopic and bacteriological tests.
 Medical laboratory professionals make cultures of body fluid and tissue samples to determine the
presence of bacteria, fungi, parasites, virus or other microorganisms.
 Medical laboratory professionals analyze samples for chemical content or a chemical reaction in
various specimens.
 Medical laboratory professionals evaluate test results, develop and modify procedures, and
establish and monitor programs to ensure the accuracy of tests.
 Medical laboratory professionals direct and supervise medical laboratory technicians.
 Medical laboratory professionals work in harmony with other professionals and stallholders
 Medical laboratory professionals participate in leadership, management and governance of the
health care system in general.

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  Medical laboratory professionals participate in designing and implementation of quality
enhancement plan to ensure the delivery of quality laboratory services.
 Should participate in development of national policies related to medical laboratory science.

6. GRADUATE PROFILE

A student who has successfully completed the B. Sc. in Medical Laboratory Sciences Education will be
able to apply his/her knowledge, skills, and attitudes as follows:

Knowledge

 Understand management, policies, principles and procedures of the medical laboratory sciences
 Use his/her critical thinking to improve the laboratory-working environment
 Familiarize himself/herself with latest scientific findings to improve the quality of medical/ clinical
laboratory services rendered to the society.
 Recognize and interpret laboratory findings and correlate with common disease pathogenesis
 Identify factors that affect procedures and test results, and suggest appropriate action within
predetermined limits.
 Recognize ways of surveillance of communicable diseases
 Confirm and verify results through an in-depth knowledge of scientific methods, principles and
instrumentation theory.
 Recognize laboratory logistic procurement, evaluation, setup specification and equipment auditing
 Understand international Medical/Clinical laboratory quality standards
Attitude

 Maintain the medical laboratory ethical code of conduct standards and contribute to stewardship of
their profession
 Adhered to Laboratory standard operative procedures while performing tests
 Advocate the proper use of laboratory tests
 Recognize and adhere, institute and promote safety, quality control and quality assurance in clinical
and public health laboratories
 Participate in policy, professional standards, continuing professional development issues pertaining to
medical laboratory profession
 Respectful, compassionate and caring to patients, their relatives and other professionals
Skill

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  Perform routine and advanced chemical, biological, hematological, immunologic, microscopic, and
molecular tests, on clinical, environmental, drugs, toxins and specimens of public importance.
 Participate and contribute in surveillance and control of communicable disease and information
dissemination in diseases outbreak situations
 Assist, participate and conduct operational and basic research and involve in development of new
medical laboratory diagnostic technologies
 Establish and monitor programs to ensure the accuracy of tests
 Plan and monitor laboratory logistic procurement, evaluation, setup, auditing and safe disposal
 Provide professional services, leadership and quality assurance in clinical/public health laboratories
 Monitor and maintain proper functioning of medical laboratory equipment/reagents
 Supervise medical/clinical laboratory technicians
 Develop, evaluate and update laboratory standard operational procedures
 Demonstrate leadership and management skills in health/research institutions
 Engage in policy, professional standards, and continuing professional development issues pertaining to
medical laboratory profession.
 Collect, preserve, store and transport referral specimens for proper and safe testing
 Communicate effectively both verbally and in writing
 Collect, document, retrieve and interpret laboratory data clearly and safely

7. PROGRAM PROFILE
S. No Program profile Numbers

1 Total required ECTS 162

Exempted ECTS

2 Number of Modules 25

3 Category of Modules

 General 05

 Supportive 04

 Core 16

6 Advanced and research laboratory 01

attachment

7 Professional practice 01 phases

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8 TTP 01 phase

10 Student Research project 01

11 Comprehensive Examination (P/F ) 01

8. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS (POST BASIC REGULAR PROGRAM):

 Who have diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology or completed Level IV in Medical
Laboratory Technology and passed certificate of competency (COC) exam
 A minimum of two years‘ professional work experience
 Who can pass Entrance Exam prepared by the respective universities,
o Score at least 50% in the entrance examination
 Present sponsorship letter or release from employing/sponsoring institution.
 Being physically and mentally healthy
o Applicants with minor physical problems which would not hinder effective training and
service provision could be considered for enrolment as appropriate

9. DURATION OF STUDY : 2 ½ YEARS

10. MODE OF MODULE DELIVERY : BLOCK /SEMESTER /YEAR BASED

11. TEACHING – LEARNING METHODS AND MATERIALS

The following instructional methods will be used as strategies for the execution of this program:

Interactive lecture: Lecture is an efficient way to integrate and present information from multiple sources on
complex topics. Additional advantage of lectures is that it gives students a chance to follow and model the way an
expert thinks, reasons and asks questions. Lecture is appropriate for teaching knowledge objectives. Lectures can be
made interactive by enhancing them with engagement of learners mentally and physically using questions,
brainstorming, discussion, think-pair-share, debate, role play, case study, providing opportunities for reading,
talking, listening, writing and reflecting, and other learner activities.

Case study: Case studies present realistic scenarios/situations that focus on a specific issue or problem, which may
be related to diagnosis or treatment of patients, interpersonal skills or any of a wide range of managerial or
organizational problems. Learners typically read, study and react to the case study individually or in small groups.
Case studies are important to teach higher order knowledge objectives (application, analysis and synthesis) and
critical thinking skills.

Case based discussion (CBD): is a structured interview conducted by a supervisor and a trainee in a focused

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manner around the actual written case records a trainee presents. It is a process which has both a grading element
and a feedback function. Generally, the trainee will select some cases and should give the necessary records prior to
the case discussion. The trainee should be guided to choose cases in which uncertainty or where a conflict of
decision making has arisen. In practical terms, it is helpful for the supervisor to be familiar with the competencies
being assessed using the assessment tools attached on annex section of this curriculum.

Simulated practice (clinical skills lab): Simulated practice is the use of simulated person, device or set of
conditions for instructional purpose. The learner is required to respond to the situation as he or she would under
natural circumstances. Simulation takes various forms. Simulation can be static (like using anatomical models that
closely resemble the human body or parts of it) or automated using advanced computer technology. Some are
individual, prompting solitary performance, or interactive, involving groups of people. In medical education,
simulation complements patient-based education and is best employed to prepare learners for real patient contact. It
allows them to practice and acquire patient care skills in a controlled, safe and forgiving environment. Simulations
are used to develop psychomotor, procedural and clinical decision-making skills. Simulation also aids development
of communication and teamwork skills as well as the ability to respond to medical emergencies systematically.
Simulated teaching facilitates learning under the right conditions including, but not limited to, learners receiving
feedback on their performance, learners having the opportunity for repetitive practice and simulation being an
integral part of the curriculum. Clinical skills lab is suggested to be used in the whole program of the MSc MRT
curriculum.

Role play: In a role play, learners play out different roles or parts-such as of a patient and provider-in a simulated
situation. Role play addresses knowledge, skills and attitude objectives. Role plays promote learning through
behavior modeling, observation, feedback, analysis and conceptualization. They are also often useful for exploring,
discussing and influencing behaviors and attitudes of learners, as well as for helping learners develop skills such as
history-taking, physical examination and counseling. It is also useful for teaching management and supervision
skills.

Clinical teaching or Laboratory practicum: is the use of client experiences to develop and practice knowledge,
skills and attitude required for healthcare delivery or clinical care under the supervision of a skilled clinical
instructor or preceptor. Clinical learning opportunities include placements at a variety of medical laboratory.
Clinical teaching and learning uses a variety of techniques including observation, demonstration, role-modeling,
practice, coaching, feedback, discussion and reflection.

Literature reviewed seminar: A seminar is one of the most modern and advanced teaching method where a group
of students are guided to interact with each other on a given theme/ topic. This method motivates participants by
actively involving them in the presentation and in the later discussion. Participants develop their questioning skills in
a seminar, and they also need to learn to debate with arguments. For the presenter, a deep learning is achieved
through the preparation, presentation, and defending of his/her arguments. The participants also learn good
communication skills and learn to be open-minded to different ideas. In general, the seminar method encourages

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active participation from the participants and facilitating deep learning.

Individual research and reflection: In this methodology the student selects content area from list of topics
provided (e.g. examine the impact of culture on the delivery of health care) then use journals, self- reflection,
community based research, clinical experiences, discussions etc., and is expected to present the findings (in writing
and /or orally). This will help the student apply literature review, self-reflection and critical thinking as a method of
professional exploration and growth to enhance their research and communication skill and deepen and broaden
their knowledge.

Tutorial: is a method of transferring knowledge and may be used as a part of a learning process.
More interactive and specific than a book or a lecture. Tutorial activities aim at enabling students to learn in an
individual or small group environment, developing their subject knowledge, and developing their effective learning
and thinking skills. This involves a number of different activities: modeling appropriate learning behaviors,
supporting and developing student subject learning by introducing ideas and insights, questioning and probing
students‘ responses, and focusing the discussions on critical concepts, principles and skills. This includes creating a
friendly, informal environment necessary for successful academic learning, as well as acknowledging students‘
contributions and promoting collaborative work. Tutors also have a managerial role in setting the agenda and
planning the tutoring sessions. This includes a variety of tasks such as introducing the learning group, establishing
the expected outcomes, introducing and setting tasks, focusing and re-focusing the discussions, setting the pace and
managing the time, summarizing the outcomes, closing the discussions or conferences.

Community based training program: is one of the community based educational program that aimed at enabling
the students to assess, diagnose and intervene prioritized community health problems depending on the level of
competence. In this model of education, students take active role in their own learning.

Team Training Program: is a community based learning activity that follows a problem solving approach and
covers tasks such as site selection, mapping, developing investigation tools gathering data, processing
and analyzing information, listing and prioritizing problems, drawing a plan of action, carrying out interventions and
conducting follow-up and evaluation work involving all stallholders.

In the final year, students from different disciplines are posted as a team, in the nearby training health facilities. The
program aims
 To enable students, work as a member of team in addressing the problems in a community
 To enable students, apply the knowledge and skills of their profession integrating with the knowledge and
skills of team members and service providers
 To give students a chance to acquire hands on experience and real life situation

This program requires materials such as text and reference books, lecture notes, laboratories with chemicals, reagents and
equipment, learning guides, audiovisual materials, computers, and other supplementary materials as found necessary.

12. ASSESSMENT METHODS

Assessment methods are the strategies, techniques, tools and instruments for collecting information to determine the
extent to which students demonstrate desired learning outcomes. Assessment will motivate students to learn, creates

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learning opportunities, gives feedback to students, enable teachers evaluate their teaching approach, used for quality
assurance.

In planning assessment, it is necessary to use the variety of methods available to assess students‘ learning outcome.

Formative assessment: refers to a wide variety of methods that teachers use to conduct in-process evaluations of
student comprehension, learning needs, and academic progress during a lesson, unit, or module. The goal
of formative assessment is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors
to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning. More specifically, formative assessments: help
students identify their strengths and weaknesses and target areas that need work.

The following methods will be used for formative assessment on medical laboratory science education.

 Assignments, Laboratory reports, Oral exam, Tests, Quiz, Case study, Seminar, Research project evaluation

 Logbook

Summative assessment: are used to evaluate student learning, skill acquisition, and academic achievement at the
conclusion of a defined instructional period and therefore they are generally evaluative, rather than diagnostic; they
are more appropriately used to evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it
against some standard or benchmark, determine learning progress and achievement, evaluate the effectiveness of
educational programs, measure progress toward improvement goals, or make module-placement decisions, among
other possible applications. The following methods will be used for formative assessment on medical laboratory
science education.

Written examination: written assessments may include different item formats such as multiple choice
questions, matching, true-false, essay and short answer. Written assessment methods will help to evaluate
knowledge and understanding of basic, clinical, public health and psychosocial sciences and
professionalism and ethics. Important point to remember is to ensure written exams assess higher order
knowledge in addition to recall and comprehension. Written assessments would be parts of both as
formative and summative assessment in all of the program modules.

Practical Clinical Evaluation (PCE): are objectively structured clinical evaluations of a student while
he/she is performing medical laboratory procedures in different settings. The PCEs offers students
immediate and ongoing feedback about their observed general clinical skill and performance.

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 13. GRADING SYSTEM
Raw mark Corresponding Corresponding Status Class Description
Interval fixed number letter grade description
(100%) grade

(10090) 4.0 A+ Excellent First class with great distinction

(90>x85) 4.0 A Excellent First class with great distinction

(85>x80) 4.0 A- Excellent First class with great distinction

(80>x75) 3.5 B+ Very Good First class with distinction

(75>x70) 3.0 B Very Good First class with distinction

(70>x65) 2.75 B- Good First class

(65>x60) 2.5 C+ Good Second class

(60>x50) 2.0 C Satisfactory Second class

(50>x45) 1.75 C- Unsatisfactory Lower class

(45>x40) 1 D Very Poor* Lower class

(40>x30) 0.0 FX Fail* Lower class

(30>x) 0.0 F Fail Lower class

* Students should take re-exam within two weeks at the beginning of the next semester with minor support.

During autonomous professional practice, students will be assessed for their performance in patient care as Excellent (A),
Very good (B), Good (C), Unsatisfactory or Fail (D or F).

The weights of different assessment methods in each respective module and attachment are described in the syllabi.

For practical exam, students who scored ≤C- grade shall repeat the module.

14. MODULE POLICY

Attendance:
 Students are expected to attend at least 80% of lecture class. Your attendance determines whether you sit for exam
or not as per university legislation.
 It is mandatory for a student to attend 100% clinical laboratory practice sessions.
Assignment:
 On time assignment submission and seminar presentation is mandatory. You must do your assignment on time;
no late assignment will be accepted.
Assessment: (test /quiz/presentation, exams, etc.):
 If you miss or be late to class, you will miss the quiz/test and no makeup will be given. You are also required to
adhere to the university‘s rules and regulations.

14
  Grading System: Criteria referenced fixed scale
 Remediation should be followed according to university policy
Cheating /plagiarism:
 You must do your own work and not copy or get answers from someone else.
 Inappropriate behavior will be dealt with according to the university‘s misconduct policy. Cheating in class is
unethical. Anyone who is found cheating, the material will be confiscated and appropriate disciplinary action
will be taken as per the universities rules and regulation.
Professional Behaviors
 Adhere to time schedule
 You should come with appropriate module materials during the lecture, laboratory and attachment sessions
(handouts, laboratory manuals, laboratory reports)
 You are expected to actively participate during discussions in the class. If you are working in a group or with a
partner, you must be a part of the group.
 Use your time for group work and home study effectively.
 Wear gown during the laboratory activities and never wear gown outside the laboratory
 Display appropriate dressing and appearance (includes hair style, clothing, open shoes, etc)
 Adhere to laboratory safety rules and practice including appropriate dressing
 Do not chew gum, eat, listen to and/or view materials from mobiles, iPod, etc, in class, laboratories and
attachment sites.
 Do not wear sunglasses, or talk about personal issues in class, laboratories and attachment sites.
 Please be sure to turn off cell phones, pagers etc., before class, laboratories and exam sessions.
 Respect diversity and work as a team
 Any form of harassment is prohibited (to peer, teaching staff, clinical attachment site staff, patients, etc)
 Theft and malicious destruction of properties are prohibited
 Use of drugs of abuse are prohibited
 All misconducts shall be handled as per the university legislation
All rules and regulations of the university should be followed strictly

Requirement for promotion

 Promotion will be conducted every academic year as per the University senate rule and regulations.
 Pass mark for any module or attachment will be at least a C grade
 Any student who fails to achieve a CGPA of at least 2.0 but greater than 1.75 shall be allowed to take a remedial exam
on modules or attachments failed
 If a student has failure in more than two modules, remedial exams will not be allowed and the student will be required
to repeat the failed modules or attachments
 Any student who fails a remedial exam will repeat the modules
 If a student fails again after the repeat and remedial exam, the student can repeat the failed modules or rotations but
will pay a fee to the University
 A student who fails to achieve CGPA of 1.75 at any time or who fails to pass the module or rotation after repeating
twice shall be dismissed.

15
  Any student who fails in the qualifying examination is required to repeat the failed attachment for the duration of the
particular attachment.

Graduation Requirement

Graduation requirement will be according to each university rule and regulation. Thus, a student enrolled in the BSc
midwifery program is eligible for graduation if and only if he/she:

 Has taken all the required modules for the program and obtained a minimum CGPA of 2.
 Student should be able to pass comprehensive exam of the school, both in theory and practice before graduation.
 Has not scored ‗F‘ grade in any module, and should not score ‗D‘ grade in any practicum and professional module.
 Pass successfully and complete professional practice program.
 Has carried out a student research project on a selected and agreed topic of research problem and scored a minimum
of ‗C‘ grade in his/her thesis report.
 Pass successfully the comprehensive exam.

The minimum passing mark for the Comprehensive exam (Internal plus external) is 50%. If a student failed to score the
above mentioned result, he or she should be delayed for three months. During this period the student will be attached to
hospital laboratories for further practice and/or given an assignment and re-evaluated. This should be conducted until
competency is ascertained.

15. DEGREE NOMENCLATURE

The degree to be awarded to the students after completion of the program will bear the following name:
English version: ―Bachelor of Science Degree in Medical Laboratory Sciences‖
Amharic version: “yúYNS ÆClR ÄþG¶ bÞKM §ï‰è¶ úYNS”

16. RESOURCE PROFILE

S. No Academic Qualification Number

1. PhD
2. PhD candidate
3. MSc
4. MSc candidate
5. BSc
6. Diploma

17. QUALITY ASSURANCE

The authorized body in academic affairs for this program is the School Academic Council or Department Council. This body is
responsible for the management and monitoring of the program.
To assess the realization of the curriculum‘s objectives both formative and summative evaluation guidelines will be used.
The following mechanisms will be employed to evaluate whether the modules offered in the program meet the standards or not.
 A module outline according to the module content indicated in this catalog should be prepared for each module with time
frame.
 The respective School/departments will evaluate the agreement between examination contents and the module outline.
 Health professionals from diverse field of study will comment on the curriculum in various ways.

16
  Recruitment of qualified staff
 Implementation of continuous assessment (formative and summative)
 Periodic acquisition of up – to – date references, laboratory equipment and reagents
 Supervised practices in the training hospitals and health centers
 Periodic evaluation of the curriculum and the program in general
 Students will sit for the national qualification examination before graduation
 External program evaluation by responsible regulatory bodies
 Additional quality assurance strategies designed by the school/department would also be employed as appropriate.
Furthermore, there will be a periodic evaluation of the curriculum by using the feedback from the stakeholders/employers,
graduates and students. Based on valuable feedbacks collected the curriculum will be revised accordingly.

18. MODULE PROFILE

Module name and Numbering: The module name is directly or indirectly related to the content of the module and
the identified competencies to be achieved by the respective modules

 The first four letters in the module code represent program/department to which the module belongs to
 The last letter (M) represents the code is assigned for module code
 The first digit number represent level of students (years)
 The middle two digits represent module number
 The last digit represents category of the module (General = 3, Supportive = 4, Core = 1)
Example: Module MeLS-M2111 (MeLS- Medical laboratory sciences, 2= the level of student (year 2), 11= Module number,
1- Category of the module which is core)

 Credit Amount
 Total modules to be taken-------- 101Cr. Hr./162 EtCTS

17
Program Modules
Year Module Name Module Module Code Category EtCTS Delivery
Number Duration mode
Year-I Communicative 01 EnLa-M1013 General 5 20 weeks Semester
Sem-I English Skills based
Chemistry 02 Chem-M1024 Supportive 10 20 weeks Semester
based
Biomedical 03 Biom-M1034 Supportive 10 20 weeks Semester
Sciences based
Determinants of 04 SPH-M1043 General 4 20 weeks Semester
health based
Civics And Ethics 05 CvEt-M1053 General 5 20 weeks Semester
based
Semester total 34 EtCTS
Year I Basic Writing 06 EnLa-M1063 General 5 20 weeks Semester
semester II Skills based
Basic to Medical 07 MeLS-M1071 Core 10 20 weeks Sem
Laboratory based
Sciences
Molecular Biology 08 MeLS-M1081 Core 8 20 weeks Sem
and Applied based
Genetics
Computer 09 Comp-M2093 General 3 20 weeks Semester
Application health based

Science
Histopathology 10 MeLS-M2141 Core 5 20 weeks Semester
based

Semester total 31 EtCTS

Year I total EtCTS 65 EtCTS

Year II Measurement of 11 SPH-M2104 Supportive 8 20 weeks Semester

semester I health and disease based

Immunology and 12 MeLS-M2111 Core 9 20 weeks Semester

Serology based

Medical 13 MeLS-M2121 Core 9 20 weeks Semester

18
 Parasitology based

Medical 14 MeLS-M2161 Core 9 20 weeks Semester

Bacteriology based

Semester total 35 EtCTS

Year II Hematology and 15 MeLS-M2131 Core 10 20 weeks Semester
semester II Immunohematolog based

y
Health Laboratory 16 MeLS-M3221 Core 6 20 weeks Sem.
Management and Based

Quality Assurance
Toxicology 17 MeLS-M3211 Core 3 20 weeks Sem.
Based

Research Methods 18 SPH-M2174 Supportive 3 20 weeks Semester

based
Medical Mycology 19 MeLS-M3191 Core 3 20 weeks Sem.
Based

Clinical Chemistry 20 MeLS-M3201 Core 10 20 weeks Sem.

Based

Semester total 35 EtCTS

Year II total EtCTS 70 EtCTS
Year III Medical Virology 21 MeLS-M3181 Core 5 3weeks Block
Semester I
Professional 22 MeLS-M3231 Core 7 8 weeks Block
Practice
Student Research 23 MeLS-M3241 Core 7 Semester
Project Based
Advanced and 24 MeLS-M3251 Core 3 3 weeks Block
research lab
attachment
Team Training 25 SPH-M3264 Supportive 7 6 weeks Block
Program
Year III total EtCTS 27 EtCTS

Grand total EtCTS 162 EtCTS

19
 19. MODULE VERSUS COMPETENCIES ALIGNMENT
Module Name Competencies
Communicative English  Demonstrate effective verbal and written communication with
Skills staff and clients
 Participate in teaching at higher education institutions
Basic Writing Skills  Demonstrate effective verbal and written communication with
staff and clients
 Participate in teaching at higher education institutions
 Interpret, report and document public health laboratory test
results correctly.
Determinants of health  Work in harmony with health care workforce and partners
 Provide health education to communities and clients.
Civics And Ethics 
Chemistry  Identify the chemical characteristics of different chemical
compounds and solutions,
 Prepare stock and working laboratory solution of different
concentrations
Biomedical Sciences  Identify appropriate anatomic sites for biological sample
collection
 Perform patient identification proper specimen collection,
handling, processing and storage for onsite analysis and
sample referral as per standard operating procedure
Basic to Medical Laboratory  Apply medical laboratory ethical code of conduct and
Sciences contribute to stewardship of their profession
 Perform sample collection, processing and storage
 Implement laboratory standard operating procedures while
performing tests
 Use automated equipment and instruments capable of
performing a number of tests simultaneously and other
sophisticated laboratory equipment
 Value compassionate, respectful, and caring behavior at
individual and family level
Molecular Biology and  Perform molecular tests on clinical specimens as per standard
Applied Genetics operating procedure.

20
  Interpret, report and document laboratory test results
correctly.
Computer Application to  Apply computer skills for data storage, analysis and report
Medical Laboratory Science generation.
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results
correctly.
 Use automated equipment and instruments capable of
performing a number of tests simultaneously and other
sophisticated laboratory equipment
Measurement of health and  Design and conduct problem solving operational and basic
disease research projects
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results
correctly.
 Analyze occurrence of disease and health events in terms of
place, time and person.
Immunology and Serology  Perform immunological assays on clinical specimens as per
standard operating procedure.
 Perform serological assays on clinical specimens as per
standard operating procedure.
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results
correctly.
Medical Parasitology  Perform parasitological tests as per standard operating
procedure.
 Identify public health important vectors and apply integrated
vector control strategies
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results
correctly.
Hematology and  Perform hematological tests on clinical specimens as per
Immunohematology standard operating procedure.
 Perform immunohematological tests on clinical specimens as
per standard operating procedure.
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results
correctly.
Histopathology  Perform histopathological techniques on tissue specimen for
histopathological investigation.

21
Medical Bacteriology  Perform bacteriological tests on clinical specimens as per
standard operating procedure.
 Practice specimen collection, processing, and analysis during
disease outbreak and surveillance according to standard
operating procedure
 Collect, process and analyze food, water, beverages and other
environmental samples for communicable disease prevention
and control as per the standard operating procedures.
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results
correctly.
Medical Virology  Perform virological tests on clinical specimens as per standard
operating procedure.
 Practice specimen collection, processing, and analysis during
disease outbreak and surveillance according to standard
operating procedure
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results
correctly.
Medical Mycology  Perform fungal tests on clinical specimens as per standard
operating procedure.
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results
correctly.
Clinical Chemistry  Perform clinical chemistry tests on clinical specimens as per
standard operating procedure.
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results
correctly.
Toxicology  Perform toxin analysis using different methods and
instruments following standard operating procedure.
Professional Practice  Perform patient identification proper specimen collection,
handling, processing and storage for onsite analysis and
sample referral as per standard operating procedure
 Perform routine and advanced biochemical, microbiological,
hematological, immunologic and parasitological tests on
clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results
correctly.

22
Health Laboratory  Evaluate test results, develop and update procedures to ensure
Management and Quality the accuracy of tests.
Assurance  Design and implement quality enhancement plan to ensure the
delivery of quality laboratory services.
 Apply knowledge and critical thinking to improve the
laboratory-working environment
 Apply international Medical/Clinical laboratory quality
standards
 Confirm and verify laboratory test results through an in-depth
knowledge of scientific methods, principles and
instrumentation theory.
 Implement Laboratory standard operative procedures and
safety rule while performing tests
 Monitor and maintain proper functioning of medical
laboratory equipment and reagents
 Supervise medical/clinical laboratory personnel
 Participate in Leadership, Management and Governance of the
health care system in general and medical laboratory in
particular.
 Demonstrate the ability to create a health care system that can
provide compassionate, respectful and caring service.
 Setup specification for laboratory equipment and other
logistics
Research Methods  Design and conduct problem solving operational and basic
research projects
 Analyze occurrence of disease and health events in terms of
place, time and person.
 Participate in teaching at higher education institutions,
training of laboratory workforce and engage in continuous
professional development.
Student Research Project  Design and conduct problem solving operational and basic
research projects
 Participate in teaching at higher education institutions,
training of laboratory workforce and engage in continuous
professional development.

23
Advanced and research lab  Design and conduct problem solving operational and basic
attachment research projects
 Use automated equipment and instruments capable of
performing a number of tests simultaneously and other
sophisticated laboratory equipment.
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results
correctly.
Team Training Program  Work in harmony with health care workforce and partners
 Provide health education to communities and clients.
 Advocate proper use of laboratory tests
 Analyze occurrence of disease and health events in terms of
place, time and person.
Comprehensive Exam

20.TYPICAL WEEK SCHEDULE

Total duration = 20 weeks

Contact hrs.= 35hrs /week, (for class room and skill demonstration lab teaching)

Period ECTS Contact hrs./wk. Clinical Practice

Modules
in wks.

Yr. 1 Communicative English Skills 5 6

Semester 1
Chemistry 10 6.5 3
( 17wks class
of contact) Biomedical Sciences 10 11.5

Civics And Ethics 5 6

Determinants of health 4 5

Total 34 35 3

Period ECTS Contact hrs./wk. Clinical Practice

Modules
in wks.

Yr. 1 Semester Basic Writing Skills 5 8

2
Basic to Medical Laboratory
(13wks of Sciences 10 9.5 2

24
contact) Molecular Biology and Applied
Genetics 8 8 2

Computer Application health

Science 3 5

Histopathology 5 4.5 1

Total 31 35 5

ECTS Contact hrs./wk. Clinical Practice

Modules
in wks.

Measurement of health and

disease 8 9
Yr. 2
Semester 1 Immunology and Serology 9 9 2
(13wks of Medical Parasitology 9 8.5 2.5
contact)
Medical Bacteriology 9 8.5 2.5

Total 35 35hrs 7

ECTS Contact hrs./wk. Clinical Practice

Modules
in wks.

Hematology and
Immunohematology 10 9 2
Yr. 2
Semester 2 Health Laboratory Management
and Quality Assurance 6 7.5
(13.5wks of
contact) Toxicology 3 2.5 1

Research Methods 3 4.5

Medical Mycology 3 3.5 0.5

Clinical Chemistry 10 8 2.5

Total 35 35 6

25
 ECTS Contact Clinical Practice in
Modules
hr./wk. wks.

Medical Virology 5 35 1

Yr. 3 Professional Practice 7 8

Semester 1
Student Research Project 5
(2wks)
Advanced and research lab
attachment 3 3

Team Training Program 7 6

Total 27 18

21.MODULE SYLLABI
Module Title: Communicative English Skills
Module Code: EnLa-M1013
Module ECTS: 5 E
Module Duration: 20 Weeks

Module Description: This module is intended to develop and improve students' language competence. This
module is aimed at developing trainees‘ communicative abilities in English which will help students to develop
their communicative skills and overall language competence in English. Generally, this module will cover the
specific language aspects described below. Developing basic functions of English language skills: reading
(scanning, skimming, reading for details, summarizing, understanding the structure of a text); listening (listening
for the gist, listening for details, recognizing dismodule markers, noticing the structure of a lecture, understanding
speaker intentions, recognizing signposting, attending and following skills); writing (summarizing a text,
synthesizing choppy sentences, writing argumentative texts, writing research report, writing a project report);
speaking (introducing oneself and others, interviewing, discussions, stating and supporting propositions, stating
one‘s opinions, organizing and taking part in a debate, making a persuasive speech, questioning); vocabulary
(working out meanings from context, synonyms, antonyms, collocations, definitions); grammar (relative clauses,
modals, voice, conditionals, tense, reported speech).

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, students will be able to:
 Express their ideas in various communicative contexts (in group/ pair discussion, in public speaking settings)
 Present oral reports
 Write short reports
 Read various materials and make their own notes
 Identify the structure of oral and written dismodules
 Attend their academic work at ease and with clarity

Assessment Methods
Students will be assessed out of 100% in this module. Of which 60% will be allotted for the Continuous Assessment

26
(CA) that will be done throughout the semester. The remaining 40 % will be for the final examination. The CA
includes varied types of activities that will allow the students to express themselves like real speaker or
communicator. Thus, Students will be assessed continuously at least once in each of the six components. A final
exam is administered to assess students‘. Break down of the assessment can be seen bellow:
Continuous Assessment
 Debates 10%
 Speech Delivery (2) (Impromptu & Prepared) (52) 10%
 Group Assignment 10%
 Report (Oral & Written) 10%
 Summary & Review 10%
 Listening 10%
 Final Examination 40%
100%
References
1. Dean, M.1988. Write it; Writing Skills for intermediate learners of English. Cambridge University Press
2. DEFLL, 1996.College English: volume I and II.AAU.AAU Printing Press
3. Gregory. 1999.Public speaking for college and career (Fifth Ed).New York: McGraw Hill College
4. Hewings, M. 1999.Advanced Grammar in use: self-study Reference Practice Book for Advanced Learners of
English. Cambridge: CUP.
5. MOE, 2005.Improve Your English: A Module for Ethiopian Teachers (Grade 1-4)-Face to Face Learner's
Books 1&2. Addis Ababa: EMPDE
6. Mohammedtahir and TibebeKasahun, 2005.Communicative English Skills II (unpublished). Jimma
University Press
7. Strong, W.1991. Writer's Choice: Grammar and Composition. Illinois: McGraw Hall
Tentative Schedule
Week Study Hours Main Topic/Sub topic/s/ Chapter Reading material Student
/assignments Activities
1st & 2nd Lecture Hours= 1.Introductory Unit College English - Introduce
2hrs 1.1. Listening and Speaking: Finding out VL.I PP 4-10 themselves to
Home Study= about other people their partners
2hrs 1.2. Vocabulary: Learning to learn English -find out
Discussion = vocabulary Communicative information
4hrs 1.3. Grammar: Learning to use grammar Grammar pp 34-48 about others
for facilitating meaning
LH= 2hrs 1.4. Reading: What is involved - College English -Participate in
3rd& 4th DH= 2hrs in understanding text? VL.I group
PH= 2hrs 1.5. Speaking: Introducing oneself and discussions
HS=2hrs others - Communicative introduce
1.6. Writing: A short Personal description English Skills II- themselves
or story unpublished write a personal
- Writer‘s Choice description

27
4th – 6th 2.AIDS Listen to texts
LH= 3hrs 2.1. Listening and Speaking: College English- and identify
HS=4hrs 2.1.1. Understanding markers of Teacher‘s Guide markers of
DH= 4hrs addition and relating addition and
2.1.2. Listening for gist relating,
2.1.3. Responding to the speaker's
purpose identify the gist
2.1.4. Writing a brief summary of a College Reading + of the talk,
talk McCarthy write summary
2.2. Vocabulary of the talk
2.2.1. Using component parts of a -guess the
word as clues to meaning Advanced Grammar meaning of
2.2.2. Using topic relationships in in Use + Grammar words
order to learn words for English depending on
2.2.3. Being aware of how words Language Teachers clues, topic
collocate with each other 350-79 relationship and
2.2.4. Working out word meanings collocation
from context College English
2.3. Grammar VL.I
2.3.1. Using relative clauses College English
2.3.2. Expressing warning and advice VL.I
6th – 10th LH=3hrs 2.4 Reading
DH=4hrs 2.4.1. Identifying the intended audience of College English -read passages
PH=4hrs a text and other critical reading VL.I + and work on
HS= 4hrs skills comprehension
2.4.2. Relating a diagram to a text questions
2.5 Speaking Public Speaking for
2.5.1. Brain storming College and Career -practice and
2.5.2. Public speaking present public
speeches
2.6 Writing: Writing a short summary of College English
a talk VL.I Write summary
of a talk

3.Culture and Values Listen to texts

th
12 - SH=6hrs 3.1. Listening and Speaking College English- and identify
14th LH=3hrs 3.1.1. Identifying the structure of a talk Teacher‘s Guide structure of the
DH=4hrs 3.1.2. Completing a note framework talk

3.2. Vocabulary College English Guess meaning

3.2.1. Using topic relationships to learn VL.I of words based
new words on their origin
3.2.2. Words of Greek and Latin origin & topic
3.2.3. Using a vocabulary network to relationship
learn words
Practice using
3.3. Grammar active &
3.3.1.Using active and passive passive
constructions for descriptive writing Grammar for constructions
3.3.2. using time clauses for descriptive English Language
writing Teachers p.287

28
14th - 3.4. Reading College English -read passage
16th SH= 4 3.4.1. Critical reading VL.I and identify
DH= 4 3.4.2. Reading for main ideas main idea and
LH= 3 3.4.3. Reading for detail specific details
PH=3 3.5. Speaking
3.5.1. Understanding reference -participate in
3.5.2. Brainstorming Public Speaking for debating
3.5.3. Organizing and taking part in a College and Career organized in
debate the classroom
3.6. Writing -write summary
3.6.1. Writing a brief summary of key and descriptive
ideas from a text Writer‘s Choice + paragraph
3.6.2. Writing a descriptive essay about Essentials of
a marriage ceremony Writing
16th& 4.Improving Study Practices -listen to
18th LH=3hrs 4.1. Listening and speaking College English- lectures and
HS=5hrs 4.1.1. Thinking about what you do when Teacher‘s Guide take notes
DH= 4hrs you listen to a lecture and take notes - identify main
4.1.2. Understanding listing and sections of a
sequencing markers lecture
4.1.3. Listening for a main sections of a
talk -work out
meaning of
4.2. Vocabulary College Reading + words from
4.2.1. Using a dictionary Objective English context
4.2.2. Working out word meanings from
context Grammar for -Practice using
4.3. Grammar English Language conditional
4.3.1. Using Conditional I,II and III Teachers p231 + clauses
College English
4.4. Reading College English
18th& LH=3hrs 4.4.1. Skimming for gist VL.I -read passage
19th HS=5hrs 4.4.2. Critical reading and evaluating and identify
DH= 4hrs 4.4.3. Using reference/textual markers references and
College English VL. textual markers
4.5. Speaking I
4.5.1. Brainstorming and discussing on
what makes a good learner -practice
writing
4.6 Writing Writers‘ Choice summary and
4.6.1. Summarizing a talk essays
4.6.2. Summarizing an academic article
4.6.3. Writing an essay on learning
English
20th Final Exam

Module title: Chemistry

Module Code: Chem-M1024
ECTS: 10
Module Description: This module covers the basic and fundamental principles of organic and analytic
chemistry, allowing the student to begin understanding the language of chemists. A broad overview of the
29
properties and characteristics of organic molecules is provided, and several key reactions and reaction
mechanisms are discussed. Functional groups in organic chemistry; stereochemistry; structural elucidation and
molecular spectroscopy; classes of organic reactions; aromatic compounds; carbonyl compounds, and biological
molecules. Technique in experimental organic chemistry: recrystallization, melting point determination, simple
and fractional distillation, stem distillation, functional group identification, organic compounds in three
dimensions using models, preparation of aspirin, soap, esters, qualitative organic analysis and chromatography.
Acids and bases and neutralization titration, complex ion formation and complex metric titration; redox
equilibrium and redox titration; measurement of dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand (COD);
Gravimetric analysis; chromatographic techniques: paper, thin layer, gas chromatography and HPLC;
spectrophotometry.

Module Objective
By the end of this module, students are aimed at developing understanding on the role of Chemistry in
Laboratory Practice
Module Competencies
o Identify the chemical characteristics of different chemical compounds and solutions
o Prepare stock and working laboratory solution of different concentrations
Learning Outcomes:
To meet the above module objective, the student will be expected to:

 Understand concepts of organic and analytical chemistry

 Classify organic compounds based on their characteristics
 Discuss the principles and types of chemical reactions and their applications
 Discuss the different isomers
 Understand the structure and characteristics of biological molecules
 Discuss the different steps, methods and techniques of chemical analysis
 Explain different ways of validating analytical methods
 Explain the types, safe use and storage of chemicals
 Apply the principle and methods of titration
 Measure the pH of a given solution
 Prepare solutions and reagents for chemical analysis
 Apply colorimetric and chromatographic methods to determine concentrations of compounds

Prerequisites: None
Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture & discussions
 Laboratory Demonstration

30
  Laboratory practice
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists,
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters/ Pictures
 LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 Laptop

Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Demonstration
Summative
 Laboratory report (10%)
 Practical exam (15%)
 Test quizzes (10%)
 Written mid exam (20%)
 Written Final exam (45%)

Reference Books
1. Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th ed.; Saunders College
Publishing, New York, 2004.
2. Christian, G.D. Analytical Chemistry, 5th ed., John Willey and sons, Inc., New York, 1994.
3. Harris, D.C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 4th ed., W.H. Freeman and company, New York, 1995.
4. Jeffery, G.H.; Bassett, J.; Mandham, J.; Denney, R.C. Vogel‘s Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis,
John Willey and sons, Inc., New York 1991.
5. Fifield, F.W., Keale, D. Principles and practice of analytical chemistry, 3rd ed., Blakie academic and
professional, Glasgow, 1990.
6. Marmet, J.M.; Otto, M.; Widmer, H.M. (editors). Analytical chemistry, Willey-VCH, Weinheim,1998

31
 Module schedule

Clinical Practice
Module Name Theory Skill lab
Chemistry 84hrs 28hrs 3wks

Required Reading
Date/Week Learning Activity
(Assignment)
Week 1 Interactive lecture (8hrs) Reading Assignment
 Concepts of Organic chemistry (6hrs) on:
- Introduction

- Atomic orbitals, Bonding

- Hybridization

- Induction ,Resonance

- Acidity and basicity

- Reaction intermediates

Main Library
Conceptsvisit: [2 hrs.] chemistry (2hrs)
of analytical
 Demonstration
- Scope ofinanalytical
Universitychemistry
main library on:
– How to use the library catalogue?
Self-study [2- hrs.]
Methods of analysis in analytical chemistry
 Students will spend this time in reading the given reading
assignments, searching & appraising journals for own/
personal development.

Week 2 Interactive lecture, discussion (8hrs) Reading Assignment

 Classes of organic compounds (8hrs) on:
- Nomenclature (Alkane, Alkenes, Alkynes, aromatic and – TBD
carbonyl compounds, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and its
derivatives, Amines, Ethers)
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 3 Interactive lecture [8hrs.] Reading Assignment

 Classes of organic compounds (2hrs) on:
- Chemical and physical properties – TBD

- Synthesis

 Reaction of Compounds (6hrs)

- Principles and applications of chemical reactions

– Substitution reaction
– Elimination reaction

32
 Required Reading
Date/Week Learning Activity
(Assignment)

Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 4 Interactive lecture, discussion [8 hrs.] Reading Assignment
4BReaction of Compounds (6hrs) on:
– Addition reaction – TBD
– Rearrangement reaction
Stereochemistry (2hrs)
– Introduction to isomers
– Conformational isomers
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 5 Interactive lecture, discussion [8hrs.] Reading Assignment
Stereochemistry (4hrs) on:
– Conformational analysis – TBD
– Geometric isomers
– Optical isomers
Stereochemistry (2hrs)
– Optical activity
– Fisher projection
Biological molecules (2hrs)
- Carbohydrates

Self-study [2 hrs.]
 Students will spend this time in reading the given reading
assignments, searching & appraising journals for own/
personal development.
Week 6 Interactive lecture, discussion [8 hrs.] Reading Assignment
Biological molecules (4hrs) on:
 Amino acids, peptides and proteins – TBD
 Lipids
 Nucleic acids
Chemical Analysis (4hrs)

- Qualitative methods of Chemical analysis

33
 Required Reading
Date/Week Learning Activity
(Assignment)

Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 7 Interactive lecture, discussion [8 hrs.] Reading Assignment

 Chemical Analysis (4 ) on:
– TBD
- Quantitative methods of Chemical analysis

 Analytical method validation (2hrs)

Self-study
 types, [2 safe
hrs.]use and storage of chemicals (2hrs)
Week 8 Interactive lecture, discussion [4 hrs.] Module project on:
Titration (4hrs) – EBM
- Acid base titration
– Clinical audit
- Complexometric titration
Laboratory Demonstration (4hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given assignments,
identifying audit standards and familiarizing themselves.
Week 9 Interactive lecture, discussion [4 hrs.]
Titration (4hrs)
- Redox titration
- Precipitation titration
Laboratory practice on titration (4hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given assignments,
identifying audit standards and familiarizing themselves.
Week 10 Mid exam (4hrs)
Laboratory practice on titration (4hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given assignments,
identifying audit standards and familiarizing themselves with.
Week 11 Interactive lecture, discussion [2 hrs.]
– pH of solutions and its measurement (2hrs)
Laboratory demonstration and practice (6 hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 12 Interactive lecture, discussion [5 hrs.]
- Types and preparation of solutions (5hrs)
Laboratory practice on PH measurement (3 hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 13 Interactive lecture, discussion [1hr.]
– Determination of concentrations of solutions (1hr)

34
 - Laboratory demonstration and practice (7hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 14 Interactive lecture, discussion [4hrs.]
– Principle and types of gravimetric assay (4hrs)
Laboratory demonstration on gravimetric assays (4 hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 15 Interactive lecture, discussion [3 hrs.]
– Principle and types of colorimetric assay (4hrs)
Laboratory practice on colorimetric assays (4hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 16 Interactive lecture, discussion [6 hrs.]
– Principle and types of chromatographic techniques (4hrs)
Laboratory practice on chromatographic techniques (3hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 17 Interactive Lecture on (8hrs)
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on solution preparation (4hrs)
 Laboratory practice on PH measurement (4hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 18 Laboratory practice on colorimetric techniques (4hrs)
Laboratory practice on chromatographic techniques (4hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 19 Practical exam week
Week 20 Written exam week

35
Module title: Biomedical Sciences
Module code: Biom-M1034
Module ECTS: 10 EtCTS
Module Description:

The module is intended to equip students with the basic knowledge of biomedical sciences of anatomy, physiology,
biochemistry and Pharmacology.

Module Objectives

This module is aimed at enabling students to understand the basic biomedical Sciences and relate it with Medical
Laboratory Science Practice

Module Competency
 Identify appropriate anatomic sites for biological sample collection

 Perform patient identification proper specimen collection, handling, processing and storage for onsite
analysis and sample referral as per standard operating procedure

Supporting Objectives

 Describe concepts, terminologies and principles of human anatomy

 Identify the normal structure of the human body
 Describe concepts, terminologies and principles of human physiology
 Identify the normal function of the human body
 Practice the normal physiological value to different diagnostic tests
 Describe concepts, terminologies and principles of biochemistry
 Discuss function , metabolism, classification and clinical significance of bio-molecules
 Apply the basic concepts of biochemistry to medical laboratory practice
 Understand general concepts and principles of pharmacology
 Understand the different classes of drugs and their mechanism of actions
 Understand the principles of antimicrobial resistance testing
 perform antimicrobial resistance testing

Duration: 20 weeks
Methods of assessment
Formative

1. Direct observation in biomedical laboratory

2. Quizzes
3. Biomedical laboratory report

36
 Summative

 Written exam (Progressive assessment) (30 %)

 Written exam (End of module assessment) (45 %)
 Assignments, presentation (15%)
 Biomedical laboratory report (10%)
Teaching and learning methods
– Interactive lecture, Group discussion, Case studies, Biomedical laboratory practice
– Video show/ interactive animation, Seminar, Whole group session
References
1. Gray‘s anatomy for students. 2007
2. Lumley, J.S.P, Essential, Anatomy & some clinical Applications, 19995
3. Beck Ernest W. Mosby‘s Atlas of Functional Hunan Anatomy, 1982
4. Ross, Janet S. Ross & Wilson anatomy & Physiology, 1990
5. Solomon, Eldra K Pearl, Understanding Hyman Anatomy & physiology 1987
6. Yekoye Abebe, Bhardwaj, G.P., and Habtamu Mekonnen: physiology lecture note for
health science students. University of Gondar and Jimma University in collaboration with
EPHTI,
7. Guyton and Hall. Textbook of medical physiology. 11th edition. 2006.
8. Ashis Banerjee. Clinical physiology. An examination primer. 2005.
9. John Baynes and Marek Dominiczak. Medical biochemistry. 4th edition. 2014
10. Alan Gaw. Clinical biochemistry 5th edition. 2013
11. Eric Arthur Newsholme and Tony R. Leech. Functional biochemistry in health and
disease. 2010.

Module schedule
Clinical Practice Self-study
Module Name Theory Skill lab
Biomedical ------ 64hrs
sciences 192hrs -------

Date Learning Activity Required Reading Assignment

37
Week 1 Interactive lecture on (10hrs)
 Introduction to anatomy (4hrs)
- What is anatomy (gross, microscopic, embryology)
- Approaches to study anatomy
- Important anatomical terms
- Anatomy of cell & tissue
 Introduction to physiology (4hrs)
- What is physiology
- Functional organization of the human body and
control of the internal environment
 Introduction to General Pharmacology (2hrs)
 Introduction (definitions, subdivision, source of drugs)
 Drug disposition (pharmacokinetics)
Self-study (2 hours)
Week 2 Interactive Lecture on (10hrs)
- Anatomy continued (2 hours)
- Introduction to anatomy continued
- Biochemistry (2 hours)
- Introduction to biochemistry & its relevance to Medical
laboratory professionals
- Acid, base and buffer system
Interactive Lecture on (4hrs)
- Micro & macroscopic anatomy of the integumentary system
Pharmacodynamics (2hrs)
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 3 Interactive lecture on (10hrs)
 Micro & macroscopic anatomy of the integumentary system
continued (2 hrs)
 Physiology of integumentary system (4 hrs)
 Factors affecting dose and drug action (2hrs)
 Drug adverse effects and drug toxicities (2hrs)
Self-study (4hrs)
Week 4 Interactive lecture on (10hrs)
 Biochemistry continues (2 hrs)
 Physiology of integumentary system continued (4hrs)
 Microscopic & macroscopic anatomy of the musculoskeletal
system (4hrs)
Self-study ( 2 hours)
Week 5 Interactive lecture (10hrs)
 Physiology of musculoskeletal system (4 hrs)
 Biochemistry (2hrs)
- Amino acids
- Enzymes
 Micro & macroscopic anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
continued (4hr)
Self-study ( 2 hrs)

38
Week 6 Interactive Lecture on :(10hrs)
 Physiology of musculoskeletal system continued (2hrs)
 Genetic control of protein synthesis, cell function and cell
reproduction (2hrs)
 Biochemistry continued (2 hrs)
- Amino acids
- Enzymes
 Microscopic & macroscopic anatomy of gastro-intestinal
system & intra-abdominal organ system (4hrs)
Self-Study (5hrs)
Week 7 Interactive lecture on (9 hrs)
 Physiology of gastro-intestinal system & intra-abdominal
organ system (5hrs)
 Carbohydrate metabolism (4 hrs)
Self - study (3 hrs)
Week 8 Interactive lecture on (10hrs):
 Physiology of gastro-intestinal system &intra-abdominal
organ system (continued) (4hrs)
 GIT pharmacology (6hrs)
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 9 Interactive lecture (8hrs)
 Anatomy of respiratory system (4 hrs)
 Physiology of respiratory system (4hrs)
Self-study ( 2 hrs)
Week 10 Interactive Lecture on(10hrs):
 Lipid metabolism (4 hrs)
 Pharmacology of Broncho – pulmonary systems (4hrs)
Mid exam (2hrs)
Week 11 Interactive lecture on (8hrs)
 Macroscopic & microscopic anatomy of circulatory system
(4hrs)
- The cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
 Physiology of the cardiovascular system& blood (4 hours)
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 12 Interactive lecture on (10hrs)
 Macroscopic & microscopic anatomy of circulatory system
(continued) (4 hrs)
- The cardiovascular system (continued)
- Lymphatic system (continued)
 Physiology of the cardiovascular system (continued) (4hrs)
 Cardiovascular Pharmacology (2hrs)
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 13 Interactive lecture on (10hrs)
 Macroscopic & microscopic anatomy of genitourinary system
(4)
 Physiology of genitourinary system(4 hours)
 Cardiovascular Pharmacology cont…(2 hrs)

39
 Self-study (3hrs)
Week 14 Interactive lecture on (10hrs)
 Amino acid and protein metabolism (4hrs)
 Video show (2hr)
Interactive lecture on (4hrs)
 Macroscopic & microscopic anatomy of genitourinary system
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 15 Interactive lecture on (10hrs)
 Amino acid and protein metabolism continued (2 hours)
 Blood Pharmacology (8hrs)
Self-study (2 hrs)
Week 16 Interactive lecture on (10hrs)
 Macroscopic & microscopic anatomy of the endocrine system
(4 hrs)
 Physiology of the endocrine system (4 hrs)
 Therapy of Endocrine disorders (2hrs)
Self-study (5hrs)
Week 17 Interactive lecture on (10hrs)
 Therapy of Endocrine disorders cont… (2hrs)
 Macroscopic & microscopic anatomy of the nervous system
(4hrs)
 Physiology of the nervous system (4hrs)
Self-study (4hrs)
Week 18 Interactive Lecture on (9hrs)
 Macroscopic & microscopic anatomy of the nervous system
continued (1 hours)
 Physiology of the nervous system continued (1 hours)
 Pharmacology of the central Nervous system (6hrs)
 Hemoglobin metabolism (1 hrs)
Self-Study (3hrs)
Week 19 Interactive Lecture on (10hrs)
 Chemotherapy
- Chemotherapy of microbial infections
- Chemotherapy of protozoal infections
- Chemotherapy of fungal infections
- Chemotherapy of helminthiasis (core drugs: mebendazole,
pierazine citrate, metronidazole, diethylcarbazepine,
ivermecitin, thiabendazole, praziquntel, levamisole,
niclosamide)
Self-study (5hrs)
Week 20 Final exam (8hrs)

40
Module Title: Determinants of Health
Module Code: SPH-M1043
ECTS: 4 EtCTS
Module Duration: 20 Weeks

Module Description: This Module is designed for BSc students to equip with the knowledge, skill and
attitude needed to analyze determinants of health in a culturally sensitive manner with full participation of
the community and other stakeholders. This Module includes sociology, anthropology, psychology and
environmental health and will be addressed through Interactive lecture, Seminar presentations in class
room teaching and structured feedbacks in real community setup.

Module Objective:
At the end of this module, student will be able to analyze broad determinants of health and disease at
individual, family and community level and mobilize them for action.

Module competency
Evaluate determinants of Health and disease
Engage in disaster preparedness and management including planning, handling and restoration
Learning Outcome:

 Public health: definition, philosophy, history, development, core functions and services
 Describe essential public health functions and services
 Definition of epidemiology
 Scope of epidemiology
 Purpose and concepts of epidemiology
 Health and disease: concepts, definitions and perspectives
 Public health sciences, their scope and use in medicine
 Level of disease prevention
 Analyze socio-cultural determinants of health and disease at individual, family and community
level
 Analyze socio-economic determinants of health and disease at individual, family and community
level
 Analyze psychological and behavioral determinants of health and disease at individual, family
and community level
 Analyze environmental and ecological determinants of health and disease at individual, family
and community level
 Help individuals and families to identify actions to prevent and control determinants of ill health
 Demonstrate clear, sensitive and effective communication skills in interactions with individuals,
families, communities, PHCU staff, local health department staff, peers and faculty
 Demonstrate professional values and behavior in interaction with individuals, families and
communities consistent with the future role of a physician
 Demonstrate key public health values, attitudes and behaviors such as commitment to equity and
social justice, recognition of the importance of the health of the community as well as the
individual, and respect for diversity, self-determination, empowerment, and community
participation
 Show respect for colleagues and other healthcare professionals and the ability to foster a positive
collaborative relationship with them

41
  Analyze community practice experience and perform practice-based improvement activities using
a systematic methodology
 Demonstrate a habit of self-reflection, responsiveness to feedback and an on-going development
of new skills, knowledge and attitude
 Search, collect, organize and interpret health and health-related information from different
sources
Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching-Learning Methods
 Interactive lecture and discussion
 Small group learning activities: assignment, exercise, case study
 Individual reading
 PHCU/Community-based learning and study trip: home visit, discussion with individuals and
families to identify and solve problems, observation, PHCU visit, Zonal and District Health
Department Visit, field visit, and targeted literature review based on community experience
 Student presentation
 Reflective portfolio and mentoring

Teaching-Learning Materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 Laptop
 Handouts of lecture materials
 Logbooks for entry of community experience

Reference Books
1. YemaneBerhane, DamenHailemariam and HelmuKloos. Epidemiology and ecology of Health
and Disease in Ethiopia. 2006
2. EPHTI. Ecology. Lecture note series for health science students. 2007
3. White, P. Bio psychosocial medicine: An integrated approach to understanding illness. 2005
Oxford University Press.
4. Frankel, R. M., Quill, T. E., & McDaniel, S. H. Bio psychosocial approach: Past, present,
future. 2003. University of Rochester Press.
5. Singer, M. & Baer, H. A. Introducing medical anthropology: A discipline in action (2nd Ed.)
2011. Rowman Littlefield
6. Bernice A. Pescosolido, Jack K. Martin, Jane D. McLeod, Anne Rogers (Editors). Handbook of
the Sociology of Health, Illness, and Healing. A Blueprint for the 21st Century. 2011
7. Bird, C. E., Conrad, P., Fremont, A. M., &Timmermans, S. Handbook of medical sociology (6th
Ed.) 2010. Vanderbilt University.
8. Sobo, E. J. &Loustaunau, M. Cultural context of health, illness, and medicine (2nd Ed.) 2010.
Greenwood
9. David French et al. Health psychology (2ndEd.) 2010. Blackwell Publishing
10. By Susan Ayers, Richard de Visser. Psychology of medicine. 2011

42
 11. WHO. Closing the gap in a generation: health equitythrough action on the social determinants
of health: final report of the commission on social determinants of health. 2008.
12. Robert H Friis. Essentials of environmental health (2nd edition). The essential public health
series. 2012.
13. Kathryn Hilgenkamp. Environmental Health: Ecological Perspectives. 2006
14. Herman Koren and Michael Bisesi. Handbook of environmental health. 2002

Assessment Methods
Formative assessment
 Exercise and assignment
 Logbook and portfolio
 360 degree evaluation
 Student presentation
Summative assessment
 Written exam (50 %)
 Quiz=10% and test =15%
 Attendance and class participation=5%
 Assignment and student presentation (20 %)

Module Schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Determinants of Health 80hrs 26hrs

Weeks Topic Required Reading/

Assignment

Week 1 Classroom based Teaching (lecture, + seminars + group discussion)

[3hrs.]
Introduction to the module
Human health, society and culture (Medical sociology and anthropology)
Describe essential public health functions and services
Public health: definition, philosophy, history, development, core
functions and services
Describe essential public health functions and services
Self-study (3hrs)

43
Week 2 Interactive Lecture on (3hrs)
 Introduction to Sociology
- Definition of Sociology
- Scope of Sociology
- Purpose and concepts of Sociology
- Health and disease: concepts, definitions and perspectives
Self-Study (3hrs)
Week 3 Classroom based Teaching (lecture, + seminars + group discussion)
[3hrs.]

o Social and cultural aspects of human health (Socio-cultural factors

affecting human health include, but are not limited to, place of
residence, urbanization, culture, religion, ethnicity, gender views and
roles, status of women, educational status, demography, social
structures (mobility and migration) and organizations (social
cohesion, support and network), laws, human rights
o Introduction to medical sociology and medical anthropology
Understanding health, illness and disease and healing: sociological and
anthropological perspective

Self-study (3hrs)
Week 4 Interactive Lecture on (3hrs)
 Social and cultural aspects of medicine (religion, ethno medicine,
alternative and complementary medicine)
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 5 Interactive lecture on (3hrs.)
 Social Institution
 Human health and socio-economic factors (Economic factors include,
but are not limited to, unemployment, poverty, income inequality,
neighborhood deprivation, assets, economic growth, globalization,
healthcare cost)
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 6 Interactive Lecture on (3hrs.)

 Social epidemiology
 Process of social interaction
 Individual and society
Self-study (4hrs)
Week 7 Interactive Lecture (3 hrs.)

 Psychological and behavioral determinants of health

- Introduction to medical psychology

Self-study (3hrs)

44
Week 8 Interactive lecture on (3 hrs.)

 Developmental psychology

-
Prenatal development and birth i.e. beginning of life, prenatal stage,
hazards of prenatal development, infant and childhood disorders,
Psychological aspects of health and illness (motivation, stress, pain,
personality, depression, health and illness)
Self-study (4hrs)
Week 9 Interactive Lecture on (3 hrs)

 Developmental psychology continued…..

-
Prenatal development and birth i.e. beginning of life, prenatal stage,
hazards of prenatal development, infant and childhood disorders,
Psychological aspects of health and illness (motivation, stress, pain,
personality, depression, health and illness)
Self-study (4hrs)
Week 10 Interactive Lecture on [3 hrs.]

 Health and human behavior

- The role of behavior in health
- Smoking
- Physical activity
- Eating behavior
- Alcohol and drug use
- Sexual health and behavior
 Chronic illness related with psychological/ behavioral factors, death
and dying
Mid exam
Week 11 Interactive Lecture on (3 hrs.)

 Development after Birth

 Adjustment of the family to the new born, Environmental adjustment,
Psychological adjustment, Factors affecting adjustment to the new
born, The nature of the family
 Reasons for giving birth, Consequence on the child development,
Infancy period, Child hood (early late), Adolescence, Adult hood,
early, middle, late
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 12 Interactive Lecture on (3 hrs)

 Psychology of personality (Definition, theory, traits, adjustment,

assessment)
 Abnormal psychology
Self-study (3hrs)

45
Week 13 Interactive Lecture on (3 hrs.)

 Psychology and healthcare practice

-
Evidence-based medicine (adherence to treatment, doctor-patient
communication)
- Clinical interviewing (how to communicate, difficult interviews,
giving bad news)
- (Management of psychological problems)
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 14 Interactive Lecture on [3hrs.]

 Ecology and environmental determinants of health

- Introduction to ecology and environmental health

- Human ecology
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 15 Interactive Lecture on [3hrs.]

 Human – environment interaction

 Biosphere and pollution
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 16 Interactive Lecture on (3hrs.)
 Ecology of health and disease
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 17 Interactive Lecture on (3hrs.)
 Components of environmental health (Housing and institutional
sanitation, water sanitation and waste disposal)
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 18 Interactive lecture on [3hrs.]
 Components of environmental health (vector control, food sanitation)
(Food Hygiene, Food –borne diseases, Milk hygiene, Meat hygiene,
Food processing and food preservation method)
 Establishment healthy eating and drinking habits

Self-study (3hrs)
Week 19 Interactive Lecture on [3hrs.]
 Occupational health and safety
 Control of Arthropods and rodent of public Health importance
 Infection prevention
 The problem of environmental pollution.
Self-study (3hrs)
Week 20 Final Written Exam

Module Name: Civics & Ethical Education

46
Module Code: CvEt- M1053
Module ECTS: 5 EtCTS
Module Duration: 20 Weeks

Module Description: The major emphasis of this module is to familiarize students with basic themes
civics and ethics, morality and law, state government, citizenship, constitution and constitutionalism,
democracy and human right, conflict resolution and environment and sustainable development. The
method of delivery in this module will be through brainstorming, group discussion and interactive lecture.
Moreover, the students‘ progress will be assessed both in formative and summative ways of evaluation.

General objective: At the end of the module, the student will be able to generalize the basic concepts of
civics and Ethics, morality and law, professional ethics, civic virtue state, government, citizenship,
constitution and constitutionalism, human and democratic rights, conflict and conflict resolution,
international relation and sustainable development.

Prerequisite: None
Assessment Methods

 Continuous assessment (class participation, Group and Individual assignment, quizzes, test---
60%
 Final written examination ---40%

Module policy: Because this module will involve numerous discussions and class activities, students
expected to attend all classes. The module delivered to you is only to guide you to read different martial
so that students are expected to refer intensively more materials from the library and other source.
Absence from class will lead to disqualification from sitting for final examination. Any sound of cell
phone is strictly forbidden in the classroom. In additional you are expected to be punctual.

Learning outcome: at the end of the module, the student will be able to:
 Define the subject matter of civics and ethics
 Describe the concept of state, and government
 Describe the concept of citizen and citizenship
 Discuss on the concept of democracy and human right
 Generalize principles and values of democracy

Module Schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

100hrs 33hrs
Civics and Ethics

UNIT ONE
Introduction to the concept of civic and ethical education (4hr)

47
 Unit objectives at the end of this unit Content Delivery method
,students will be able to:

1.1 Define the term civics 1.1 Definition of civic education

education. 1.2 Source and interdisciplinary
1.2 Explain source and nature of civic and ethical
interdisciplinary nature of civic education
and ethical education. 1.3 The objective and significance
1.3 List the objective and of civic education Interactive
significance of civic education 1.4 The origin and development of Lecture
1.4 Explain the organ and civics education
development of civics Group
education Discussion

UNIT TWO
Ethics and ethical issues (11hr)

Unit objectives at the end of this Content Delivery method

unit, students will be able to:

2.1 define ethics Interactive lecture and

Group discussion
2.2 Explain type of ethics 2.1 the definition of ethics

2.3 Explain the need for ethical 2.3 types of ethics

education
 Normative ethics
2.4 Explain the major ethical school  Non –normative ethics
of thoughts 2.4 the need for ethical education

2.5 identify the major ethical 2.5. the major ethical school of thoughts
perspectives
 Ethical relativism
2.6 Explain profession ethics  Ethical universalism
2.6 major prospective on making
decisions and actions moral

 Consequentialism/teleological
ethical theory
 Utilitarianism
 Ethical altruism
 Deontological ethical theory
 Prima-facie duets
 Kant‘s categorical
imperative

48
 2.7 professional ethics

3.1. define state 3.1. definition of state Interactive lecture and

Group discussion
3.2. Explain form of state structure - theory of state formation
3.3. explain government
- Elements of the state
3.4. discuss on citizen and citizenship
3.2. form of state striation

3.3. government

 definition of government
 function of government
 organs of government
3.4 citizen and citizenship

 ways of acquiring citizenship

 ways of losing citizenship
4.1. define constitution and 4.1. definition of Interactive lecture and
constitutionalism Group discussion
 constitution and
4.2. explain the purpose and type of  constitutionalism
constitution 4.2. purpose and type of constitution

4.3. summarize the historical 4.3. historical development of

development of constitution in constitution in Ethiopia
Ethiopian

5.1. define democracy, democratic 5.1. definition of democracy democratic

and human right and human right Generation and
characteristics of human right
52.2 describe election and electoral
process 5.2. election and electoral process

5.3. Explain electoral procedure and  Electoral system

institution in Ethiopia - Majoritarian and
proportional electoral
5.4. Summarize the electoral system
development in Ethiopia 5.3. Electoral procedure and institution
in Ethiopia

5.4. Electoral development in Ethiopia

Unit objectives at the end of this unit Content Delivery method

,students will be able to :

6.1 Define conflict and conflict 6.1 Definition of conflict Interactive lecture and

49
resolution  Conflict resolution Group discussion
 Conflict management and
6.2 Distinguish types and stages of conflict protection
conflict 6.2 types and stage of conflict
6.4 Explain the mechanisms of 6.3 consequence of conflict
conflict resolution
6.4 the mechanisms of conflict
resolution

= formal

= informal

7.1 define international relation 7.1 Definition of international relation Interactive lecture and
Group discussion
7.2 Explain foreign policy  Actors in the international
relation
7.3 Explain globalization 7.2 foreign policy

 Actors in foreign policy

 Diplomacy
7.3 definition of globalization

 Tensions of globalization

CHAPTER EIGHT –Environment and sustainable development (3hr)

Unit objectives at the end of this unit Content Delivery method

,students will be able to :
8.1 Define environment and 8.1. definition of environment and
sustainable development development
Interactive lecture and
8.2 explain corruption and its impact 8.2 corruption and its impact on Group discussion
on development development
8.3 poverty ,inequality and
8.3 Describe poverty ,inequality and
development
development
8.4 the causes and consequence of
8.4 identify the causes and environmental damage
consequence of environment damage
8.5 the impacts of greenhouse effect
8.5 State the impacts of greenhouse on environment
effect on environment 8.6 citizen and development
8.6 List the role of citizens in
development

50
51
 Module Name: Basic Writing Skills
Module Code: EnLa-M1063
Module ECTS: 5 EtCTS
Module Duration: 20 Weeks

Module Description: Sentence level writing: sentence structure, sentence types, functional and structural
category, common sentence errors (fragments, comma splices, run-on sentences, dangling modifiers and
agreement errors); Paragraph level writing : paragraph, topic sentence and supporting details, structure,
essentials of a paragraph, basic types of paragraphs (expository, narrative, descriptive and argumentative
) and techniques of paragraph development; essay level writing : structure of an essay, thesis statement
and supporting paragraphs, types of essays and techniques of essay development.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, students will be able to:
 Construct meaningful sentences in English;
 Learn to compose a paragraph that has a clearly stated topic sentence and details ;
 Use appropriate coordination and subordination skills to relate ideas;
 Identify and correct common sentence problems: fragments, comma splices, and run-on
sentences, dangling modifiers and agreement errors.
 Compose paragraphs that have clearly stated topic sentences and supporting details.
 Write a well-structured essay of different types ( descriptive, narrative, expository and
argumentative)

Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Basic Writing Skills 100hrs 33hrs

Schedule
Week Study Hours Topics and Sub Topics Student Roles and Required Texts
activities
General introduction
1 Lecture: 3hrs about the module, and Main worksheet 1
Home St: 4hrs setting ground rules Activities: Identifying page 1-2
Ass‘nt: 2hrs subject and predicate-
Unit One: Writing Writer’s Choice:pp452- Practical English
Effective Sentences: 454 ( exercise 1-6), A Handbook page 15-
overview of writing concise Guide to 17,26-28 Writer’s
effective sentences - composition Choice :451-457,512
sentence definition, page:124;expanding A Guide to Better
Identifying sentence parts subject and predicate- Writing pp261-269;

52
 (subject and predicate), Writer’s Choice Writer’s Choice501-
writing complete pp455(exercise7and9),Fu 505;A concise Guide
sentences; sentence types: nctional category- A to composition pp119-
functional category concise Guide to 122 Main worksheet 1
(declarative, interrogative, composition page:125 page 2-5
imperative and
exclamatory sentences) A concise Guide to
1&2 Lecture: 3hrs Activities: structural composition
Home St: 4hrs Writing Effective classification-A Guide to page:Pp129-140 A
Ass‘nt: 2hrs Sentences (continued----) Better Writing pp270-71, concise Guide to
Identifying sentence Writer’s Choice pp502- composition
types: structural Category 504(exercise 4-8) page:Pp129-140
( simple, compound, Writer’s Choice513-
complex and compound 517
complex); Joining ideas Activities: correcting Main worksheet 1
:coordination, faulty sentences- A page 5-7
Lecture: 3hrs subordination, correlation concise Guide to
Home St: 4hrs and using relativecomposition page:174-
2&3 Ass‘nt: 2hrs pronouns 177;Writer’s Choice
pp513-515(Ex 21- Practical English
23),College English Handbook pp 125-171
Writing Effective Writing; pp418-443 Writer’s Choice pp
Sentences (continued----) 675-
Lecture: 3hrs Identifying and correcting Activities: correcting
Home St: 4hrs faulty sentences faulty sentences- A Main worksheet 2
Ass‘nt: 2hrs :fragments, run-ons, concise Guide to page 1-2
comma splices, composition page:174- Effective Academic
177 Writing 2 pp 1-8
Lecture: 3hrs From Paragraph to
3 Home St: 4hrs Writing Effective Activities on using Essay pp 3-15
Ass‘nt: 2hrs Sentences (continued----) punctuation marks A Guide to Better
Identifying and correcting Practical English Writing 83-150
faulty sentences: dandling Handbook pp
modifiers and agreement 125,128,131,136
errors; 137,139,144, Main worksheet 2
145,149,15,157(Ex 1- page -6
Writing Effective 11)Writer’s Choice
Sentences (continued----) pp675,676,677,679, Effective Academic
4 Using punctuation(a 681,683,686(Ex1-8) Writing 2 pp9-15
period, comma, semi- A concise Guide to
Lecture: 3hrs colon, colon, quotation composition pp28-32
Home St: 4hrs mark) and capitalization
Ass‘nt: 2hrs
A Guide to Better

53
 Writing 83-150
Unit Two: Writing Effective Academic
Lecture: 3hrs Effective Paragraphs; Activities: Identifying Writing 1 pp 30-142;
Home St: 4hrs overview of writing topic sentences and Effective Academic
Ass‘nt: 2hrs effective Paragraphs- supporting details Writing3 pp88-109
paragraph definition, Effective Academic A concise Guide to
4&5 nature of a paragraph, Writing pp 3-8(Ex1-8) composition pp32-39
Identifying topic sentence From Paragraph to
and supporting details, Essaypp 8-9,11,12
writing topic sentences(
Lecture: 3hrs with topics and Main worksheet 2
Home St: 4hrs controlling idea), nature page 7-8
Ass‘nt: 2hrs and position of topic
4 sentences in paragraphs, Main worksheet 3
Lecture: 3hrs narrowing a title Activities: achieving page 1-2
Home St: 4hrs coherence and unity in a Effective Academic
Ass‘nt: 2hrs Writing Effective paragraph Effective Writing2 pp16-26
Paragraphs (continued…) Academic Writing 2 pp9- Effective Academic
structure of a paragraph, 14 A concise Guide to Writing3pp 2-30
essentials of a paragraph: composition pp40-42 College Writing
4&5 Lecture: 3hrs unity, coherence(ways of Skills; pp 135-145
Home St: 4hrs achieving coherence:
Ass‘nt: 2hrs using transitional devices,
Lecture: 3hrs pronouns, key words and Main worksheet 3
Home St: 4hrs synonyms) and adequate Activities: types and page 3-4 Effective
Ass‘nt: 2hrs development; methods of paragraph Academic Writing2
5&6 Lecture: 3hrs organization: space, time development pp16-26Effective
Home St: 4hrs and order of importance Effective Academic Academic Writing3pp
Ass‘nt: 2hrs Writing1 pp35-37(Ex 4- 2-30 College Writing
Lecture: 3hrs Writing Effective 6),pp56-60(Ex3-5),pp81- Skills; pp 135-145
Home St: 4hrs Paragraphs (continued…) 83(3-5); A Guide to Better
6 Ass‘nt: 2hrs Writing basic types Writing pp 86-87,89-
Lecture: 3hrs paragraphs: expository, 90,94-95,97-98,102,104-
Home St: 4hrs descriptive, narrative and 105,110; A concise Guide Main worksheet 3
Ass‘nt: 2hr argumentative; to composition pp42-43 page 3-4 Effective
Lecture: 3hrs Academic Writing2
7 Home St: Techniques of paragraph pp16-26
4hrsAss‘nt: 2hrs development: definition, Effective Academic
exemplification/illustratio Writing3pp 2-30
n, classification, cause College Writing
7&8 and effect, comparison, Activities on free and Skills; pp 135-145
contrast, description( guided writing
process, objective and Main worksheet 2 page
impressionistic), and 7-8

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8 listing/enumeration
A Guide to Better
Writing Effective Writing 165-225
Paragraphs (continued…) College Writing Skills;
9 Developing a paragraph: pp 161-319
guided and free writing Effective Academic
guided writing-arranging Activities on nature and Writing2pp28-74
given sentences in a structure of an essay Effective Academic
9&10 logical order, writing a Effective Academic Writing3pp88-109
paragraph by developing Writing2 pp17-18,19,25
topic sentence and Effective Academic
specific details using Writing3 pp3-7,10-11
given points of a title A Guide to Better Writing
Free writing –writing a pp170-173,188 Main
paragraph on a given title worksheet 3 page 1-2
or on your own title
Activities on nature and
10 structure of an essay, how
Unit Three Essay t o write the introduction
Writing part
Stimulating idea on Effective Academic
features of an essay Writing3 pp12-19 College
Definition of an essay, Writing Skills; pp138-145
structure of an essay: Main worksheet 3 page 3-
introduction, body and 4
conclusion; reviewing
paragraph structure vs
essay structure
Identifying thesis
statement and supporting
paragraphs, elements of Activities on how to write
the thesis statement: topic the body and the
and controlling idea conclusion and steps on
essay writing Activity
Effective Academic
Essay Writing Writing3 pp10,11
(continued…) College Writing Skills;
Achieving unity and pp25,27,28,31-32,35-
coherence within an essay 37,38-47
Writing the introduction (
writing the hook, the Activities on writing
background and the different types of essays
thesis statement) Effective Academic
Writing2 pp28-31,34-

55
 Essay Writing 36,37-38,55-63,76-78
(continued…) Effective Academic
Writing the body and the Writing3pp93-97
concussion College Writing Skills;
Steps in writing an essay: pp189,203-4,220-226
Planning(questioning,
making list, clustering, Activities on writing
preparing outline),different types of essays
drafting, revising, and Effective Academic
editing Writing2 pp28-31,34-
36,37-38,55-63,76-78
Effective Academic
Essay Writing Writing3pp93-97
(continued…)
Writing the basic types of Activities on writing
essays ( expository, different types of essays
descriptive, narrative and Effective Academic
argumentative)by Writing2 pp28-31,34-
employing the different 36,37-38,55-63,76-78
techniques Effective Academic
Essay Writing Writing3pp93-97
(continued…)
Writing the basic types of
essays ( expository,
descriptive, narrative and
argumentative)by
employing the different
techniques

Essay Writing
(continued…)
Writing the basic types of
essays ( expository,
descriptive, narrative and
argumentative)by
employing the different
techniques
First Semester final Exam
Week
Teaching and learning methods Classroom contact/Lecture, group work, interactive tutorial sessions (group
and pair work/discussions and individual work (independent learning).
Assessment Continuous assessment Competence to be assessed
Students are most 1 quiz and two individual writing assignments Skill and knowledge of:
frequently evaluated 50 % identifying components of a

56
through their written Quiz: Sentence level writing (10%) week 3; sentence, completing a
assignments (30%) and sentence with appropriate
classroom quiz (10%). Assignment 1 and 2 Paragraph writing (20%) components, identifying types
There is also final exam week 8; of sentence, identifying
(50%) elements of a paragraph,
Assignment 3 Essay writing (10%) week 12 Writing a topic sentence and
supporting details and a
concluding sentence
identifying and writing a
thesis statement, hook,
background writing an
introductory paragraph, body
and conclusion of an essay. of
an essay
writing descriptive,
Two group writing assignments 20% expository, narrative and
Assignment 1 paragraph level writing (10%) argumentative paragraph
week 10 Assignment 2 Essay level writing writing an essay (outlining,
(10%) week13 drafting, revising, editing)
Three Quizzes (15%) identifying and correcting
Quiz 1 on sentence writing 5% week 4; common sentence errors
Quiz 2 on paragraph writing 5% week 6 identifying types of a
Quiz 3 on essay writing 5% week 14 paragraphs and methods of
developing a paragraph
organizing paragraphs to
make a complete essay( unity
and coherence)
Final exam 50 week 16
Module Expectation Preparedness: you must come to class prepared by bringing with you the
appropriate materials like the worksheet, text books and completed assignments.
Complete the reading assignments and other activities on time. You must plan
your own learning. Since the module is a writing module, it is demanding, and
you are expected to work much individually to meet the requirement of the
module. You have to use your time for group work and home study effectively.
Participation: make active participation during discussions (you must participate
in class). You are not participating if you are talking to a neighbour, doing
homework, daydreaming, or not doing what the rest of the class is doing. If you
are working in a group or with a partner, you must talk to your group members
or partner and be a part of the group. You cannot learn English by being silent.
Always be ready and willing to give constructive feedback to partners/group
members and to listen to their comments on your work.
Medium: use only English during group and pair work, in the class room and
out of class room discussions.

57
Module Policy Attendance: It is compulsory to come to class on time and every time. If you are
going tomiss more than three classes during the term, you should not take this
module.
Assignments: you must do your assignment on time. No late assignment will be
accepted.
Tests/Quizzes: you will have short quizzes and tests almost every week. If you
miss the class or, are late to class, you will miss the quiz or test. No makeup
tests or quizzes will be given. You are expected to observe the rules and the
regulations of the University as well.
Cheating/plagiarism: you must do your own work and not copy and get answers
from someone else. The only way to learn English is to do the work yourself.
Also, please do not chew gum, eat, listen to recorders or CD players, wear
sunglasses, or talk about personal problems. Please be sure to turn off pagers
and cell phonesbefore class and exam sessions
Reference Writer‘s Choice : Grammar and Composition
Rorabacher ,LA Concise Guide to Composition (3rd Ed). London Harper
and Row publishers(1976)
A Guided Writing to Composition
Langan,JCollege Writing Skills. sixth Edition. Boston: Mcgraw-Hill (2005).
Savage, A.and M. Shafiei,EffectiveAcademic Writing 1. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. (2007)
Savage, A.and P. Mayer Effective Academic Writing 2 Mcgraw-Hill (2005).
Oxford University Press. (2005)
Davis,J and R,Liss Effective Academic Writing 3 The Essay. Oxford
University Press. (2005)

58
Module Title: Basics to Medical Laboratory Sciences
Module code: MeLS-M1071

Module Credit: 10EtCTS

Module objective: Enable medical laboratory science students understand and apply the ethical and legal
principles of medical laboratory science profession, laboratory organization, basic principles of
instruments and automation, principles of specimen collection, transportation and storage and principles
of first aid.

Module Description:

This module is intended to give BSc medical laboratory science students with the ethical and legal
principles of medical laboratory science profession, laboratory organization, basic principles of
instruments and automation, quality control and safety in laboratory practice, principles of specimen
collection, transportation and storage and principles of first aid.
Module Competency:

 Apply medical laboratory ethical code of conduct and contribute to stewardship of their profession
 Perform sample collection, processing and storage
 Implement laboratory standard operating procedures while performing tests
 Use automated equipment and instruments capable of performing a number of tests simultaneously
and other sophisticated laboratory equipment
 Value compassionate, respectful, and caring behavior at individual and family level
Module Objective(s):
After completion of this module, the student is expected to:

- Apply the codes of ethics for medical laboratory professionals within the law in relation to practice,
legal process, principles and penalties
- Describe the organization and role of the laboratory
- Establish and maintain positive, respectful collaborative working relationship with clients and
families
- Explain the collection, handling, shipment and safe disposal of laboratory specimens
- Apply the basic principles of specimen collection for laboratory practice
- Explain the scope and function of laboratory instruments
- Identify, use, care and clean different laboratory equipment and wares
- Apply the principles of sterilization and disinfection for laboratory works

59
- Apply the working principles of spectrophotometers, cell counting, automations, electrophoresis,
electrochemical techniques, and chromatographs radioactive detection.
- Inspect the functionality of commonly used laboratory equipment and wares
- Explain the possible factors contributing to laboratory accidents and carry out safety and first aid
procedures for laboratory accidents
- Practice safety precautions and safe disposal of wastes in the laboratory
- Prevent accidental injuries and apply the knowledge of first Aid for the injured or suddenly ill to take
life saving measures
- Discuss safety precautions and safe disposal of wastes in the laboratory
Prerequisites: None
Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture & discussions
 Laboratory Demonstration
 Laboratory practice
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters/ Pictures
 LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 Laptop
Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Demonstration
Summative
 Laboratory report (5%)
 Practical exam (15%)
 Test quizzes (10%)
 Written mid exam (25%)
 Written Final exam (45%)

Reference Books
1. Linne Jean Jergenson, Basic techniques of medical laboratory 4th ed. 2000
2. WHO, Manual of basic techniques for a health laboratory 2000
3. Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory manual for tropical countries, 2000 (Vol I).
4. Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory manual for tropical countries, 2000 (Vol II)

60
 5. Seyoum B. Introduction to medical laboratory technology students, lecture note series
2002.
6. Burtis CA, A.E., Tietz fundamental of clinical chemistry. 5 ed. 2001, USA: W.B.
sounders
7. Lecture note series on Laboratory Instrumentation, Carter center, 2008.
8. Ethiopian Medical Laboratory Association (EMLA): Code of Ethics for Medical Laboratory
Technologists Practicing in Ethiopia, 2008
9. Medical Ethics Manual, world medical association, 2005
10. James M. Gripando Nursing Perspectives and issue; Delmar publishers INC 3rd edition
11. International Federation of Biomedical Laboratory Science (IFBLS) code of ethics
IFBLS general assembly of delegates, 1992
Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Basic Medical Laboratory 96hrs 28hrs 2wks 41hrs

Science

Required
Week Learning Activity
Reading
Week 1 Interactive lecture on (6 hrs) (Assignme
Reading
nt)
Assignment on:
 The Laboratory(2hrs)
- Overview of medical laboratory science profession
- Types, structure, and function of laboratories
 Laboratory equipment and wares (2 hrs)
- Water purity and distillation system use
- Laboratory sterilizers and autoclave
- Roles of the laboratories in the health care system (1hr)
Group Discussion (1hrs)
Self-study [2hrs.]
 Students will spend this time in reading the given reading
assignments introduction to clinical Laboratory.
Week 2 Interactive lecture (4 hrs)
 Laboratory equipment and wares
- Glass wares, plastic wares, volumetric flasks, test tubes, pipettes,
dropper
Lab practice observation of lab equipment and wares (3hrs)

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 Self-study [2 hrs.]
Interactive lecture on: (4 hrs)
 Laboratory equipment and wares
- Incubators and ovens
- Biological safety cabinet
Week 3
- Quality assurance in incubators, ovens and biological safety cabinets
Lab practice observation of lab equipment and wares (3hrs)

Self-study [3hrs.]

Interactive lecture [4hrs.] Reading

Week 4  Laboratory equipment and wares (2hrs) Assignment on:
– TBD
- Burettes, beaker, bottles, pestle and mortar, petridish,
micropipettes, diluting or thoma pipettes
 Sterilization and disinfection (2 hrs)
- Disinfection
- Decontamination
- Antisepsis
Laboratory practice on(3hrs):
 Laboratory equipment and wares
 Chemical means of sterilization and disinfection

Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 5 Interactive lecture (4hrs)
Laboratory equipment and wares (2hrs)
 Colorimeter (photometer), water bath, mixers, incubator, refrigerators
Laboratory equipment and wares (2hrs)
 Autoclaves, ovens, centrifuge, equipment for, equipment for safety
cabinets, purifying water, pipetting and dispensing, weighing
Lab practice (3 hrs):
 Observe the working principles of laboratory equipment and wares
 Practice on use of microscope
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 6 Interactive lecture on Operation and functional verification of automation

(2 hrs)
Operating procedure
Pipetting techniques
Pipette troubleshooting
General working remarks
Principles of inspection and calibration

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 Laboratory practice on Operation, pipetting, troubleshooting, inspection and
calibration of automated lab equipment (5hrs)
Self-study [3 hrs.]
Week 7 Interactive Lecture on (4hrs):
 Spectroscopy: Types and principles (2 hrs)
- Atomic absorption spectroscopy
- Flame emission spectroscopy
- Atomic fluorescent spectroscopy
 Fluorometer(2 hrs
Lab practice (3hrs):
 Demonstration of spectroscopic components/operation
 Wavelength determination and photodetector calibration in the laboratory
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 8 Interactive lecture on (4hrs)
 Quality assurance in instrumentation (2 hrs)
 Laboratory reagents and solutions (2 hrs)
- Types, preparation and use of reagents
- Types, preparation and use of solution
Lab practice (3hrs):
 Demonstration of spectroscopic components/operation
 Wavelength determination and photodetector calibration in the laboratory
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 9 Interactive lecture on Laboratory specimens (4hrs)
 Principles of collection, handling, and shipment of specimens (1:30hrs)
 Principles of collection, handling, and shipment of specimens (1hr)
 Quality assurance in specimen collections (1:30hrs)
Mid Exam (3hrs)
Week Interactive lecture on (4hrs)
10  Introduction to first aid(2 hrs)
- Definition, reason and general directions for giving first aid
 Basic principles of firs aid measures for respiratory accidents (2 hrs)
- Obstructed airway
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
- Prevention of respiratory accidents
Skill lab (3hrs)
- Simulated practice of artificial respiration
- Simulated practice of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Self-study [2 hrs.]

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Week11 Interactive Lecture on (4hrs)
 First aid for specific injuries (2 hrs)
 Eye, ear, nose, head, neck, face & jaw
 First aid for specific injuries(2 hrs)
 Chest
 Abdominal & back injures
 Bone & joint injures

Skill lab (3hrs)

 Simulated practice of dressing and bandaging

 Simulated practice of first aid measures for eye, ear, nose, head, neck, face &
jaw, chest, abdominal & back injuries, bone & joint injures

 Videos showing first aid measures for eye, ear, nose, head, neck,
face[2&hrs.]
Self-study jaw, chest, abdominal & back injuries, bone & joint injures

Week 12 Interactive lecture on (5hrs)

 First aid for specific injuries (2hrs)
- Skull, scapula, clavicle, Humerus, elbow, fore arm & wrist, spine
and leg fractures
 First aid for poisoning, shock, sudden illness, unconsciousness (2 hrs)
- Heart attack, stroke, convulsion& epilepsy
- Heat stroke, heat cramps & heat exhaustion
 First aid for disaster and emergency rescue(1hr
- Electrical, fire & water rescues
Skills laboratory (2hrs)
 Simulated practice for life saving support for skull, scapula, clavicle,
humerus, elbow, fore arm & wrist, spine and leg fractures

 Videos showing lifesaving support for skull, scapula, clavicle,

humerus, elbow, fore arm & wrist, spine and leg fractures
Self-study [3 hrs.]

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Week 13 Interactive Lecture on (7hrs)
 Introduction to professional ethics(2:30 hrs)
- Ethics, profession, morality, legal practice, common law, civil law
- The court
- The precedent
 Interpersonal relationships (2:30hrs)
- Patients and their families
- Visitors
- Staff members
Group discussion (2hr )
Self-study [2hrs.]
Week 14 Interactive lecture on (7hrs):

 Principles of confidentiality and privacy (2 hrs)

 Responsibility and accountability to the profession (2 hrs)

 Right and obligation of medical laboratory professionals (1 hrs)

 Duties and responsibilities of medical laboratory professionals (1 hrs)

 Patient‘s bill of rights (1hrs)

- Right to truth

- Right to refuse diagnosis and treatment

- Right to privacy and informed consent

- Ethiopian medico-legal issues (codes of law)

Self-study [3 hrs.]
Week 15
Interactive lecture on [4Hrs.]
Good Laboratory Practice (1hrs)

Introduction to compassionate care (3hrs)

- qualities of compassionate care

- Elements of compassionate care

- principles of compassionate care

65
 - threats of compassionate care

Primary health/ Hospital Visit (3hrs)

The students will observe and reflect on professionalism and communication
components of a healthcare providers‘ practices. This task has no a typically
allocated time as students can do it while they go to clinical sites for the
attachments of other modules.
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 16 Interactive lecture on Concepts of respectfully and dignified care (5hrs)
 Principles of respectfully care
 Characteristics of respectfully care
 Factors affecting respectful care )
Group discussion on respectful care (2hrs)

Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 17 Interactive lecture on(7hrs):
 Compassionate leadership (5hrs)
– Qualities of compassionate leadership
– Organizational culture, systems thinking for CRC and
leading CRC health teams
 Group discussion on compassionate leadership (2hrs)

Self-study [3hrs.]
Week 18 Hospital Visit to demonstrate CRC (7hrs)
Week 19 Practical exam
Week 20 Exam week

66
Module Title: Molecular Biology and Applied Genetics
Module code: MeLS-M1081

Module Credit: 8 EtCTS

Module objective: to build the capacity of Post basic BSc. Medical Laboratory Science students to apply
the principles of genetic and molecular biology techniques to produce accurate results in the diagnosis
and treatment of disease.

Module Description:

This module deals with basic principle of genetics; gene expression transmission genetics, chromosome
and hereditary, fundamental of mendelian genetics, cell cycle and microbial genetics and how to perform
molecular techniques in the diagnosis of microbial and genetic disease.

Module Competency:

 Perform molecular tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.

 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results correctly.
Module Objective(s):

After completion of this module, the student is expected to:

 Discuss the principles of genetics and genomic concepts

 Explain structure of nucleic acids and their characteristics
 Discuss the basics of DNA replication, gene expression and its control in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
 Explain the cell cycle and its control
 Explain the applications of Mendelian genetics and non-Mendelian inheritance
 Explain Chromosomal morphology and gene mapping
 Discuss gene mutation, its causes and mechanism of repair
 Discuss central dogma of Molecular biology
 Discuss methods of gene transfer and the importance of vectors
 Perform basic molecular tests/ techniques
 Properly interpret, report and document molecular test results
Prerequisites: None
Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture & discussions
 Laboratory Demonstration
 Laboratory practice

67
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters/ Pictures
 LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 Laptop

Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Demonstration
Summative
 Laboratory report (5%)
 Practical exam (15%)
 Test quizzes (10%)
 Written mid exam (25%)
 Written Final exam (45%)

Reference Books
1. Robert F. weaver, Philip W. Hedrick. Genetics.
2. Benjamin Lewin: Genes VI and above
3. P.K. Gupta: Cell and Molecular Biology
4. Albert‘s Molecular Biology of the cell.
5. Darnel, Lodish, Baltimore. Molecular Cell Biology
6. ABC of Clinical Genetics, 3rd ed.(Helen M,2002 )
7. An introduction to molecular genetics: Jack J.Pastermak, 2005, 2ed ed.
8. James D. Watson: Recombinant DNA
9. Richard J. Epistein: Human Molecular Biology
10. Molecular genetics of bacteria 4th ed. (Jeremy W. Dale Simon F park, university of surrey, UK 2004)
11. Darnel, Lodish, Baltimore. Molecular Cell Biology
12. Robert F. Weaver. Molecular biology
13. Benjamin Lewin: Genes VI and above

68
 Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Molecular Biology and 74hrs 28hrs 2wks 34hrs
Applied Genetics

Required
Date/Week Learning Activity
Reading
Week 1 Interactive Lecture on (4 Hr). (Assignment
Reading
- Introduction to genetics ) Assignment
- Historical overview of genetics on:
- Nucleic acids overview –TBD

- Gene expression

- Gene expression in prokaryotes

- Gene expression in eukaryotes
 Control of gene expression

Independent study (2hrs)

Week 2 Interactive lecture on (4hrs)
- Transmission genetics

- Mendel‘s laws of inheritance

- The chromosome theory of inheritance
- Chromosomes and heredity
- Sexual reproduction

- Mitosis
- Meiosis
Self-study [2 hrs.]
 Students will spend this time in reading the given reading genes and
chromosomes.
Week 3 Interactive lecture on (4hrs):
Fundamentals of Mendelian genetics(3hrs)
- Principles of segregation, independent
- assortment, and probability
- Mendelian inheritance in humans and sex linked
- recessive and dominant traits inheritance
- Mendelian inheritance in humans: autosomal recessive and dominant traits
inheritance
Group work (1hr)

69
 Self-study [3hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments inheritance.

Interactive lecture on (4hrs):

- Extension and application of Mendelian genetics
- Dominance; Complete dominance, Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance,
Lethals, Penetrance and expressivity, Multiple alleles, Genetic counseling and
Week 4 Paternity exclusion
- Penetrance and expressivity, Multiple alleles, Genetic counseling and Paternity
exclusion
Self-study [3hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading Mendilian genetics.
Interactive Lecture on (4hrs): Reading
(Week 5)  Non-Mendelian inheritance Assignment
on:
- mitochondrial DNA linked single gene disorders

 The cell cycle and genetics of cancer

Self-study [3hrs.]

Week 6 Interactive Lecture on (4hrs)

- Chromosome morphology
- Chromosomal changes (Cytogenetics )
- Karyotyping
- Changes in chromosomal structure
- Sex determination and genetic linkage Changes in chromosomal number
Self-study [4 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading on chromosomal
Week 7 abnormalities.
Interactive Lecture on (4hrs):
 Gene mapping
 Gene mutation and extrachromosomal elements
- Types of mutations
- Plasmids
- Phages
- Transposons
 Microbial genetic
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments on mutations.

70
 Week 8 Interactive Lecture on (4hrs):
 Introduction
- Define terms in molecular biology
- Historical overview of molecular biology
- Overview of cellular structure and function, Biologically important molecule
- Cellular genetic components
- The central dogma of molecular biology
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments Molecular
biology.
Week 9 Interactive Lecture on: (4hrs)
 DNA as Primary Genetic Material (3hrs)
- Experimental basis of DNA
- DNA structure and function
- DNA Replication and enzymes involved
 Group discussion (1hr)
Damage and Repair
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments DNA.
Week 10 Mid exam (4hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 11 Interactive Lecture on: (4hrs)
 RNA and primary Gene Expression
- Types of RNA molecules & synthesis (Initiation, Elongation & Termination
mechanism)
- Prokaryotic transcription
- Eukaryotic transcription and transcription factors
- Chromatin structure and eukaryotic transcription
- Post-transcriptional events; RNA splicing; capping; & polyadenylation
Independent study (2hrs)
Week 12 Interactive lecture on (3hrs)
 Genetic code and its translation
- Translation: Prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic
- Genetic code
- Protein Structure related to function
- Regulation of Translation
- Post-translation Modification
Laboratory visit (3hrs)

71
 Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 13 Interactive lecture on (4hrs):
 Regulation of gene expression
- Strategies for controlling gene expression
- Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes
- Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
Self-study [2hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments Regulation of
gene expression
Week 14 Interactive lecture on (4hrs) :
 Mutation
- Types of mutation
- Mutagenic agents
- How mutation affects the genetic code?
- Repair of Mutation
- Mutant isolation and detection
Self-study [2hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments mutations
Week 15 Interactive Lecture on (3hrs):
 Gene Transfer and Transposable Genetic Elements(2hrs)
 Extra chromosomal elements: plasmid, transposons
 Gene Transfer: conjugation, transformation, transduction
Group Discussion (1hrs)
Laboratory visit of Laboratory equipment (6hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments gene
transfer.

72
Week 16 Interactive Lecture on (4hrs)
 Molecular Techniques
- Recombinant DNA technology/genetic engineering
- Cloning and Cloning vectors
- Steps in cloning
- Gene cloning tools (Plasmids, restriction enzymes, etc)
Gene Libraries HIV Serology(HIV Antibody Tests and HIV Antibody
Test Algorithm)
Common HIV Antigen Tests
Common HIV Antibody Tests( Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent
Assays (ELISA), Rapid Tests and Western Blot)

Laboratory practice on Molecular Techniques (6hrs)

Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading on molecular techniques.
Week 17 Interactive Lecture on Molecular Techniques Cont...(4hrs):
- Extraction of DNA,RNA from cells,
- Gel electrophoresis
- Southern, Northern, Western Blot
- In Situ Hybridization
- PCR
Laboratory practice on Molecular Techniques (9hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading on molecular techniques.
Week 18 Interactive Lecture on Molecular Techniques Cont...(4hrs):
- DNA Hybridization
- Sequencing
- RFLP and SNP
- Molecular markers
Laboratory practice on Molecular Techniques (6hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading molecular techniques.
Week 19 Practical exam(4hrs)
Hospital Laboratory Visit on Molecular Techniques (4 hrs)
Week 20 Exam week (4hrs)

73
Module Name: Computer Application in Health Sciences
Module Code: Comp-M2093
Module EtCTS: 3
Module Duration: 20 Weeks

Module Description: The Module provides students a conceptual framework for understanding health
informatics and information technology as applied in the healthcare environment. The module will
include in-depth discussion of ‗meaningful use‖ of technology in health care systems with emphasis on
leveraging technology to improve quality and efficiency in care delivery. The module will also highlight
successes and failures in implementing health information technology and the critical role that informatics
play in each step of the developmental process from idea inception through systematic implementation.

Module objectives:
Learning outcome: at the end of the module, the student will be able to:
1. Understand basics of computer
2. Understand the basics of computer network and Internet
3. Define information management, information system (technology) and informatics
4. Explain the basic theoretical concept that underlies informatics practice
5. Identify how health informaticians process data into information and knowledge for health care
tasks with the support of information technology to improve patient care
6. Understand and practice the concept of Health information system and its characteristics and
describe the different types of Health information systems (routine and clinical information
systems) specific to their disciplines.
7. Explain how the use of an Electronic health record system can affect patient care safety,
efficiency of care practices, and patient outcomes
8. Identify how ongoing developments in biomedical informatics can affect future uses and
challenges related to health information systems
9. Describe the history and evolution of clinical decision support and state the fundamental
requirements of effective clinical decision support systems
10. Analyze how the integration of data from many sources assists in making clinical decisions and
discuss how tele health communication technologies support clinical care.
11. Understand and practice the concept of information retrieval techniques.

Pre requisites: Null

References

1. Shortliffe EH. Medical Informatics. Second edition, Springer-Verlag, 2001

2. Bemmel JHV, Musen MA. Handbook of Medical Informatics. Sringer-Verlag, 1977
3. Curriculum development center program, Component 6: Health Management Information
Systems Instructor ManualVersion 3.0/Spring 2012
Teaching and learning Methods

 Lecture
 Demonstration

74
  Presentation and group discussion
 Laboratory practice
 Audiovisual
 Tutorial
 Private study

Assessment/ evaluation & grading system

Method of assessment Value (%)

Test 1 10
Test 2 10
Assignments 20
Practical exam 30
Final exam 30

Total 100

Module Schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Computer application to 40 28 ------- 22
health sciences

Week Lecture Plan Hr Practice Hrs Assignme Assig

nt n hr
Week Introduction to computer 4 Identify the types of computer 6 hrs
1-2 History of computer Observe and identify the
Characteristics of computer components of computer
Components of computer Distinguish inputs with output
Types of computer devices
Hardware Observe the processing devices
Input Identify the different memories
Output available from computer system
Processing devices Operating system installation
Memory Demonstrate GUI
Software Demonstrate cmd
System software Demonstrate Utility softwares
Operating system Demonstrate basic types of
GUI application software
Cmd based OS Practice on Microsoft word
Utility softwares
Application software

75
Week Lecture Plan Hr Practice Hrs Assignme Assig
nt n hr
Week 3 Networking & the internet 2 Computer network overview 3 Create 2
Types of computer network email and
Network components send
Overview on the internet assignme
Web nts on the
Tools and service on the internet internet
Purposes of the internet through it
Browsers
Browsers components
Email
Week 4 health informatics terminologies 2 3 0
Information management
Information system
Information technology
Domains of Health informatics
Information hierarchy
Data
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
Week 5 Health Information Systems 2 3
Overview
Why health information system
Classification of health information
system
Health information system reform
Week Routine health information system 4 Practice on Microsoft excel 6 3
6-7 Introduction Formula
Information cycle table
Data collection graph
Data processing Practice on Microsoft power point
Data presentation
Information utilization
Data quality
Health management information
system
HMIS in Ethiopia
Week 8 Clinical Information System 2 Demonstration and practice on 3 0
EMR EMR software
Patient Monitoring Systems Demonstration and practice on
CDSS CDSS
Chapte Information retrieval & EBM 4 Search tools 9 Practical 3

76
Week Lecture Plan Hr Practice Hrs Assignme Assig
nt n hr
r 9-10 Search engine assignme
Google nt on
Google scholar informati
Database on
Pubmed retrieval
Gate way
HINARI
PubMed
Evidence based practice
Week Information and computer ethics 2 0 0
10
16 40 8

Module Title: Measurement of Health and Disease

Module Code: SPH-M2104
Module ECTS: 8EtCTS

Module Description: This module is designed to equip learners with the knowledge, skills and attitude
needed to measure disease and other health conditions in the community for public health action. This
Module will be addressed through Interactive lecture, Seminar presentations and supervised feedbacks in
real community setup.

Module Objective

At the end of this module, learners will be able to apply public health methods for the measurement of
health and disease at population level.

Module Competencies
The core professional competencies where this practice Module aimed at achieving are:
1. Apply epidemiological studies
2. Apply the steps of an outbreak investigation for measure of morbidity and mortality
3. Apply basic biostatistics concepts, tools and methods
4. Apply the techniques of data analysis
Learning outcome

 Explain the notion of health from scientific and layman perspective

 Describe the history, evolution and functions of public health and its relevance to the practice of
midwifery
 Apply epidemiological approach to disease causation with emphasis on infectious diseases
 Apply levels of prevention regarding avoidance and control at different levels
 Apply the different types of epidemiologic studies
 Calculate and interpret measures of morbidity and mortality including from existing data sources
 Apply different methods of data collection in the community
 Apply basic biostatistics concepts, tools and methods

77
  Describe criteria for establishing and evaluating screening programs and factors that affect
validity and reliability of screening tests
 Describe the processes, uses, and evaluation of public health surveillance
 Apply the steps of an outbreak investigation and management
 Discuss epidemiology of diseases of public health significance in Ethiopia and locally
 Demonstrate clear, sensitive and effective communication skills in interactions with individuals,
families, communities, PHCU staff, local health department staff, peers and faculty
 Suggest health promotion and disease prevention methods for major public health problems
 Demonstrate professional values and behavior in interaction with individuals, families and
communities consistent with the future role of a physician
 Demonstrate key public health values, attitudes and behaviors such as commitment to equity and
social justice, recognition of the importance of the health of the community as well as the
individual, and respect for diversity, self-determination, empowerment, and community
participation
 Analyze community practice experience and perform practice-based improvement activities using
a systematic methodology
 Search, collect, organize and interpret health and health-related information from different
sources
Prerequisite: None
Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching-Learning Methods
 Interactive lecture and discussion
 Small group learning activities: assignment, exercise, case study
 Individual reading
 PHCU/Community-based learning and study trip: home visit, discussion with individuals and
families to identify and solve problems, observation, PHCU visit, Zonal and District Health
Department Visit, field visit, and targeted literature review based on community experience
 Student presentation
 Reflective portfolio and mentoring
Teaching-Learning Methods

 Small group discussion

 Role play
 Case study
 Portfolio
 Video show
 Demonstration
 Individual studies.

Teaching-Learning Materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters

78
  LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 Laptop and Videotapes

Methods of Assessment
Formative assessment
 Exercise and assignment
 Portfolio
 Student presentation
Summative assessment
 quiz 5%
 Reflective portfolio /community visit (15 %)
 Test 20
 Assignment and/or student presentation (15 %)
 Class participation 5%
 Final Written exam (40 %)
Reference Books
1. Fletcher. Principles of Epidemiology
2. Charles H Hennekens and Julie E Buring. Epidemiology in Medicine
3. Rothman, Kenneth J.; Greenland, Sander; Lash, Timothy L. Modern epidemiology. 3rd
edition. 2008
4. David G. Kleinbaum, Kevin M. Sullivan. A pocket guide to epidemiology. 2007
5. Yemane Berhane, Damen Hailemariam and Helmut Kloos. Epidemiology and ecology of
health and disease in Ethiopia. 2006
6. Daniel. Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in health sciences.
7. Pagano. Principles of Biostatistics
8. Colton. Statistics in Medicine
9. Bland. An introduction to Medical Statistics.

Teaching –Learning materials

 AV aids (LCD and computer, writing board and marker or chalk)
 Handouts of lecture materials
 Logbooks for entry of community experience

Module Schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Measurement of health and 110 ---- --------- 38
disease

79
 Week Contents

Week 1 Interactive Lecture on [5 hrs.]

Introduction to epidemiology (3 hrs.)

 Types of study design

o Descriptive epidemiology
- Descriptive variables
- Nature of descriptive study
Methods of standardization of rates

Community practice (4 hrs.)

Week 2 Interactive lecture on (6hrs)

 Measurements of morbidity and mortality (3hrs)

- Measure of morbidity
- Measures of mortality
- Examples of rates in our country
 Source of data in epidemiology (3hrs)

- Census
- Vital statistics
- Health service records
- Morbidity and mortality surveys
Self-study (4 hrs.)

Week 3 Interactive lecture on [5 hrs.]

 Analytic epidemiology (5 hrs.)
- Cross-sectional &longitudinal survey
- Case control studies
- Analysis &interpretation
- Cohort study
- Analysis &interpretation
Self-study (4 hrs.)

Week 4 Interactive Lecture [7 hrs.]

 Interventional studies
 Types of intervention studies (3 hrs)
Analysis &interpretation
 Analysis of epidemiological studies (4hrs.)
Role of bias, types of bias
Validity &reliability
o Predictive value s
o Control of bias, the nature of confounders

80
 Self-study (4 hrs.)

Week 5 Interactive Lecture [8 hrs.]

 Measure of association (8 hrs.)

- Relative risk
- Attributable risk
- Odds Ratio
- Attributable risk percent
- Population Attributable Rate or Risk
Self Study (4 hrs.)

Week 6 Interactive Lecture on [6 hrs.]

 Definition & reliability
Validity of screening test
Sensitivity, specificity
Self-study (4 hrs.)

Week 7 Interactive Lecture on [5 hrs.]

Epidemiological aspects of communicable disease

 Chain of disease transmission

 Methods of controlling communicable disease
 Epidemics and it‘s control
 Epidemiological surveillance
 Major epidemics in Ethiopia and it/s control
Self-study (4 hrs.)

Week 8 Interactive Lecture on [5 hrs.]

 Screening in disease control

- Natural history of diseases (communicable and non-communicable)

- Contagious disease
- chain of transmission
- Time module of disease
Self study (4 hrs.)

Week 9 Interactive Lecture on [7 hrs.]

Investigation of epidemic (7hrs)

o Levels of disease occurrence

o Types of epidemics
o Steps in epidemic investigation
o Implementing preventive & control measures
o Surveillance

81
 Self Study (4 hrs.)

Week 10 Interactive Lecture (8hrs)

 Measurements of Health
- Fractions used in describing disease frequency
- Prevalence
- Incidence
- Comparing disease occurrence
- Epidemiology of diseases of public health significance in Ethiopia
- Death rates, morbidity and disability measures
Community practice (4 hrs.)

Week 11 Introduction to biostatistics

Classroom based Teaching (lecture, + seminars + group discussion) [4 hrs.]
Introduction to statistics
• Definitions
• Importance in health sciences
Mid exam (4hrs)

Week 12 Interactive Lecture on [5 hrs.]

 Descriptive statistics
• Scales of measurement
• Collection and organization of data
• Presentation of data
• Measures of central tendency and dispersion
Self-study (4 hrs.)

Week 13 Interactive Lecture on [5 hrs.]

 Measures of Relative standing

 Inter Quartile Range
 Data and distributions
Self-study (4 hrs.)

Week 14 Interactive Lecture on [5 hrs.]

Probability theory and probability distribution

 Definition
 Rules
 Binomial distribution
 Normal distribution
Self-study (4 hrs.)

82
Week 15 Interactive Lecture on [5 hrs.]

Sampling theory

 Sampling
 Sampling distribution
 Sampling variability of proportions
 Comparing two proportions ling variability of means
Self-study (4 hrs.)

Week 16 Interactive Lecture on [5 hrs.]

Statistical Estimation theory

 Point estimation

 Interval estimation

 Sample size determination

Self-Study (4 hrs.)

Week 17 Statistical testing (4hrs)

- Common tests of statistical significance

(Z – test, T – test and chi – square test)

- Steps in statistical testing

Self-Study (4 hrs.)

Week 18 Interactive Lecture on [5 hrs.]

Measures of association

- Association between categorical variables

- Regression and correlation including statistical software applications
- Interpretation of published article
Week 19 Interactive Lecture on (4hrs)
 Measures of association cont…
- Association between categorical variables
- Regression and correlation including statistical software applications
- Interpretation of published article
Self-study (4 hrs.)

Week 20 Final written exam

83
Module Title: Immunology and Serology
Module Code: MeLS-M2111

Module Credit: 9 EtCTS

Module objective: understand the components and functions of the immune system; associated disorders and
apply different immunological and serological techniques and procedures for preparation and preservation of
serological samples in the laboratory diagnosis and prevention and control of disease.

Module Description:

This module deals with basic concepts of Immunology, immunological mechanisms, immune disorders,
immunological and serological techniques and its application in diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious
diseases.

Module Competency:

 Perform immunological assays on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.

 Perform serological assays on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results correctly.
Module Objective(s):

After completion of this module, the student is expected to:

- Describe Components of the immune system

- Explain Physiology of key lymphoid organs
- Explain the collection, preparation, preservation and shipment of serologic and Immunologic specimens
- Perform immunologic marker typing on Immune cells
- Discuss Antigen Processing and presentation to T-lymphocytes.
- Explain Maturation, Activation, and Regulation of Lymphocytes
- Explain Effector Mechanisms of Immune Responses
- Describe principles and techniques of vaccination
- Describe the application of vaccination
- Describe the disorders the immune system
- List common serological tests for parasitic, bacterial and viral infections.
- Apply safety precaution in serology and immunology laboratory
- Apply basic principles of serological and Immunological techniques
- Describe the factors affecting serological and immunological tests in the laboratory
- Perform specific and non-specific tests for syphilis as per the standard operating procedure
- Perform infectious mononucleosis; rheumatoid factor and acute phase protein tests according to
procedure.
- Practice HIV test and hepatitis tests by applying appropriate algorithms

84
 - Properly interpret, report and document laboratory test results

Prerequisites: Basics to Medical Laboratory Sciences

Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture & discussions
 Laboratory Demonstration
 Laboratory practice
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters/ Pictures
 LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 Laptop

Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Demonstration
Summative
 Laboratory report (10%)
 Practical exam (15%)
 Test quizzes (10%)
 Written mid exam (20%)
 Written Final exam (45%)

Reference Books
1. Roitt . M.I and Delves. J. Peter. Immunology, 10th ed. Blackwell Scientific Pub.2001.
th
2. Male, et al. Immunology, 7 ed., MOSBY Elsevier, 2006.
3. Kuby, Immunology 6th edition The Immune system in Health and Disease, 6th ed. Garland Pub. Inc
Recommended study books
4. Parslow et al., Medical Immunology, 10th, Lange Medical Pub. California, 2001.
5. Doan T . et al., Immunology, Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews
Immunology 1 s t Edition.2008.

6. Stevens C D., Clinical Immunology and Serology, a laboratory perspective. 3rd ed, F.A. Davis Company,
Philadelphia,2010 Robert F. Weaver. Molecular biology.
7. Stevens C D., Clinical Immunology and Serology, a laboratory perspective. 3rd ed, F.A. Davis Company,
Philadelphia, 2010.

85
 8. Laboratory Immunology and Serology. Naville J. Bryant. 3rd edition. Serological services Ltd. Toronto, Ontario,
Canada, 1992
9. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Monica Cheesbrough part I and II
10. Immunology and Serology Lecture note.
11. Basic techniques for the medical laboratory, jean jorgeson, linne, 2nd edition.

Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Immunology and Serology 87hrs ------ 2wks 38hrs

Requi
Date/Week Learning Activity
red
Week 1 Interactive Lecture on (6hrs) Rea
Reading
din
Assignm
Introduction to Immunology
g
ent on:
- History of immunology –TBD(As
- The immune system sign
- Natural immune system me
nt)
- Adaptive immune system
Innate and Adaptive immunity
Innate immunity
 Anatomical barrier
 Physiologic barrier
 Inflammation
 Phagocytosis
Adaptive immunity
 Humoral immunity
 Cellular immunity
 Primary and secondary immune response

Independent study (3hrs)

Week 2 Interactive lecture on (6hrs)

 Cells and organs of the immune system(5hrs)

o Organs of the Immune system

o Primary and secondary lymphoid organs

86
 o Cells of the immune system

o Types and development of immune cells

o Function of immune cells

Group discussion (1hrs)

Self-study [2 hrs.]
 Students will spend this time in reading the given reading
assignments Immunology.
Interactive lecture on (6hrs):
Week 3  Complement system(2hrs)
- Classical path way, Alternative pathway, Lectin pathway
 Antigens (2hrs)
- Properties of antigens
- Types of antigens
 Immunoglobulin’s (2hrs):
- Structure & Function
- Isotypes, Allotypes and Idiotypes
- Genetics

Self-study [3hrs.]
Interactive lecture on (6hrs):
 Humeral immunity:
- Antibody Formation,
- Monoclonal antibodies.
 Cell mediated immunity
- Antigen processing and presentation
Week 4 - Cell-Cell interactions in immune responses
 Receptors
- MHC
- TCR
- BCR

Self-study [3hrs.]

87
 Interactive Lecture on (6hrs): Reading
(Week 5)  Cytokines Assignm
ent on:
 Effectors mechanisms of Cell Mediated and humeral immunity
– TBD
 Maturation, Activation and Regulation of Lymphocytes
- B cell and T cell maturation, activation and differentiation
 Immunoregulation

Self-study [3hrs.]

Week 6 Interactive Lecture on (6hrs)

 Primary and secondary Immune response.
 Immune System in Health and Disease
- Immunity to parasites
- Immunity to viruses,
- Immunity to fungus, Immunity to bacteria
Self-study [4 hrs.]
Week 7 Interactive Lecture on (6hrs):

 Tolerance and Autoimmunity

 Hypersensitivity reactions (Types I, II, II, IV).
 Immune deficiencies
o Primary immune deficiencies
o Secondary immune deficiencies.
 MHC: genetics and role in transplantation.
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 8 Interactive Lecture on (6hrs) :

Tumor Immunology (1hrs).
Immunization (2hrs).
Assessment of immune component(3hrs)
o assessment of T-cells
o assessment B-cells
o assessment Phagocytic function
o assessment complement
Self-study [2 hrs.]

88
Week 9 Interactive Lecture on: (3hrs)
 Immunological Techniques
 Material necessary for Basic serologic testes

Laboratory on Instrument in Serology laboratory (3hrs)

Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 10 Mid exam (4hrs)
Laboratory on Instrument in Serology laboratory (3hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week Interactive Lecture on: (3hrs)

11  Factors affecting antigen- antibody reaction
 Primary binding test
- Immunofluorescence, ELISA, Radioimmunoassay
Laboratory on Instrument in Serology laboratory (3hrs)

Independent study (2hrs)

Week 12 Interactive lecture on (3hrs)

 Secondary binding tests
- Precipitation Reactions, Agglutination, Complement fixation tests
- Tertiary binding tests
- Flow Cytometry
 Methods of Monoclonal Antibody Production
Laboratory on Serum preparation and pipetting (3hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 13 Interactive lecture on (3hrs):
 Safety, specimen preparation and Shipment of serological specimens
- Safety in serology laboratory, Collection, preparation and
preservation of serological specimens
- Shipment of serological specimens
 Dilution (Serial dilutions and Determination of end point and titer) and
Complement inactivation
Laboratory on Serum preparation, Serum dilution and pipetting ( 3hrs)

Self-study [2hrs.]

89
Week 14 Interactive lecture on (4hrs):

 Common Serologic Tests for Bacterial and Parasitic disease

- Serological diagnosis for syphilis
Syphilis (Characteristics of the Organism, Mode of
Transmission, Stages of the Disease, Congenital Syphilis,
Nature of the Immune Response)
Laboratory Diagnosis Syphilis (Dark field Microscopy and
Serologic Tests).
Laboratory demonstration and practice on RPR and VDRL test for syphilis
qualitative and quantitative methods (3hrs)
Self-study [2hrs.]
Week 15 Interactive Lecture on (4hrs):
 Agglutination test for febrile diseases
- Salmonella (Characteristics and Serological Diagnosis)
- Rickettsial Infections (Characteristics of Rickettsial Infections
Serological Diagnosis)
 Serology of Streptolysin O (SLO) and Antistreptolysin O (ASO)
 Helicobacter Pylori
 Serology test for Malaria
 Toxoplasmosis(Characteristics and Serological Diagnosis)
Laboratory on Widal and Weil-Felix tests, Demonstration of ELISA (3hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 16 Interactive Lecture on (4hrs):
Common Serologic Tests for Viral Infections (4hrs)
Serologic tests for HIV
Diagnosis of HIV Infection (Characteristics of HIV, Composition of the Virus ,
Structural Genes , Viral Replication and Immunologic Manifestations)
HIV Serology (HIV Antibody Tests and HIV Antibody Test
Algorithm)
Common HIV Antigen Tests
Common HIV Antibody Tests( Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent
Assays (ELISA), Rapid Tests and Western Blot)
Laboratory practice on: HIV rapid kits and ELISA (3hrs)
Self-study [3 hrs.]

90
Week 17 Interactive Lecture on Common Serologic Tests for Viral Infections
cont...(4hrs):
 Serology of Hepatitis Viruses
 Diagnosis of Hepatitis B,C,D , A & E
 Serology of Infectious mononucleosis
 Serology of Dengue viruses
Laboratory practice on tests (6hrs)

Hepatitis and reactive protein

Flow Cytometry, Rheumatoid Factor and Urine pregnancy tests
Laboratory Demonstration of Serial dilution And pipetting, Weil-Felix tests and
Widal.
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 18 Interactive Lecture on (4hrs):

 Serologic test for Autoimmune disease
Diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Serology of Rheumatoid Factor
 Acute-phase reactants/ Acute-phase Proteins (C-reactive protein (CRP).
 Serology of Troponin I
- Serology of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin Hormone
(HCG) (Urine pregnancy tests, actors that affect urine
pregnancy test,
- Urine specimen collection
- method of determining HCG
 Laboratory Automation and Quality Assurances in serology Laboratory

Hospital Laboratory practice (6hrs)

Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 19 Practical exam (2hrs)

Hospital Laboratory practice (6hrs)

Week 20 Exam week (4hrs)

91
Module title: Medical Parasitology
Module Code: MeLS-M2121
ECTS: 9EtCTS
Module Description: this module covers introduction to vector biology, identification of arthropod vectors of
medical importance and their prevention and control methods. Basic concepts on medical Parasitology;
classification of medically important Protozoa; mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations,
laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control of medically important parasites; different diagnostic techniques
used in Parasitology (principles and techniques for diagnosis of parasitic disease); preparation, proper storage
and quality control of different reagents used in parasitological investigations; proper specimen collection,
processing, examination and reporting for parasitological tests; apply basic quality control measures in
Parasitology laboratory.
Module Objective
By the end of this module students are able to acquire essential knowledge and apply different laboratory
techniques to identify parasites from different biological specimen
Module Competencies
 Perform parasitological tests as per standard operating procedures
 Identify public health important vectors and apply integrated vector control strategies
 Interpret report and document laboratory test results correctly
Learning Outcomes:
To meet the above module objective, the student will be expected to:
 Describe the over view of parasitism, parasite, and type of parasites, host and Vectors
 Explain the diagnosis techniques of parasites
 Classify protozoa based on locomotors organ and their habitat in human.
 Describe the general characteristics of ameba amoeba
 Describe ameba morphology, pathogenesis,clinical feature of E.histolytica
 Life cycle of E.histolytica
 Collect, prepare ,process specimen and identify E.histolytica
 Describe the general features, of non-pathogenic ameba, life cycle and diagnosis
 Discus general feature, clinical feature, life cycle, diagnosis prevention and treatments of pathogenic free
living ameba
 Discus the classification and general feature of mastigophora
 Describe pathogenic luminal flagellates and discus life cycle, clinical feature, treatment and preventions
 Perform specimen collection, processing and identify G.lamblia and T.vaginalis
 Describe the general features, life cycles, laboratory diagnosis of non-pathogenic free living luminal
flagellates

92
 Discus the general feature and classification of blood and tissue flagellates
 Discus biological features and characteristics of sand fly
 Discus the general features of Leishmania
 Describe the clinical feature, pathogenesis, prevention, treatment and control mechanism
 Collect specimen, perform smear and stain for Leishmania diagnosis
 Prepare culture for lesihmania cultivation
 Discus the general characteristics African trypanosomiasis of
 Discus the morphology, clinical features ,life cycle, treatment and control
 Discus biological features and characteristics of sand fly
 Collect specimen, perform smear and identify trypanosome from specimen
 Describe the general features, clinical feature, life cycle, lab diagnosis and treatment
 Discus biological features and characteristics of sand fly
 Classify and characterize appicomplexa parasites
 Describe the general features of plasmodium
 Discus the pathogenesis and clinical features of plasmodium species
 Discus plasmodium life cycle, control, prevention and treatment
 Perform specimen collection, smear preparation and parasite identification
 Discus general features of intestinal coccidian, life cycle
 Perform AFS and identify different intestinal coccidian
 Discus the general features, life cycle, diagnosis and prevention and control of ciliates
 Discus different anti-protozoan drugs
 Classify medically important vectors
 Describe the morphological characteristics of medically important vector
 Discuss different prevention and control measures of arthropod vectors of medical importance
 Collect and identify vectors
 Apply vector control mechanisms
 Interpret results correctly
 Recording and reporting results correctly
Prerequisites: None

Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture and discussions
 Laboratory Demonstration
 Laboratory practice
 Video show

93
 Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Textbooks
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters/Pictures
 LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 Laptop
 Speakers
Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Demonstration
 Performing laboratory practice
Summative
 Laboratory report (10%)
 Practical exam (20%)
 Test quizzes (10%)
 Written mid exam (20%)
 Written Final exam (40%)

Reference Books
1. Ibrahim Ali, Geme Urge, Melaku Tamene, Jigssa Girma. November 2004 Lecture Note on Vector Biology
for Medical Laboratory Technologists Addis Ababa University (Carter Center)
2. Awoke Aymere, Laikemariam Kassa (September 2006). Vector and Rodent Control for Environmental
Health Sciences students (up graded Lecture note series), Haramaya University in collaboration with the
Carter Center(EPHTI) and The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Education and Ministry
of Health
3. Awole M., Cheneke W. Medical Parasitology for Medical laboratory Technology students. Upgraded lecture
Notes Series .2006.
4. P.L. Chiodini, A.H. Moody and D.W. Manser. Atlas of Medical Helminthology and Protozoology 2 nd edition;
2003. Churchill Living Stone.
5. Cheesbrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries United Kingdom, Cambridge university
press, 2009, part I
6. Beaver, P.C. Jung, R.C. and Cupp, E.W. 1984 Clinical Parasitology. 9th Edition Lea and Febiger,
Philadelphia.
7. Wilcox, A. Manual for the microscopical diagnosis of malaria in man. U.S. Department of Health, Education
and Welfare, Washington, D.C. 1960

94
 8. Basic Malaria Microscopy World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 1991
9. WHO. Manual of Basic Techniques for a Health Laboratory, 2nd ed; 2003
10.Gillespie S,Pearson R.D. Principles and practice of Clinical Parasitology .John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2001
11.Garcia LS, Bruckner DA. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. 3rd Edition. ASM Press, Washington DC. 1997.
12.Neva FA, Brown HW. Basic Clinical Parasitology.6th Edition. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk Connecticut.
1994.
Recommended study books

1. Eldridge Bruce F., Edman John D.(2004) Medical Entomology a text book on Public Health and Veterinary
Problems caused by Arthropods Revised Edition , Kluwer Academic Publisher, The Netherlands
2. Marquardt William C., Demaree Richard S., Grieve Robert B.(2000) Parasitology and sector Biology 2nd
edition , Harcourt Brace and Company ,USA
3. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Use of Blood Film Examination for Parasties.
Tenative Guideline M15-T National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Villanova, PA 1992
4. Ash LR, Oreil TC. Atlas of Human Parsitology. 4th Edition. ASCp Press,
Chicago.1997. Gillespie, S.H. and Hawkey, P.M. Medical Parasitiology: A Practical Approach. IRL Press New
York 1994 pp191-208

Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Medical Parasitology 80hrs 28hrs 2.5wks 36hrs

Reading
Date/Week Learning Activity
(Assignment)
Week 1 Interactive lecture(6hrs) Reading
 Basic concepts on medical Parasitology (3hrs) Assignment on:
 General techniques used for diagnosis of parasites Reaction intermediates (3hrs) – Medical
importance of
helminths
Self-study [3 hrs.]
Week 2 Interactive lecture on (4hrs) Reading
Introduction to Medical Protozoology (2hrs) Assignment on:
 Definition, Diversity and Importance – introduction to
 General Morphology & Structure medical
 Properties, Taxonomy Protozoology and
Sarcodina (Amoebae) (2hrs) medical
 Taxonomy of Amoeba importance
 Introduction to Sarcodina
 Pathogenic Amoeba (Entamoeba histolytica):
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission, and life cycle
 Clinical fatures, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention and control

95
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on E.histolytica identification (3hrs)

Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 3 Interactive lecture [3hrs.]

Non – Pathogenic Amoeba (Entamoeba coli, E. hartmanii, E.
polescki, E. gingivalis, E. nana, I. bustchili, E. dispar) (2hrs)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Free – living Pathogenic Amoeba (Acanthamoeba spp, Naegleria fowleri) (1hr)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Laboratory practice on E.histolytica identification (3hrs)
Continue………………

Self-study [4hrs.]
 Students will spend this time in reading the given reading Non –
Pathogenic and free living Amoeba to medical Protozoology,
searching and appraising journals for
 own/personal development.

Week 4 Interactive lecture (4hrs)

Flagellates (Mastigophora) (1hr)
 Introduction to Flagellates
 Oro-Intestinal Flagellates
 General Characteristics
Giardia lamblia (1hrs)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Dientamoeba fragilis, Chilomastix mesnili ,Enteromonas hominis,
Retortamonas intestinalis, Trichomonas hominis, T. tenax (2hrs)
 General Characteristics, Epidemiology, Morphology
 Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control

Laboratory demonstration and practice on Giardia lamblia identification (3hrs)

96
 Self-study [2 hrs.]
 Students will spend this time in reading the given reading
Mastigophora to medical Protozoology, searching and appraising
journals for
 own/personal development
Week 5 Interactive lecture (1hr)
Urogenital Flagellates (Trichomonas vaginalis)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control

Laboratory practice on
 Direct saline/eosin, Formal ether concentration technique
 stool examination for G. lambilia and T. vaginalis (3 hrs)

Self-study [4 hrs.]
 Students will spend this time in reading the given reading
Mastigophora to medical Protozoology, searching and appraising
journals for own/personal development
Week 6 Interactive lecture on (4hrs)
Blood and tissue flagellates (2hr)
 General Characteristics
 Leishmania Species :General Characteristics, Classification
Leishmania tropical complex(2hrs)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Laboratory (3hrs)
 Wet mount urine examination
 Thin and tick blood film preparation, staining and examination
Self-study [4 hrs.]
 Students will spend this time in reading the given reading
Mastigophora to medical Protozoology, searching and appraising
journals for own/personal development

97
Week 7 Interactive lecture (4hrs)
Leishmania donovani complex (1 hrs)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Leishmania Mexicana complex (1hr)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Leishmania braziliensis complex (1hr)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Leishmania guyanensis complex (1hr)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Laboratory:

 Permanent smear for the identification of intestinal protozoa Examination of

prepared slides (3 hrs)
Self-study [4 hrs.]
Week 8 Interactive Lecture: (3hrs)
Trypanosome species (1 hr)
 General Characteristics
 Classification
African trypanosomiasis (1hrs)
 Epidemiology, Classification, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention and control
American trypanosomiasis (1hr)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control

98
 Laboratory (3 hrs):

 Examination of prepared slides

 Quantitative Buffy Coat examination
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 9 Interactive Lecture on (5hrs)
Ciliates (Balantidium coli) (1 hr)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention and control
Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) (1hr)

 Classification, General features,Intestinal Sporozoa , General features

Cryptosporidium species (1hr)

 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle

 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Isospora belli (1hr)

 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle

 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Cyclospora cayetanensis (1hr)

 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle

 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Laboratory (2hrs)
 Zinc sulfate floatation technique
 Modified acid fast staining
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week10 Mid exam [3 hrs.]

Interactive Lecture on (4hrs)

Sarcocystis species (1 hr)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Blood and tissue sporozoa (1 hr)
 General features
Plasmodium falciparum (2 hrs)
 Epidemiology, Morphology
 Transmission and life cycle, Clinical features
99
Week 11 Interactive Lecture (1hrs)
Plasmodium falciparum……(1 hr)
 Laboratory diagnosis, Treatment
 Prevention and control
Laboratory (3hrs)
 Examination of prepared slides

Self-study [5hrs.]

Week 12 Interactive Lecture (4hrs)

Plasmodium vivax (2 hrs)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Plasmodium malariae/ovale (1hrs)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Babesia species (1 hr)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Laboratory (3 hrs):
 Examination of prepared slides
 Quantitative Buffy Coat examination
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 13 Interactive Lecture (4hrs)
Toxoplasma gondii ( 2hrs)
 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle
 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control
Microsporidium species (Encephalitozoon hellem Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Encephalitozoon intestinalis) ( 2hrs)

 Epidemiology, Morphology, Transmission and life cycle

 Clinical features, Laboratory diagnosis
 Treatment, Prevention& control

Laboratory (3hrs): Rapid diagnostic tests for plasmodium species; Examination of prepared slides; Modified
acid fast staining

Self-study [2 hrs.]

100
Week 14 Interactive Lecture on (7hrs)

Introduction on arthropods (2hrs)

 History and classification of arthropods
 Definition of terms
 Health burden of Arthropods
General characteristics of Arthropods (2hrs)
 Arthropods Identification
 Biological Functions of arthropods
 Ways of disease transmission
o Mechanical
o Biological
Types of Reproduction (1hrs)
 Arthropod Habitat
 Beneficial and harmful effects of Arthropods
 Medically important vectors
Mosquitoes (Culicid) (2 hrs)
 Introduction to Mosquitoes (Culicidae)
 General Characteristics

Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 15 Interactive Lecture on (7hrs)

Mosquitoes (Culicid) (3 hrs) continue ……………….

 Occurrence of Mosquitoes
 External Morphology
Classification of Mosquitoes (3hrs)

 Life cycle, Adult behaviour

 Medical importance, Mosquito control
Black flies (Simulate) (1 hrs)

 Introduction to black flies

 General Characteristics, Occurrence of Black flies
 External Morphology

Self-study [2 hrs.]

101
Week 16 Interactive Lecture on (7hrs)

Black flies (Simulate) (1 hrs) contuinue………………

 Classification of black flies

 Life cycle, Adult behaviour
 Medical importance, Black flies control
Sand flies (Phlebotaminae) (1:30hrs)

 Introduction to sand flies

 External Morphology, Classification of sand flies
 Life cycle, Adult behaviour
 Medical importance, Sand flies control
Tsetse fly (Glosinidae) (1:30 hrs)

 Introduction to tsetse fly

 General Characteristics, External Morphology
 Classification of tsetse fly
 Life cycle, Adult behaviour
 Medical importance, Tsetse fly control
Tabindae (30 Min)

 Introduction to tabindae
 General Characteristics
 External Morphology, Classification of tabindae
 Life cycle, Adult behaviour
 Medical importance, Control
Biting Midges (30 Min )

 Introduction to biting midges

 General Characteristics
 External Morphology, Classification of biting midges
 Life cycle, Adult behaviour
 Medical importance, Biting midges control
House fly (Muscidae) (1hr)

 Introduction to house fly

 General Characteristics
 External Morphology, Classification of house fly
 Life cycle, Adult behaviour
 Medical importance, House fly control
Fleas (Siphonaptera) (1hr)

 Introduction to fleas
 General Characteristics
 External Morphology, Classification of Fleas
 Life cycle, Adult behaviour
 Medical importance, Fleas control
102
 Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 17 Interactive Lecture on (7hrs)

Lice (Anoplura) (1hr)

 Introduction to lice
 General Characteristics
 External Morphology, Classification of lice
 Life cycle, Adult behaviour
 Medical importance, Lice control
Ticks and Mites (Acarinae) (1hr)

 Introduction to ticks & mites

 General Characteristics
 External Morphology, Classification of ticks & mites
 Life cycle, Adult behaviour
 Medical importance, Ticks & mites control
Bed bugs and Triatomine bugs (1hr)

 Introduction to bed bugs and triatomine bugs

 General Characteristics
 External Morphology, Classification
 Life cycle, Adult behaviour
 Medical importance, Bed bugs and triatomine bugs control
Cockroaches (1hr)

 Introduction to cockroaches
 General Characteristics
 External Morphology, Classification of cockroaches
 Life cycle, Adult behavior
 Medical importance, Cockroaches control
Crustacean (1hr)

 Introduction to crustacean
 General Characteristics
 External Morphology, Classification of crustacean
 Life cycle, Adult behavior
 Medical importance, Crustacean control
Mollusks (2 Hrs)

 Introduction to mollusks
 General Characteristics
 External Morphology, Classification of mollusks
 Life cycle, Adult behavior
 Medical importance, Snail control

103
 Self-study [2 hrs.]

(Week 18) Hospital lab practice (8hrs)

Week 19 Hospital lab practice (8hrs)

Week 20 Written and practical exam (6 hrs)

Module title: Hematology and Immunohematology

Module Code: MeLS-M2131
ECTS: 10
Module Description: This module is designed to provide adequate knowledge and skill about: Normal and
abnormal morphology of red blood cells; classification and laboratory diagnosis of anemia; osmotic fragility test
of red cells; leukocyte disorders (nonmalignant and malignant); Immunocytochemistry; hematological cell
markers and methods of determination; an introductory of hemostasis; laboratory aspects of bleeding and
coagulation disorders; Lupus erythematous cell preparation and examination; preparation, staining and
examination of bone marrow smears; automation in hematology; quality assurance in hematology; reference
range determination of hematological tests and hematological finding. It also includes an introduction to
immunohematology; blood group genetics; the antigens of the ABO blood group systems; techniques of ABO
blood grouping; Rh blood group systems and grouping; principles of anti-globulin test; compatibility testing;
major and minor compatibility tests, emergency compatibility test; anticoagulants for storage of bloods;
transfusion therapy; selection and collection of blood from donors and transfusion reactions; preparation of blood
and blood components and their storage condition; disease transmitted through blood transfusion and Quality
Assurance in Immunohematology laboratory.

Module Objective: To build the capacity of Post basic BSc. Medical Laboratory Science students to quire and
apply the knowledge of Hematology and Immunohematology to produce accurate laboratory test results in the
diagnosis of Hematological disease and safe blood transfusion.

Module Competencies
 Perform hematological tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
 Perform immunohematological tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
 Interpret report and document laboratory test results correctly.

Learning Outcomes:
To meet the above module objective, the student will be expected to:
- Discuss overview of Hematology.
- Recognize Normal and abnormal morphology of red blood cells.
- Discuss anemia, classification, pathophysiology & its lab diagnosis.

104
 - Perform Bone marrow smear preparation and staining
- Diagnose nonmalignant leukocyte disorders, its causes and laboratory diagnosis.
- Diagnose leukemia, its classification and laboratory diagnosis.
- Diagnose other hematological diagnosis.
- Perform hemostasis tests
- Perform automation for hematological tests and quality control.
- Discuss the principles of cell markers in the diagnosis of hematological malignancies.
- Perform osmotic fragility test.
- Identify LE cells in disease diagnosis
- Discuss basic concepts of Immunohematology
- Discuss blood group antigens and antibodies
- Detection of blood group antigens and antibody reactions
- Perform ABO and Rh phenotyping
- Perform minor blood group phenotyping
- Perform antiglobuline test
- Discuss the criteria‘s of donor selection for blood transfusion
- Perform transfusion transmitted disease screening
- Apply the principles of collection, transportation, process and preservation of blood and blood components for
transfusion
- Prepare blood components, and derivatives for transfusion.
- Explain hemolytic diseases of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)
- Properly interpret, report and document laboratory test results
Prerequisites: None
Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture & discussions
 Video animations
 Laboratory Demonstration
 Laboratory practice
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters/ Pictures
 LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 speakers
 Laptop
Methods of Assessment
105
Formative
 Observation
 Demonstration
 Laboratory practice
Summative
 Laboratory report (15%)
 Practical exam (15%)
 Test quizzes (10%)
 Written mid exam (20%)
 Written Final exam (40%)
Reference Books
1. Immunohematology for medical laboratory science students, Yayehyirad T. and Misganaw B., Upgraded lecture
note.2008
2. Basic and applied concepts of Immunohematology, 2nd ed. Kathy D. Blaney and Paula R.Howard, 2009
3. Blood banking and transfusion medicine: basic principles and practice. Christopher D. Hilliyer et al., 2nd ed.2007
4. Safe blood donations, Module 1 WHO.2002
5. Screening for HIV and other infectious agents, Module 2, WHO. 2002
6. Blood group serology, Module 3 WHO.2002
7. Guidelines and principles for safe blood transfusion practice. Introductory module. WHO 2002.
8. Immunohematology: Principles and Practice Quinley, 2nd ed.1998. AABB Technical Manual. 15th
Edition.2005.
9. Hoffbrand, Moss and Pettit JE. Essential Hematology. Blackwell Science, oxford, 5th Edition. . 2007.
10. Hematology for medical laboratory technology students, lecture note series; Yared Alemu, 2006.
11. Hughes-Jones N and Wickramasinghe SN, Lecture notes on Haematology, 7th ed, Blackwell Science,
Oxford (2003)
12. Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology, 10th ed., 2006 Churchill Livingstone
13. Fischbach F. A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. 4th Edition J.B. Lippincott Co. 1992
14. Wintrobe, Maxwell M. Clinical Hematology. 8thEdition. Lea and Febiger Philadelphia 1981.
15. Hall, Roger and Malia, Robert G. Medical Laboratory Hematology. Butterworths and Co. 1984.
16. Hoffbrand, AV, Pettit JE. Essential Hematology. 3rd Edition. Blackwell Science. 1993.
17. Guideline for management of OI and ART in adolescence and adults in Ethiopia, HAPCO, 2007
18. Hayhoe, F.G.J. and Flemans R.J. A Color Atlas of Hematological Cytology. 3rd Edition Wolfe Publishing Ltd.
1992.
19. Koepke, John A. Laboratory Hematology. Churchill Livingstone. 1984.
20. Lewis SM, Bain BJ, Bates I. Dacie and Lewis Practical Hematology. 9th Edition. Churchill Livingstone 2002.
21. Leukemia Diagnosis, Barbara J. Bain 3rd ed. 2003 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
22. Postgraduate haematology / edited by A. Victor Hoffbrand, Daniel Catovsky, Edward G.D. Tuddenham. 5th ed.
2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
23. Wintrobe's Atlas of Clinical Hematology, Editors: Tkachuk, Douglas C.; Hirschmann, Jan V. 2007, Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins
24. Sterling T. Bennett, Christopher M. Lehman, George M. Rodgers. Laboratory Hemostasis: A Practical Guide for
Pathologists,. Springer Science 2007.
25. Hoffman R. Hematology: Basic principles and practice. et al. 5th ed. PA (Philadelphia); Churchil Livingston;
2008
26. Barbara J. Bai. Haemoglobinopathy Diagnosis. 2nd ed. 2006. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

106
Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Hematology and 96hrs 28hrs 2wks 41hrs
Immunohematology

Required
Date/Week Learning Activity
Reading
Week 1 Interactive lecture on (8hrs) (Assignme
Reading on
 Overview of Hematology nt)
Routine
hematological
- Blood cell formation and function(4hrs) Tests.
- Review of routine hematological tests (4hrs)

Self-study [4 hrs.]

Week 2 Interactive lecture, discussion on Reading

 Red cell Morphology study (8 hrs) Assignment on:
– TBD
- Variation in Red cell size

- Variation in Red cell color

- Variation in Red cell shape

- Red cell inclusions

Self-study [3hrs.]
o Variation in Red cell distribution
Week 3 Interactive lecture on Anemia (5 Hrs) Reading
- Definition of anemia
o Grading red cell morphology Assignment on:
- Classification and diagnosis of anemias – TBD

 Microcytic Hypochromic anemias

- Types ,Pathophysiology

- Causes and clinical importance

- Laboratory diagnosis, Reporting, interpretation and documentation

Laboratory practice on diagnostic tests of anemia (3 hrs)

Self-study [3 hrs.]
Week 4 Interactive lecture on (5hrs)
 Macrocytic Normochromic anemias (3hrs),
 Normocytic anemias (2 hrs)
Laboratory practice (3 hrs)

Self-study [2 hrs.]

107
Week 5 Interactive lecture on(5hrs)
 Leukocyte disorders:
- Non - Malignant
- Quantitative abnormality
- Qualitative abnormality
- Hematological Malignancy (Leukemias, Definition and classification of
leukemias , laboratory features)
Laboratory practice (3 hrs)
 Demonstration of leukemia slides and reporting
Self-study [3 hrs.]
Week 6 Interactive lecture on (5 hrs) cont’d …
- Lymphomas
- Myeloma , myelodysplastic syndrome, and Myeloproliferative disorders
Laboratory (3 hrs)
 Microscopic examination of different acute and chronic leukemias slides
 Laboratory result report
Self-study [3 hrs.]
Week 7 Interactive lecture on (5hrs)
 preparation, staining and examination of bone marrow smears (2 hrs)
 Leukocyte Cytochemistry (2hrs)
 Hematological cell markers and methods of determination of the markers
(1hr)
Laboratory (3 hrs)
 Laboratory practice on slide morphology
Week 8 Self-study
Interactive[2lecture
hrs.] on(5hrs)

 Hemostasis and disorders of coagulation

- Introduction to hemostasis, Components of coagulation

- Vascular system , Platelets, Coagulation factors , Fibrinolysis

Laboratory (3hrs): Demonstration on preparation and examination of B.M

smear, Laboratory result report

Self-study [2 hrs.]

108
Week 9 Interactive lecture on (5hrs)
- Bleeding and coagulation Disorders
- Laboratory diagnosis of Bleeding and Coagulation Disorders
(BT, Blood coagulation time test, Clot retraction time ,PT with INR
APTT, thrombin time, Fibrinogen Assay , D- Dimer assay …)
Laboratory (3hrs)
- Perform platelet count and platelet estimation, & bleeding time test
- Laboratory result report
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 10 Mid exam week (4hrs)
Week 11 Interactive Lecture on (5hrs)
 Lupus erythematosus cell preparation and examination(1hr)
 Automation in hematology (3hrs)
Laboratory (3hrs)
- Coagulation time, PT/INR and APTT
- Laboratory result report
Self-study [3hrs.]

Week 12 Interactive lecture on (4hrs)

Quality assurance and reference ranges determination in hematology
 quality assurance in hematology
 Reference ranges in hematology
Laboratory (3 hrs): Demonstration and practice on Hematology analyzer
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 13 Interactive lecture on (5hrs)

Introduction to Immunohematology
- Overview of immunohematology
- History of blood transfusion
- Blood group genetics
- Secretors and non-Secretors
- Blood group antigens and Blood group antibodies
- Detection of antigens and antbodies
Laboratory Practice on demonstration of antigen and antibodies reaction (3hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 14 Interactive lecture on (6hrs)
The ABO blood group system
- The discovery of ABO blood group

- Genes of ABO blood group system

- The role of H-gene in the expression of ABO Antigens
- The Bombay phenotype and Para Bombay phenotype
- Antigens and antibodies of the ABO blood group system
- ABO phenotyping , Anomalous result in ABO testing

Laboratory practice on ABO phenotyping

109
(3hrs)

Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 15 Interactive lecture on (5hrs)
The Rh-Hr blood group system
- Historical back ground of Rh-Hr blood group system
- Nomenclature and genetic theories
- The antigens and antibodies of the Rh-Hr blood group system
- The antibodies of the Rh-Hr blood group system
- Method of Rh typing
Laboratory (3hrs)
 Material preparation
 Red cell suspension preparation, perform Rh grouping

Self-study (4hrs
Week 16 Interactive lecture on (3hrs)
 Other minor blood group systems
- Lewis blood group system
- The I blood group system
- The P blood group system
- The MNs blood group system
- The Kell blood group system
- The Duffy blood group system
- The Kidd (JK) blood group system
- The Lutheran blood group system
Self-study (2hrs)
Week 17 Lecture (4hrs)

 The anti-globulin test (Coomb’s test) (1hr)

- The direct anti-globulin test (DAT)

- The indirect anti- globulin test (IAT)

- Procedure for DAT and IAT

- Laboratory: Perform coombs test (DAT, IAT)

 The cross match (Compatibility testing)(1:30hrs)

- Purpose of cross-match

- Type of cross-match

- Selection of blood for cross-match

- Methods of cross-matching.

The donation of blood (1:30hr)

 Selection of blood donor

 Collection of blood

110
  The preservative solutions

Laboratory(3hrs): Perform major and minor cross match

Self-study (3hrs)

Week 18 Interactive Lecture on ( 6 hrs)

 Preparation, storage and clinical indication of blood and blood products

(2hrs)
 The transfusion reaction (Type of transfusion reaction and Laboratory test to
be done when transfusion reaction occurs) (1hr)
 Hemolytic disease of the fetus and the new born (HDFN) (1:30hr)
 Quality assurance in immunohematology (1:30hr)
 Hospital Laboratory Practice (3hrs)
Week 19 Hospital Laboratory Practice (6hrs)
Week 20 Written and practical exam (6hrs)

Module title: Histopathology

Module Code: MeLS-M2141
ECTS: 5 EtCTS
Module Description: This module is designed to equip students with overview of introduction to pathologic tissue
reactions and changes, basic knowledge and skills of diagnostic techniques in histopathology. Handling, shipment and
record keeping of clinical specimens. Preparation and processing of biopsies. It gives more emphasis on histopathological
techniques; fixation and fixative, tissue processing, tissue sectioning, staining and Immunocytochemistry of
histopathological diagnosis and other pathology examination methods.

Module Objective

 To equip students with the knowledge, skill and attitude needed to handle, ship, process and record clinical
specimens and apply diagnostic techniques in histopathology.
Module Competencies
o Perform histopathological techniques on tissue specimen for histopathological investigation.
Learning Outcomes:
 To meet the above module objective, the student will be expected to:

 Describe histopathology

 Discuss pathologic changes in cells and tissues

 Discuss the significance of histopathological techniques

 Perform sample handling, processing, preservation, transporting and staining

 Perform cell concentration and fixation techniques

111
  Prepare histopathological smears and Stains

Prerequisites: None
Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture & discussions
 Video animations
 Laboratory Demonstration
 Laboratory practice
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters/ Pictures
 LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 speakers
 Laptop
Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Demonstration
 Laboratory practice
Summative
 Laboratory report (15%)
 Practical exam (15%)
 Test quizzes (10%)
 Written mid exam (20%)
 Written Final exam (40%)

Reference Books
 Robbins. Pathologic basis of disease 6th edition. 1999
 Abul K. Abbas, Adrew H. Lichtman. Cellular and molecular immunology. 5th ed. 2003
 John D Bancroft. Marilyn Gamble. Theory and practice of histopathological techniques. 5th edition.
 Basic pathology. 6th ed. 1997
 Alan Stevens, James Lowe Histology. 1992
 Berhanu S. Jemal Y. Histopathology lecture note Series, Haramaya University, 2007.
 Luis Carlos Junquwira. Basic histology, 9th edition, 1998.

112
 Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Histopathology 32hrs 28hrs 1wk 20hrs

Required
Date/Week Learning Activity
Reading
Week 1 Interactive lecture on (2 Hrs) (Assign
Reading
 Introduction to pathology ment)
Assignment
- Aspects of disease process (Etiology, morphology, pathogenesis and on:
manifestation)
– TBD
o Reversible and irreversible changes
Self-study [1 hrs.]
Week 2 Interactive lecture on Introduction to pathology (2 hrs) Reading
Inflammation Assignment
on:
Neoplasia
– TBD
Laboratory visit (1 hrs)

o surgical and cytological specimen collection

o Lab report

Self-study [36 hrs.]

hrs

Week 3 Interactive lecture on [2 hrs.] Reading

Purposes of histopathological examinations Assignment
Histopathology techniques on:
Introduction – TBD
Surgical specimen collection and handling

Laboratory (1 hr)
 Tissue fixation
 Lab report
Self-study [1 hrs.]

Week 4 Interactive lecture on (2 hrs) Reading

 Tissue marking substances Assignment
 Fixation and fixatives: Introduction on:
Laboratory (3 hr): Surgical and autopsy tissue specimens processing – TBD
Self-study [1hrs.]

Week 5 Interactive Lecture on (2 hrs) Reading

 purpose of fixation Assignment
 classification of fixative on:
 additives to fixatives
– TBD
Laboratory (3hr): Surgical and autopsy tissue specimens processing and Lab
report
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 Self-study [3 hrs.]
Week 6 Interactive lecture on (2 hrs) Reading
 factors involved in fixation Assignment
 fixative to specific substances on:
 Decalcification
– TBD
Laboratory (3 hrs): Microtome Sectioning of paraffin embedded blocks of tissue
Self-study [2hrs.]
Week 7 Interactive lecture on Interactive lecture on Tissue sectioning (2 hrs) Reading
 Introduction Assignment
on:
 Microtomy
– TBD
 Type of microtome
 Frozen section
Laboratory (3hrs): Microtome Sectioning of paraffin embedded blocks of tissue
and Lab report

Self-study [1 hrs.]
Week 8 Interactive Lecture (2 hrs) on Staining Reading
Assignment
 Type of stain on:
 Principle of stain – TBD

Laboratory (1 hr): Urgent sample tissue processing and sectioning and Lab
report
Self-study [1 hrs.]
Week 9 Interactive lecture on (1 hrs) Reading
 Factors determining sensitivity of stains Assignment
 Commonly used stains in Histological techniques on:
 Hematoxyline staining – TBD
Laboratory (2 hrs): Staining of smears and sections with routine procedures
Self-study [1hrs.]

Week 10 Mid examination week and independent study(2hrs)

Week 11 Interactive lecture on (1 hrs) Reading
 Classification of haematoxyline based on mordant used Assignment
 Eosin staining on:
 Quick haematoloxylin and eosin stain for urgent biopsies – TBD
Laboratory: Staining of smears and sections (3hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 12 Interactive lecture on: (2 hrs) Reading
 Mounting Assignment
Laboratory: Microtome Sectioning of paraffin embedded blocks of tissue (3hrs) on:
Self-study [2 hrs.] – TBD

114
Week 13 Interactive lecture on Special staining methods (1:30 hrs) Reading
 Connective tissue staining Assignment
 Protein, nucleic acid and amyloid on:
Laboratory: Microtome Sectioning of paraffin embedded blocks of tissue(2hrs) – TBD

Self-study [1hrs.]

Week 14 Interactive lecture on (1:30 hrs) Reading

 Special staining methods con’d Assignment
- Carbohydrates and lipids on:
– TBD
Laboratory: Microtome Sectioning of paraffin embedded blocks of tissue (2hrs)

Self-study [1hrs.]

Week 15 Interactive lecture (1:30 Hrs) on: Reading

 Pigments, Minerals and Bone Assignment
 Neuroendocrine and Neuropathology techniques Microorganisms on:
Laboratory(2hrs) – TBD

 Urgent sample tissue processing and sectioning

Week 16 Interactive lecture on Interactive Lecture on Immunocytochemistry (1:30hrs) Reading
 Histochemistry Assignment
 Enzyme histochemistry on:
 Immunostaining – TBD
 Immuno-fluorescence
 Autoradiography
Laboratory: Urgent sample tissue processing and sectioning (2hrs)
Week 17 Interactive lecture on Cytology and museum techniques 1 hrs Reading
 Introduction to Cytology Assignment
 Pathology museum techniques on:
Interactive lecture on Quality assurance and safety in histopathology 1 hrs – TBD
Laboratory: Preparation and Examination of smears and tissue section with
special staining procedures (Demonstration or use prepared slides or animation)
(2hrs)

Week 18 Hospital Laboratory Practice (6hrs)

Week 19 Hospital Laboratory Practice (6hrs)
Week 20 Written and practical exam (5hrs)

115
Module title: Medical Bacteriology
Module Code: MeLS-M2161
ECTS: 9 EtCTS
Module Description: This module planned to offer the theoretical and practical knowledge on historical
background of bacteriology; morphological classification of bacteria; bacterial structure; bacterial metabolisms and
growth; bacterial genetics; sterilization and disinfection of microorganisms; chemotherapy and mechanism of
action of antibiotics; staining and bacteriological culture techniques; methods of collection, transportation and
processing of clinical samples and examination of medically important pathogenic bacteria (Gram positive cocci;
gram positive rods, Gram negative cocci; Gram negative coccobacilli; Enterobacteriacae, other gram negative
rods; Spirochetes; Chlamydia; Mycobacterium; Rickettsia; Mycoplasma and other miscellaneous bacteria). It
illustrates strategies in laboratory diagnosis of infective syndromes (the investigation of gastrointestinal infections,
Urinary tract infections, wound infections, respiratory infections, Sexually transmitted diseases, meningitis and
miscellaneous infections) and Quality Assurance in Bacteriology laboratory.

Module Objective

 By the end of this

module, students will be able to discuss medically important bacteria (general characteristics, virulence
factors, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control); perform clinical specimen
collection, processing and examination; identify bacterial pathogens; report laboratory results and ensure its
quality and maintain laboratory safety throughout diagnosis and follow up of patients.
Module Competencies
o Perform bacteriological tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
o Practice specimen collection, processing, and analysis during disease outbreak and surveillance according
to standard operating procedure
o Collect, process and analyze food, water, beverages and other environmental samples for communicable
disease prevention and control as per the standard operating procedures.
o Interpret, report and document laboratory test results correctly.
Learning Outcomes:
To meet the above module objective, the student will be expected to:

 Explain basic concepts of bacteria

 Describe types of specimens used for bacteriological analysis
 Perform collection, transportation, & storage of bacteriological specimen
 Perform classification of bacteria based on different characteristics
 List medically important gram positive cocci

116
 Discuss the common pathogenic gram positive cocci (pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, laboratory
diagnosis, prevention & controlling methods)
 Perform gram staining techniques
 Identify bacteria based on gram staining reaction
 Select culture media for culturing gram positive cocci
 Perform culture media preparation
 Perform sterility tests of culture media
 Perform cultivation of gram positive cocci
 Perform quality control of culture media using control strain
 Identify gram positive cocci based on morphology, growth characteristics, biochemical test & others
 Perform antibacterial susceptibility testing for gram positive cocci
 List medically important gram negative cocci
 Discuss the common pathogenic gram negative cocci (pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, laboratory
diagnosis, prevention & controlling methods)
 Identify bacteria based on gram staining reaction
 Select culture media for culturing gram negative cocci
 Perform cultivation of gram negative cocci
 Identify gram negative cocci based on morphology, growth characteristics, biochemical test & others
 Perform antibacterial susceptibility testing for gram negative cocci
 List medically important gram positive rods
 Discuss the common pathogenic gram positive rods (pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, laboratory
diagnosis, prevention & controlling methods)
 Select culture media for culturing gram positive bacilli
 Identify gram positive bacilli based on morphology, growth characteristics, biochemical test & others
 Perform antibacterial susceptibility testing for gram positive bacilli
 List medically important gram negative rods
 Discuss the common pathogenic gram negative rods (pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, laboratory
diagnosis, prevention & controlling methods)
 Select culture media for culturing gram negative bacilli
 Identify gram negative bacilli based on morphology, growth characteristics, biochemical test & others
 Perform antibacterial susceptibility testing for gram negative bacilli
 List medically important spirochetes
 Discuss the common pathogenic spirochetes (pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis,
prevention & controlling methods)
 Perform geimsa staining techniques
117
  Perform RPR, VDRL, and TP ABS etc.
 Perform other serologic and molecular diagnostic techniques for Treponema species and Borriella species
 Discuss the common pathogenic mycobacterium species (pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, laboratory
diagnosis, prevention & controlling methods)
 Perform zeehl nelson staining techniques
 Perform TB culture using Lowenstein Janson media and other culturing methods
 Perform molecular diagnostic techniques for MTB
 Perform bacteriological index and morphological index
 Discuss the other pathogenic bacteria (pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis,
prevention & controlling methods)
 List possible bacterial causes of disease outbreak
 Perform bacteriological analysis on sample collected from disease outbreak site
 Discuss food microbiology and food borne diseases
 Describe the type and incidence of the microorganisms in food, beverage and water.
 Perform bacteriological analysis of food and beverages
 Perform bacteriological water analysis
 Interpret results correctly
 Recording and reporting results correctly
Prerequisites: None

Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture & discussions
 Laboratory Demonstration
 Laboratory practice
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters/ Pictures
 LCD Projector
 videos
 White board, marker
 Laptop

118
Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Brainstorming questions
 Demonstration
Summative
 Laboratory report (10%)
 Practical exam (15%)
 Test quizzes (10%)
 Written mid exam (20%)
 Written Final exam (45%)

Reference Books
1. Atlas.R.M. Microorganisms in our world. Mosby St.Louis. 1995.
2. Levinson W., Jawetz E., Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 6th ed. McGraw- Hill international
edition. 2000.
3. Brooks G.F., Butel J.S., Morse S.A Jawetz Medical Microbiology 21st ed. (1998).
4. Cedric Mims, et al. Medical Microbiology (1993).
5. Murray, Medical microbiology
6. Robert Boyd. Basic Medical Microbiology. 5th ed. (1995)
7. Monica Cheesbrough. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Volume-2 (2000)
8. Greenwood, Medical microbiology a guide to microbial infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory
diagnosis and control
9. B. Patrick Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller. (2005) Medical Microbiology 5th edition
10. Baron S (2000) Medical Microbiology 4th edition.
11. Abilo T., Meseret A. Medical Bacteriology Lecture note for Medical Laboratory Technology Students
(2006).
12. Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology, 24th Edition
13. WHO, Basic laboratory procedures in clinical bacteriology 2003
14. Mackie Mackartney , Practical Medical microbiology 5th ed.
15. Green wood , medical microbiology , 20Th ed
16. Champ‘s medical microbiology
17. Sheris‘ Medical microbiology

119
 Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Medical Bacteriology 80hrs 28hrs 2.5wks 36hrs

Required Reading
Date/Week Learning Activity
(Assignment)
Week 1 Interactive lecture on (7hrs) Reading Assignment
 Basic Concepts of medical bacteriology on:
- Introduction to bacteriology

- Bacterial structure

- Classification of bacteria

- Metabolism and growth of bacteria

- Bacterial genetics

- Sterilization and Disinfection

- Specimen collection and processing

Self-study [4 hrs.]

Week 2 Interactive lecture (4hrs) Reading Assignment

 Gram positive cocci on:
- Staphylococci

- Streptococci

- micrococci

- Enterococci
Laboratory demonstration and practice on specimen collection and
processing [3 hrs.]
Self-study [3 hrs.]

Week 3 Interactive lecture on [4 hrs.] Reading Assignment

 Gram negative cocci on:
- Neisseria species

- Moraxella

Laboratory demonstration and practice on Gram staining,

Culturing of gram positive cocci [3 hrs.]

120
 Self-study [4hrs.]
Week 4 Interactive lecture [4 hrs.]
 Gram positive rods

 Bacillus

 Clostridium

 Laboratory demonstration and practice on Gram

staining, Culturing of gram positive cocci (3hr.)
Self-study [4 hrs.]
Week 5 Interactive lecture [4 hrs.]
 Gram positive rods

 Listeria

 Erysipelothrix

 Corynebacteria
Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on Gram
staining, Culturing of gram negative cocci (3hrs.)
Self-study [3 hrs.]
Week 6 Interactive lecture [4 hrs.]
 Gram negative rods

 Gram negative coccobacilli

 Haemophilus, Brucella

Laboratory practice
 Bordetella, Corynebacteria
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on Gram
staining, Culturing of gram negative cocci (3hrs.)
Self-study [4hrs.]

Week 7 Interactive lecture on [4 hrs.]

 Gram negative rods

 Enterobacteriacae

 Characteristics of enterobacteriacae
Laboratory practice
 Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on Gram
staining, Culturing of gram negative cocci (3hrs.)

Self-study [3 hrs.]
121
 Week 8 Interactive lecture [4 hrs.]
 Gram negative rods

 Enterobacteriacae

 Citrobacter , Entrobacter

 Other gram-negative rods

- Proteus, Serratia, Yersinia, , Citrobacter

Laboratory practice Laboratory demonstration and practice

on Gram staining, Culturing of gram negative cocci (3hrs.)
Self-study (3hrs)

Week 9 Interactive lecture on [4hrs.]

 Gram negative rods

 Other gram-negative rods Proteus

 Salmonella , Shigella

 Gram negative rods

 Other gram-negative rods

 The Pseudomonas, Vibrio species

Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on Gram
staining, Culturing of gram negative bacilli
(3hrs.)
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 10 Mid exam (3hrs)

Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on Gram
staining, Culturing of gram negative bacilli(3hrs.)
Week 11 Interactive lecture [6hrs.]
 Gram negative rods

 Other gram-negative rods

 Campylobacter, Helicobacter

 Spirochete

 Treponema, Borriella , Leptospira

122
 Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 12 Interactive lecture [4 hrs.]

 Mycobacterium

 M. tuberculosis , M. liprae
Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on diagnosis of
spirochete (3hrs.)
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 13 Interactive lecture [4 hrs.]

 Miscellaneous bacteria (2hrs.)

 Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma

 Infectious disease (2hrs.)

Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on isolation and
identification of mycobacterium species (3hrs.)

Self-study [3 hrs.]

Week 14 Interactive lecture [4 hrs.]

 Food microbiology

 Spoilage of fruits, vegetables, fresh & processed Meats

Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on diagnosis of
miscellaneous bacteria (3hrs.)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 15 Interactive lecture [4 hrs.]
 Water microbiology

 Types, Safety, Quality, Sources & types of microorganisms

 Sampling methods and Methods of analysis

Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on bacteriological
analysis on sample collected from disease outbreak site (3hrs.)
Self-study [2 hrs.]

123
 Week 16 Interactive lecture on: (4hrs)
 Food borne diseases

 Food preservation & storage

 Physical and Chemical methods

 Emerging methods

 Fermented food & products of fermentation

 Prevention and control of food and beverage from microbial

contamination

Laboratory practice
Laboratory demonstration and practice on bacteriological analysis on
sample collected from disease outbreak site (3hrs.)
Self-study (2hrs)
Week 17 Interactive lecture on [6hrs.]
 Laboratory method for detecting Microorganisms and their
products in foods (2hrs)

 Quality assurance in Medical Bacteriology (4hrs)

Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on bacteriological
analysis on food sample (3hrs.)
Self-study (2hrs)
Week 18 Hospital Practice (6hrs)
Week 19 Hospital Practice (6hrs)
Week 20 Written and practical exam (6hrs)

Module Title: Research Methodology

Module Code: SPH-M2174
Module ECTS: 3 EtCTS

Module Description: This Module is designed for BSc in midwifery students to scientific inquiry, critical
appraisal of literature and evidence, and research process. The student will acquire basic fundamental knowledge
and skills to ethically conduct research in midwifery and application of common statistical packages to appreciate
the importance of research in professional midwives. This Module will be addressed through Interactive lecture,
Seminar presentations, Skill Development in computer Lab (SDL) demonstration and supervised feedbacks in
computer skill lab

Module Objective
124
 At the end of this module, students will be able to undertake operational researches in a professional manner.

Module Competencies
The core professional competencies where this practice Module aimed at achieving are:
1. Apply basic principles of research method
2. Critically appraise scientific literatures, select, and summarize findings
3. Develop a research proposal following the steps of the research process
4. Conduct basic and operational scientific research to solve community problem
5. Utilize updated evidences in providing midwifery care

Learning Outcomes
In order to achieve core competencies, students at the end of this Module will be able to:
 Discuss Elements of research project
 Conduct Literature review
 Demonstrate effective research writing and presentation skills
 Collect data and apply common statistical package for data processing, analysis
 Write research report
 Apply ethical principles relating to research
 Apply evidences based midwifery care

Prerequisite: None

Teaching-Learning Methods
 Interactive lecture
 Exercises and assignments
 Proposal development
 Computer lab practice (Statistical software programs such as Epi Info and SPSS

Teaching-Learning Materials
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 Laptop

Methods of Assessment
Formative assessment
 Exercises and assignments
 progressive proposal assessment
Summative assessment
 Critical appraisal of literature (20 %)
 Developing a research proposal (30 %)
 Written exam (50 %)
 Possible Summative assessment areas for:
o Document of Critical appraisal of literature
o Document of Proposal
 Practical lab Evaluation (PLE)
125
 o Compile document of Critical appraisal of literature
o Compile computer statical package

Module Policy
 Attendance: It is compulsory to attend SDL (computer lab) practice on time and every time. If students
are going to miss more than three classes/ computer lab practice days during this semester, they will not
be allowed to final assessment and next semester unless otherwise proven by evidence per legislation
requirement.
 Assignments: Students must complete Module assignments and work based assessments on time.
Uncompleted work-based assessments and assignments will result in Incomplete (I) grade submissions to
registrar. Further consecutive procedures will be handled in line with institutional senate legislation.

Reference Books
1. Getu Degu and Tegbar Yigzaw. Research Methodology: Lecture Note for Health Science Students.
Ethiopian Public Health Training Initiative. 2006
2. Nigel Bruce, Danniel Pope and Debbi Stanistreet: Quantitative methods for health research. A practical
interactive guide to epidemiology and statistics
3. Denise F. polit, Chery Tatano Beck. Nursing research principle and methods 3rd edition 2003
4. Evidence based midwifery care Chhay Sveng CheaAth February 2015
5. Health research methodology: A Guide for Training in Research Methods, WHO Second Edition.2001
6. Varkevisser C, Pathmanathan I. and Brownlee A. Designing and Conducting Health Systems Research
Projects (Volumes 1 and 2). Amsterdam: KIT Publishers, WHO/IDRC, 2003.
7. Proposal Writing For Health and Health-Related Research (Training Module 1). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia:
The Health Department of the Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission in collaboration with The
Ethiopian Public Health Association and Regional State Health Bureaus, June, 2005
8. Assefa M, Tessema F. Supplementary Readings for Research undertaking. Jimma, 2000:77.
9. Assefa M. Manual for undertaking research: the participatory approach learning by doing. Jimma:
2003:92

126
 Module Schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Research methods 60hrs ----- ---- 20hrs

Required Reading
Week Learning Activity
(Assignment)

Interactive Lecture and Discussion [5 Hrs.]

Overview of the Module [1 Hrs.]
 Structure and design
 Education strategies
 Core competencies

 Teaching and learning methods

 Assessment methods
Introduction to research [3 Hrs.]
 Definition of research
Day 1
 Rationale for research

 Types of research

 Features of health system research

 The research process format

 Identify and prioritize research topic

Interactive Lecture and Discussion [4 hrs.]

 Problem statement
 Literature review
 Citation and Referencing styles
 Conceptual frameworks
 Formulation of research objectives
 Research hypothesis/questions.
Skill Development Lab [16 hrs.]
 Basic computer skill
Day 2 & 3  research software‘s Endnote application
 review a literature
Interactive Lecture and Discussion [5 hrs.]
Research Methodology
 Qualitative and quantitative studies design
Day 4 o Descriptive studies
o Analytic studies design
 Source population and study population
 Sample size and sampling methods
127
 Required Reading
Week Learning Activity
(Assignment)
 Variables
 Validity and Reliability of measurements of tools
 Data collection techniques
Skill Development Lab [3 Hrs.]
 Basic computer skill
 research software‘s Endnote application
 review a literature
Interactive Lecture and Discussion [7 hrs.]
 Plan for data collection and organization
 Plan for data processing and analysis
 Pre-testing the methodology
Day 5
Ethical considerations (2 Hrs)
 Plagiarism
 Ethical concerns pertaining study subjects
 Ethical issues in selected health researches
Interactive Lecture and Discussion [3 hrs.]
Ethical principles
 Confidentiality
 Autonomy
 Veracity
 Beneficence
Day 6
 Non-malfeasance
 Justice
 Informed consent
Interactive Lecture and Discussion [5 hrs.]
 Work Plan
 Budget Plan
Skill Development Lab [8 hrs.]
Day 7
 Methods of data processing and analysis (EPi Info, SPSS ) endnote
Skill Development Lab [4 hrs.]
 Methods of data processing and analysis (EPi Info, SPSS ) endnote
Interactive Lecture and Discussion [4 hrs.]
 The concepts of scientific evidence and evidence-based practice
Day 8 o Definition of evidence based practice (EBP)
o Components of evidence based practice (EBP)
o Steps of evidence based practice (EBP)
 Application of evidence to practice
o Critical appraisal of literature and utilization of evidence
Skill Development [15 hrs.]
Day 9-10  Students develop a research proposal
 Finalizing and reviewing the research proposal

Week 11 Final Examination Week

128
MEDICAL VIROLOGY MODULE SYLLABI

Module title: Medical Virology

Module Code: MeLS-M3181
ECTS: 5EtCTS
Module Description: This module will include: Properties, classification, and, replication of viruses (viral
genetics); pathogenesis; laboratory propagation of medically important viruses ; preservation methods; laboratory
diagnosis of medically important viral infections, specimen collection; cell culture; antibody detection; rapid
detection methods; There will be detailed study of selected viral diseases (e.g. HIV /AIDS; rubella, influenza;
HSV); Emerging and re- emerging viral diseases; Emphasis will be given to diagnostic techniques: isolation,
animal inoculation, bio-typing; direct microscopy; serological techniques including agglutination, CFT; Weil-
Felix reaction; IF methods. (Quality Assurance in Medical Virology)

Module Objective

 At the end of the module students will be able to explain Medical Virology proper, as: Important features
of viruses, transmission, clinical feature, pathogenesis signs & symptoms, diagnosis, treatment prevention
and control methods of infections due to pathogenic virus.

Module Competencies
 Perform virological tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
 Practice specimen collection, processing, and analysis during disease outbreak and surveillance according
to standard operating procedure
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results correctly
Learning Outcomes:
To meet the above module objective, the student will be expected to:

 Explain general characteristics of viruses

 Discuss classification of viruses and virus infectious cycle
 Identify diagnostic methods in virology
 Perform collection, processing of clinical specimen in virology
 List medically important DNA viruses
 Discuss common pathogenic DNA viruses(pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis,
prevention & controlling methods)
 Perform common methods in the diagnosis of HBV, HSV and other viruses
 Perform microscopic examination of CPE

129
  Identify medically important RNA viruses
 Discuss the common pathogenic RNA virus species(pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, laboratory
diagnosis, prevention & controlling methods)
 Perform common methods in the diagnosis of influenza virus, Rota virus, Rubella virus and other RNA
virus
 Perform common viral diagnosing methods (PCR, Serology & culture
 Identify medically important Hepatitis viruses
 Discuss Hepatitis virus species(pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, prevention &
controlling methods)
 Perform common methods in the diagnosis of HBV, HCV other hepatitis virus
 Identify medically important Retrovirus viruses
 Discuss pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, prevention & controlling methods of
Retrovirus viruses
 Perform common methods in the diagnosis of HIV virus
 Perform viral load and CD4+ count
 List medically important DNA viruses
 Discuss the common pathogenic Emerging and reemerging viral diseases
 Apply common viral diagnosing methods PCR, Serology & culture.
 Identify possible viral causes of disease outbreak
 Perform bacteriological analysis on sample collected from disease outbreak site
 Apply team working in the management of epidemic viral infections
 Interpret results correctly
 Recording and reporting results correctly

Prerequisites: None

Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture & discussions
 Laboratory Demonstration
 Laboratory practice
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Text books
 Reference manual

130
  Writing board
 Posters/ Pictures
 LCD Projector
 videos
 White board, marker
 Laptop
Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Brainstorming questions
 Demonstration
Summative
 Laboratory report (10%)
 Practical exam (15%)
 Test quizzes (10%)
 Written mid exam (20%)
 Written Final exam (45%)
Reference Books
1. Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, George S. Kobayashi, Michael A. PfAller. Medical microbiology
fourth Edition. Mosby, Inc. 2002.
2. Jawetz, Mel nick, Adel berg‘s Geo.F. Brooks, Janet S. Butel, Stephen A.Morse. Medical Microbiology
twenty-first edition. Appleton and Lange Stamford, Connecticut 1995.
3. Cheebrough M. Medical Laboratory manuals for tropical countries volume II. Tropical health technology
/Butter worth – Heinemann 1991.
4. Boyd R. Basic Medical Microbiology Fifth edition. Lippincott company 1995.
5. Mackie and McCartney. Practical medical microbiology 13th edition. Churchill Livingston 1989.
6. Bernand D. Davis, Renato Dulbecco, Herman N. Eisen and Harold S. Ginsberg. Microbiology fourth
edition. Lipinocott Company 1990.
7. Bob A. Freeman. Burrows Text book of microbiology twenty-second edition. W.B. Saunders Company
1985.
8. Gillies.R.R. Lecture notes on medical microbiology second edition. Black Well Scientific publications
1978.
9. G.A. C. Thomas. Medical Microbiology third edition. The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore
1973.
10. Joklik, Willett, Amos, and Wilfert. Zinsser Microbiology 20th edition. Appleton and Lange 1992.
11. Robert Bailey.W. Diagnostic microbiology 4th edition. The C.V. Mosby company 1974.
12. David Greenwood, Richard Slack, John Peutherer, Mike Barer. Medical Microbiology: a guide to
microbial infections, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory diagnosis and control. Churchill Livingstone,
2007. Online access.

131
 Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Medical Virology 32hrs 28hrs 1wk 11hrs

Required Reading
Date/Week Learning Activity
(Assignment)
Week 1 Interactive lecture (2hrs) Reading Assignment
 Basic Concepts of medical virology on:
Introduction to virus

Structure and properties of medically important virus

Classification of medically important virus

Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 2 Interactive lecture (2hrs)

 Basic Concepts of medical virology
Virus infectious cycle (replication of RNA and DNA virus)

Virus host interaction and viral pathogenesis

Antiviral agents and vaccine

Specimen collection, transportation and preservation

Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 3 Interactive lecture (3hrs) Reading Assignment

 Diagnostic methods in virology on:
 Procedures in characterization of virus form clinical specimen

 Microscopic

 Cytopathic Effect (CPE)

 Cell culture

 Serological methods

 Molecular techniques

 Disinfection and Biosafety in virology laboratory

Laboratory Visit and practice (3hrs)
Self-study [3 hrs.]
Week 4 Interactive lecture (3hrs.) Reading Assignment
 Medically important DNA virus on:
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  Adeno virus

 Pox virus

 Herpes virus ( HSV, CMV, EBV, VZV etc)

Self-study [3hrs.]
Week 5 Interactive lecture, discussion [3hrs.]
 Medically important DNA virus

 Parvo virus
 Papovavirus
 Hepatitis B virus
 HDV
 Medically important RNA virus
 Orthomyxoviruses
 Paramyxoviruses
Laboratory demonstration and practice on diagnosis of
hepatitis B viruses [3 hrs.]
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 6 Interactive lecture [2 hrs.]

Medically important RNA virus
 Picorna virus
 Polio virus,
 Coxsackie virus
 Other enteroviruses
Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on
diagnosis of RNA viruses [3 hrs.]
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 7 Interactive lecture [2 hrs.]

 Hepatits virus
o HAV, HCV, HEV, HGV
Laboratory practice on Hepatitis virus (3hrs)

Self-Study (2hrs)
Week 8 Interactive lecture on [2 hrs.]
 Reo virus ( Reo virus and Rota virus)
 Rhabdo viruses
 Toga virus and Flavivirus

133
 Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on HIV
viruses (3hrs.)

Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 9 Interactive lecture [2 hrs.]

 Retrovirus (HIV), Corona virus

Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on diagnosis
of HIV virus (3hr.)
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 10 Interactive lecture [2 hrs.]

 Emerging and reemerging viral diseases

 SAARS, Hanta viruses

Mid exam (3hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 11 Interactive lecture [1 hrs.]

 Emerging and reemerging viral diseases

 Nepha and Hendra

 Ebola
Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on diagnosis
of viruses (2hrs.)

Self-study [3 hrs.]
Week 12 Interactive lecture on [1 hrs.]
Emerging and reemerging viral diseases

 Avian flu virus

Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on diagnosis
of viruses (2hrs.)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 13 Interactive lecture [1 hrs.]
Infectious disease

 Possible viral causes of disease outbreak

134
 Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on bacteriological analysis
on sample collected from disease outbreak site (2hrs.)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 14 Interactive lecture [1 hrs.]
 Infectious disease Cont…

 Possible viral causes of disease outbreak

Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on bacteriological analysis
on sample collected from disease outbreak site (2hrs.)
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 15 Interactive lecture [1 hrs.]

Infectious disease Cont..

 Possible viral causes of disease outbreak

Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on bacteriological analysis
on sample collected from disease outbreak site (2hrs.)

Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 16 Interactive lecture [1 hrs.]
 Infectious disease cont..

Possible viral causes of disease outbreak

Laboratory practice
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on bacteriological analysis
on sample collected from disease outbreak site (2hrs.)

Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 17 Quality assurance on Virological tests (3hrs)

Week 18 Hospital Laboratory Practice (6hrs)

Week 19 Hospital Laboratory practice (6hrs)

Week 20 Written and practical Exam (6hrs)

135
Module title: Medical Mycology
Module Code: MeLS –M3191
ECTS: 3EtCTS
Module Description: The module will encompass introduction to medical mycology; Classification of fungi;
morphological features of fungi (mycelium, spores, yeasts, etc); pathogenesis and virulence of fungi;
microscopic, cultural, biochemical and serological tests used in the isolation of fungal pathogens in clinical
specimens, antifungal agents; superficial mycoses; cutaneous mycoses; subcutaneous; systemic mycoses;
opportunistic fungal infections; and quality Assurance in Medical Mycology.

Module Objective

 Upon completion
of the module, students will be able to describe characteristics of fungi, laboratory diagnosis, fungal
disease and antifungal agent and perform laboratory diagnosis of fungal infection.
Module Competencies
 Perform fungal tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results correctly.
Learning Outcomes:
To meet the above module objective, the student will be expected to:

 Describe the general characteristics, morphology, reproduction and classification of fungi

 Explain laboratory diagnosis methods of mycoses
 Perform collection, processing, transportation & storage of fungal specimen
 Perform fungal culture
 Identify medically important fungi using staining, growth, biochemical & other methods
 Discuss medically important superficial and cutaneous mycoses
 Discuss the etiological agents, epidemiology, and mode of transmission, pathogenesis clinical picture and
laboratory diagnosis of superficial and cutaneous mycoses.
 Perform diagnosis of superficial and cutaneous mycoses
 Perform fungal culture
 Discuss medically important subcutaneous mycoses
 Discuss the etiological agents, epidemiology, and mode of transmission, pathogenesis clinical picture and
laboratory diagnosis of subcutaneous mycoses.
 Perform diagnosis of subcutaneous mycoses
 Perform fungal culture
 Discuss medically important systemic mycoses

136
  Discuss the etiological agents, epidemiology, and mode of transmission, pathogenesis clinical picture and
laboratory diagnosis of systemic mycoses.
 Perform diagnosis of systemic mycoses
 Perform fungal culture
 Discuss medically important opportunistic mycoses
 Discuss the etiological agents, epidemiology, and mode of transmission, pathogenesis clinical picture and
laboratory diagnosis of systemic mycoses.
 Perform diagnosis of candidiasis and Cryptococcal meningitis
 Describe types and mechanisms of actions of anti-fungal agents
 Perform anti-fungal susceptibility testing
 Interpret results correctly
 Recording and reporting results correctly
Prerequisites: None

Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture & discussions
 Laboratory Demonstration
 Laboratory practice
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters/ Pictures
 LCD Projector
 videos
 White board, marker
 Laptop
Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Brainstorming questions
 Demonstration
Summative

137
  Laboratory report (10%)
 Practical exam (15%)
 Test quizzes (10%)
 Written mid exam (20%)
 Written Final exam (45%)
Reference Books
1. Evans and et al.1985.Essentionls of medical Mycology
2. Lennet et al. 1985.Manual of Clinical Microbiology
3. Dismukes, Pappus and Sobel. 2003. Clinical Mycology.
4. Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology, 24th ed.
5. Nigussie D. mycology lecture note

Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Medical Mycology 20hrs 28hrs 0.5wk 16hrs

(Lecture = 20 hrs, Lab/ practical = 44 hrs. and self-study = 17 hrs.)

Required Reading
Date/Week Learning Activity
(Assignment)
Week 1 Interactive lecture (2hrs.) Reading Assignment
 Basic Concepts of medical mycology on:
Introduction to Medical mycology

General characteristics of fungi

Morphology of fungi (Mold, Yeast and dimorphism).

Fungal reproduction

Classification of fungi

Ecology of fungi

Self-study [2 hrs.]

138
Week 2 Interactive lecture (1hrs.)
 Basic Concepts of medical mycology
 Overview of fungal diseases

Predisposing factor

Fungal immunity
Self-study [1 hrs.]

Week 3 Interactive lecture (1hrs.) Reading Assignment

 Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infection on:

 Mycological specimen

 Collection, transportation & processing of mycological

Laboratory demonstration and practice on specimen collection and
specimens
processing [3 hrs.]
Self-study [1 hrs.]
Interactive lecture (1hrs.) Reading Assignment
 Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infection on:

 Examination methods

 Microscopy methods
week 4
 Culture

Laboratory demonstration and practice on specimen collection and

processing [3 hrs.]

Self-study [2 hrs.]

Interactive lecture (1hr.) Reading Assignment

Week 5  Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infection on:
 Serological methods – TBD
 Other methods of fungal diagnosis
 Laboratory safety
 Molecular techniques
Laboratory demonstration and practice [3 hrs.]
Self-study [1 hrs.]
Interactive lecture (1hr.)
Week 6  Superficial mycoses
 Tinea versicolor, Piedra , Tinea nigra

139
 Laboratory demonstration and practice on microscopic wet mount
(KOH) examination and fungal culture [3 hrs.]
Self-study [1 hrs.]

Week 7 Interactive lecture on [1hr.]

 Cutaneous mycoses:

 Tinea capitis, Tinea pedis, Tinea corporis, Tinea cruris

Laboratory demonstration and practice on microscopic

wet mount (KOH) examination and fungal culture [3hrs.]
Self-study [1 hrs.]

Week 8 Interactive lecture on [1 hr.]

- Cutaneous mycoses: Tinea barbae, Tinea unguium , Tinea Favosa
Laboratory demonstration and practice on microscopic
wet mount (KOH) examination and fungal culture [3 hrs.]

Week 9 Interactive lecture [1 hrs.]

 Subcutaneous mycoses:
 Sporotrichosise, Maudromycosis

Laboratory demonstration and practice on microscopic

wet mount (KOH) examination and fungal culture [3 hrs.]

Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 10 Mid exam (2hrs)

Week 11 Interactive lecture [1 hr.]

 Subcutaneous mycoses:
 Phaeohyphomycosis

Laboratory demonstration and practice on microscopic

wet mount (KOH) examination and fungal culture [3 hrs.]
Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 12 Interactive lecture [1hr.]

 Subcutaneous mycoses
o Chromoblastomycosis, Rhinosporidiosis

Self-study [2 hrs.]

140
Week 13 Interactive lecture, discussion [1 hr.]
 Systemic mycoses
 Histoplasmosis
 Blastomycosis

Self-study [2 hrs.]

Week 14 Interactive lecture [1 hr.]

 Systemic mycoses cont’d.
 Coccidiodomycosis
 Paracoccidiodomycosis

Self-study [2 hrs.]
Week 15 Interactive lecture [1 hr.]
 Opportunistic Mycoses
o Candidiasis
o Cryptococosis
Week 16 Interactive lecture [1 hr.]
 Opportunistic mycosis

 Pneumocystis carnii, Zygomycosis

Week 17 Interactive lecture [1 hr.]
 Opportunistic mycosis

 Aspergillosis

 Quality Assurance in Medical Mycology

Week 18 Hospital Practice (9 hrs)

Week 19 Hospital Practice (6hrs)

Week 20 Practical and written exam (6hrs)

141
Module Title: Clinical Chemistry

Module Code: MeLS-M3201

Module Credit: 10 EtCTS

Module objective: To equip Post basic BSc. Medical Laboratory Science students with the knowledge,
skills and attitude needed to apply clinical chemistry in providing quality clinical laboratory science
service.

Module Description:

This module deals with principles of major clinical chemistry instruments and solutions; collection and
preparation of specimen for clinical chemistry analysis. It also presents the physiological basis, principle,
procedure, and clinical significance of clinical chemistry test and test results, including quality control
and reference values. This module also equips Medical Laboratory Science students with basic knowledge
on the body fluid formation and composition; collection and preservation of body fluid specimens;
physical, chemical and microscopic examination of body fluids; application of quality assurance for
laboratory examination of body fluids. Moreover, the module covers introduction to the science of
toxicology; apparatus, reference compounds; clinical aspects of analytical toxicology; the role of clinical
toxicology laboratory; general laboratory findings in toxicology laboratory.

Module Competency:

 Collect, transport, prepare and store biological specimens in accordance with SOPs by complying
to ethical standards
 Monitor and maintain performance of laboratory equipment and reagents and perform different
clinical chemistry analytes, drugs levels and toxins in accordance with SOPs following safety
standards
 Interpret record, document and report laboratory test results based on quality standards

Module Objective(s):

After completion of this module, the student is expected to:

 Define clinical chemistry

 Describe significance of clinical chemistry
 Discuss the principles and fundamental laws in radiant energy
 Discuss the principles, concepts and basic components of analytical instruments
 Discuss the principles, concepts and clinical significance of different analyte measurement
 Determine different clinical chemistry biochemical analytes according standard operating
procedures and manufacturers‘ instructions
 Recognize formation and composition of body fluids
 Correlate laboratory test results with diseases or conditions in which body fluid specimens are
collected and examined
 Demonstrate adherence to policies and procedures in clinical chemistry laboratory

142
  Perform physical examination of body fluids
 Perform chemical examination of body fluids
 Perform microscopic examination of body fluid specimen and differentiate microscopic features
in normal and pathological conditions
 Explain the basic principle of toxicology.
 Explain the general principles of Specific toxicity
 Demonstrate analysis of various toxins in clinical specimen
 Register and record patient and reagent details and findings on appropriate registration books and
laboratory information system using a standard procedure.
 Promote laboratory safety issues during laboratory practices
 Advocate laboratory quality control in laboratory
 Proper use of SOPs, lab equipment and resources
 Demonstrate adherence to policies and procedures in clinical chemistry laboratory

Prerequisites: None
Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture & discussions
 Laboratory Demonstration
 Laboratory practice
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters/ Pictures
 LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 Laptop

Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Demonstration
Summative
 Laboratory report (10%)
 Practical exam (15%)
 Test quizzes (10%)
 Written mid exam (20%)
 Written Final exam (45%)

Reference Books

143
Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Clinical Chemistry 81hrs 28hrs 2.5wks 36hrs

Required
Date/Week Learning Activity
Reading
Week 1 Interactive lecture on (5hrs) (Assignment)
Reading
 Measurement Procedures & Calculation in Clinical Chemistry (3hrs) Assignment on:

 Assay Techniques in Clinical Chemistry (2hrs)

Laboratory practice on measurement procedures and calculations
(3hrs)
Self-study [2hrs.]
 Students will spend this time in reading the given reading
assignments introduction to Clinical Chemistry.
Week 2 Interactive lecture, Discussion ( 5hrs)
 Overview on specimen types and collection, processing and
preservation for Clinical Chemistry tests (4hrs).
Group Discussion (1hr)
Laboratory Practice on specimen collection and processing (3 hrs)
Self-study [3hrs.]
Week 3 Interactive lecture on (5hrs)
Review of blood glucose measurement (2hrs)
Interactive lecture on Review of renal function tests (3 hrs)
LaboratoryAssignment
practice on (3hrs)
blood glucose measurement
Laboratory practice on renal function tests
Self-study [4hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments
introduction to blood glucose measurement and RFT.
Interactive lecture [5hrs.] Reading
Week 4  Introduction to enzymology Assignment on:
- Classification and Nomenclature of enzymes – TBD

- Diagnostic Enzymology, determination of enzymes

Laboratory practice on (3hrs)
Laboratory practice on Measurement of enzymes

144
 Self-study [3 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading
assignments Enzymology.
Week 5 Interactive lecture on(5hrs),
Function of electrolytes, Electrolytes and water balance
Condition of fluid, electrolyte and acid – base balance (3hrs)
Laboratory practice on Measurement of electrolytes (5hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments
electrolytes.
Week 6 Interactive lecture on (5hrs)
Condition of fluid, electrolyte and acid – base balance
Laboratory practice on Measurement of electrolytes (3 hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments
electrolytes.
Week 7 Interactive lecture on (4 hrs)
 Measurement of electrolytes (3hrs)
 Video show (1hr)
Laboratory practice on Measurement of electrolytes (3 hrs)
Self-study [3hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments
electrolyte analysis.
Week 8 Interactive lecture on (5hrs):
 Physiological role of the liver (4hrs),
Video Animation on (1hr):

 function of the liver

Self-study [3 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments liver
function tests.
Week 9 Interactive lecture on (5hrs) :
 principles of lipid profiles tests
Laboratory practice on Bilirubin, lipid profile test (3hrs)
Self-study [3 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments liver
function tests.
Interactive Lecture on Tests for liver function assessment (5 hrs)
Week 10 Mid Exam
Week 11 Interactive Lecture on (5hrs):
Endocrine Hormones, Principles of Immunochemical techniques(4 hrs)
Group discussion on clinical significance of hormones assays (1hr)

145
 Laboratory practice on determination of hormones (3 hrs)
Self-study [4 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments
hormone assays.
Week 12 Interactive lecture on (5hrs):
 Definition, use Classification and Determinations of Tumor markers
(5 hrs)
Laboratory practice on determination of hormones (3 hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments hormon
analysis.
Week 13 Interactive lecture on (4hrs)
 collection, physical, hematological and microbiological examination of
body fluids(CSF, Semen, synovial, amniotic etc)
Laboratory practice on Measurement of Tumor markers (3 hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments hormon
analysis.
Week 14 Interactive lecture on (4hrs):
 Review of physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine
Laboratory practice on Urinalysis (3hrs)
Self-study (5hrs)
Week 15 Interactive lecture on (4hrs) Cont...
 Collection, physical, hematological and microbiological examination of
body fluids(CSF, Semen, synovial, amniotic etc)
Laboratory practice on Procedure of physical, hematological and
microbiological examination of Body fluid analysis (3hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments
hormone analysis.
Week 15 Interactive lecture on (4hrs):
 collection, physical, hematological and microbiological examination of
body fluids(CSF, Semen, synovial, amniotic etc)
Laboratory practice on Procedure of physical, hematological and
microbiological examination of Body fluid analysis (3hrs)

146
 Self-study [3 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments
hormone analysis.
Week 16 Interactive Lecture on (4hrs):
 Clinical Chemistry test interpretation and reports (2 hrs)
 Automation in Clinical Chemistry (2hrs)
Laboratory practice on clinical chemistry automation (3hrs)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Students will spend this time in reading the given reading assignments
hormone analysis.
Week 17 Laboratory Practice on Clinical Chemistry automation (6hrs)
Week 18 Hospital Laboratory Practice (6hrs)

Week 19 Hospital Laboratory Practice (6hrs)

Week 20 Practical and written final exam

Module title: Toxicology

Module Code: MeLS - M3211
ECTS: 3 EtCTS
Module Description: This module is designed to equip students with Introduction to toxicology; apparatus,
reference compounds; clinical aspects of analytical toxicology; the role of clinical toxicology laboratory;
general laboratory findings in toxicology laboratory (Biochemical and hematological tests); diagnosis and
management of acute poisoning; different toxicological tests (color, thin layer chromatography, UV and
visible spectrophotometer, enzyme immunoassay, radioimmunoassay);summary and analysis of toxicological
data for the detection and identification of common poisons and toxins.

Module Objective

This module is aimed at enabling students to understand the basic science of toxicology and develop
skills to perform toxin analysis using different toxin testing methods and instruments.
Module Competencies
Perform toxin analysis using different methods and instruments following standard operating procedures.
Learning Outcomes:
 Explain scope, application of toxicology
 Describe causes of toxicity
 Discuss the significance of toxicology in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of different
poisoning
 Explain the different methods of sample collection & storage in toxicology laboratory
 Identify toxins

147
  Discuss principles of toxicology and specific toxicity
 Performing toxin analysis
 Identify individuals with hepatotoxicity, other poisoned individual
 Explain mutagens, carcinogens and teratogens
 Discuss principles of analytic toxicology
 Applications of analytic toxicology in general, forensic toxicology and clinical practice
Prerequisites: None
Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture & discussions
 Video animations
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Text books
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters/ Pictures
 LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 speakers
 Laptop
Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Demonstration
Summative
 Presentation (10%)
 Assignment (10%)
 Test/quizzes (10%)
 Written mid exam (20%)
 Written Final exam (50%)
Module policy
 Attendance: It is compulsory to attend a class on time and every time. If students are going to
miss more than three classes during the term, he/she should not take this Module.
 Assignments: the student must do their assignment on time. No late assignment will be accepted.
 Tests/Quizzes: There will be short quizzes and tests almost every week. If a student misses the
class or, are late to class, he/she will miss the quiz or test. No makeup tests or Quizzes will be
given. The students are expected to observe the rules and the regulations of the University as well.
Reference Books
 Doull, J., Kalassen, C.D., and Amdur, M.D., (eds.) Casarett and Doull‘s Toxicology, the Basic
sciences of poisons, 5th Ed, MCGraw Hill, 1996.

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  Timbrell, J.A. Introduction to Toxicology, Taylor and Francis Ltd. 2nd ed. 1995.
 Peter Viccellio. Handbook of Medical Toxicology (1993)
 Lester M. Haddad et al. Clinical management of poisoning and drug overdose (1998)

Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

29hrs 3hrs 1wk 11hrs
Toxicology

Required
Date/Week Learning Activity
Reading
Interactive lecture (2 Hrs) (Assign
Reading
Week 1  Introduction to Toxicology ment)
Assignment
 Definition, areas of toxicology, scope, application, and the medical on:
laboratory scientist role in toxicology
 Nature of toxic responses, routes of poisoning
Self-study [1 hr]
Week 2 Interactive lecture (2 Hrs) Reading
 General Principles of Toxicology Assignment
 Basic principles of toxicology on:
 Toxicity parameters: the chemical form, routes and sites of exposure, – TBD
duration and frequency of exposure (acute, sub-acute, chronic), Dose-
response effects.

Self-study [1 hr]
Week 3 Interactive lecture (1 Hrs) Reading
 General Principles of Toxicology cont… Assignment
 Types of toxic reactions on:
 Variation in toxic responses. – TBD
 Toxicokinetics
Self-study [1 hrs.]
6 hrs
Week 4 Interactive lecture (2 Hrs) Reading
 Mechanisms of toxicity Assignment
 Toxication versus detoxication on:
 Toxicant – target reactions – TBD
 Effects of toxicant on target molecule
 Toxicant induced cellular damages
 Repair – disrepair
Self-study [1 hrs.]

149
 Week 5 Interactive lecture (2 Hrs) Reading
 Introductory Molecular Toxicology Assignment
 Introduction to mutagenesis on:
 Carcinogenesis and reproductive toxicology – TBD
 Examples of mutagens, carcinogens and teratogens
 Tests of mutagenesis teratology and other animal tests
Self-study [1 hr
Week 6 Interactive lecture (2 Hrs) Reading
 Toxic Agents of Pharmaceutical Importance Assignment
 Insecticides on:
 Rodenticides – TBD

Self-study [1hr]
Week 7 Interactive lecture (2 Hrs) Reading
 Toxic Agents of Pharmaceutical Importance cont.… Assignment
 Herbicides on:
 Fungicides – TBD
 Solvents and vapours: Benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, other
haloalkanes and haloalkenes, Ethylalcohol, Methanol, Glycols, others
 Toxic effects of some animal venoms and plant toxicants
Self-study [1 hr]
Week 8 Interactive lecture on (2 Hrs) Reading
 Principles of Analytic Toxicology Assignment
 Applications in general and forensic toxicology and clinical practice on:
 Interpretation of analytic results – TBD
Self-study [1 hr]
Week 9 Interactive lecture (1 Hrs) Reading
 Toxicology in Clinical Practice Assignment
 Treatment of Poisoning on:
 Toxicokinetics and management of a poisoned patient – TBD
Self-study [1 hr]
Week 10 Mid examination week (2 hrs)
Week 11 Interactive lecture (1 Hrs) Reading
Assignment
 Toxicology in Clinical Practice cont.… on:
 Diuresis, Dialysis, lavage, purgation, whole bowel irrigation, and other – TBD
general care procedure

 Specific poisoning and antidotes

150
  Non – metals

Self-study [1 hr]

Week 12 Interactive lecture (1 Hrs) Reading

 Toxicology in Clinical Practice cont.… Assignment
 Amphetamine and related stimulants on:
 Anticholinergics, -adrenergic antagonists – TBD
Self-study [1 hr]
Week 13 Interactive lecture (1 Hrs) Reading
 Toxicology in Clinical Practice cont.… Assignment
 Cyanide, carbon monoxide and other noxious gases on:
 Digitalis glycoside – TBD

Self-study [1 hr]

Week 14 Interactive lecture (1 Hrs) Reading

 Toxicology in Clinical Practice cont.… Assignment
 Ethanol, methanol on:
 Hydrocarbons and petroleum distillates – TBD

Self-study [1 hr]

Week 15 Interactive lecture (1 Hrs) Reading

 Toxicology in Clinical Practice cont.… Assignment
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates and other pesticides on:
 Narcotic opiates – TBD

Self-study [1 hr]
Week 16 Interactive lecture (1 Hrs) Reading
 Toxicology in Clinical Practice cont.… Assignment
 Phenothiazines on:
 Solicylates and paracetamol – TBD

Self-study [1 hr]

151
Week 17 Interactive lecture (1 Hrs) Reading
 Toxicology in Clinical Practice cont.… Assignment
 Sedatives and hypnotics on:
 Metals of pharmaceutical importance – TBD

Self-study [1 hr]

Week 18 Interactive lecture (2 Hrs) Reading

Assignment
 Toxicology in Clinical Practice cont.… on:
 Metal chelating agents: – TBD

o BAL, DMPS, EDTA, DMSA, Penicillamine , DTPA,

Desferrioxamine, DTC

 Metals:

o Aluminium. Bismuth, Gallium, Gold, Lithium, platinium antimony,

Barium, Silver, Titanium, Iron, Mercury, Copper, Magnesium,
selenium, lead , others

Self-study [1 hr]
Week 19 Laboratory demonstration and practice (3hrs) Reading
ELISA and other lab procedures Assignment
Self-study [2 hr] on:
– TBD
Week 20 Finale exam week (3 hrs)

Health Laboratory Management and Quality Assurance

Module title: Health Laboratory Management and Quality Assurance
Module Code: MeLS-M3221
ECTS: 6
Module Description: This module designed to prepare the undergraduate Medical Laboratory Science Students
to be competent health services manager in general and health laboratory manager in particular by applying the
basic concept and principle of health and laboratory management. It is also designed to prepare the students
with the ability to apply the concept of quality assurance in the health laboratory to provide quality laboratory
services.
Module Objective
By the end of this module students are able to apply basic concept and principle of health and laboratory
management and concept of quality assurance in the health laboratory to provide quality laboratory services

152
Module Competencies
 Participate in Management, Leadership and Governance of the health care system in general and
medical laboratory in particular.
 Supervise medical/clinical laboratory personnel
 Evaluate test results, develop and update procedures to ensure the accuracy of tests.
 Design and implement quality enhancement plan to ensure the delivery of quality laboratory services.
 Apply knowledge and critical thinking to improve the laboratory-working environment
 Apply international Medical/Clinical laboratory quality standards
 Monitor and maintain proper functioning of medical laboratory equipment and reagents
 Setup specification for laboratory equipment and other logistics
Learning Outcomes:
To meet the above module objective, the student will be expected to:
 Describe concept and theories of management
 Explain basic management functions
 Describe function, qualities and types of leadership
 Understand level of health services and health management information system
 Lead and manage organizational of health care system.
 Understand the concepts of human resource management
 Apply concepts of management and management skill to supervise medical/clinical laboratory
personnel
 Performance appraisal of laboratory personnel
 Introduce Quality assurance
 Identify different types of quality control
 Discuss method selection and evaluation
 Specimen integrity
 Perform quality control test
 Apply standard operating procedure update SOPs regularly
 Describe internal and external quality assessment and proficiency testing
 Discuss quality assurance cycle
 Apply internal and external quality assessment
 Understand safety need of laboratory\
 Identify laboratory physical arrangement obstacles that affects working environment

153
  Apply universal safety precaution in medical laboratory
 Understand medical/clinical laboratory quality standards
 Apply quality control to monitor and maintain proper functioning of medical laboratory equipment and
reagents
 Describe material resource and financial management
 Prepare specification of equipment and materials inventory
Prerequisites: None

Duration: 20 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Interactive lecture and discussions
 Laboratory Demonstration
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists
 Textbooks
 Reference manual
 Writing board
 Posters/Pictures
 LCD Projector
 White board, marker
 Laptop

Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Demonstration
Summative
 Assignment (10%)
 Tests and quizzes (20%)
 Written mid exam (25%)
 Written Final exam (45%)

Reference Books

154
 1. EndrisMekonnen; Health Laboratory Management and quality assurance lecture note, 2004.
2. Wubet B, Shimelis A. Health laboratory management lecture note series for medical laboratory
technology students, 2007.
3. WaqtolaCheneke. Health Laboratory Management module for Medical Laboratory Science students.
Jimma University, 2009.
4. Wubet Birhan & Shimeles Assefa. Quality Assurance in medical laboratory, lecture note, 2007
5. Micheal Bishop; Clinical chemistry principles, procedures and correlation; 4th edition, 2000.
Recommended study books

1. Lionel A. Varnadoe. Medical Laboratory Management and Supervision, 1996.

2. Denis M. Harmening. Laboratory management; principles and processes, 2nd edition 2007.
3. Hudson J. Principles of clinical laboratory management, a study guide and work book. Pearson
Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2003.
4. Attener R, Warner R. Introduction to management. Kent publishing. Co.Boston. 1996.
5. Besrch C. Laboratory information systems continue to add features that contribute to maximizing
personnel and cost containment. Medical Laboratory Observer, Jan, 2003.
6. Svirbely JR, Smith JW, and Speicher CE. (eds) Snyder JR and Wilkinson D, Computers and Laboratory
Information Systems, Management in Laboratory Medicine, 299-314, 1997.
7. Hoffer J. George J. Valacich J. Modern System Analysis and Design. Fourth edition, Prentice Hall,
2005
8. Lawrence A. Kaplan, Clinical Chemistry, theory, analysis, correlation, Fourth edition, 2003.
9. Teitz, Text book of Clinical Chemistry, 2nd edition, 1992.
10. Teitz, Fundamentals of clinical chemistry, 5th edition, 2000.
11. Cheesbrough Monica, Medical Laboratory manual for Tropical countries, Vol. 1, 1992.

Module schedule

Module Name Theory Skill lab Clinical Practice Self-study

Health laboratory management 100hrs ------ ------ 33hrs
and quality assurance

Reading
Week Learning Activity
(Assignment)

155
 Interactive lecture on (4hrs.): Reading
(Week 1) Introduction to Leader ship, management and Governance Assignment
on:
 Definition, Importance of leader ship and management
 Leader Vs management
 Management levels
Self-study [2 hrs.]
Interactive lecture on (4hrs): Reading
(Week 2) The management functions (2hrs.) Assignment
on:
 Planning Organizing, Directing, Staffing, Controlling –To be assigned
Organization of health laboratory service in Ethiopia (1 hr)

Power, Authority, Delegation and Decentralization (1 hr)

 Definition of power
 Types of power
 Definition of Authority
 Staff authority

Self-study [2 hrs.]

Interactive lecture on (4hrs)

(Week 3) Power, Authority, Delegation and Decentralization (1 hr) continue
…
Definition of delegation, Advantage of delegation, Barriers of
delegation
 Tasks of effective delegation, Decentralization, Advantage,
Limitation
Effective communication (2hrs)
 Definitions, Channels of communication, Media for
communication, Barriers of communications
Job analysis, work descriptions and work groups (1 hr)
 Job analysis

156
 Self-study [3 hrs.]
(Week 4) Interactive lecture on (2hrs)
Job analysis, work descriptions and work groups
 Work description, Selection process, Performance evaluation,
Work groups
Self-study [3 hrs.]
(Week 5) Interactive lecture on (4hrs)
Human Resource Management (4hrs)
 Recruitment, hiring and orientation of laboratory personnel
General considerations in employee selection
Selection process, Steps in hiring, Recruitment of
applicants
Selection of new employee , Orientation and training
 Performance appraisal of laboratory personnel (2 hours)
Definitions, The evaluators, Form to use in appraisal
system
Employee comparison, Critical incidents
Self-appraisal, Salary increase

Self-study [3 hrs.]
(Week 6) Interactive lecture on (3hrs)
Human Resource Management ……..continue
 Staff development (1 hours)
Introductions, Kinds of staff development program
 Responsibilities of persons involved in staff development (30
minutes)
Purchasing and Management of material resources (1:30 hrs)
 Purchasing, Definition of supplies and equipment‘s, The bidding
process
 Choosing equipment‘s, Inventory
Self-study [2 hrs.]

157
Week 7 Interactive lecture on (3hrs)
Purchasing and Management of material resources (1:30 hrs)…Continue
 Inventory of equipment, Discarding equipment, Supply inventory
control
 Storing supplies, Maintenance of equipment‘s
Management of financial resource (1:30 hrs)
 Types of budget, Management teamwork in preparing a budget
 Capital budget, Controls
Self-study [4 hrs.]
(Week 8) Interactive lecture (3hrs)
 Management of time (1hr)
 Laboratory safety management (1hr)
 Laboratory quality management(1hr)
Self-study [2 hrs.]
(Week 9) Interactive lecture on (2hrs)
Laboratory design and space utilization
Self-study [2 hrs.]
(Week10) Mid exam [2 hrs.]

Self-study (1hr)

(Week 11) Interactive lecture (3hrs)

Introduction to Quality assurance
 Definition of important terms in QA, Essential components of QS,
Aspects of QA, Characteristics of QA, Basic components of QA
program, Benefits of Quality assurance, The purpose of health
laboratory
 Errors in the clinical laboratories
Clerical Errors , Sampling, Analytical errors
 Types of Diagnostic tests
 Accuracy and precision
Self-study [2 hrs.]

158
(Week 12) Interactive lecture (4hr)
Indicators of values of Diagnostic tests (1hr)
Sensitivity
Specificity
Test Efficiency
 Predictive values
The Quality assurance cycle (1hr)

 Pre analytical phases of QA

 Method selection and evaluation
 Objectives of method evaluation
Interactive lecture (2hr)
 Method selection, Method evaluation, Establishing a working plan
 Method evaluation in the absence of a comparative method
Linearity check, Replicate experiment
Recovery studies, Interference experiment

Self-study [2 hrs.]

159
(Week 13) Interactive lecture (4hr)
 Method evaluation in the presence of a comparative methods
(2hrs)
Check for Precision, Check for accuracy
Linear regression and correlation, Correlation co-efficient
Specimen Management and Standard Operating Procedures (2hr)

 Specimen integrity, Specimen collection manual

 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
Definition, Purposes of SOPs, Benefits of SOPs
Common Elements of SOPS

Self-study [2 hrs.]
(Week 14) Interactive lecture (2hrs)
Types of SOPs for preanalytical phases of quality
assurance
 SOPs for specimen collection and transport
 SOPs for Specimen Receipt and Processing
 SOPs for Analytic and Post-Analytic Processes
Who write SOPs
Characteristics of Good Sops:
Common Problems with SOPs
Successful Implementation of SOPs requires:
Self-study [2 hrs.]

(Week 15) Interactive lecture (3hrs)

160
 Analytical and Post analytical Phase of Quality Assurance (3 hrs)

 Analytical phase of Quality Assurance

Internal and external controls
Source of External controls
Internal quality control
Types of internal quality control materials
Characteristics of good control materials
Control versus calibrator
Preparation of quality control samples
Practical evaluation and interpretation of quality control data
 Qualitative tests
 Quantitative tests systems
 Levey Jennings or the Shewhart control charts
 Basic quality control rules
Similarities in performance characteristics for quality control
and diagnostic tests
Self-study [2 hrs.]

(Week 16) Interactive lecture (3hrs)

Approaches used to interpret patient samples in quality
control
 Absurd value check, Duplicate analysis
 Delta check, Samples, False sense of security
 Post Analytical Quality Assurance
Documentation of tests results
Interpretation and reporting of tests results
Safety in Clinical Laboratory
Self-study [2 hrs.]

161
 (Week 17) Interactive lecture (2hrs)
Determination of Reference Interval (1hr)
 Sources of reference ranges / Normal ranges
 Establishment of RR/NR
External Quality Assessment (1hr)
 Methods external quality assessment
 Objectives of external quality assessment
 Evaluation of survey samples

Self-study [2 hrs.]
(Week 18) Interactive Lecture on (2hrs)

QA for specific fields (1hrs)

An Over View of Accreditation and Proficiency Testing (1 hrs)

Self-study [2 hrs.]

( week 19) Visit/trip to nearby health laboratory institution (6 hrs)

Self-study [2 hrs.]
(Week 20) Final exam (3 hrs)

Module title: Professional Practice

Module Code: MeLS-M3231
ECTS: 7 EtCTS
 Module Description: This module is designed to enable medical laboratory science students
exercise safety in the laboratory; specimen collection, transportation and storage; the use of
laboratory instruments and glassware. Perform different sterilization and disinfection techniques.
Detect and identify medically important helminths and protozoa in different clinical specimens.
Preparation and preservation of serological specimens. Perform different serological tests. This
module covers physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine and body fluids,
calibration of instruments and measurement of clinical analytes from clinical specimen. The module
equips students with basic knowledge and skills of different diagnostic techniques used in

162
 hematology, immunohematology, and histopathology laboratories and microbiology. It also
includes preparation, proper storage and quality control of different reagents and staining solutions
used; proper specimen collection, labeling, processing, examination, interpretation, reporting,
documenting and application of quality control measures and safety in these laboratories following
Standard Operating Procedures. This professional practice is intensive and comprehensive
internship on professional laboratory practice which includes proper patient identification, specimen
collection, transportation, processing, storage, and laboratory diagnosis at hospital laboratories.
Integration of knowledge, skills and practice in to the real health care setting. Understand the
functional units of health care and integration of laboratory to the system. Develop good attitude
towards working for the benefit of patients.
Module Objective: This module provides students with the opportunity to work under supervision in
different hospital/health center laboratory departments including a primary health care setting preparing
them for autonomous practice.
Module Competencies
 Perform patient identification proper specimen collection, handling, processing and storage for onsite
analysis and sample referral as per standard operating procedure.
 Perform routine and advanced biochemical, microbiological, hematological, immunologic, molecular
and parasitological tests on clinical specimens as per standard operating procedure.
 Interpret report and document laboratory test results correctly.

Learning Outcomes:

To meet the above module objective, the student will be expected to:

 Identify the right patient for specimen collection

 Collect and process appropriate laboratory specimens
 Store and refer laboratory specimens according to SOP
 Perform routine and advanced biochemical tests according to SOP
 Perform routine and advanced microbiological tests according to SOP
 Perform routine and advanced hematological tests according to SOP
 Perform routine and advanced immunologic and serological tests according to SOP
 Perform routine and advanced parasitological tests according to SOP
 Perform routine and advanced molecular tests according to SOP
 Properly interpret, report and document laboratory test results

163
 Prerequisites: Basic to Medical Laboratory Sciences, Molecular Biology and Applied Genetics,
Immunology and Serology, Medical Parasitology, Hematology and Immunohematology,
Histopathology, Medical Bacteriology, Medical Virology, Medical Mycology, Clinical Chemistry,
Health Laboratory Management and Quality Assurance.

Duration: 8 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Laboratory Demonstration
 Laboratory practice
Teaching and learning materials
 Learning guides and checklists, Text books, Reference manual, Standard Operating Procedures,
Posters/ Pictures, LCD Projector, White board, marker, Laptop
Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation & Demonstration
Summative
 Laboratory report (10%)
 Practical exam (15%)
 Oral Exam (10%)
 Move exam (20%)
 Final written practical exam (45%)
Reference Books
Module schedule (8wks clinical practice)
Required
Date/Week Learning Activity
Reading
(Week 1-3) Hospital practice on use of laboratory equipment and laboratory Reading Assignment
(Assignment)
wares (120hrs.) on:
Practical attachment on Medical Parasitology and Urinalysis

Self-study [10 hrs.]

(Week 4-7) Hospital practice on (160hrs):
- Hematology and Immunohematology
- Serology Lab
Self-study [7 hrs]

164
 (Week 8&9) Hospital practice on (80hrs):
 Clinical Chemistry
Self-study [8hrs.]
Hospital practice on (110hrs):

Week (10-12) Medial Microbiology and Molecular Biology

Practical exam and written (10hrs)

Module Title: Student Research Project

Module Code: MLS-M3241
Module EtCTS: 5 EtCts

Module Description:

 This module is intended to prepare learners to design and conduct operational health
research.

Module Objective
 At the end of this module, the medical student will be able to design and conduct an
operational health research.

Supporting Objectives
1. Conduct literature review
2. Develop research proposal
3. Conduct research
4. Analyze data and make appropriate interpretation of findings
5. Write a scientific research report
6. Disseminate research findings

Duration: 20 Weeks
Teaching-Learning Methods
1. Supervised research
2. Portfolio

Teaching learning material

165
 1. AV aids (LCD and computer or Overhead projector and transparencies, writing board and
marker or chalk)
2. Computers with data analysis software and internet access

Assessment Methods
Formative assessment
1. Portfolio
2. Progressive assessment
Summative assessment
1. Developing a research protocol (40 %)
2. Final research report (30 %)
3. Oral presentation of research finding (30 %)

References
1. MakonnenAsefa. Manual for Research Undertaking: the participatory approach, learning
by doing.2003.
2. GetuDegu and TegbarYigzaw. Research Methodology: Lecture Note for Health Science
Students. Ethiopian Public Health Training Initiative. 2006.
3. Corlien M. Varkevisser, IndraPathmanathan, and Ann Brownlee. Designing and
Conducting Health Systems Research Projects: Volume 1 (Proposal Development and
Fieldwork). KIT/IDRC. 2003
4. Corlien M. Varkevisser, IndraPathmanathan, and Ann Brownlee. Designing and
Conducting Health Systems Research Projects: Volume 2. KIT/IDRC. 2003
5. HenrykDancygier: Clinical epidemiology. How to do clinical practice research
6. Margaret L. Brandeau: Operations research and health care. Handbook of methods and
applications
7. Nigel Bruce, Danniel Pope and Debbi Stanistreet: Quantitative methods for health
research. A practical interactive guide to epidemiology and statistics
8. Ann Bowling: Research methods in health. Investigating health and health service.
Module Schedule
Week Content Time
Week 1-4 Proposal Development

166
 Week 5-12 Data collection
Week 13-17 Analysis and Write-up
Week 18 Oral presentation
Week 20 Final paper submission

Module title: Advanced and research lab attachment

Module Code: MeLS-M3251
ECTS: 3ECTS
Duration: 3Wks

Module Description: This module designed to attached the student to major hospital laboratories, regional
laboratories, advanced and Research Institutes laboratories found at the vicinity and also in Addis Ababa and
Debre – Zeit, where he/she can have exposure to the latest Hi-techs in the medical laboratory sciences available in
the country. Students will also be exposed to high standard laboratories to understand the basic work flow in
medical laboratory, patient reception, sample collection, registry; test analysis and result communication and
documentation systems. Students will rotate for the periods of 5 days in different laboratories in the nation to boost
the practical skill of the students.

Module Objective
By the end of this module students will acquired knowledge, skill and attitude of advanced laboratory procedures
for diagnostic and research purpose and recognize available technologies in the country
Module Competencies
 Design and conduct problem solving operational and basic research projects
 Use automated equipment and instruments capable of performing a number of tests simultaneously and other
sophisticated laboratory equipment
 Interpret, report and document laboratory test results correctly
Learning Outcomes:
To meet the above module objective, the student will be expected to:
 Discuss the principles of advanced laboratory procedures for diagnostic and research purpose
 Recognize available technologies for research in the country
 Demonstrate advanced technologies in the field
 Demonstrate different advanced laboratory techniques
 Properly interpret, report and document advanced laboratory test results

167
 Prerequisites: All Core Modules

Duration: 3 weeks
Teaching and learning methods
 Laboratory visit
 Laboratory Demonstration
Methods of Assessment
Formative
 Observation
 Demonstration
Summative
 Laboratory report (60%)
 Written exam (40%)
Module schedule (3 weeks clinical practice)

Reading
Week Learning Activity
(Assignment)

(Week 1-3) Laboratory visit and demonstration (120hrs)

Attachment Title: Team Training Program (TTP)

Module Code: SPH-M3264
Module ECTS: 7ECTS
Module Duration: 6 Weeks

Attachment Description: This TTP attachment is intended to provide medical interns experiential
learning opportunities while providing primary health care services by teaming up with other health
professionals. This supervised practice covers both clinical and public health tasks.

Attachment Objective
At the end of this attachment the medical intern will be able to provide essential clinical and public health
services in primary health care setting in the context of effective teamwork with other healthcare students.

Supporting Objectives
 Diagnose and manage patients at the primary health care unit level in an ethical and efficient
manner
 Diagnose and manage common infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies

168
  Recognize immediate life-threatening conditions, institute appropriate first-line treatment and
arrange referral for those who require higher level of care
 Provide basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric care available at PHCU level
 Provide continued care for patients with common chronic health conditions
 Identify and refer patients who require higher level of care
 Provide comprehensive reproductive health/maternal and child health services
 Perform minor surgical and obstetric procedures
 Perform and interpret basic laboratory tests
 Identify priority community health problems and hazards and their determinants
 Design and implement effective and feasible health promotion and disease prevention
interventions
 Design and implement health education sessions on priority health issues
 Interact with other healthcare professionals through effective teamwork
 Lead and manage healthcare team and health services at PHCU level
 Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve community health problems
 Evaluate effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility, equitability, and quality of health services
 Communicate effectively with individuals, families, communities, PHCU staff, local health
department staff, peers and faculty
 Interact with individuals and families with sensitivity to personal and cultural factors
 Advise individuals and families to promote health and prevent illness
 Demonstrate professional values and behavior in interaction with individuals, families and
communities consistent with the future role of a physician
 Demonstrate key public health values, attitudes and behaviors such as commitment to equity and
social justice, recognition of the importance of the health of the community as well as the
individual, and respect for diversity, self-determination, empowerment, and community
participation
 Show respect for peers and other healthcare students and professionals and the ability to foster a
positive collaborative relationship with them
 Analyze community practice experience and perform practice-based improvement activities using
a systematic methodology
 Use information technology to manage information, access online medical information, and
support one‘s own education
 Demonstrate a habit of self-reflection, responsiveness to feedback and an on-going development
of new skills, knowledge and attitude
 Search, collect, organize and interpret health and health-related information from different
sources Use information and communication technology to assist in health promotion and disease
prevention measures for individuals and families
Duration: 6 weeks
Pre-requisite: All Modules
Teaching-Learning Methods
 Community survey, Mini-project, Supervised clinical practice
 Supervised community practice, Portfolio
Teaching-Learning Materials
 David Sprigings, John B. Chambers. Acute medicine: a practical guide to the management of
medical emergencies / – 4th edition.
 Ferri. Ferri's Clinical Advisor, 1st edition. 2009
 Dan L Long (et al.) Harrison‘s principles of medicine. 18th edition. 2012

169
  Goldman. Cecil Medicine. 23rd edition. 2007
 Bailey and Love‘s Short Practice of Surgery. 25th ed. [edited by] Norman J Williams,
Christopher J.K. Bulstrode, P Ronnan O‘Connell. 2008
 Courtney M. Townsend Jr. [et al.]. Sabiston textbook of surgery: the biological basis of modern
surgical practice. —19th ed. 2012
 Schwartz, Principles of Surgery. 9th edition.2010
 WHO. District hospital essential surgical skills manual.
 Eddleston, Michael; Davidson, Robert; Brent, Andrew; Wilkinson, Robert. Oxford Handbook of
Tropical Medicine, 3rd Edition. 2008
 Hillard, Paula J. Adams. 5-Minute Obstetrics & Gynecology Consult. The 1st Edition. 2008
 Current Diagnosis & Treatment Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tenth Edition. 2007
 Nelson Text book of Pediatrics, 19th edition
 Nelson essentials of pediatrics. 6th edition
 Jira C, Feleke A, Mitike G. Health services management for health science students. Carter
Center; 2003.
 Berhane Y, Haile Mariam D, Kloos H. The epidemiology and ecology of health and disease in
Ethiopia. Addis Ababa; Shama Books, 2006.
 Rothman. Modern epidemiology
 Daniel: Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in health sciences.
 Pagano: Principles of Biostatistics
 Management Sciences for Health (MSH). Managers who lead. MSH, 2005.
 Walt G, Vaughan P. An Introduction to the Primary Health Care Approach in Developing
Countries: A Review with Selected Annotated References. Ross Institute of Tropical Hygiene:
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
1981.http://books.google.com.et/books/about/An_Introduction_to_the_Primary_Health_Ca.html?
id=qkaIAAAACAAJ
 Carl Fertman and Diane Allensworth. Health promotion programs: from theory to practice. 2010
 Lawrence Green, Marshall Kreuter. Health program planning: an educational and ecological
approach. Volumes 1-2. 2005
 Jackie Green, Keith Tones. Health promotion: planning and strategies. 2010
 Mark Edberg. Essentials of health behavior: social and behavioral theory in public health. 2007
 Richard D. Semba and Martin W. Bloem. Nutrition and health in developing countries. Human
Press. 2008
 Goeffrey P Webb. Nutrition. A health promotion approach. 3rd edition.
 Rosalind S. Gibson. Principles of nutritional assessment. 2nd edition. 2005
 Robert H Friis. Essentials of environmental health (2nd edition). The essential public health
series. 2012.
 Kathryn Hilgenkamp. Environmental Health: Ecological Perspectives. 2006
 Herman Koren and Michael Bisesi. Handbook of environmental health. 2002
AV aids (LCD and computer or Overhead projector and transparencies, writing board and marker or
chalk)
Computers with internet and data analysis software
Logbooks for entry of community experience
Stationeries for community survey
Drugs, equipment, tools and materials for clinical and public health interventions
Assessment Methods
Formative assessment

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  Logbook and portfolio
 Continuous supervision TTP
 Weekly activity report and Seminar
Summative assessment
 Action plan (20 %)
 Case scenario (20 %)
 Fourteen night report (15 %)
 Community diagnosis (15 %)
 Mini-project (15 %)
 Final activity report (15%)

Attachment Schedule
Week Activity
Week Discussion with local administration, health office, PHCU staff and community representatives
1 about attachment objectives and roles and responsibilities of all parties
Community diagnosis: survey, analysis of results, action plan and presentation and discussion
Week Plan and implement PHCU and local health office activities in coordination with them
2-6
 Clinical service at OPD, clinic, wards and outreach sites throughout the week including
duty
 Public health interventions: Health education, school health, prison health, EPI,
epidemic investigation and management, primary health care evaluation including
clinical services, environmental health activities (inspection of water sources, food
hygiene in public restaurants, public sanitation facilities, waste disposal, health facilities
supervision, workplace safety), mini-project to solve priority community health
problems
 Home visit on Fridays for half day
 Weekly activity report and seminar on Friday afternoons
 Evaluate effectiveness and efficiency of the service rendered and the community
learning experience
 Overall reporting and discussion

Typical Weekly Schedule of Week 2-6

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

AM Group I: Clinic Group I: Clinical Group I: Public Group I: Public Home

service at PHCUs service at PHCUs health interventions health interventions visit
including duty including duty

Group II: Clinical Group II: Clinical

Group II: Public Group II: Public service at PHCUs service at PHCUs
health health including duty including duty
interventions interventions

171
PM Group I: Clinic Group I: Clinic Group I: Public Group I: Public Weekly
service at PHCUs service at PHCUs health interventions health interventions activity
including duty including duty report
Seminar
Group II: Clinical Group II: Clinical
Group II: Public Group II: Public service at PHCUs service at PHCUs
health health including duty including duty
interventions interventions

NB.
 Depending on the number of interns and size of facilities, 2-4 interns will be assigned for duty at
OPD and wards during evening hours and in the weekends.
 Seminar topics will be selected through discussion between interns and faculty based on national
and local relevance
 Outreach and public health interventions will be coordinated with plans of the district and

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 ANNEXES

APPENDIX I: MODULES EXEMPTED (23.3 % OF THE MODULE WEIGHT IN THE REGULAR

PROGRAM )
S. No Module Code Modules Title Cr. Hrs EtCTS

MeLS 2081 Introduction to Medical Laboratory Science 3 5

MeLS 3131 Heamatology I 4 7

MeLS 3161 Introduction to Bacteriology 4 7

MeLS 2112 Medical Parasitology I 4 7

MeLS 4181 Clinical Chemistry I 4 7

MeLS 2121 Practicum I 2 3

MeLS 3142 Practicum II 3 5

ComH 2094 Health Education 2 3

Com H 4201 Health service management 2 3

EnvH 2093 Environmental Health 2 3

ComH4221 CBTP* 3 5

MLS4183 Urinalysis 2 3

Total 35 58

*To be decided by the respective University Academic commissio

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APPENDIX II: PROFESSIONAL ATTITUDES EVALUATION FORM
Instructor: _____________________ Name of student_______________________ Year______________ Semester
_____________________ Module___________________

Ability to Follow Directions Interest in Work Cooperation

Carefully follows written and/or Is punctual and attentive. Approaches Voluntarily shares equipment and
verbal directions. assigned work and evaluation in a reagents. Offers to help others at
appropriate times.
Asks for clarification, if non-complaining manner. Asks
necessary. Is congenial and tactful. Responds to
pertinent questions and seeks corrections and criticism without being
Adheres to safety guidelines. additional information at appropriate quarrelsome and defensive.
times.
Requires minimal supervision
Participates in classroom discussions
beyond initial explanation. and supplemental activities.

3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3
Ability to Communicate Persistence Integrity

Submits work that is clearly Voluntarily remains to complete Recognizes and accepts responsibility for
written, on time, properly assigned work or solve unexpected own mistakes without making excuses or
recorded and corrected. Verbal problems even when other students blaming others. Makes decisions based
communication is easily have left. on common sense and submits own
understood in standard English. work.

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Punctuality/Attendance Initiative Patience & Respect

Is on time to class and rarely is Recognizes and voluntarily carries out Shows (verbally & non-verbally)
absent or tardy. unassigned but necessary tasks. acceptance of differences in race and
culture. Shows tolerance for students
who may not adjust as easily to change
and stress. Accepts responsibility for own
behavior in such areas as punctuality,
politeness, and dependability in group
activities.

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 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3

Flexibility Ability to Prioritize Judgment

Accepts and adjusts to logistical Puts personal and outside interests Performs & monitors QC appropriately.
limitations and reasonable aside and concentrates on the work-at- Discriminates between relevant detail to
changes. Calmly approaches hand. arrive at sound conclusions.
unexpected problems and
stressful situations.

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3

Organization COMMENTS:

Performs lab work in a neat

orderly manner. Approaches new
procedures and problem solving
situations with minimal
confusion and need for extra
help. Completes assigned work in
a timely fashion using
appropriate protocol.

and supplemental activities.

3 3 3 3 3

D Needs Improvement A Average Above Average

B

A F
Excellent performance Failed

Over all result ________________________________________

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APPENDIX III: SMLS CLINICAL LABORATORY PRACTICUM STUDENT CONTRACT
Your role as a student is to do your best to learn all you can by actively participating in the clinical practicum and to
correlate classroom knowledge with real world clinical experience. You are expected to develop and/or strengthen
your entry-level competencies. Due to the involvement of health care agencies and their clients in your training,
you must observe rules developed to maintain standards of service provided by those agencies. You must not
behave in a manner that might disrupt patient care or the orderly conduct of business within the health care
agency.

I understand that in the clinical practicum rotation I am a student of ________ University and will project a positive
image of the clinical affiliate, the Medical Laboratory Science program, and ______Universtiy. As a condition of
participating at the clinical facility, I hereby agree to:

 Adhere to the clinical affiliate policies while on its premises

 Read and follow procedure manuals and policies of the clinical affiliate.

 Adhere to the attendance policy of the clinical affiliate and the SMLT Program.

 Inform the clinical affiliate and the SMLT program coordinator at least on half hour before my scheduled
rotation time if I am absent

 Make-up any material missed, if absent, at the convenience and discretion of the clinical affiliate. I
understand that this may include extension of my clinical practicum.

 Arrive prepared to begin clinical responsibilities on or before the time required by the clinical affiliate. I
understand that tardiness and absences will not be tolerated.

 Read and take responsibility for completing the clinical objectives in each rotation.

 Respect and preserve the confidential nature of all medical and personal information related to patients
of the clinical facility.

 Cooperate with clinical faculty and other health care workers to provide quality patient care in a timely
manner.

 Acquaint myself with the location of reference materials, reagents and supplies in each area of clinical
rotation.

 Ask appropriate questions, when necessary.

 Review module materials while in each corresponding clinical rotation to prepare for each rotation.

 Adhere to this contract and also other regulation of respective universities.

I have read, and understand the above information and agree to comply with the terms of this contract. I
understand that the clinical affiliate and/or the school has the right to terminate the clinical experience at any time
for lack of attendance, tardiness, unethical or inappropriate behaviour, poor attitude, lack of personal hygiene,
failure of student to meet their performance standards or failure to follow their policies.

176
Name of the student ___________________________

Signature:___________________________________ Date: ______________________

APPENDIX IV: STUDENTS CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT

Confidential information includes but is not limited to: patient information, medical records, hospital information,
physician information, and employee records that may be encountered in the module of the clinical practicum.
Maintaining confidentiality means to share information only with healthcare professionals who have the “need to
know” the information.

Federal laws prohibit the unauthorized use and/or dissemination of patient medical information by health care
personnel. Health care workers are entrusted to protect medical information about patients and obligated to not
seek out information their job does not require. Civil and criminal penalties may be imposed to protect the
patients right to privacy.

Below is a list, while not all-inclusive, of actions that may be considered breaches of patient confidentiality:

Reading a patient’s chart for the sake of curiosity or other personal reasons.

Conversations with other personnel, who do not have a need-to-know, about patients.

Conversations with family and friends about patients.

Attempting to seek out electronic or hard copy information (e.g. for a friend or family member) not required by my
position.

Virtually any disclosure of patient information to a third party without proper authorization or statutory right or
obligation to do so.

I hereby reaffirm my pledge that I will not disclose, to anyone, any medical information about patients that I may
acquire as a result of my clinical education, without patient to do so or as otherwise allowed by law. In addition, I
will not seek out information about patients that I do not require to perform my assigned duties. I understand that
any attempt to seek out information, hard copy, electronic or verbal, not required by may position or any
unauthorized disclosure or information shall be cause for immediate discipline, including discharge.

I understand that all questions of release of information are to be referred to a medical laboratory employee. Any
time I am not sure of the proper action, I will withhold information until the release or question is resolved.

Further, I agree to hold harmless and protect _____ University, the clinical education facility and research
institutions against any and all claims for damages resulting from my unauthorized disclosure of patient
information as here in-above provided.

______________________________________________________________________________

Student name (Printed) Date

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______________________________________________________________________________________

Student Signature Date

APPENDIX V: CLINICAL PRACTICUM STUDENT EVALUATION FORM

Student: _______________________________Department: _____________________

Directions to clinical faculty: Select the number that best describes the student’s behaviour in this section of the
laboratory and mark an “X” in the appropriate box. Use the comment spaces to make any additional comments.
Write NA, if you are unable to rate the student in a particular category.

Unacceptable performance: Student consistently did not display desired skill or behaviour.

Inconsistent performance: Student requires constant, detailed supervision in order to perform in the laboratory.

Minimal competence: Student demonstrates acceptable skill or behaviour for minimal entry-level technologist.

Superior Competence: Student demonstrates above average skill and knowledge. Always displays appropriate
professional behaviours.

SKILLS

Accurate and Reliable Laboratory Testing

Observed Outcome 1 2 3 4

Follows all safety procedures

Learns new procedures in a reasonable amount of time

Follows laboratory procedures and protocols

Recognizes normal and abnormal results

Understands the theoretical basis for laboratory tests & demonstrates

knowledge of assigned readings

Plans and organizes work effectively and efficiently

Possesses technical skills of an entry level technician

Calculates, transcribes and reports data accurately

Performs and interprets quality control procedures

Comments:

PROFESSIONAL BEHAVIORS

Attendance and dependability

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 1 2 3 4

Arrives on time and ready to begin work

Begins work promptly

Schedules breaks appropriately

Prepares to finish at end of shift

Follows procedure for reporting absences

Follows procedure for making up missed work

Does not ask to leave early on a regular basis

COMMENTS:

Initiative

1 2 3 4

Performs assigned tasks responsibly with minimal supervision

Completes assigned readings

Looks for ways to help with routine work

COMMENTS:

Judgment and Decision Making

1 2 3 4

Questions asked are appropriate and discerning

Recognizes limitations and seeks help when necessary

Demonstrates increasing decisiveness as experience is gained

Notes abnormal or discrepant results and takes action before reporting

COMMENTS:

Integrity

1 2 3 4

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Admits errors when they occur

Follows procedures and policies of the laboratory

Pays attention to detail

Accepts constructive criticism

Applies constructive criticism toward improving performance

COMMENTS:

Professional Relationships and Cooperation

1 2 3 4

Works well as a team member

Helps others willingly

Presents results for review before reporting

Communicates well with other health professionals

COMMENTS:

The evaluation is to be reviewed with the student by the clinical practicum instructor. If there exists concerns with
the evaluation, please contact the MLS Program Director and the appropriate faculty will assist to resolve issues
dealing with the student evaluation.

Date completed by instructors: _______ Signature: ______________

Date Reviewed by Student: _____________ Signature: ______________________

180
 APPENDIX VI: STUDENT PROGRESS REPORT FORMAT

School Of Medical Laboratory Sciences

Name University

Student Progress Report format

Student’s Name: ____________________________ Module: __________________

Instructor: _________________________________

As of _________________ (date) you have earned _________/__________points in lecture/lab

that is equivalent to _____________________

[ ] Lab/Lecture is satisfactory at present time

[ ] Lab/Lecture is borderline at present time

[ ] Lab/lecture is unsatisfactory at present time.

Reminder: You must have a minimum of 60 % in both lecture and laboratory practice to pass the module. Identification of
Problem:

[ ] Excessive absence

[ ] Excessive tardiness

[ ] Unethical behaviour

[ ] Other , specify

I would recommend the following to assist you in this module:

[ ] Student/Instructor conference

[ ] Tutorial assistance

[ ] Improve lecture/laboratory attendance

[ ] Improve preparation for quizzes/exams

[ ] Request assistance from classroom instructor

[ ] other, specify _______________________________________________________

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 _______________________________________________________

Additional Comments: ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

As a student, I understand the recommendations for my improvement and the consequence of non-compliance with
academic/ethical program policies. I have been given a copy of this consultation.

______________________ _________________________ ________________

Instructor’s signature Student’s signature Date

182
Assessment

To be developed according to each university

183