BUILDING UTILITIES 2: ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS & MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY year Andre’ Marie Ampere measured the

I. Historical Developments in Electricity effect of the two parallel currents on each
600 BC other if they move on the same direction and
The Greek Philosopher Thales of Miletus repel each other if their directions are
discovered that by rubbing amber with fur it opposite.
be charged or produce static electricity 1826 AD
1551 AD George Simon Ohm, worked out the law of
Jerome Cardan, distinguished between the resistance or Ohm’s Law.
properties of amber and a magnetic black 1831 AD
rock called loadstone. He realized that amber Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry invented
attracted many light objects, but loadstone the electric generator. Hippolyte Pixii
attracted only iron constructed a hand driven model of
1600 AD generator.
William Gilbert discovered that materials 1841 AD
such as diamonds, glass, sulphur and wax James Prescott Joule develops the Joule’s
behaved like amber. He called the materials Law of Heating.
electrics, a term based in electrum. 1858 AD
1660 AD The first steam driven generated was put into
Otto Von Guericke invented a crude machine service
for producing static electricity. The first ever 1878 AD
Electric Generator Charles F. Brush installed the first Arc lights in
1729 AD Wanamakers store in Philadelphia USA.
Stephen Gray distinguished the difference Joseph W. Swan invented the carbon
between conductors and non – conductors. Filament Lamp.
Charles F. du Fray recognized two kinds of 1879 AD
electricity. Thomas Alva Edison advocated the direct
1752 AD current (DC)
Benjamin Franklin and Ebenezer Kinnersley 1882 AD
named the two kinds of electricity positive & The first electric power plant in the world
negative “Pearl Street Plant” was completed by
1745 AD Thomas Alva Edison
German physicist Ewald Georg non Kleist and 1888 AD
Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek Charles Algernon Parsons introduced the
invented Leyden jars steam turbine to drive an alternator to
1752 AD produce alternating current (AC)
Benjamin Franklin showed that lightning is 1893 AD
electrical by flying a kite and show how Nikola Tesla designed the first hydroelectric
Leyden jar works power station in the world at Niagra Falls
1786 AD producing alternating current
Luigi Galvani discovered Galvanic Action in a 1900 AD
living tissue, by hanging a freshly killed frog In the 19th century the major fuel used for
by the legs to a copper hook over an iron the production of electricity is coal.
railing. 1950 AD
1820 AD Clean – Burning fuels of natural gas and oil, a
Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted product of petroleum, had taken the lead for
accidentally discovered that an electric field producing electricity. Since 1950 nuclear
creates a magnetic field, by observing that a power plant has been playing a role in
strong current flowing through a wire could producing electricity
Source: Electrical System for Architects by Aly s. Dadras
move a needle of a compass. Later that same

PREPARED BY: Ar. JOANA MARIE SANTOS – ASURO, UAP

 BUILDING UTILITIES 2: ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS & MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_electrical_and
_electronic_engineering
 Chemical
o By insertion of two dissimilar
II. ELECTRICITY metals such as zinc and copper
 Form of energy generated by friction, in a conducting solution called
induction or chemical change, having electrolyte, e.g dry cells,
magnetic or radiant effect storage battery.
 Modern electron theory states that  Photoelectric
“the fundamental nature of all matter o By light (sunlight or artificial
is electrical”. illumination) falling upon a
 Electrons in motion photosynthetic material such
 A property of the basic particle of as cesium or selenium. The
matter (atom). process in known as
photoelectric emission. e.g
III. KINDS OF ELECTRICITY Photocell, Photovoltaic Cell
1. Dynamic Electricity (Electrodynamics)  Thermoelectric
– Electricity that flows through a o By heating the junction of two
substance or over its surface in the dissimilar metals such as an
form of an electric current. iron welded to a copper wire,
2. Static Electricity (Electrostatics) –The such as junction is called a
form of electricity that appears to thermocouple.
remain on the surface of a body as a  Piezoelectric
charge. o By mechanical pressure
IV. SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY (compression, stretching and
 Mechanical twisting) of certain crystals
o Electrostatics (by friction) – such as quartz and rochelle
When certain materials are salts e.g microphone, radio
rubbed together, electrons are transmitter, telephone
transferred by friction from receivers, hearing aids.
one to another and making it IV.A ELECTRICITY FOUND IN NATURE
electrically charged.  Lightning
o Electromagnetism – Relative  Galvanic Cells (pipe corrosion)
motion of a conductor with  Static Discharge (electric charge at
respect to a magnetic field, a rest)
process known as induction. A  Electromagnetic Radiation from the
generator is a machine that Sun
converts mechanical energy IV.B PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY
into electrical energy.  Turbines and generators are basic
Alternator is a generator components that generates electricity
producing alternating current  Turbine is a rotary engine that
while an electric motor is a changes the force of water, fuel and
machine that converts wind into mechanical energy capable
electrical power into of rotating that shaft which is
mechanical power. connected to a generator
AC generator (alternator) – KVA  A generator is a machine used to
DC generator – KW change the mechanical used to
AC to DC – Rectifier change the mechanical energy into
DC to AC – Inverter electrical energy
 Turbines that produces mechanical
energy

PREPARED BY: Ar. JOANA MARIE SANTOS – ASURO, UAP

 BUILDING UTILITIES 2: ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS & MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

V. OHM’S LAW reduction in percentage of

 In 1826, George Simon Ohm power used.
discovered the relationship between o The equipment with high PF is
current, voltage and resistance. It more efficient and more
states that the current (I) flows costly.
through a circuit with given resistance o The equipment with low PF is
(R), is directly proportional to voltage less efficient and less costly
(V).  Power Efficiency =
I = V/ R Where: I= current flow (amperes) power output/ power
V=electromotive force (volts) R=resistance input
(ohms)  1HP = 746 Watt
V. POWER  Power output = No. of
 Power is the time rate for doing work HP x 746 W/HP
or the rate at which energy is used.  Power input = power
 Work = energy = power x time output / power
 In English system the units of power efficiency
are:  Power Factor (PF) =
o BTU (3.4BTU = 1 WATT with power input/VI
100% EFFICIENCY)  Power input = VxIxPF
o HORSEPOWER (HP=746 WATT)
o WATT
o KILOWATT
 WATT
o The unit of power is WATT
named after James Watt
o Watt is when 1 ampere is
flowing under the force of 1
volt and expressed in watts
(W).
o For electrical devices such as
heater, toaster, incandescent
lights etc.
 W=Voltage x Current
 W=VI (for AC and DC)
 Current or I
(Amperes)= W(watt) /
V (voltage)
o For power equipment for
calculations of power (W) DC
differs from AC:
 W=VI (for DC)
 W=VIxPF (for AC)
 Where PF is power
factor
 Power Factor
o Power factor angles of any
equipment vary from 0° to 90°
lagging or leading causing

PREPARED BY: Ar. JOANA MARIE SANTOS – ASURO, UAP

 BUILDING UTILITIES 2: ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS & MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL TERMS Armor Clamp

A A fitting for gripping the armor of a cable at
Access Fitting the point where the armor terminates, or
Is a fitting that permits access to conductor where the cable enters a junction box or
or enclosed wiring, elsewhere than at an other apparatus
outlet. Armored Cable
Active Electrical Network A cable provided with a wrapping of metal,
Is a network that contains one or more usually steel wires
sources of electrical energy Arrester, Lighting
Admittance A device which reduces the voltage of a surge
Is the reciprocal of impedance applied to its terminals and restores itself to
Air Circuit Breaker its original operating protection
A circuit breaker in which the interruption Autotransformer
occurs in air A transformer in which part of the winding is
Air Switch common to both the primary and secondary
A switch in which the interruption of the circuit
circuit that occurs in the air B
Air-Blast Transformer BX Cable
A transformer cooled by force circulation air Trade name for armored cable created by
through its core and coil General Electric Co. Commonly used to refer
Alive to as armored cable.
Electrically connected to a source of EMF, Back connected Switch
electrically charged with a potential different A switch in which the current carrying –
from that of the earth. Synonym: Current – conductors are connected to studs in back of
carrying the mounting base
Alternating Current Bidirectional Current
A periodic current, the average value of A current that has both positive and negative
which over a period is zero values
Alternator Bond, Cable
Synchronous Generator, a synchronous An electric connection across a joint in the
alternating – current machine, which changes armor or lead sheath of adjacent cables
mechanical power Box, Circuit
Ammeter A metal box adapted for connection to
An instrument for measuring Electric Current conduit for connection for installation of
Ampacity wiring making connections, or mounting
Current carrying capacity devices
Ampere Box, Junction (interior wiring)
A charge flow of one coulomb per second A metal box with bank cover for joining runs
Annunciator of conduit, electrical metallic tubing, wire-
An electromagnetically operated signaling way or raceway, and providing space for
apparatus, which indicated whether a current connection and branching of enclosed
is flowing or has flowed in one or more conductors
circuits Box, Junction
Apparent Power An enclosed distribution panel for connection
In a single phase, two wire circuit, the or branching of one or more electric circuits
product of the effective current in one without making permanent splices
conductor multiplied by the effective voltage
between the two points of entry

PREPARED BY: Ar. JOANA MARIE SANTOS – ASURO, UAP

 BUILDING UTILITIES 2: ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS & MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Branch Circuit C
The portion of a wiring system extending Cabinet
beyond the final automatic overload An enclosure for either surface or flush
protective device mounting provided with mat, frame or trim
Branch Circuit Distribution Center Cable Fault
A distribution circuit at which branch circuit A partial or total local failure in the insulation
are supplied continuity on the conductor
Branch Circuit, Appliance Cable Joint
A circuit supplying energy either to Also termed as “splice”, a connection
permanently wired appliances or to between two or more individual lengths of
attachment – plug receptacles such as cables, with their conductors individually
appliance or convenience outlets, and having connected, and with protecting sheaths over
no permanently connected lighting fixtures the joints
Branch Circuit, Lighting Cable Service
A circuit supplying energy to lighting outlets Service conductor arranged in the form of a
only cable
Branch Conductor Cable, Electric
A conductor that branches off at an angle An inequality of positive and negative
from a continuous conductor electricity in or on a body. The charged
Branch Joint stored in a capacitor (condenser)
A multiple joint for connection of a branch corresponds to a deficiency of the free
conductor or cable to a main conductor or electrons on the positive place, and to an
cable, wherein the latter continues beyond excess of free electrons on the negative
the branch plate.
Break Capacitor
The break of a circuit opening device is the A device specifically designed to exhibit the
minimum distance between the stationary effect of the capacitance
and movable contacts when the device is in Choke Coil
its opening position A low conduction path through which electric
Breakdown charges may flow. A DC circuit is a closed
Also termed “puncture”, denoting a path for charge flow, an AG circuit is not
disruptive discharge through insulation necessarily closed, and conducts by means of
Breaker, Line an electric field (displacement current)
A device that combines the functions of a Circuit
contractor and a circuit - breaker The path taken by an electrical current in
Buried Cable flowing through a conductor from one
A cable installed under the surface of the soil terminal at the source of supply to the other
in such a manner that it cannot be removed Circuit Breaker
without digging up the soil A device used to open a circuit automatically
Bus Circular Mil
A conductor or group of conductor, which The area of a circle one – thousand of an inch
serves as a common connection for three or in diameter, are in circular mils = diameter in
more circuits in the switchgear assembly mils squared or multiplied by itself
Bushing Cleat
Also termed “Insulating bushing”, a lining for An assembly of a pair of insulating, material
a hole for insulation and / or protection from member with grooves for holing one or more
abrasion of one or more conductors passing conductors at a definite distance from
through it mounting surface

PREPARED BY: Ar. JOANA MARIE SANTOS – ASURO, UAP

 BUILDING UTILITIES 2: ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS & MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Clip, Fuse
Contact on a fuse support for connecting a Conduit, Rigid Steel
fuse holder into a circuit A raceway made or mild pipe with a weather
Closed Electric Circuit – resistant coating
A complete electric circuit through which Contractor
current will flow. In an AC closed circuit, An electrical power switch not operated
charge flow may be changed into manually and designed for frequent
displacement current “through” a capacitor operation
(condenser) Contacts
Closed – Circuit Voltage Conducting parts, which employ a junction
The terminal voltage of sources of electricity that is opened or closed to interrupt or
under a specified current demand by electric complete a circuit
charge flow Control Relay
Coil A relay to initiate or permit predetermined
A conductor arrangement (helix or spiral) operation in a control circuit
that concentrates the magnetic field Converter
produced by electric charge flow A machine that changes electric current of a
Composite Conductor one kind into current of another kind by the
A conductor consisting of two or more use of rotating parts
strands of different metals, operated in Coulomb
parallel An electrical charge of 6.28 x 10 Electrons.
Concealed One coulomb is transferred when a current
To be made inaccessible by the structure or of 1 ampere continuous past a point for a 1
finish of a building, also wires run in second
concealed raceway Counter EMF
Condenser (CEMF) the effective EMF within a system,
Also termed “capacitor”, a device that stores which opposes current in a specified
electric charge by means of an electric field direction
Conductor Current
A substance that has free electrons or other The rate of charge flow; A current of 1
charge carriers, which permits charge flow ampere if equal to a flow rate of 1 coulomb
when an EMF is applied across the substance per second
Conduit Cycle
A structure containing one or more duct; The complete series of values, which occur
commonly formed from iron pipe or electrical during one period of a periodic quantity. The
metallic tubing unit of frequency, the hertz is equal to one
Conduit Fittings cycle per second
Accessories used to complete a conduit D
system, such as boxes, bushings and access Dead
fitting Functionally conducting parts of an electrical
Conduit Run system that have no potential difference or
A duct bank, an arrangement of conduit with charge (voltage of zero with respect to
a continuous duct between two points in an ground)
electrical installation Degree, Electrical
Conduit, Flexible Metal An angle equal 1/360 of the angle between
A flexible raceway of circular form for consecutive field poles like polarity in an
enclosing wires or cables, usually made of electrical machine
steel wound electrically and with interlocking
edges, with weather- resistant coating

PREPARED BY: Ar. JOANA MARIE SANTOS – ASURO, UAP

 BUILDING UTILITIES 2: ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS & MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Diagram, Connection Electrical Units

A drawing showing the connection and In the practical system, electrical units
interrelations of devices employed in a an comprise the volt, ampere, ohm, watt, watt
electrical circuit hour, coulomb, mho, henry, farad and joule
Dielectric Electricity
A medium or substance in which a potential A physical entry associated with the atomic
difference establishes an electric field, which structure of matter which occurs in polar
is subsequently recoverable as electric forms (positive and negative) and which are
energy separable by expenditure of energy
Direct Current Electrode
A unidirectional current with a constant A conducting substance through which
value; A constant value is defines in practice electric current enters or leaves in devices
as a value that has negligible variation that provides electrical control or energy
Direct EMF conversion
Also termed “Direct Voltage”; an EMF that Electrolyte
goes not change in polarity and has a A substance that provide electrical
constant value that one of the negligible conduction when dissolved (usually in water)
variation Electrolytic Conductor
Discharge Flow of electric charges to and from
An energy conversion involving electrical electrodes in an electrolytic solution
energy; Example: discharge of a storage Electromagnetic Induction
battery, discharge of capacitor; lighting A process of generation of EMF by movement
discharge of a thundercloud of magnetic flux, which cuts an electrical
Displacement Current conductor
The apparent flow of charge “through” a Electromotive Force
dielectric such as in a capacitor, represented EMF and energy – charge relation that results
by buildup and / or decay of an electric field in electric pressure which produces or tends
Disruptive Discharge to produce charge flow
A rapid and large current increase through an Electron
insulator due to insulation failure The sub atomic unit of negative electricity; it
Divider, Voltage is a charge of 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb
A tapped resistor or series arrangement of Electronics
resistor, sometimes with movable contacts The science treating of charge flow in
providing a desired IR drops; a voltage divider vacuum, gases and the crystal lattices
is not continuously and manually variable as Electroplating
in a potentiometer The electrical deposition of metallic Ions as
Drop, Voltage neutral atoms on an electrode immersed in
An IR voltage between two specified points in an electrolyte
an electric circuit Electrostatics
Duet A branch of electrical science dealing with
A single enclosed runway for conductors or the laws of electricity at rest
cables Energy
E The amount of Physical work, which a system
Efficiency is capable of doing; Electrical energy is
The ration of output power to input power, measured in watt – seconds or the product of
usually expressed as percentage power and time

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 BUILDING UTILITIES 2: ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS & MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Equipment, Service The number of periods occurring in unit time

A circuit breaker or switches and fuses with of a periodic process such as in the flow of
their accessories, installed near the point of electric charge
entry of service conductors to a building Frequency Meter
Exciter An instrument that measures the freaquency
An auxiliary generator for supplying electrical of an Alternating Current
energy to the field of another electrical Fuse
machine A protective device with a fusible element
Farad that opens the circuit by melting subjected to
A unit of capacitance that is defined by the excessive current
production of one volts across the capacitor Fuse Cutout
terminals when a charge of one coulomb is An assembly consisting of a fuse support and
stored holder, which may also include a fuse link
Faults Current Fuse Element
An abnormal current flowing between Also termed “Fuse Link” the current –
conductors for connections, generating and carrying part of a fuse, which opens the
substations or a substation and a feeding circuit when subjected to excessive current
point
Ferromagnetic Substance
A substance that has permeability
considerably greater than that of air;
ferromagnetic substance has a permeability
that changes with the value of applied
magnetizing force
Filament
A wire or ribbon conduction (resistive)
material which develops light and heat
energy due to electric charge floe, light
radiation is also accompanied by electron
emission.
Fixture Stud
A fitting for mounting a lighting fixture in an
outlet box and which is secured to the box
Flashover
A fitting for lighting mounting fixture in an
outlet (but not through) an insulator
Fluorescence
An electrical discharge process involving
radiant energy transferred by phosphors into
radiant energy that provides increase in
luminosity
Flux
Electrical field energy distributed in space, in
a magnetic substance, or in a dielectric; Flux
is commonly represented diagrammatically
by means of flux lines denoting, magnetic or
electric forces
Force

PREPARED BY: Ar. JOANA MARIE SANTOS – ASURO, UAP