SESSION 3

FRAMING (SHEAR)
CONECTIONS

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MOMENT ROTATION CURVES
Type I, FR Moment Connection

M = 0.9M F

Typical Beam Line

Moment, M

Type III, PR Moment Connection

M = 0.5M F

Type II, Simple Shear

M = 0.2M F Connection

Framing Connections
Rotation, θ
2
 CONNECTION TYPES
• Shear End-Plate
• Double Angles
• Single Angle
• Shear Tab or Single Plate
• Tee
• Seated – Unstiffened and Stiffened

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SHEAR END-PLATE
1 1/4" Minimum
Edge Distance

Advantages:
• Simple – Few Parts
• No Holes in Beam End Plate

Disadvantages: Note: End Plate Thickness Range is 1/4" to 3/8"

• Requires Beam to be Cut to Exact Length

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5
DOUBLE ANGLES Horizontal short slots
may be used in angles

Advantages:
• Beam Length
2 Angles
can Vary
• Weld or Bolt to Beam
Disadvantages:
• Double Sided Connections into Column
or Girder Webs are an Erection Problem
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7
8
DOUBLE ANGLES

2 Angles

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10
DOUBLE ANGLES

2 Angles

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DOUBLE ANGLES

2 Angles

Return
@ Top

Double Angle Knife Connection

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SINGLE ANGLE
Return

Advantages:
@ Top

• Eliminates Erection
Problem
• Fewer Parts
Disadvantages:
• Larger Angle Required Bolted and Welded Alternatives
• Larger Bolts or Weld
Comment:
• Not recommended for laterally unbraced
beams.
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14
SHEAR TAB or SINGLE PLATE
Advantages: Single Plate

• Simple – Few Parts

• No Welding on Beam
Disadvantages:
• Stiffer than Other Types
• Requires Careful Design
Comments:
• Two design models available, with very
different results.
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16
 Min. Clearance

TEE CONNECTION "k" Distance + 1/4"

Advantages:
• One Sided
Disadvantages: Return
@ Top

• Tee can be Heavy Tee

Concrete Wall

• Stiffer than Other Types except Shear Tab

Comment:
• Primarily used to connect to concrete wall
or existing construction
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UNSTIFFENED SEATED CONNECTION
Advantages:
• Few Parts 4" Stabilizer
Clip

• Few Bolts 2"

Disadvantages: Alternate
Clip Position

• Requires Stability
Angle Return
@ Top
Seat Angle
• Limited strength
Comment:
• Commonly used to connect to the web of
a column.
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STIFFENED SEATED CONNECTION
Advantages: 4" Stabilizer
Clip

• Few Parts 2"

• Few Bolts Alternate

Clip Position

Disadvantages:
Seat Plate

• Requires Stability Stiffener

Optional

Angle Trim Lines

• Introduces a Column Web Limit State

Comment:
• Commonly used to connect to the web of
a column.
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20
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Ductility Considerations
– Angle thickness < 5/8 in.
– Wide gage
– Wide vertical weld spacing with
minimum horizontal returns

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 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Beam Length Tolerance +/- 1/4 in.

To accommodate:
Setbacks in calculations are usually 1/2 in.

End edge distances are taken 1/4 in. less

than detailed.

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Beam Length Tolerance

1/2" setback
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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Beam Length Tolerance

minus 1/4"

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 NEW LIMIT STATES
• Block Shear Fracture in Coped Beams
- Bolted at Web
- Welded at Web

• Coped Beam Flexural Strength

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Block Shear in Coped Beams

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 Block Shear in Coped Beams
Section J4.3
Block Shear Fracture Strength
When Fu Ant > 0.6FuAnv:
φRn = φ[0.6FyAgv+FuAnt] < φ[0.6FuAnv +FuAnt]
When Fu Ant < 0.6FuAnv:
φRn = φ[0.6FuAnv+FyAgt] < φ[0.6FuAnv +FuAnt]

φ = 0.75
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 Block Shear in Coped Beams

Rn = Ten. Fracture + Opp. Yield

max Shear Fracture min Opp. Fracture

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Single Coped Beam

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Double Coped Beam

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Coped Beam Flexural Strength
Mu = Ru e < φb Mn

Flexural Yielding
φb Mn = 0.90 Fy Snet
Snet = net section modulus

Local Web Buckling

φMn = φ Fbc Snet
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Coped Beam Flexural Strength
For Single Cope
Limitations: c < 2 d
dc < d / 2

φFbc = 23,590 (tw / ho)2 f k < 0.9 Fy

f = 2 (c / d) for c / d < 1.0
f = 1 + (c / d) for c / d > 1.0
k = 2.2 (ho / c)1.65 for c / ho < 1.0
k = 2.2 (ho / c) for c / ho > 1.0
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Coped Beam Flexural Strength
For Double Cope
Limitations: c < 2 d
dct < 0.2 d
dcb < 0.2 d

φFbc = 50,840 [tw2 / (c ho)] fd < 0.9 Fy

fd = 3.5 – 7.5 (dc / d)
dc = max (dct , dcb)
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Coped Beam Flexural Strength
Example: Determine if Adequate.
1"
2
8" 3"

A992 Steel
Vu = 40 k
W14x30

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Coped Beam Flexural Strength Example

W14x30
d = 13.8 in.
tw = 0.270 in.
ho = 13.8 – 3.0 = 10.8 in.
Snet = 8.37 in.3 from Table 9-2

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Table 9-2

36
Coped Beam Flexural Strength Example

φFbc = 23,590 (tw / ho)2 f k < 0.9 Fy

c / d = 8.0 / 13.8 = 0.580 < 1.0
f = 2 (c / d) = 2 x 0.580 = 1.16
c / ho = 8.0 / 10.8 = 0.740 < 1.0
k = 2.2 (ho / c)1.65 = 2.2 (10.8 / 8.0)1.65 = 3.61

φFbc = 23,590 (0.270 / 10.8)2 (1.16) (3.61)

= 61.7 ksi > 0.9 Fy = 0.9 (50) = 45 ksi
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Coped Beam Flexural Strength Example
1"
φMn = φ Fy Snet 2
8" 3"
= 0.9 x 50 x 8.37
= 376.6 in.-kips
Vu = 40 k
W14x30

Mu = Vu e = 40.0 (8.5)
= 340 in.-kips < 376.6 in.-kips
Adequate

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SHEAR END-PLATES
1 1/4" Minimum
Edge Distance

End Plate

Note: End Plate Thickness Range is 1/4" to 3/8"

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 Shear End-Plate Limit States
Beam:
Beam Gross Shear
Coped Beam Flexural Strength
Web Strength at Weld
Weld:
Weld Fracture

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Shear End-Plate and Bolt Limit States
Plate:
32 11 23
1. Gross Shear Yielding
2. Net Shear Fracture
3. Block Shear Fracture
4, 5

Bolts:
4. Bolt Shear Fracture 3 3

5. Bearing on End Plate

2 11 2
and on girder or column
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 Shear End-Plate Example
Determine φ Vn.
3/4” A325-N Bolts, E70XX
8"
3"
3 12 "

114"
2@3" W14x30
φVn
114" A992

PL 1/4 x 6 x 0'-8 1/2"

A36 3/16
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 Shear End-Plate Example
W14x30 Fy = 50 ksi Fu = 65 ksi
d = 13.8 in. tw = 0.27 in.
Beam Limit States
Beam Shear Yielding
φVn = 0.9 (0.6 Fy) ho tw
= 0.9 (0.6 x 50) (13.8 -3) (0.27)
= 79 k

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 Shear End-Plate Example
Coped Beam Flexural Strength
From previous example
φMn = 376.6 in.-kips
with e = cope length + plate thickness
= 8.0 + 0.25 = 8.25 in.

φ Vn = 376.6 / 8.25 = 45.6 k

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 Shear End-Plate Example
Beam Web Strength at Weld
Plate L = 8.5 in.
tweld = 3/16 in.

φVn = 0. 75(0.6 Fu) (L - 2 tweld) tw

= 0.75 (0.6 x 65) [8.5 – (2 x 3/16)] (0.27)
= 64.2 k
(Note: take effective weld length = L - 2tw)
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 Shear End-Plate Example
Weld Fracture Limit State
- 3/16 in. Fillet Weld
Minimum Weld Size 3/16 in. OK

φVn = (D x 1.392) (L - 2 tweld)

= (2 x 3 x 1.392) [8.5 – (2 x 3/16)]
= 67.9 k

(Note: take effective weld length = L - 2tw)

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 Shear End-Plate Example
Plate Limit States:
tp = 1/4 in. 3 2"
A36 Steel
114"
Fy = 36 ksi
2@3"
Fu = 58 ksi
1
14"
Plate Gross Shear Yield
φVn = 0.9 (0.6 Fy) (2 L tp) 6"
= 0.9 (0.6 x 36) (2 x 8.5 x 1/4)
= 82.6 k
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 Shear End-Plate Example
Plate Net Shear Fracture
1
3 2"
dh´ = 3/4 + 1/16 + 1/16 = 7/8 in.
An = (8.5 - 3 x 7/8) (1/4)(2) 114 "
= 2.94 in.2 2@3"
114 "
φVn = 0.75 (0.6 Fu) (An)
= 0.75 (0.6 x 58) (2.94) 6"
= 76.7 k
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 Shear End-Plate Example
114 "
Plate Block Shear
Fracture 3"
PL 1/4 x 6 x 0’-8 1/2” 3"

1
14"
Rn = Ten. Fracture Opp. Yield
+
max Shear Fracture min Opp. Fracture

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 Shear End-Plate Example
Plate Block Shear 114 "

- Tension Fracture
3"
Fu Ant = 58(1.25 - 0.5 x 7/8)(2 x 1/4)
3"
= 23.6 k
- Shear Fracture 114 "
0.6FuAnv = (0.6 x 58) (7.25 – 2.5 x 7/8) (2 x 1/4)
= 88.1 k
Shear Frcature Controls
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 Shear End-Plate Example

- Opposite Fracture 114 "

Fu Ant = 23.6 k
3"
- Opposite Yield 3"
Fy Agt = 36 (1.25) (2 x 1/4)
= 22.5 kips 114 "
Opposite Yield Controls

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 Shear End-Plate Example
Plate Block Shear Fracture
114 "
φVn = 0.75 (Shear Fracture
3"
+ Tension Yield)
3"
= 0.75 (88.1 + 22.5)
= 83.0 k 114 "

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 Shear End-Plate Example
Bolt Limit States
Bolt Fracture 3 12 "

A325-N Fv = 48 ksi single-shear11"

4
2@3"
φrn = 0.75 n Fv Ab 114"
= 0.75 (1) (48) (0.442)
= 15.9 k/bolt

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 Shear End-Plate Example
Plate Bearing on Shear End Plate
Hole Elongation:
φ 2.4 Fu db t = (.75) (2.4 x 58) (3/4 x 1/4) = 19.6 k

Hole Tear Out:

Edge: φ 1.2 Fu Lc t = (.75)(1.2 x 58) (1.25 – 13/32) (1/4)
= 10.2 k < 19.6 k
Other: φ 1.2 Fu Lc t = (.75)(1.2 x 58) (3 – 13/16) (1/4)
= 28.6 k > 19.6 k
(Also check bearing on column or girder) 54
 Shear End-Plate Example

Bolt Limit States 3 12 "

(bolt shear fracture
& plate bearing failure) 114"
2@3"

φVn = (2 x 10.2) + (4 x 15.9) 114"

= 84 k

(edge bolts controlled by bearing; other bolts controlled

by bolt shear fracture)
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 Shear End-Plate Example
8"
3"
3 12"

114"
2@3" W14x30
φVn
114" A992

PL 1/4 x 6 x 0'-8 1/2"

A36 3/16

Coped Beam Flexural Strength Controls

φVn = 45.6 k
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 DOUBLE ANGLE
CONNECTIONS
Welded / Bolted
Horizontal short slots
may be used in angles

2 Angles

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Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Assumption:
Pin is at face of supporting element

Beam web weld is

subjected to
eccentric shear
2 Angles

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Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Limit States
Beam:
Shear Yielding
Coped Beam Flexural Strength
Block Shear Fracture
Web Strength at Weld
Weld:
Weld Fracture Due to Eccentric Shear

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Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Angles:
Gross Shear Yield
Net Shear Fracture
Block Shear Fracture

Bolt:
Bolt Shear Fracture
Bearing on Angles
Bearing on Column or Girder
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Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example: Determine φ Vn for the limit
states of:

1. Beam Web Block Shear Fracture

2. Weld Fracture due to Eccentric
Shear
3. Beam Web Strength at Weld

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 Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example
1" 2"
1 2
14 "

3" 1" W14x30 A992

3" 4
tw = 0.27 in.

11
4"
2L 3 x 3 x 5/16 x 0'-8 1/2” A36

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 Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example
1. Beam Web Block Shear
Shear Area
0.6 Fu Anv = 0.6 (65) (8.75 x 0.27)
= 92.1 k
Tension area
Fu Ant = (65) (3 - 1/2 - 1/4) (0.27)
= 39.5 k < 92.1 k (Shear Fracture Controls)
Fy Agt = (50) (3 - 1/2 - 1/4) (0.27)
= 30.4 k < 39.5 k (Tension Yield Controls)
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 Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example

Beam Web Block Shear Strength

φVn = 0.75 (max fracture + min opp.)

= 0.75 (Shear Fracture + Tension Yield)
= 0.75 (92.1 + 30.4) = 122.5 k

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 Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example
2. Weld Fracture Due to Eccentric Shear
e x = aL
Dimensions
from Table 8-9
c.g. L k, xL, a, etc.
φV n

xL φ Vn = C C1 D L
kL
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 Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example
2. Weld Fracture Due to Eccentric Shear

φVn = C C1 D L

Where: C = effective weld coefficient

C1 = Fu of weld metal / 70
D = number of 1/16 ths

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 Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example
k = 2.5 / 8.5 = 0.29 ! x = 0.053 e = aL
x

xL = 0.053 x 8.5 = 0.45 in.

a = (3.0 – 0.45) / 8.5 = 0.3 c.g. L

φV n

xL
kL
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68
Table 8-9

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 Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example
Using Table 8-9 e x = aL
!C = 2.06
C1 = 1.0
D=3 φV n
c.g. L

φVn = C C1 D L xL
= (2.06) (1.0) (2 x 3) (8.5)
kL
= 105.6 k
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 Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example
3. Beam Web Strength at Weld

φ 0.6 Fu t w (1.0)
φVn = × 105.6
(1.392) (6) (1.0)
0.75 (0.6 × 65) (0.27) (1.0)
= × 105.6
(1.392) (6) (1.0)
= 99.8 k

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END OF SESSION 3

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