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Number System
Introduction:
Let us go back to our school days. This chapter is designed to give you a quick recap of what
you had learnt during the school. A quick brush-up of the concepts shall help you in
identifying and solving the problems at a greater pace.

Real Numbers:
Numbers which can be commonly seen and identified and can be represented on a number
line.
e.g.: −10, 2.55, 0, 1, 7

Number Line:
It is a line on which all the positive and negative numbers can be marked in a sequence.

Imaginary numbers:
Those numbers that cannot be represented on a number line are imaginary numbers.

e.g.: √−1, √−5, etc.

√−1 is represented by i.

Rational Numbers:
p
All numbers that can be expressed in q form, where p, q are integers and q≠0 .
−5 2
,1
e.g.: 7 3

Irrational Numbers:
p
Those numbers that cannot be expressed in q form.
e.g.: π , √2, √ 3+1
Fractions:
p
All rational numbers which are in q form, where p, q are integers and p is not a multiple of
q.
p is called numerator whereas q is known as denominator.
• Fractions are of the following types
2 3
,
• Proper : p<q e.g., 7 8 etc.
6 5
,
• Improper : p ¿ q e.g., 5 2 etc.
1 1
3 ,7
• Mixed : It is an integer plus a, fraction e.g., 5 3 etc.

Integers :
All the rational numbers that do not have any decimal or fractional part.

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−∞, ..., −3, −2, −1, 0,+1, +2, +3, ..., +∞

Whole Numbers :
All non negative integers are whole numbers. W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.

Natural Numbers :
Whole numbers, except zero, are called natural numbers. N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...}.

Odd Numbers :
All natural numbers which are not divisible by 2 are odd numbers.
Such numbers are expressed as 2k ± 1 (k is any natural number).
e.g.: 1, 3, 5, 7, ...

Even Numbers:
All natural numbers that are divisible by 2 are called even numbers.
Such numbers are expressed as 2k (k is any natural number).
e.g.: 2, 6, 8, ...
The box given below exhibits the types of numbers obtained while carrying out arithmetic
operations between two type of numbers.

odd ± odd = even

odd even = odd
even ± even = even
odd ¿ odd = odd
odd ¿ even = even
even ¿ even = even

Prime Numbers :
All the natural numbers that are greater than 1, and are only divisible by 1 or the number
itself, are called prime numbers.
The box given below depicts some of the characteristics of the prime numbers.

 There are 25 prime numbers upto 100 2, 3, 5, 7,11, 13,17,19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47,
53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.
 2 is the only even prime number.
 97 is the only prime number from 90 to 100.
 91 is often mistaken as a prime, but it is not a prime
∵ 91=7×13 .

Co-primes:
Two numbers 'a' and 'b' are said to be co-prime if they don't have any common factor other
than 1. e.g.: (3, 5), (7, 12), etc.

Composite Numbers:
Numbers greater than 1 that are not prime are called composite numbers.
e.g.4, 6, 8, 9, ....

1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number

Reason : A prime number has two factors, 1 and the number itself; whereas a

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composite number has more than two factors. Since, 1 has only one factor i.e.,
1, hence it is neither a prime nor a composite numbers.
Table 1: Classification of numbers

Rea Imaginar Rationa Irration Eve Od Prim Composit Whol Natura Intege Fractio
No.
l y l al n d e e e l r n
3 Y N Y N N Y Y N Y Y Y N
√3 Y N N Y N N N N N N N N
7
Y N Y N N N N N N N N Y
2
i N Y N N N N N N N N N N

Perfect Numbers :
A number ‘a’ is said to be perfect if the sum of its factors (excluding itself but including 1) is
equal to `a'.
e.g.: 6, 28, etc.

The perfect number 6 has 1, 2 and 3 as its factors, which sum up to 6.

Similarly, the perfect number 28 has 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14 as it's factors, which sum up to 28.

Conversion of recurring decimal into fractions :

p
What is the q form of 0.5555... (also represented as 0. 5 )?
Let, x= 0.55555...
⇒ 10 x=5. 55555
∴ 9 x=10 x−x=(5. 5555. ..)−(0.55555 .. . )=5
5
x=
⇒ 9
If x=0 . 232323. ..
⇒ 100 x=23 .232323
∴ 99 x=100 x−x=(23. 232323. ..)−(0 .232323 ...)
= 23

For a purely recurring number (all digits after decimal point recur) we can identify the
procedure as:
p
The q form of a purely recurring number
The recurring part written once
=
As many 9's as the number of digits in the recurring part

In the number like 0.14333... i.e. 0.14 { 3̄¿

Let x = 0.143333.. .
⇒ 100x = 14.3333...
⇒ 1000x = 143.3333...
⇒ 900x = 1000x – 100x
= (143.3333...) - (14.3333...) = 129
129
x=
⇒ 900

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Thus for any recurring number we can identify the procedure as:
p
The q form of any recurring number

(The non-recur ing and recur ing part writ en once)− ¿ As many 9's as the number of digits in the recur ing part ¿
=¿ ¿ ¿¿
(the non-recur ing part) ¿ fol owed by as many 0's as digits in non-recur ing part ¿
Example 1:
Express 0.643 as a fraction.

Solution :
Let x=0.643 , then 1000 x=643.643
∴ 1000x−x=643 .643−0.643
⇒ 999x = 643
643
x=
⇒ 999

Example 2:
Express 6.43 as a fraction.

Solution :
Let x=6.43 , then
100 x=643.43
∴ 100 x−x=643.43−6.43
⇒ 99 x=637
637
x=
⇒ 99

Example 3:
−7 5 2
, ,
Arrange the following rational numbers in ascending order : 10 −8 −3
Solution:
−7 5 2
=−0 .7 , ,=−0 .625 =−0 . 666
10 −8 and −3
Clearly, −0 .7 <−0 . 666<−0 . 625
−7 2 5
< <
So, 10 −3 −8

Example 4 :
31 43 57 27 29
, , ,
Arrange the following fractions in descending order 27 39 53 23 and 25
Solution:
As the difference between the numerator and the denominator is same, the fraction with

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27 57
smallest denominator, i.e., 23 is largest and 53 is smallest.

Hence, the order is:

27 29 31 43 57
> > > >
23 25 27 39 53

Example 5:
What is the divisor if dividend is 15968, quotient is 89 and the remainder is 37?

Solution:

Divisor
= (Dividend−Remainder
Quotient )
= (15968−37
89 )=179
Divisibility Rules:
1) A number is divisible by 2 when its unit's digit is even or 0.
2) A number is divisible by 3 when the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
3) A number is divisible by 4 when the number formed by the last two digits is divisible
by 4 or the last two digits are 0.
4) A number is divisible by 5 when its unit's digit is 5 or 0.
5) A number is divisible by 6 when it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
6) A number is divisible by 8 when the number formed by the last three right-hand
digits is divisible by 8, or when the last three digits are 0.
7) A number is divisible by 9 when the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
8) A number is divisible by 10 when its unit's digit is 0.
9) A number is divisible by 11 when the difference between the sum of the digits in the
odd and the even places is 0 or a multiple of 11.
10) A number is divisible by 12 when it is divisible by both 3 and 4.

Example 6:
What least number must be subtracted from 2000 to get a number which is exactly divisible
by 17?

Solution:
On dividing 2000 by 17, we get 11 as remainder.
∴ Required number to be subtracted = 11.

Example 7:
What least number must be added to 3000 to obtain a number exactly divisible by 19?

Solution:
On dividing 3000 by 19, we get 17 as remainder.
∴ Number to be added = (19 – 17) = 2.

Example 8:
Find the number which is nearest to 3105 and exactly divisible by 21?

Solution:

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On dividing 3105 by 21, we get 18 as remainder.
∴ Number to be added to 3105 is (21 – 18) = 3.
∴ 3108 is the required number.

Example 9:
A number when divided by 342 gives a remainder 47. When the same number is divided by
19, what would be the remainder?

Solution:
On dividing the given number by 342, let k be the quotient and 47 the remainder. Then,
number = 342k + 47
=[(19x 18k)+(19x2+9)]=[19(18k+2)+9]
∴ The given number when divided by 19 gives (18k + 2) as quotient and 9 as remainder.

Alternate method:
342 is a multiple of 19, divide the remainder by the second dividend to get the remainder. 47
when divided by 19 gives 9 as remainder.

How to find whether a number is prime or not?

For small numbers, we could find by checking, if that number is divisible by any other
prime number till that number itself.

But for the larger numbers like, say 631, there is an alternate method.

Step 1: Find the approximate square root of the given number, i.e. 25.
Step 2: Check if any prime number from 2 to 25 divides 631.

The prime numbers from 2 to 25 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 and 23. Since none of these
numbers divide 631 exactly, 631 must be a prime number.

Factorial
The continued product of first n natural number is called 'n factorial' and is denoted by n! or
n.
n ! =1×2×3×...׿ ¿ (n – 1) ¿ n
e.g.: 6 !=1×2×3×4×5×6=720
By definition 0 ! = 1.

Highest Common Factor (HCF) and Lowest Common Multiple (LCM):

HCF and LCM are one of the basic concepts of mathematics which is having a variety of
applications in our daily life.

Factor:
Factors of a number are those numbers which when divide the original number, leaves no
remainder. When talking about the factor we consider only the positive integral factor.

For example,
Factors of 20 = 20, 10, 5, 2, 1
Factors of 100 = 100, 50, 25, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1
Factors of a number are always countable.

Multiple:
Multiples of a number are those numbers which when divided by the number leaves no

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remainder: When talking about the multiples we consider the positive integral multiples.

For example,
Multiples of 20 = 20, 40, 60, 80, etc. Multiples of 100 = 100, 200, 300, 400, etc.

Understanding HCF:
Let us take two numbers 15 and 20 Factors of 15 are = 15, 5, 3, 1
Factors of 20 are = 20, 10, 5, 1 ;

Understanding LCM:
Let us take two numbers 15 and 20.
Multiples of 15 = 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120,135, etc.
Multiples of 20 = 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, etc.

To find the LCM of these two numbers, check which is the lowest number common multiple
to both the numbers.

How to find HCF of two numbers?

There are two methods:
a. Division method
b. Prime factorisation method.

a. Division method:
In this method divisor becomes dividend and remainder becomes divisor and this
process continues till on, can divide. The last divisor is your answer.
For example –

Example 10:
To find the HCF of 15 and 20.
15|20(1
–15
5) 15 (3
–15
0
So, HCF of 15 and 20 is 5.

Example 11:
To find the HCF of 20 and 28.
20| 28 (1
– 20 .
8) 20 (3
–16 .
4) 8 (2
–8
0 .
So, the HCF of 20 and 28 is 4.

Example 12 :
To find the HCF of 20, 28 and 45
We have seen that HCF of 20 and 28 is 4.
So, we will take HCF of 4 and 45.

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4|45(11
–44 .
1) 4 (4
–4
0
So, HCF of 20, 28 and 45 is 1.

Note: The HCF of an odd number and an even number is always 1.

b. Prime factorization method:

Write the number in terms of prime factors.
2 1
20=2 ×5
45=20 ×32 ×51
For finding out their HCF, take the lowest power of all prime numbers.
The HCF of 20 and 45 is 20 ×30 ×51 i.e. 5.

How to find LCM of two or more numbers?

There are two methods
i. Division method
ii. Prime factorisation method

i. Division method:
LCM of 18, 27 and 30.
3 18, 27, 30
3 6, 9, 10
2, 3, 5
LCM =3×3×3×2×5=270

ii. Prime factorisation method:

Take two numbers 20 and 45.
Write the numbers in terms of prime factors.
2 1
20=2 ×5
45=20 ×32 ×51
For finding out their LCM, take the highest power of all prime numbers.
The LCM of 20 and 45 is 22 ×32 ×51 i.e. 180.

Example 13:
Find the HCF of 24 and 72.

Solution:
24=2×2×2×3
72=2×2×2×3×3
HCF =2×2×2×3=24
Similarly, you can find the HCF of sets containing more than 2 numbers.

Example 14:
Find the largest number that can exactly divide 513, 783 and 1107.

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Solution:
Required number = HCF of 513, 783 and 1107.
Now, 513=3 3×19, 783=33 ×29 , 1107=33 ×41
3
∴ HCF =3 =27
Hence, the required number is 27.

Example 15:
Find the least number exactly divisible by 12, 15, 20 and 27.

Solution:
Required number = LCM of 12, 15, 20, 27
∴ LCM =3×4×5×9=540

Example 16:
Find the least number which when divided by 6, 7, 8, 9 and 12 leaves the same remainder 1
in each case.

Solution:
Required number = (LCM of 6, 7, 8, 9, 12) + 1
∴ LCM =3×2×2×7×2×3=504
Hence, required number = (504 + 1) = 505

Example 17:
The traffic lights at three different road-crossings, change after every 24 sec, 72 sec and 120
sec respectively. If they all change simultaneously at 10 : 54 : 00 hr, then at what time will
they change next simultaneously?

Solution:
Interval of change = LCM of (24, 72, 120) sec = 360 sec.
The lights will change simultaneously after every 360s i.e., 6 min 00 sec.
Next simultaneous change will take place at 11 : 00 : 00 hr.

Example 18:
How many three-digit numbers are divisible by 6?

Solution:
There are 16 numbers before 100 which are divisible by 6.
There are 166 numbers before 999 which are divisible by 6.
Total three-digit numbers divisible by 6 are 166 -16 =150.

Important results:

If 2 numbers a and b are given, and their LCM and HCF are L and H respectively,
then L ¿ H = a ¿ b.

LCM and HCF of fractions:

LCM of numerators
=
LCM of fractions HCF of denominators

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HCF of numerators
=
HCF of fractions LCM of denominators
25 35
e.g.: Find the LCM and HCF of 12 and 18 .
LCM of 25 and 35 175
= =
LCM HCF of 12 and 18 6
HCF of 12 and 18 5
= =
LCM of 12 and 18 36
HCF

Note : Do not directly apply the formula if the fraction are not in their simplest form.

Example 19 :
The HCF of two numbers is 11 and their LCM is 69; If one of the numbers is 77, find the
other.

Solution :
11×693
= =99
The other number 77

Example 20:
The difference between a two-digit number and the number obtained by interchanging the
digits is 81 What is the difference between the digits of the number?

Solution:
Let ten’s digit be x and unit's digit be y.
Then (10 x+ y )−(10 y+x)=27
⇒ 9 ( x− y)=81
⇒ x− y=9
Unit's place digit of a number :
The digit at the unit's place of any number is the remainder when the number is divided by
10.
For example, lets consider the number 364. The remainder when 364 is divided by 10 is 4.
Hence ‘4’ is the unit's digit of the number 364.
To find the unit's digit of a number which is the product of two or more numbers, multiply
the unit's digit of the numbers and find the units digit of the resultant number. For example,
19 ¿ 64, the product of the units digit of 19 and 64 is 36 and the unit's digit of 36 is 6, hence
the unit's digit of 19 ¿ 64 is 6.

Unit's digit of higher powers of any number:

21=2 22 =4 23 =8 24 =16
5 6 7 8
2 =32 2 =64 2 =128 2 =256
29 =512 210=1024 211=2048 212=4096
1 5 9 2 6 10
We can see that the unit's digit of 2 , 2 , 2 is 2, units digit of 2 , 2 , 2 is 4, units digit
3 7 11 4 8 12
of 2 ,2 ,2 is 8 and units digit of 2 , 2 , 2 is 6.

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Therefore after every four powers of 2, the units digit of the number starts repeating. Thus
we say that cyclicity of unit's digit of higher powers of 2 is 4.
Similarly the digits whose cyclicity is 4 are 2, 3, 7 and 8. The digits whose cyclicity is 2 are 4
and 9.
Any power of numbers whose unit's digit 1, 5 or 6 always ends in 1, 5 and 6 respectively.
For example, 112=121 , 252=625 and 162 =256 .

Perfect square :
A number is said to be a perfect square if and only if the square root of that number is an
integer.
Some important facts about perfect squares:
(1) The square of an even number is always even.
(2) The square of an odd number is always odd.
(3) Square of an integer cannot end in 2, 3, 7 or 8.
(4) The square of a real number (negative or positive) is always positive.

Some important formulae used in simplification:

(1) (a+b )2 =a2 +b2 +2 ab
2 2 2
(2) (a−b) =a +b −2 ab
(3) (a+b )2 =(a−b )2 +4 ab
2 2
(4) a −b =(a−b) (a+b )
(5) a3 +b3 =(a+b ) (a2 −ab+b2 )
(6) a3 −b 3=(a−b ) (a2 +ab+b 2 )

Example 21 :
527×527×527+183×183×183
Simplify 527×527−527×183+183×183

Solution:
3 3
(527 ) +(183)
2 2
The given expression is equivalent to (527) −527×183+(183 )
3 3
a +b
=a+b
We know that, a2 −ab+b 2
In the above example a=527 and b=183
∴ The expression is equal to (527 + 183) = 710

Example 22 :
(614+168 )2 −(614−168 )2
Simplify
( 614×168 )
Solution:
( a+b )2 −(a−b )2 4 ab
= =4
Let a = 614 and b = 168, then the expression becomes ab ab

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Example 23:
Find the square of 1605.

Solution:
2 2
(1605) =(1600+5 )
=(1600)2 +2×1600×5+(5)2
= 2560000 + 16000 + 25 = 2576025

Example 24:
Find the value of 896 ¿ 896 – 204 ¿ 204.

Solution:
a2 −b 2=(a+b ) (a−b )
(where a = 896 and b = 204)
= (896 + 204) (896 – 204) = 1100 ¿ 692 = 761200

Example 25:
2 2
Evaluate: (57) +( 43) +2×57×43

Solution:
a2 + b2 + 2ab=(a+b )2 =(57+ 43)2 =1002 =10000

Example 26:
2 2
Simplify (81) +(68 ) −2×81×68

Solution:
(81−68 )2 =132 =169

Example 27:
Evaluate: (313×313+287×287 )

Solution:
1
a2 + b2 = [ ( a+ b)2 +( a−b )2 ]
2
(where a=313 and b= 287)
1
= [(313+ 287)2 +( 313−287 )2 ]
2
1
= [ ( 600 )2 + ( 26 )2 ]=180338
2

Rules of counting numbers :

n (n+1)
=
1. Sum of first n natural numbers 2
2
2. Sum of first n odd numbers =n

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3. Sum of first n even numbers =n (n+1)

n (n+1) (2 n+1)
=
4. Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers 6
2
n (n+1)
5. Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers
=
2 [ ]
Example 28 :
5
If square root of 15 = 3.88, the value of square root of 3 is

Solution :
5 5×3 √ 15 3. 88
√ √
3
= =
3×3 3
=
3
=1 . 29

Example 29:
A four-digit number divisible by 7 becomes divisible by 3, when 10 is added to it. Find the
largest such number.

Solution :
Largest four-digit number is 9999.
On dividing 9999 by 7, we get 3 as remainder.
Largest four-digit number divisible by 7 is 9996.
Let 9996 – x + 10 be divisible by 3.
By trial and error, we find that x = 7
Required number = (9996 – 7) = 9989.

Example 30 :
A three-digit number 4a3 is added to another three digit number 984 to give the four-digit
number 13b7 which is divisible by 11. Find the value of (a + b).

Solution:
4a3
+9 8 4
13b7
Here a + 8 = b, if 13b7 is divisible by 11 then (7 + 3) – (b + 1) = 0; b = 9 and a + 8 = bora = 1.
Hence, a + b = 9 + 1 = 10

Example 31:
Of the three numbers, the sum of the first two is 45; the sum of the second and the third is
55; and the sum of the third and thrice the first is 90. Find the third number.

Solution:
Let the numbers be x, y and z. Then, x + y = 45; y + z = 55 and 3x + z = 90.
y = 45 – x and z = 55 – y = 55 – (45 – x) = 10 + x
∴ 3x + 10 + x = 90 or x = 20
y = (45 – 20) = 25 and z = (10 + 20) = 30
∴ Third number = 30

Polynomials:

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The word ‘poly’ means many and the word ‘nomial’ means terms. So, polynomial is an
algebraic expression which consists of many terms involving powers of the variable.

For example, 5 x−5, x2 +5x +6, y 3 + y 2 +2 z .

2 3 n−1 n
The general form of a polynomial is a0 +a1 x +a 2 x + a3 x +. . .+ an−1 x +a n x , where
a0 , a1 , a 2 , ... , an
are real numbers and n is a non-negative integer. Polynomial may be in
more than one variable.
2 2 2 2
e.g., x + y −4 , 2 x + y + z

Types of polynomials :
Polynomials can be classified as follows:

1. By coefficients : The basis of classification here is nature of the coefficients.

2
a. In 5 x +3 x+6 , the coefficients are 5, 3 and 6 and all are integers. So, this is
called polynomial over the set of integers.
2 2 4 2 4
x − x +2 x−3 , ,− ,2
b. In 3 5 the coefficients are 3 5
and – 3, and all are
rational numbers. So, this is called polynomial over the rational numbers.
2
c. In √ 3 x −11 x+ √ 3 , the coefficients are real numbers. So, this is called
polynomial over the real numbers.

2. By the number of terms: The basis of classification here is number of the coefficients.
a. Monomial: consisting of a single term.
For example, 7 x, −8 y 2 , 15 mn2
b. Binomials: consisting of two terms. For example, 2n+3 y , n−5, y 2 +3 y
c. Trinomials : consisting of three terms.
3 2 5 4 2
For example, 7 x −5 x +2 , x+ y−2 , x +x +x
d. Polynomials: consisting of more than three terms.
x+ y+ z+m , x 5 +x 4 +x 3 +x 2 , a+2 b+2 c +3 d +4 e
e.g.,

3. By degree: The highest exponent of any monomial of the given polynomial is called
6 4
the degree of the polynomial; for example, x −3 x +12 . In this example, the
highest exponent of a term is 6. So this polynomial is of degree 6.
5 y 3 is a monomial of degree 3.
4 x 2 y 3 z 2 is a monomial of degree 2 + 3 + 2 = 7.
3 3
√ 5x y is a monomial of degree 3 + 3 = 6.
5 is a monomial of degree 0 (because 5 can be written as 5x°).
4
− m n3
15 is a monomial of degree 3 + 1 4.
y 7 −5 x2 +3 y 2=8 is a polynomial of degree 7.

Linear polynomial:
A polynomial of degree one is called linear polynomial.

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1 5
5 x+3 y , 5 x−4 , x , x+
For example, 3 2 are linear polynomials.

Linear equation :
In the earlier topic we have learnt about linear polynomials. An equation consisting of only
linear polynomials is called a linear equation.

1 2
3 x−2=7 x ; y+1=3 y +
For example, 2 3 are linear equations in one variable, and
3 x+4 y=20 ;
5 x+20=3 y+5 are linear equations in two variables.

Example 32 :
Is the expression 5 x2 −3 √ x+10 a polynomial?

Solution :
No, because for a polynomial the condition is power of x or a variable must be to have a
non-negative integer.
1
Here in 3 √x , x has a power 2 which is not an integer.

Example 33 :
If 3 x+15=60 , find x.

Solution :
3 x+15=60
⇒ 3 x=60−15=45
45
x= =15
⇒ 3

Example 34 :
Six years ago the age of Ram was thrice the age of Shyam and after six years Ram will
become twice the age of Shyam. Find the present agee of Shyam.

Solution:
Let the present age of Ram be ‘x’ years, and the present age of Shyam be ‘y’ years.
Then x−6=3 ( y−6)
⇒ x−6=3 y−18
⇒ x−3 y=−12 … (i)
And ( x+6)=2 ( y+6)
⇒ x+6=2 y +12
⇒ x−2 y=6 … (ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
x – 3y = – 12
x – 2y = – 6
– + .

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 Gyanteerth
– y = –18
∴ y = 18 and x = 42
So, Ram's present age is 42 years and Shyam's present age is 18 years.

Example 35 :
The sum of a two-digit number and the number obtained by interchanging the digits of this
number is 33. Find the number(s).

Solution :
Let unit's digit of the number be x and ten's digit be y. Then,
Number =10 y+x
∴ 10 y+ x+10 x + y=33
⇒ 11 x+11 y=33
⇒ x+ y=3 x+y=3'
∴ The value of x is either 1 or 2. Similarly, the value of y is either 2 or 1.
So, the possible numbers are 12 and 21.

Simultaneous equations :

When there are two linear equations in two variables, it is called simultaneous linear
equations in two variables.
For example, 2x+3 y=12 and 4 x+9 y=15, 6x+2 y=24 and 10 x+13 y=53 are
simultaneous equations.

Format of simultaneous linear equations :

a1 x +b1 y =c 1 and a2 x +b 2 y=c 2

Important rule :
Simultaneous equations may be consistent or inconsistent' and may have no solution or
unique; solution or infinite solutions. The nature of these solutions can be determined by the
following rules.

a1 b1
≠ ,
(i) If a2 b2 then the system (equations) is consistent and has unique solution.
a1 b1 c1
= ≠ ,
(ii) If a2 b2 c2 then the system (equations) is inconsistent and has no solution.
a1 b1 c1
= = ,
(iii) If a2 b2 c2 then the system (equations) is consistent and has infinite number
of solutions.

Example 36:
If 2x + y=35 and 3 x+4 y=65 , find x and y.

Solution :
2 x+ y=35 … (i)
3 x+4 y=65 … (ii)
Multiplying (i) by 4, we get

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 Gyanteerth

8 x+4 y=140 … (iii)

Subtracting (ii) from (iii), we get i
8 x+4 y=140
¿3 x±4 y=65 ¿ ¿
5 x=75
75
x= =15
⇒ 5
Substituting the value of x in (i), we get 30 + y = 35
⇒ y=5
Example 37 :
Five years ago, A was thrice as old as B and 10 years hence A shall be twice as old as B. Find
the present age of A.

Solution:
According to the given condition,
A−5=3 ( B−5)
⇒ A−5=3 B−15
A+10
=B
⇒ A +10=3 B and 3
And A + 10 = 2(B + 10)
⇒ A +10=2 B+20
A−10
=B
⇒ 2
A−10 A +10
=
∴ 2 3
⇒ 3 A−30=2 A +20
⇒ A=30+ 20=50
So, the present age of A is 50 years.

Example 38 :
A person has only 25-paise and 50-paise coins. In total, he has 40 coins and their value is Rs
12.50. Find the number of 50-paise coins.

Solution:
Suppose that he has x number of 25-paise coins and y number of 50-paise coins.
Then x+ y=40 … (i)
1 1
x+ y =12. 50
and 4 2
⇒ x+2 y=50 … (ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
x + 2y = 50
_x ± y = _40
y = 10
So, he has 10 fifty-paise coins.

Exercise - 1
Q.1 The LCM of two numbers is 5200 and their HCF is 40. If one of the numbers is 520,

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 Gyanteerth
the other number is
(1) 240 (2) 560 (3) 400 (4) 320

Q.2 The sum of the squares of first ten natural numbers is

(1) 281 (2) 385 (3) 402 (4) 502

Q.3 The sum of first ten odd numbers is

(1) 105 (2) 100 (3) 110 (4) 120

3 12
Q.4 HCF of 5 and 13 is
3 3 3
(1) 65 (2) 130 (3) 5 (4)
3
13

Q.5 Which of the following groups of numbers contain only irrational numbers?
3 9
, √ 4 , −7, −
(1) √ 4, 8 (2) 2 8
3 7 9
, √4 , − , −
(3) π , (π−1), ( 3+ √ 2 ) , − √3 (4) 2 √2 8

Q.6 Find the digit in the units place in the product 254×361×159×18
(1) 1 (2) 6 (3) 4 (4) 8

Q.7 The largest number among the following is

1
3 3 2 5
(1) (2+2×2 ) (2) [( 2+2 ) ] (3) 2
7
(4) (2×2−2)

Q.8 The smallest number among the following is

3
3 3 4 5 5
(1) (7) (2) (8.5) (3) (4) (4) ( 6 )

Q.9 Find the sum of the first 50 even numbers.

(1) 1275 (2) 2650 (3) 5100 (4) 2550

Q.10 Find a if 7a4 is divisible by 9.

(1) 6 (2) 5 (3) 4 (4) 7

3
Q.11 Find the value of 4056+26 of 26−√ 216
(1) 6 (2) 0 (3) 26 (4) 104

Q.12 Evaluate: 18. 18 ¿ 9 + 2.7 of 3

(1) 101.2 (2) 27.32 (3) 10.12 (4) 10.13

Q.13 Evaluate: 8127 - 5422 + 1614 – 808

(1) 3580 (2) 3058 (3) 3503 (4) 3511

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 Gyanteerth

Q.14 Evaluate: 112 +11 4 +113 −11+(0 .5 ) 112

(1) 302.5 (2) 181.5 (3) 484.0 (4) 121

Q.15 Which one of the following is incorrect?

(1) Square root of 5184 is 72 (2) Square root of 15625 is 125
(3) Square root of 1444 is 38 (4) Square root of 1296 is 34

Q.16 The unit’s digit of the product (247 ¿ 318 ¿ 577 ¿ 313) is
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 4 (4) 6

Q.17 The sum of first 45 natural numbers is

(1) 2070 (2) 1053 (3) 1280 (4) 1035

Q.18 What least value must be assigned to * so that the number 451 *603 becomes exactly
divisible by 9?
(1) 2 (2) 7 (3) 8 (4) 5

Q.19 What least value must be assigned to * so that the number 63576 * 2 is divisible by 8?
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

Q.20 If the HCF of two numbers is 3 and their LCM is 24, find the two numbers.
(1) 24, 1 (2) 3, 8 (3) 3, 24 (4) 6, 24

Q.21 Evaluate: 1399 ¿ 1399

(1) 1687401 (2) 1901541 (3) 1943211 (4) 1957201

Q.22 Find the value of 397 ¿ 397 + 104 ¿ 104 + 2 ¿ 397 ¿ 104.
(1) 250001 (2) 251001 (3) 260101 (4) 261001

1 1 1 1
+ + +. . .+
Q.23 The expression 1 . 2 2. 3 3 . 4 n (n+1) for any natural number n, is
(1) always less than 1 (2) always greater than 1
(3) always equal to 1 (4) None of these

1 1
Q.24 LCM of 4 and 8 is
1 1
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 4 (4)
1
8

3 2 7 4 4
, , ,
Q.25 The greatest fraction among 7 5 13 7 and 9 is
4 4 2
(1) 7 (2) 9 (3) 5
7
(4) 13

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 Gyanteerth

Exercise - 2
4 6
Q.1 Two rational numbers lying between 5 and 7 are
65 5 29 5 29 62 28 35
, , , ,
(1) 84 6 (2) 35 6 (3) 35 70 (4) 34 39

Q.2 The lowest four-digit number which is exactly divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 is

(1) 1400 (2) 1300 (3) 1250 (4) 1260

Q.3 The least number which on division by 35 leaves the remainder 25 and on division
by 45 leaves the remainder 35 and on division by 55 leaves the remainder 45 is
(1) 2515 (2) 3455 (3) 2875 (4) 2785

Q.4 The sum of the two numbers is twice their difference. If their product is 27, the
numbers are
(1) 5, 15 (2) 10, 30 (3) 9, 6 (4) 9, 3

Q.5 A heap of coconuts is divided into groups of 2, 3 and 5, and each time one coconut is
left out. The least number of coconuts in the heap is
(1) 31 (2) 41 (3) 51 (4) 61

Q.6 The largest fraction among the following is

17 11 12
(1) 21 (2) 14 (3) 15
5
(4) 6

Q.7 What is the remainder when 21 is divided by 7 ?

(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 1 (4) None of these

4
Q.8 If square root of 12 is x, find
x
√ 3
x
(1) 2 (2) 6 (3) x+1 (4)
x
3

Q.9 If the product of three consecutive integers is 720, then their sum is
(1) 54 (2) 45 (3) 18 (4) 27

Q.10 How many numbers between 200 and 600 are divisible by 4, 5 and 6 ?
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8

Q.11 Which of the following is exactly divisible by 99?

(1) 114345 (2) 135792 (3) 3572404 (4) 913464

n
Q.12 The number (10 −1) is divisible by 11 for
(1) even values of n (2) odd values of n

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 Gyanteerth
(3) all values of n (4) n = multiples of 11

3
3+
1
3+
1
3+
Q.13 Evaluate : 3
(1) 1 (2) 3 (3) 43 (4) 69

Q.14 The ratio between a two-digit number and the sum of the digits of that number is
4 : 1. If the digit in the unit place is 3 more than the digit in the ten's place, what is
that number?
(1) 24 (2) 63 (3) 36 (4) 42

Q.15 The difference between two numbers is 1365. When larger number is divided by the
smaller one, the quotient is 6 and the remainder is 15. The smaller number is
(1) 270 (2) 360 (3) 240 (4) 295

Q.16 243 has been divided into three parts such that half of the first part, one-third of the
second part and one-fourth of the third part are equal. The largest part is
(1) 108 (2) 86 (3) 92 (4) 74

Q.17 The number which is formed by writing any digit 6 times (e.g.111111, 444444, etc.) is
always divisible by
(1) 7 (2) 11 (3) 13 (4) All of these

Q.18 The number nearest to 99547 which is exactly divisible by 687 is

(1) 100166 (2) 99615 (3) 99579 (4) 98928

Q.19 Which largest number of five digits is divisible by 99?

(1) 99999 (2) 99981 (3) 99909 (4) 99990

Q.20 Which smallest number of six digits is divisible by 111?

(1) 111111 (2) 110011 (3) 100011 (4) 100001

Q.21 If ‘n’ is positive integer, then (34n – 43n) is always divisible by

(1) 145 (2) 17 (3) 112 (4) 7

Q.22 When 'n' is divided by 4, the remainder is 3. What is the remainder when '2n' is
divided by 4?
(1) 1 (2) 6 (3) 3 (4) 2

Q.23 172172 is divisible by

(1) 7 (2) 11 (3) 13 (4) All of these

Q.24 Six bells commence tolling together and toll at intervals of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18
seconds respectively. In 30 minutes, how many times do they toll together?
(1) 4 (2) 10 (3) 11 (4) 15

Q.25 When 'n' is divided by 5 the remainder is 2. What is the remainder when n2 is

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 Gyanteerth
divided by 5?
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) 4

Exercise - 3
Q.1 In a school there are 850 students. If the number of girls is 56 less than the number of
boys, what is the number of boys in the school?
(1) 451 (2) 450 (3) 453 (4) 620

2 5 1
− =
Q.2 Solve 5 x 2 x 15
61 63 2 2
− − − −
(1) 2 (2) 2 (3) 63 (4) 61

Q.3 In a cricket match Sachin scored 15 runs more than Vinod. If together they had
scored 245 runs, how many runs did each of them score?
(1) 115,130 (2) 120,125 (3) 110,135 (4) 105,140

Q.4 The length of a rectangle exceeds its breadth by 7m. If the perimeter of the rectangle
is 94 m, what are the length and the breadth of the rectangle?
(1) 28 m, 22 m (2) 25 m, 24 m (3) 30 m, 15 m (4) 27 m, 20 m

Q.5 The ratio between the two complementary angles is 2 : 3. What is the value of each
angle?
(1) 36°, 54° (2) 18°, 27° (3) 30°, 60° (4) 14°, 76°

Q.6 The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 9. If the digits of the number are
interchanged the number increases by 63, what is the original number?
(1) 18 (2) 36 (3) 72 (4) 27

3 x +5 5
=
Q.7 For 3−2 x 3 the value of x is :
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 0 (4) –2

Q.8 If five times a number is subtracted from 20 the resultant is three times the same
number added to 4, what is the number?
(1) 2 (2) 5 (3) 8 (4) 6

1
2
Q.9 The length of a rectangular plot is 2 times its width. If the perimeter of the plot is
70 m. What is the length of plot ?
(1) 25 m (2) 15 m (3) 33 m (4) 16 m

Q.10 X has twice as much money as Y. Y has thrice as much money as Z. If X, Y and Z
together have Rs. 1.000, what is the amount with X?
(1) Rs. 100 (2) Rs. 200 (3) Rs. 400 (4) Rs. 600

Q.11 A man is 36 years old and his son is onefourth as old as him. In how many years will
the son be four-seventh as old as his father?

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 Gyanteerth
(1) 24 years (2) 27 years (3) 32 years (4) 21 years

Q.12 The difference between the ages of X and Y is 15 years. If X's age is four times the age
of Y, what is X's age?
(1) 3 years (2) 5 years (3) 20 years (4) 12 years

Q.13 A number when divided by another number gives quotient as 6 and remainder as 1.
If the first number is 36 more than the second number, what are the numbers?
(1) 40, 9 (2) 38, 2 (3) 43, 7 (4) 47, 11

Q.14 In a rectangle, the length is thrice of its breadth. If the perimeter of the rectangle is 32
cm, what is the length of the rectangle?
(1) 4 cm (2) 9 cm (3) 12 cm (4) 16 cm

Q.15 A father's .age is 20 years more than that of his son. Five years later, the father's age
will be thrice as that of his son. What is the present age of the father?
(1) 20 years (2) 25 years (3) 30 years (4) 35 years

1
Q.16 A two digit number has 3 in its units place and the sum of its digits is 7 th of the
number itself. The number is:
(1) 33 (2) 43 (3) 53 (4) 63

a+2
x= ,
Q.17 If 3 find the value of 'a' from the equation 3 x−2=2 x+ 4 .
(1) 14 (2) 15 (3) 16 (4) 17

Q.18 An obtuse angle of a parallelogram is twice its acute angle. Find the measure of each
angle of the parallelogram.
(1) 60°, 60°, 120°, 120° (2) 55°, 55°, 110°, 110°
(3) 70°,140°, 50°, 100° (4) 65°, 130°, 60°, 120°

Q.19 When 16 is subtracted from twice the number, the result is 20 less than thrice of the
same number. What is the number?
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

Q.20 Sum of two positive integers is 45. The greater number is twice the smaller number.
What is the smaller integer?
(1) 20 (2) 15 (3) 30 (4) 18

Q.21 If the sum of three consecutive whole numbers is 384, what are the numbers?
(1) 126, 127, 128 (2) 128, 129, 130 (3) 127, 128, 129 (4) None of these

Q.22 Mr. Shah is 30 years older than his son who is 5 years old. After how many years
would Mr. Shah become 3 times as old as his son then?
(1) 7 years (2) 7.5 years (3) 10 years (4) 8 years

Q.23 Sum of two positive integers is 62 and their difference is 12. Find the integers.
(1) 26, 36 (2) 25, 37 (3) 47, 15 (4) 30, 32

Q.24 When a number is added to its half, we get 117. Find the number.

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 Gyanteerth
(1) 80 (2) 76 (3) 78 (4) 82

Q.25 Find the ratio between the two numbers whose sum and difference are 25 and 5,
respectively.
(1) 2 : 5 (2) 3 : 2 (3) 1 : 3 (4) 2 : 1

Exercise - 4
Q.1 A man is thrice as old as his son. After 14 years, the man will be twice as old as his
son. Find their present ages.
(1) 42 years, 14 years (2) 40 years, 13 years
(3) 36 years, 12 years (4) 45 years, 15 years

Q.2 Divide 300 into two parts so that half of one part may be less than the other by 48.
(1) 164, 136 (2) 106, 194 (3) 168, 132 (4) 186, 114

Q.3 In an isosceles triangle, the equal sides are 2 more than twice of the third side. If the
perimeter of the triangle is 19. The length of one of the equal sides is
(1) 3 cm (2) 5 cm (3) 8 cm (4) 6 cm

Q.4 P has Rs. 570 and Q has Rs. 350 with them. How much money should Q receive from
P so that Q has Rs. 120 less than 3 times what is left with P?
(1) Rs. 330 (2) Rs. 320 (3) Rs. 260 (4) Rs. 310

Q.5 The difference between a two digit number and the number obtained by
interchanging its digits is 81. What is the difference between the digits of the
number?
(1) 7 (2) 8 (3) 9 (4) 6

Q.6 2 mangoes and 5 oranges together cost Rs. 15 and 4 mangoes and 3 oranges together
costs Rs. 23 Find the individual cost of a mango and an orange.
(1) Rs. 4, Rs. 2 (2) Rs. 3, Rs. 3 (3) Rs. 5, Re. 1 (4) Re. 1, Re. 1

Q.7 The sum of numerator and denominator of a certain fraction is 11. If 1 is added to the
1
,
numerator, the value of fraction becomes 2 the fraction is :
3 2 1
(1) 8 (2) 9 (3) 10
6
(4) 5

Q.8 A workman is paid Rs.15 for each day he is present and is fined Rs.3 for each day, he
is absent. If he works for x days in a month and earns Rs.360. The value of x is :
(1) 22 (2) 24 (3) 25 (4) 21

Q.9 The perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 23 cm. The length of its congruent sides is 1
cm less than twice the length of its base. The length of each side is :
(1) 3 cm, 10 cm, 10 cm (2) 5 cm, 9 cm, 9 cm
(3) 8 cm, 8 cm, 7 cm (4) 4 cm, 9 cm, 10 cm

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 Gyanteerth

Q.10 The sum of two numbers is 2490. If 6.5% of one number is equal to 8.5% of other,
then one of the numbers is:
(1) 1008 (2) 1079 (3) 1411 (4) 3718

Q.11 At a fair, a "bull's eye" was rewarded 20 paise and a penalty of 8 paise imposed for
missing the "bull's eye". A boy tried 50 shots and received only 48 paise. How many
"bull's eye" did he hit ?
(1) 15 (2) 17 (3) 16 (4) 18

Q.12 A father is 25 years older than his son. Five years before, he was six times his son's
age at that time. How old is the son ?
(1) 6 years (2) 8 years (3) 10 years (4) 12 years

Q.13 A father gives his son Rs. 3,000 for a tour. If he extends his tour by five days, he has
to cut down his daily expenses by Rs. 20. The tour will now last for :
(1) 25 days (2) 30 days (3) 20 days (4) 36 days

11
2
Q.14 The sum of three fractions is 44 . When the largest fraction is divided by the
7 1
smallest fraction, the fraction thus obtained is 6 which is 3 more than the
middle fraction. The three fractions are :
1 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 5 3 5 7
, , , , , , , ,
(1) 2 3 4 (2) 3 4 5 (3) 4 5 6 (4) 4 6 8

Q.15 If A was half as old as B ten years ago and he will be two thirds as old as B in eight
years, what are the present ages of A and B?
(1) 28 years, 46 years (2) 22 years, 40 years
(3) 24 years, 42 years (4) 12 years, 30 years

Q.16 A certain number of articles are purchased for Rs.1,200. If price per article is
increased by Rs. 5, then 20 less articles can be purchased. What is the original
number of articles?
(1) 60 (2) 80 (3) 50 (4) 90

Q.17 A person purchased a certain number of eggs at four a rupee. He kept one fifth of
them and sold the rest at three a rupee and in the process gained a rupee. How many
eggs did the person buy ?
(1) 30 (2) 40 (3) 50 (4) 60

Q.18 An elevator has a capacity of 12 adults or 20 children. How many adults can board
the elevator with 15 children?
(1) 6 (2) 5 (3) 4 (4) 3

Q.19 Two years ago, a father's age was three times the square of his son's age. In three
years time, his age will be four times as that of his son's age. What are their present
ages?
(1) 24 vears, 6 years (2) 27 years, 3 years
(3) 25 years, 7 years (4) 29 years, 5 years

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 Gyanteerth
Q.20 A sum of As. 10 is divided among a number of persons. If the number is increased by
1
4 th, each will receive 5 paise less. The number of persons is :
(1) 20 (2) 10 (3) 40 (4) 80

Q.21 Tina's sister is younger to her by 3 years and her brother is elder to her by 4 years.
The sum of the ages of Tina, her sister and her brother is 73 years. What is Tina's age?
(1) 22 years (2) 24 years (3) 20 years (4) 25 years

Q.22 A half-ticket issued by railway costs half the full fare but the reservation charge is
same on half-ticket as on full-ticket. One reserved first class ticket for a journey
between two stations costs Rs. 362 and one full and one half-reserved first class ticket
costs Rs.554. The reservation charge is:
(1) Rs. 18 (2) Rs. 22 (3) Rs. 38 (4) Rs. 46

Q.23 A purse contains Rs.130 in equal denominations of 50 paise, 10 paise and 5 paise.
How many coins of each type are there?
(1) 100 (2) 200 (3) 150 (4) 250

Q.24 A father said to his son, "I was as old as you are at present, at the time of your birth."
If the father's present age is 38 years, what was his son's age five years ago?
(1) 14 years old (2) 19 years old (3) 38 years old (4) 33 years old

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 Gyanteerth

Business Maths
Percentages:
Percentages is one of the most commonly used mathematical concepts in real life. This is a
simple concept with various applications. Hence, you are expected to be absolutely
comfortable with this concept. In order to increase your comfort levels, you will do well to
keep calculating percentages mentally, whenever you get an opportunity to do so in real life.

Percent of a number
Percent means per 100. Here "cent" stands for 100. To find the percent of a number, convert
the percent into fraction and multiply the resulting fraction with the number.

60
×500
e.g: 60% of 500 = 100 = 300
Example 1:
Express 30 as a percent of 45.

Solution:

(3045 )×100 = 66.67%

Example 2:
Find 40% of 3340.

Solution:

(40100 )×3340 = 1336

Conversion of a fraction or a decimal into a percent

A fraction or a decimal can be converted into a percentage by simply multiplying it by 100.
1
So, the fraction 5 expressed as a percentage is
1
×100
5 = 20%
And the decimal 0.05 expressed as a percentage is
0.05 ¿ 100 = 5%

Converting a percentage into a fraction

A percentage when divided by 100 is converted into
20 1
=
a fraction. So, 20% as a fraction is 100 5
The % sign is dropped when we divide the percentage by 100.

Example 3:
Express 40% in decimal terms.`

Solution:

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 Gyanteerth
40
=
40% = 100 0.4

Fraction of a number
To determine the fraction of a number the fraction and the number. Therefore
1 1 1 1
׿ ¿ ×33
4 th of 20 is 40 20 =5; 3 rd of 33 is = 3 = 11, etc.

Fraction of a fraction and Relative Percentage

To find the fraction of a fractions we multiply both the fractions.
1 1
For example 4 th of 5 th is nothing but
1 1 1 1 3 1
× =
4 5 20 and 3 rd of 5 th is 5 etc
25
׿ ¿
Similarly, 25% of 20% is 100 20% = 5
which is equivalent to 20% of 25%,
20
×25 %
i.e. 100 = 5%

Reciprocal Percentage Equivalent:

Tables can take care of multiplications encountered. But if one has to develop speed in
division, where the real tediousness lies, reciprocal percentage equivalent are an absolute
must. The following may help you in memorizing the reciprocal equivalents. If reciprocal of
2 is 50%, that of 4 will be half of 50% i.e. 25%. Similarly, reciprocal of 8 be half of 25% i.e.
12.5% and that of 16 will be 6.25%.
Reciprocal of 3 is 33.33%. Thus reciprocal of 6 and 9 will 16.66% and 11.11 % respectively.
Reciprocal of 9 is 11.11 and reciprocal of 11 is 09.090909. Reciprocal of 9 is composed of 11s
and reciprocal of 11 is composed of 09s.
Reciprocal of 20 is 5%. Reciprocal of 21 is 4.75% and of 19 is 5.25%. Thus we can easily
remember reciprocals of 19, 20, 21 as 5.25%, 5, 4.75% i.e. 0.25% more and less than 5%
Similarly, reciprocal of 25 is 4%. Reciprocal of 24 is 4.16% and of 26 is 3.84%. Thus we can
easily remember reciprocals of 24, 25, 26 as 4.15%, 4, 3.85% i.e. 0.15% more and less than 4%
Reciprocal of 29 is 3.45% (i.e. 345 in order) and reciprocal of 23 is 4.35% (same digits but
order is different)
Reciprocal of 22 is half of 09.0909% i.e 4.545454% i.e consists of 45s
Reciprocal of 18 is half of 11.1111 % i.e. 5.55555% i.e. consists of only 5s
Thus the work may seem to be a huge task, but if one uses a smart approach, it is hardly
anything.
If any calculation has 9 in the denominator, the decimal part will be only 0909.. or 1818... or
2727...
84
or 3636 ...e.g. 9 will be 9.272727 can be found out in a jiffy
( n-1 )
One can also calculate any fraction of the type n (n ¿ 30) within a second if one
knows the reciprocal percentage equivalent.
11 1
E.g. 12 will be nothing but 1- 12 i.e. the complement of 0.08333 which is 0.91666.

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1 22
Similarly if I know 23 is 0.0435, 23
will be 0.9565.
Other Fraction Percentage Equivalents:
Knowing the reciprocal percentage equivalents is just a qualifying criteria, to gain a
1
competitive advantage one needs to go beyond. One also needs to remember tables of 8
1
(or of 12.5) and 12 (or of 8.33).
1 2 3 5 7
8 is 12.5%, 8 is 25%, 8 is 37.5%,…. 8 is 62.5%... 8 is 87.5%
3
Lets say one has to find 37.5% of 128. This will be nothing but 8 x 128 which is 48. And
percentages like 37.5% and 62.5% are used very regularly.

1 5
Also tables of 12 will help one find percentages like 83.33%, which is nothing but 6 th.

Example 4:
A's income is 70% of B's income. B's income is 50% of C's income, If C's income is
Rs.1,00,000, what is A’s income?

Solution:

B's income =
(50100 )׿ ¿ Rs.100000 = Rs. 50,000
A's income =
(70100 )׿ ¿ Rs. 50000 = Rs. 35,000
Alternative Method :

50
B's income = 100 of C’s income
70
A's income = 100 of B’s income
70 50
= ×
100 100 of C's income
35
׿ ¿
A’s income = 100 100000 = Rs.35,000.

Successive Percentage Changes

If a number is changed (increase/decrease) by a% and in the second step, this changed
number is again changes (increase/decrease) by b% then
a×b
Net percent change =
[ a+b+
100]%

If a or b or both show decrease, then put a(+ve) sign before a and b, otherwise (+ve) sign will
remain.

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Example 5:
If the price of an item is increased by 20% and then a discount of 10% is given on the
increased price, what will be the effect on scale ?

Solution:
a×b
Using percent change =
[ a+b+
100
% ]
20×10
=20−10− =8 %
100 (increase)

Example 6:
The number of seats in a auditorium is increased by 25%. The price on a ticket is also
increased by 12%. What is the effect on the revenue collected ?

Solution: Let the initial number of seats be 100 and price per ticket be Re. 1
Then, Revenue = number of seats ¿ price per ticket
125
×100=125
increased number of seats = 100
112
= ×1=
Increased price of a ticket 100 Rs. 1.12
Increased revenue =125×1. 12= Rs. 140
140−100
Percentage increase in revenue
=
100 ( ×100=40 % )
Short cut:
a×b
=a+b+
Using % increase 100
∴ Percentage increase in revenue
25×12
=25+12+ =25+12+ 3=40 %
100

Example 7:
The length of a rectangle is increased by 10%. What will be the percentage decrease in its
breadth so as to have the same area?

Solution:
Let length and breadth of the rectangle be I and b respectively.
Area = Ib
Increased length and breadth = I’ and b'; Area = Ib
110 11 11 10
I = I ⇒ Ib '=Ib ⇒b '= b
I’= 100 10 10 11
10 1
b= b
−
decrease in breadth = b - b'= b 11 11
b 100 1
= ×100= =9 %
Percentage decrease in breadth 11 b 11 11

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Example 8:
If the side of a square is increased by 25%, then its area is increased by what percent?

Solution:
2
Let the side be 10 cm. Then the area will be 100 cm .
New side = 125% of 10 = 12.5 cm;
2
Area = (12.5) = 156.25
∴ Percentage increase in area = 56.25%

Short cut:
If x is the percentage increase in the side of a square, then increase in area is given by
2
x×x x
=2 x+
x + x + 100 100
25×25
=
= 25+25+ 100 56.25%

Example 9:
Express 50 g as a percentage of 4 kg.

Solution:
50 gm 500 gm
4kg
×100= (
4000 gm
×100= ) 1.25%

Example 10:
X's income is 50% more than Y's. By how much percent is Y's income less than X's?

Solution:
Using formula, m = 50
= 33.33%

You may encounter the following types of questions in the examination

Types of questions Examples Approach to the
question
1. Convert x percentage Express 12% as a fraction. x 12 3
= =
into fraction. x% = 100 100 25

2. Convert fraction or 5 Multiply the fraction by

decimal into percentage. Express 11 as 100.
percentage. 5
×100=45. 45 %
= 11

3. If A's income is x% of A's income is 40% of B's x

׿ ¿
B's income and B's income is income. If B's income is Rs. A = 100 P
given, then find A's income. 10,000, what is A's income? 40
×10000=
100 Rs. 4,000

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 Gyanteerth
4. If A's income is r% more X's income is 25% more than r
×100
than B's income, then by Y's. By how much % is Y's Difference = 100+r
how much % is B's income income less than X's 25
less than A's income? income? ×100=20 %
= 125
5. If A's income is r% less X's income is 40% less than r
×100
than B's income, then by Y's By how much % is Y's Difference 100−r
how much % is B's income income more than X's 40
more than A's income? income? ×100=66 .67 %
= 60
6. If the price of a If the price of potato is Expenditure
commodity increases by increased by 20%, by how = Price ¿ Consumption
r%, find the % decrease much should the r
×100
in the consumption given consumption be decreased Decrease = 100+r
that expenditure remains so as to maintain the same 20 50
same. expenditure? ×100= =16 .67 %
= 120 3
7. If price of one unit If the price of potato is ab
changes by a % and the increased by 20% and Net change = a + b + 100
number of units consumed consumption decreased by 20×10
changes by b%, then what is 10%, what will be the =8 %
= 20 – 10 - 100
the % change in percentage change in
expenditure expenditure?

8. If the population of a The population of a town is 100+x 100+ y

country increases in the 18000. It increases by 10%
¿ ×
NF =N 100 100
first year and decrease next during first year and by 20%
110 120
year. during the second year. The ¿ ×
population after 2 = 18000 100 100 =
years will be 23760
Alternative method
Successive increments of
10% and 20% = 32%. Then,
population will increase by
32% of 18000 = 5760
Population after 2 years will
be 18000 + 5760 = 23760

Example 11 :
In a market survey, 20% opted for product B. The remianing individuals were uncertain. If
the difference between those who opted for product B and those who were uncertain was
720, then how many individuals were covered in the survey?

Solution :
Clearly, 80% were uncertain
80% of x – 20% of x = 720
60
׿720
Or 60% of x = 720 or 100 or

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 Gyanteerth
720×100
= =1200
x 60

Example 12:
Of the total amount received by Kiran, 20% was spent on purchases and 5% of the remaining
on transportation. If he is left with Rs. 1520, the initial amount was

Solution:
Let 100 be the initial amount with Kiran. 20% is spent on purchases. Hence, we are left with
80%. Five percent of 80% is 4%. Hence, the remaining is 76%. We are given that the
remaining is 1520. Here, 76% corresponds to 1520 and hence, 100% corresponds
100×1520
=2000
to 76

Example 13:
5% of income of A is equal to 15% of income of B and 10% of income of B is equal to 20% of
income of C. If income of C is Rs. 2,000, then total income of A, B, and C is

Solution:
5 15 10 20
A= B= C
100 100 B and 100 100
∴ A = 3B and B = 2C = 2 ¿ 2000 = 4000
∴ A = 3 ¿ 4000 = 12000
∴ A + B + C = (12000 + 4000 + 2000) = 18000

Example 14:
Arvind spends 75% of his income. His income is increased by 20% and he increases his
expenditure by 10%. His savings are increased by how many percent?

Solution:
Let the income be 100. Expenditure = 75 and savings = 25; New income = 120
110 165
New expenditure = 100
( ×75) =
2 ;
165 75
New savings =
( 120−
2 ) 2
=

75 25
Increase in savings =
( 2
−25 )=
2 ;
25 1
Percentage increase =
( × ×100)
2 25 = 50%

Example 15:
Two numbers are respectively 19% and 70% more than a third number. What percentage is
the first number out of the second?

Solution:
Let the third number be 100.
Then, the first number is 100 + 19 = 119 and the second number is 170.
119
׿ ¿
∴ The first is 170 100 = 70% of the second.

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 Gyanteerth

Short cut: First number is

(100+19
100+70 )
׿ ¿
100 = 70% of the second.
Example 16:
Salaries of A, B and C are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. Salary of B and C together is Rs. 6,000. By what
percent is salary of C more than that of A?

Solution:
Let A = x; B = 2x and C = 3x
Then, 2x + 3x = 6000 ⇒ x = 1200
∴ A =1200 and C = 3600

Required excess =
(2400
1200
×100)=200 %

Alternative Method:
If salary of A = x, then salary of C = 3x, hence, salary of C is 2x more than A,
2x
׿ ¿
So, C is x 100 = 200% more than A.

Example 17:
A cricket team won 40% of the total number of matches it played during a year. If it lost 50%
of the matches played and 20 matches were drawn, the total number of matches played by
the team during the year was

Solution:
40% of x + 50% of x + 20 = x, where x = Total number of matches
40 50
⇒ x+ x
100 100 + 20 = x or x = 200

Profit, Loss and Discount

This is the other major application area fo percentages. If you happen to be a shopping freak,
this is a topic you must be glued into. This will enable you to be ahead of the shopkeeper
and find out the real discount. Get your concepts right and you wil be 'cash positive'.
Suppose that you are selling some article. You can sell that article at the price you bought,
more than that or less than that, means in any such transaction three cases will arise.

a. Cost price (C.P) > selling price (S.P.)

b. Cost price (C.P) < selling price (S.P.)
c. Cost price (C.P) = selling price (S.P.)
As a result either you will have profit (P) or loss (L) or no profit-no loss.

Profit or loss can be defined in two ways:

a. In terms of absolute amount:

Suppose that the C.P of an article is Rs.200 and S. P. is Rs. 300. So profit is
SP - CP = 300 - 200 = Rs. 100.

b. In terms of percentage:
Whenever you want to calculate profit or loss in terms of percentage, it is always

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calculated on the basis of C.P. In the above example the profit is Rs.100 on C.P. of Rs.200,
so the profit percentage is 50%.

Marked price: The price which is marked or listed on /against the item is called the marked
price. It may be more than or less than the S.P. or C.P.

Discount: Sometimes the shopkeeper gives a certain discount to attract the customers.
Discount can be expressed in two ways:
a. In terms of absolute number:
For example, Purchase 5 trousers and get a trouser of same kind free.
b. In terms of percentage:
For example,
If you purchase 6 trousers, you will get 16.67% discount.
The percentage discount is always calculated on the basis of M.P.
( M . P. - S. P .)
Percentage Discount = M. P. ¿ 100

Formulae

1. Profit percentage
( S.P. CP .) Profit
= ׿ ¿ ׿ ¿
C .P. 100 = C .P. 100
S. P.
= (
C .P. )
−1 ×100

2. Loss percentage
(C . P . - S.P .) Loss
= ×100= ×100
C. P. C .P.
S.P.
= 1− ( C.P. )
×100

(100 + profit percentage × C. P )

3. S.P. = 100
(100 - loss percentage )× C. P.
=
100

4. If marked price is M. P and discount percentage is d, then

M .P(100-d ) 100×S. P .
; M . P=
S.P. = 100 (100-d)

5. M.P ⃗
−Discount S.P. ⃗
+Profit C.P.

6. If 2 items are sold, each at Rs. X, one lain of P % and the other at a loss of P% than
overall loss percentage
2
P
= %
100 and Loss (in rupess)
2
2P X
=
1002 −P2

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You may encounter the following types of questions in the examination.
Types of questions Examples Approach to the question
1. If A sells to B at a profit A sells a cycle to B at a C.P.A =
of x%; B sells to C at a profit profit of 10%, B sells to C 100+x 100+ y
of y% and C pays Rs. P for at a profit of 20%. If C pays
× ×P
100 100
it, find the cost for A. Rs. 264 for it, how much did where x and y are the %
A pay for it? profits or A and B, and P is
the cost for C
110 120
∴ × ×P=264
100 100
P = Rs. 200
2. If cost price of A articles The C. P. of 10 articles is C. P. of 10 units = S. P. of 9
is equalto the selling price equal to the S. P. of 9 units = Rs. 90 (say)
of B articles, find the profit articles. Find the profit ∴ C.P. of 1 unit = 9
percentage. percentage S.P. of 1 unit = 10
∴ Profit %
10−9
= =11.11%
9
Alternatively, on selling 9
items, profit equal to C P. of
1 item is made
∴ Profit %
1
= ×100=11.11
9 %

3. The cost price of two Amit buys 2 cows for Rs. For same cost price and
articles is same. If one is 200 each. He sells one at a equal profit and loss
sold at a X% profit and the profit of 10% and the other percentage, there is profit
other at a loss of X%, find at a loss of 10%. Find his or no loss.
the profit or loss profit or loss
percentage.

4. The selling price of two Amit sells 2 cows for Rs. Loss %
articles is same. If one is 200 each. On one he gets a 2 2
X 10
sold at X% profit and the profit of 10%, while losing = %= =1 %
100 100
other at loss of X%, find his 10% on the other. What is
profit or loss his overall profit or loss
percentage. percentage?

5. If x% discount on an A dealer allows a discount 100−x

article is given on cash
payment, find the
of 7% for cash payment.
How much percentage
S.P. = MP 100
( )
100+ y
percentage that should be
marked above the cost price
above the cost price should
he mark his goods to make
=C . P .
100( )
so as to make a profit of y%. a profit of 10%. MP 100+ y 110
∴ = =
C . P. 100−x 93
M P- C. P.
∴
C. P .
= (1.182 - 1) ¿100 = 18.2%
Alternatively,

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 Gyanteerth
md
P = m – d - 100
∴10=m−7−0 . 07 m
17
∴ m= =18 . 28
0 . 93
6. If a dealer sells goods at A dishonest dealer Profit %age
cost price but uses faulty professes to sell his goods x
= ×100
weight, find his gain at cost price, but he uses T -x
percentage. a weight of 960 g for 1 kg. where x is the error and T is
Find his profit percentage. the true value.
40
∴ ׿ ¿
1000−40 100 = 4.16%

Example 18:
A boy buys eggs at 10 for Rs. 1.80 and sells them at 11 for Rs. 2. What is his profit or loss
percent?

Solution:
To avoid fractions, let the number of eggs purchased be
LCM of 10 and 11 = 110
110×1 .80
=
C.P. of 110 eggs 10
= Rs. 19.80
110×2 . 00
= =
S.P. of 110 eggs 11 Rs. 20.00
0 .20×100
= =1 .01
Profit percentage 19 . 80 %

Example 19:
A woman buys apples at 15 for a rupee and the same number at 20 a rupee. She mixes and
sells them at 35 for 2 rupees. What is her gain or loss percentage?

Solution :
Suppose the woman buys (LCM of 15, 20 and 35) 420 apples each at 15 apples a rupee and 20
apples a rupee.
Cost at the rate of 15 per rupee = Rs. 28
Cost at the rate of 20 per rupee = Rs. 21
Total cost for 840 apples = Rs. 49
840×2
= =48 ;
S.P. for 840 apples 35
( 49−48)×100
= =2. 04 %
Loss percentage 49

Example 20 :
A man bought 80 kg of rice for Rs. 88 and sold it at a loss of as much money as he received
for 20 kg. At what price did he sell it?

Solution :

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 Gyanteerth
C.P. of 80 kg – S.P of 80 kg = S.P. of 20 kg
S.P. of 100 kg = C.P. of 80 kg = 88
S.P. of 1 kg = 88 paise
He sold it at 88 paise per kg.

Example 21 :
Goods are purchased for Rs. 450 and one-third is sold at a loss of 10%. At what profit
percentage should the remainder be sold so as to gain 20% on the whole transaction?

Solution:
Total cost price of goods = Rs. 450
120
= ×450
S.P. of total goods 100 = Rs. 540
450
= =150
C.P. of one-third goods 3
90
= ×150=
S.P. of one-third goods 100 Rs. 135
S.P. of remaining goods = (540 – 135) = Rs. 405
C.P. of remaining (two-third) goods = Rs. 300
405−300
= ×100
Hence, profit percentage 300
105
= ×100=35 %
300

Alternative method:
Applying weighted average, in one-third of quantity there is a loss of 10% (or a profit of
−10% ) and the balance two-third.gives a profit of x%.
Hence, overall profit is given by
1 2
(−10 %)+ x=20 ,
3 3 thus x=35 %.

Example 22:
A reduction of 10% in the pace of sugar enables a man to buy 25 kg more for Rs. 225. What is
the original price of sugar (per kg)?

Solution:
Let original price be x.
225
=
Original quantity x
225
=
New price = 0.9 x ; New quantity 0.9 x
225 225
− =25 ⇒ x =
Equating 0. 9 x x Re. 1

Example 23 :
A man sells an article at a profit of 25%. If he had bought it at 20% less and sold it for
Rs. 10.50 less, he would have gained 30%. Find the C.P. of the article.

Solution:

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 Gyanteerth
Let C. P. = Rs. x ; S. P. = 1.25 x
New C.P. = 0.8 x ; New S.P. = 1. 25 x−10 .50
But new S.P. = 130% of new C.P. =1.3×0. 8 x
Therefore, 1.3×0.8 x=1.25 x−10.50 ⇒ x= Rs. 50.
Example 24:
A vendor bought bananas at 6 for 5 rupees and sold at 4 for 3 rupees. Find his gain or loss
percentage.

Solution:
Let number of bananas be 12(LCM of 6 and 4)
12
= ×5=
Cost Price 6 Rs. 10
12
= ×3=
Selling Price 4 Rs. 9
1
= ×100=10 %
Loss percentage 10

Example 25:
If a commission of 10% is given on the marked price of an article, the gain is 25%. Find the
gain percentage, if the commission is increased to 20%.

Solution:
Let marked price = Rs. 100
Commission = Rs.10
90
= ×100=
S.P. = Rs. 90; C.P. 125 Rs. 72
New commission = Rs. 20 ; New S.P. = Rs 80.
8×100
= =11.1 %
Gain percentage 72

Example 26 :
Peanuts are sold at 60 per rupee. If the vendor decides to hike the S.P. by 20%, how many
peanuts can be bought per rupee?

Solution :
1
;
S.P. of 1 peanut = Re. 60
1. 2 1
= =
New S.P. 60 Re. 50
Therefore, 50 peanuts can be bought per rupee.

Example 27:
Sumit buys 9 books for Rs. 100 but sells 8 for Rs. 100. What is the net percentage of profit?

Solution:
S.P. of 8 books = Rs. 100
100
= =
∴ S.P. of 1 book 8 Rs. 12.50

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 Gyanteerth
∴ S. P. of 9 books =12 .50×9= Rs. 112.50
∴ Profit percentage = 12.5%

Alternative method:
C.P. of 9 books = S.P. of 8 books
C.P. of 8 books + C.P. of 1 book = S.P. of 8 books
C.P. of 1 books = S.P. of 8 books – C.P. of 8 books
C . P . of 1 book
= ×100=12. 5 %
Profit percentage C . P . of 8 books

Example 28:
If by selling an article for Rs. 100, a man gains Rs. 15, then find his profit percentage.

Solution:
S.P. = Rs. 100, gain = Rs. 15.
So, C.P. = S.P. - Gain

∴ Gain percentage
= (1585 ×100)%=17 1117 %
Example 29 :
A grain dealer cheats to the extent of 10% while buying as well as selling by using false
weights. What is his total profit percentage ?

Solution :
Here grain dealer gains 10% while buying as well as selling which is equivalent to two
successive gains of 10%. Hence total gain
10×10
=10+10+ =21 %
100

Example 30:
A person earns 15% on an investment but loses 10% on another investment. If the ratio of the
two investments be 3 : 5, what is the gain or loss on the two investments taken together?

Solution:
Let the investments be 3x and 5x. Then, the total investment = 8x
Total receipt = (115% of 3x + 90% of 5x)
= (3.45x + 4.5x) = 7.95x

∴ Loss
= ( 0.805x x ×100) %=0 . 625 %
Example 31:
Vivek purchased 120 tables at a price of Rs. 110 per table. He sold 30 tables at a profit of Rs.
12 per table and 75 tables at a profit of Rs. 14 per table. The remaining tables were sold at a
loss of Rs. 7 per table. What is the average profit per table?

Solution :
Total (C.P. = Rs. (120 ¿ 110) = Rs. 13,200
Total S.P. = (30 ¿ 110 + 30 ¿ 12) + (75 ¿ 110 + 75 ¿ 14) + (15 ¿ 110 – 15 ¿ 7) =
Rs. 14,505

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Average profit = Rs.

(14505−13200
120 )
1305
=
= Rs. 120 Rs. 10.88
Alternative method:
Total profit = (30 ¿ 12) + (75 ¿ 14) - (15 ¿ 7) =1305
1305
= =
Hence, average profit 120 Rs. 10.88
Partnerships
When two or more persons invest money in a common business, they are called partners
and the business relation is called partnership.

In a partnership business, every partner invests two entities.

i. Time
ii. Money

It follows quite easily that different partners may invest different amounts of money. What
may not follow that easily is that even the time for which the money is invested by the
partners could be different. Now what is meant by that? It only means that partners join the
business at different points of time. For example consider a business in which A, B and C are
partners. Suppose A and B invested amounts a and b at the start of the business. Three
months after that, C joined as a partner investing an amount c. At the end of the first year A
and B have invested their respective amounts for one full year but C has invested his
amount for 9 months only. Hence, it follows that a partner's Investment is a product of the
time and the money: Investment = Time ¿ Money. How to share a Profit (or a Loss)?

The total profit or loss is distributed among the different partners in direct proportion of
their investments. So if three partners A, B and C have invested amounts a, b and c for time
periods tA,tB and tC
then the profit (or loss) PA, PB and PC are such that :
PA : PB : PC : : tA ¿ a : tB ¿ b : tC ¿ c
It follows that if tA= tB = tC then PA : PB : PC :: a : b : c

Example 32:
A, B and C invested Rs. 1,000, Rs. 600 and Rs. 400 respectively to start a business. The profit
is Rs. 200 which is to be divided among A, B and C in the ratio of their capital invested.
What share does each of them get?

Solution:
As nothing specific is given about the time periods of their investments, we will assume that
each of them invested for an equal time period. Now, the ratio of the investments of A, B &
C is the same as the ratio of the money that each of them invested or
pA : pB : pC = 1000 : 600 : 400 = 5 : 3 : 2
5
=×200=
A’s share of profit 10 Rs. 100
3
= ×200=
B’s share of profit 10 Rs. 60
2
= ×200=
C’s share of profit 10 Rs. 40

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Example 33:
Ram, Sham and Pran share profits in the ratio of 12 : 1 : 5. If Pran's share is Rs. 12,500, what
was their total profit?

Solution:
Pran's share = 12500
5
=
18 of total profit
12500×18
=
Total profit 5
= Rs. 45,000

Example 34 :
A, B and C enter into a partnership with an amount of Rs. 10,000 each. After 4 months, A
invests an additional Rs. 2,000. Three months later. B invests Rs.4,000, and C at the same
time withdraws Rs.2,000. Profit at the end of the year is Rs. 2,17,000. What are their
respective shares if C is to be allowed to draw Rs. 2,000 as monthly salary from profits at the
end?

Solution :
A’s capital investment in that year = 10000 ¿ 4 + 12000 ¿ 8 = 1,36,000
B’s capital investment in that year = 10000 ¿ 7 + 14000 ¿ 5 = 1,40,000
C’s capital investment in that year = 10000 ¿ 7 + 8000 ¿ 5 = 1,10, 000
Ratio in which profits are to be shared = 68: 70: 55
Annual Salary of C = 2000 ¿ 12 = Rs. 24,000
Profit to be shared = 217000 – 24000 = 193000
193000×68
= =
Rs. A’s share 193 Rs. 68,000
B’s share - Rs. 70, 000,
C’s share = 55,000.

Example 35 :
A, B and C enter into partnership. A invests 3 times as much as B invests and B invests two -
third c f what C invests. At the end of the year, the profit earned is Rs 6600. What is the share
of B?

Solution:
Let C’s capital = Rs x.
2
Then B’s capital = Rs 3 x
2
A’s capital = Rs
(
3× x =
3 )
Rs 2x
2
=2 x : x : x=6 :2: 3
∴ Ratio of their capitals 3
2
Hence, B’s share = Rs
(
6600× =
11 )Rs 1200.

Example 36:
Four milkman rented a pasture. A grazed 24 cows for 3 months; B 10 cows for 5 months; C

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 Gyanteerth
35 cows for 4 months and D 21 cows for 3 months. If A's share of rent is Rs 720, find the total
rent of the field.

Solution:
Ratio of shares of A, B, C, D = (24 ¿ 3) : (10 ¿ 5) (35 ¿ 4) : (21 ¿ 3) = 72 : 50: 140 : 63
Let total rent be Rs. x
72 x 72 x
∴ =720
Then, A’s share = Rs. 325 325
720×325
x= =3250
⇔ 72
Hence, total rent of the field is Rs. 3250

Simple Interest and Compound Interest

This is one of the two main areas in which the concept of percentages is applied. This is also
a topic relevant to most people in real life - whether calculating bank interest or buying a
car/ house on loan and calculating EMI. As the names suggest, simple interest is ‘simple’
and compound interest is ‘complex’.

Simple Interest
Principal (P) : The amount of money invested in the beginning of a particular time period.
Rate (R) : It is a condition on which money is borrowed or lent.

For example an interest rate of 10% per annum means on every sum of Rs. 100 lent or
borrowed and extra sum of Rs. 10 will be given or taken every year.

Time(T) : It is the duration for which money is lent or borrowed.

Amount (A) : It is the sum of principal and interest.

In simple interest principal is constant and interest for each time period is calculated on the
same principal. The interest payable on the principal is known as simple interest.

P×R×T
=
Formula for simple Interest (S.I.) is 100
Where,P = principal or sum being borrowed.
R = Rate of interest per year.
T = Time period for which the amount is borrowed.
Amount = Principal + Simple Interest
(If T is not a whole number, then the period is represented as a fraction of year, i.e., 1 Month
1
=
12 th of a year.)
The principal grows at a constant rate in absolute terms.

Example 37:
What shall be the interest to be paid on a principal of Rs. 14,000 borrowed at a rate of 15%
per annum for a period of 3 years and 6 months?

Solution:
P×R×T
=
S.I. 100

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 Gyanteerth
P = 14,000, R = 15 and T = 3.5 year
(14000×15×3 . 5)
= =
So, S. I. 100 Rs. 7,350

Example 38 :
At what simple rate of interest shall a sum of money double itself in 4 years?

Solution:
Important point to be noted is that the amount received by the lender is double the amount
given, which means Interest = Principal
So, if x is the Principal, then x is the Simple Interest.
( x×R×4 ) 100
x= R= =25 %
Or, 100 Or, 4

Example 39 :
If a certain sum amounts to Rs. 108 in 2 years, Rs. 112 in 3 years,, find the principal and rate
of interest (simple).

Solution :
Amount after 2 years = Rs. 108. Amount after 3 years = 112.
In S.I., interest amount remains the same for every year.
Therefore, interest for 1 year = Rs. 4.
Hence, principal = 108 – 2(4) = 100.
4×100
= =4 %
Rate of interest 100×1

Example 40 :
For how many years should Rs. 600 be invested at 10% p.a. at S. I., in order to earn the same
interest as earned by investing Rs. 800 at 12% p.a. for 5 years at S. I.?

Solution :

Interest required = Rs.

(800×12×5
100 )= Rs. 480

Time
= (100×480
600×10 )
=8
years

Example 41 :
Prabhat took a certain amount as a loan from a bank at the rate of 8% p.a. S.I. and gave the
same amount to Ashish as a loan at the rate of 12% p.a. If at the end of 12 years, he made a
profit of Rs. 320 in the deal, what was the original amount?

Solution :
x×12×12 x×8×12
− =320
Let the original amount be Rs. x. Then, 100 100
2000
x= =
⇒ 3 Rs. 666.67 3
Alternative Method:
Prabhat gave at the rate of 12% and took at the rate of 8%. Here his net profit is 12 – 8 = 4%.

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 Gyanteerth
x×12×4
=x , =320
If the original sum 100 and x= Rs. 666.67

Example 42 :
If the sum of money at simple interest doubles in 6 years, it will become 4 times in how
many years?

Solution :
Let sum be Rs. x. Then S.I. = Rs.

∴ Rate
= (100×x
x×6 )
50
%= %
3
50
= %
Now sum is x and S.I. is 3x, Rate 3
100×3 x
= =18
50
x×
Time 3 years
Alternative Method :
Let principal be P, thus amount is 2P after 6 years. Interest in 6 years = 2P – P = P.
To become 4 times, interest = 4P – P = 3P.
When interest is P, time taken = 6 years
When interest is 3P, time taken = 3 ¿ 6 = 18 years.

Example 43 :
The rate of interest on a sum of money is 4% p.a. for the first 2, years, 6% p.a. for the next 3
years and 8% p.a. for the period beyond 5 years. If the simple interest accrued for a total
period of 8 years is Rs. 1,280 then what is the sum?

Solution :
Let the sum be Rs. x. Then,
x×4×2 x×6×3 x ×8×3
+ +
100 100 100 = 1280 or
50x = 1280 ¿ 100 ∴ x = Rs. 2,560

Example 44 :
Vinod Kumar invested Rs. 1,600 for 3 years and Rs. 1,100 for 4 years at the same rate of
simple interest. If the total interest from these investments is Rs. 506, find the rate of interest.

Solution :
1600×3×R 1100×4×R
+
100 100
= 506 or 92R = 506 or R = 510 2

Example 45 :
A man invests an amount of Rs. 15,860 in the came of his three sons A, B and C in such a
way that they get the same amount after 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. If the rate of interest
is 5% p.a., then what is the ratio of amounts invested in the name of A,BandC?

Solution :
Let the, amounts invested be x, y, z respectively.

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 Gyanteerth
x×2×5 y×3×5 z ×4×5
= = =k
Then, 100 100 100
20 k
x=10 k , y=
∴ 3 and z = 5k
So, x : y : z =10k : 20k : 5k
= 30 : 20 : 15 = 6 : 4 : 3

Example 46 :
The rates of simple interest in two banks A and B are in the ratio 5 : 4. A person wants to
deposit his total savings in two banks in such a way that he receives equal half yearly
interest from both. In what ratio, he should deposit his savings in banks A and B?

Solution :
Let the savings be X and Y and the rates of simple interest be 5x and 4x respectively. Then,
1 1 1 1
X ×5 x× × =Y ×4 x× ×
2 100 2 100
X 4
=
or Y 5 i.e. X : Y = 4 : 5

Compound Interest
While computing compound interest the amount received at the end of 1st year becomes
principal for 2nd year, and so on. The principal grows at an increasing rate in absolute
terms. The interest is calculated on the new principal at the end of every time period. Here
for each time period principal keeps changing. The amount (A) for the previous time period
becomes the principal (P) for the next time period. Formula for Compound Interest:
r n
(C.I.)
(
=P 1+
100 )
−P
n
r
Where, P = Principal; r = Rate of Interest; n = Time period and Amount
=P 1+ ( 100 )
The following table compares the interests accrued for a principal of Rs.100 and at a rate of
10% p.a. under S.I. and C.I.

S.I. C.I.
S.I.
Principal Principal C.I.
Year @ Total Total
(end of (end of @
10 Int. Int.
year) year) 10%
%
1 100 10 10 100 10 10
2 100 10 20 110 11 21
3 100 10 30 121 12.10 33.10

Non annual compounding

Compounding Interest added to

done in a year principal after every
Annually 1 1 year
Semi –
2 6 months
Annually
Quarterly 4 3 months

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Monthly 12 1 month

Note :
1. If the word interest is given and nothing else is specified, the interest is
considered as S.I.
2. If the interest is given by bank and nothing is specified, it is always C. I.
3. Population growth is always taken on compounding basis.

Example 47 :
What shall be the amount for a sum of Rs.1,000 at 10% for 3 years compounded annually?

Solution:
Amount at the end of year 1 is
( P×R×T )
A 1= +P1
100
1000×10×1
= +1000=
100 Rs. 1,100
This shall be the principal for year 2.
(1100×10×1 )
A 2= +1100=
100 Rs. 1,210
(1210×10×1)
A 3= +1210=
100 Rs. 1,331
So amount at the end of 3 years in case of Compound Interest (C.I.) is Rs. 1,331, while in the
case of S. I., it shall be Rs. 1,300 (at 10%).

Alternative Method:
Amount can also be calculated directly by using the formula.
R n 10 3
Amount
=P 1+( 100 )
=1000 1+ (
100
= )
Rs. 1,331
Where, P = Principal or sum being borrowed
R = Rate of interest
n = Time period for which the amount is borrowed

Example 48 :
Find the C.I. on Rs. 5,000 at 8% p.a. for 2 years, compounded annually.

Solution :
P = Rs. 5000, R = 8% and N = 2 years
8 2
5000 1+ ( 100 )
=
Amount = Rs. 5832.
C. I. = Amount -Principal
= Rs. (5832 – 5000) = RS. 832

Alternative method:
The Compound Interest on the given sum is nothing but two successive increment of
8×8
8+8+ =16 . 64 %
8%, i.e. 100

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 Gyanteerth

x y
[ using x+ y+
100
formula
]
Hence, Compound Interest
16 . 64
= ×5000=
100 Rs. 832

You may encounter the following types of questions in the examination.

Types of questions Examples Approach to the question

1. Given Interest A certain sum earns a simple I
P= ×100
amount for n years at interest of Rs.250 in 4 years R×T
rate r%. What is the at 5% p.a. Find the principal 250
principal? = ×100=
4×5 Rs. 1250

2. Which option Mr. Sharma wants to choose Compare

would lead to a higher a investment plan 1. 15×5
amount? 1. 15% for 5 years (SI) ⇒ 75% of interest on
1. rs % simple interest 2. 20% for 3 years (CI) investment
for ts time Which plan will result in
2. ri % compund interest higher amount? 2. (1.20 )3 −1 ⇒ 1.728−1
for tc time ⇒ 72.8% of interest on
investment
Thus option 1 will result in
higher amount.
3. The C.I. in nth C.I. earned in 7th year is Y−X
th R= ×100
year is Rs. X and C.I in (n Rs.600 and in 8 year is X
+ 1)th year is Rs. Y. What Rs.660. Find the rate of 60
is the rate of interest? interest = ×100=10 %
600
4. The total S.I in Total S.I for first two years is Y−X
first two years is Rs.X Rs. 600. If same amount was R= ×100
X /2
and total C.I in first two kept at C.I at same rate, total 60
years is Rs.Y. What is the C.I would have been Rs.660. = ×100=20 %
300
principal and rate of What is the principal and the Since interest for first years
interest, if they are same rate of interest? SI 600
for S.I and C.I? = = =300
2 2 and if
Principal is P, then
20
P× ×1=300
100
or P = 1500
5. A principal Amount becomes 3 times in
amounts to X times in T 5 years. In how many years
Years
= ( YX−1
−1
)×T
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 Gyanteerth
years at S.I. In how many will it become 9 times?
years will it become Y
times?
(Assume S.I.) = ( 9−1
3−1 )
×5=20
years
6. Same as above but Same as above but assume Years =T ×n where n is
with C.I C.I. given
n
by X =Y
Years =5×2=10 years

Example 49:
Find amount for Rs.80,000 at 20% per annum, compounded semi-annually for 2 years?

Solution :
Here n= (2 years) ¿ 2 = 4 years
20
R= =10 %
Similarly, 2 per time period
(As interest compounded semi-annually)
P = 80000
A = 80000
10 4
( 1+
100) =80000×1. 4641=
Rs. 117128

Example 50:
Find C.I. on Rs. 10,000 at 10% for 9 months compounded quarterly

Solution :
n = 3 periods, R = 2.5% per period and P = Rs. 10,000
3
2 .5
Amount = 10000
( 1+
100 )
= Rs.10,769 (approx.)
C.I. = Amount – Principal = 10769 – 10000 = Rs. 769

Example 51 :
The difference between the C.I. and S.I. on a certain amount at 10% per annum for 2 years,
compounded annually is Rs.372. Find the principal

Solution :
Let the principal be P.
2 P
=P×10× =
S.I.= 100 5 and
2
10 21 P
C.I. = Amount – P = P
( 1+
100 )
−P=
100
C.I. – S.I. = Rs.372
21 P P
− =
100 5 Rs.372
∴ P = Rs.37,200

Alternative Method :
You need to understand the fact that for 1 st period, S.I. = C.I.

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 Gyanteerth
The difference between the values of C.I. and S. I. is because of accumulated interest
building on interest which is reinvested. Therefore, for period 2, the difference between C.I.
and S.I. is the interest on the interest for period 1.
In the above example, the difference being 372 is the interest generated on interest for period
1 on the principal.
100
= 372×
Interest for period 1 = Rs. 10 Rs. 3,720
100
¿ =
Therefore, Principal = Rs. 3720 10 Rs. 37,200

Example 52 :
Ram invested a particular sum at 12% per annum with Shyam and an equal amount in bank
which pays interest at 12% p.a. compounded semiannually. The difference between the
amounts received after 1 year was Rs. 1,800. Find the total sum invested by Ram.

Solution :
Following the argument in the previous example, we have the difference equal to the
interest on the interest paid on the principal for 6 months.
12
=6 %
(Rate of interest becomes 2 ).
Interest paid, for first 6 months by the bank = Rs. 1800 ¿ 100 on principal = Rs. 30,000. 6
Principal = Rs. 30,000 ¿ 100 = Rs. 5,00,000.
Total sum invested = Rs. 5,00,000 + Rs. 5,00,000 = Rs. 10,00,000.

Example 53:
If the C.I. on a certain sum for 3 years at 20% p.a. is Rs. 728, what is the sum invested?

Solution :
3
20
C.I.
=728=P 1+ (
100 )
−P ⇒ P (1 .2 )3−P=728

P (1.728 – 1) = 728
P (0.728) = 728
P = Rs. 1000
Note : When rates are different for different years, say r 1 , r 2 and r 3 for different years 1,
2 and 3 respectively, then amount
r r r
(
A=P 1+ 1
100 )(
1+ 2 1+ 3
100 100 )( )
Example 54 :
Find the amount after 3 years if the principal is Rs. 10,000 and rates are 10%, 8%, 12% for
those three years in that order.

Solution :
10
Amount
A=10 , 000 1+( 100 )(1+1008 )(1+12100 )
= Rs. (10,000 ¿ 1.1 ¿ 1.08 ¿ 1.12) = Rs. 13,305.60

Example 55 :
The value of a machine depreciates at the rate of 10% every year. It was purchased three

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 Gyanteerth
years ago. If its present value is Rs. 8,748, its purchase price was

Solution :
Let the purchase price be P.
Rate of depreciation = 10%
10 3
P 1− (
100
=8748)
10 10 10
(
⇒ P= 8748× × ×
9 9 9 )
= Rs. 12,000

Exercise - 1
Q.1 What is the 18.4 % of 2000?
(1) 300 (2) 400 (3) 390 (4) None

Q.2 What percent of 48 is 26?

(1) 54.16% (2) 184.6% (3) 56.33% (4) 57.16%

1
Q.3 What is 33 3 % of 972?
(1) 332 (2) 411 (3) 348 (4) 324

Q.4 What percent of 60 is 37?

(1) 60% (2) 61.66% (3) 65.66% (4) 70%

Q.5 The population of a town increases from 6500 to 7475. What is the percentage
increase?
(1) 10% (2) 12% (3) 15% (4) 20%

Q.6 What is 90% of 90% of 100?

(1) 80 (2) 100 (3) 90 (4) 81

Q.7 50 min is what percent of an hour?

(1) 83.33% (2) 50% (3) 90% (4) 87.66%

Q.8 If A's income is 25% more than B's, then B's income is what percent of A's income?
(1) 75% (2) 80% (3) 90% (4) 125%

Q.9 In an examination passing percentage is 40. A obtained 72 out of 200. By what

percent did he fail?
(1) 8% (2) 5% (3) 4% (4) 16%

Q.10 A 50 L mixture of milk and water has 35% water. What is the quantity of milk in it?
(1) 27.5 L (2) 15 L (3) 31.5 L (4) 32.5 L

Q.11 If A is increased by 10%, A2 is increased by

(1) 20% (2) 21% (3) 100% (4) 19%

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Q.12 A is what percent of

(159 )
A?
(1) 60% (2) 100% (3) 133% (4) 166%

Q.13 If the length and breadth of a rectangle are decreased by 10%, then by what percent
does the area decrease?
(1) 19% (2) 25% (3) 10% (4) 20%

Q.14 What is 30% of 55% of 100?

(1) 25 (2) 16.5 (3) 85 (4) 11.5

Q.15 Which one of the following is the largest?

3
(1) 66% (2) 5 (3) 0.65 (4) 25
Q.16 In a town, there are 2500 men and 2500 women. If men increased by 20% and women
decreased by 20%, women as a percent of men now is:
(1) 60% (2) 66,66% (3) 80% (4) 83.33%

Q.17 If the numerator of a fraction is increased by 25% and denominator decreased by

5
20%, the new value is 4 . What was the original fraction?
3 4 7
(1) 5 (2) 5 (3) 8
3
(4) 7

Q.18 A ‘laddoo’ is made of 70% flour, 20% sugar and the rest is ‘ghee’. What is the
quantity of ‘ghee’ in two kg laddoos?
(1) 200 gm (2) 2 kg (3) 100 gm (4) 400 gm

Q.19 Raman’s salary was decreased by 50% and subsequently increased by 50%. He has a
loss of
(1) 0% (2) 25% (3) 0.25% (4) 2.5%

Q.20 The population of a town increases 20% annually. What will be the population after 2
years, if present population is 2500?
(1) 3250 (2) 3500 (3) 3600 (4) 3700

Q.21 If 37% of a number is 990.86, what will be approximately 19% of that number?
(1) 600 (2) 500 (3) 450 (4) 700

Q.22 I bought 20 kg of mango, out of which 16 kg were fine and rest were rotten. What is
my percentage of loss, if I bought them for Rs. 30 per kilogram?
(1) 33% (2) 40% (3) 15% (4) 20%

Q.23 Y is a% of X. If X is 120% of Y, then find a?

(1) 83.33% (2) 80% (3) 75% (4) 86.66%

Q.24 The price of rice increased from Rs.15 by 15% and then reduced by 30 paise. What
was the net increase?

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 Gyanteerth
(1) 10% (2) 12% (3) 13% (4) 28%

Q.25 If 20% of a number exceeds 16% of the same number by 16, then what is the number?
(1) 4 (2) 40 (3) 4000 (4) 400

Exercise - 2
Q.1 In order to increase sales, price of a product was decreased by 20%. The total revenue
is increased by 28%. What is the percentage increase in number of units sold?
(1) 48% (2) 50% (3) 60% (4) 83%

Q.2 If 28% of a number is less than 43% of the same number by 75. What is 30% of that
number?
(1) 120 (2) 105 (3) 180 (4) 150

Q.3 In an examination, it is required to get 45% marks to pass. A student got 138 marks
and failed by 15% of the total marks. What were the maximum marks?
(1) 400 (2) 450 (3) 460 (4) 500

1
37 °
Q.4 Design requirement demands that an angle should be 2 . Upon construction,
the
same angle was found to be only 36°, as built The error percent is:
1 1
1 % 4 %
(1) 2 (2) 3% (3) 4% (4) 6

Q.5 An increase of Rs. 60 in the monthly salary of Madan made it 50% of the monthly
salary of Kamal. What is Madan's present monthly salary?
(1) Rs. 180 (2) Rs. 200
(3) Rs. 300 (4) Cannot be determined
Q.6 The salaries of A and B together amount to Rs. 2,000. A spends 95% of his salary and
B spends 85% of his salary. If their savings are the same, then what is A’s salary?
(1) Rs. 1,500 (2) Rs. 1,250 (3) Rs. 750 (4) Rs. 1,600

Q.7 In an examination, A got 10% marks less than B, B got 25% marks more than C and C
got 20% less than D. If A got 360 marks out of 500, the percentage of marks obtained
by D was:
(1) 70% (2) 75% (3) 85% (4) 80%

Q.8 In an examination, 80% of the students passed in English. 85% in Mathematics and
75% in both English and Mathematics. If 40 students failed in both the subjects, the
total number of students is :
(1) 200 (2) 400 (3) 600 (4) 800

Q.9 p is six times as large as q. The percent that q is less than p, is

(1) 83.33% (2) 16.66 % (3) 90% (4) 60%

Q.10 In an election involving twoo candidates, 68 votes were declared invalid. The wining
candidate got 52% of the votes and won by 98 votes. The total number of votes
polled was
(1) 2500 (2) 2450 (3) 2382 (4) 2518

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Q.11 The price of oil is increased by 25%. If the expenditure is not allowed to increase, the
ratio between the reduction in consumption and the regular consumption is :
(1) 1 : 3 (2) 1 : 4 (3) 1 : 5 (4) 1 : 6

Q.12 The current birth rate per thousand is 32, whereas corresponding death rate is 11 per
thousand. The net growth rate in terms of population increase in percent is
(1) 0.021% (2) 0.0021% (3) 21% (4) 2.1%

Q.13 The length of a rectangle is increased by 60%. By what percent would the width have
to be decreased to maintain the same area?
(1) 30% (2) 60% (3) 75% (4) 37.5%

Q.14 In a class of 300 students, the number of boys is twice that of girls. If 50% of boys and
48% of girls appear in examination, how many students did not appear?
(1) 152 (2) 160 (3) 16 (4) 148

Q.15 If 1 L of water is added to 5 L of a 20% solution of sugar in water, what is the

strength of the solution now?
(1) 12.66 (2) 10% (3) 8.33% (4) 16.66%

Q.16 Al Pacino invested 40% of his money in shares, 20°%o of rest in property and lost
25% of the remaining in a casino. What percent of the original sum he was left with?
(1) 15% (2) 40% (3) 42% (4) 36%

Directions for questions 17 to 19 : Answer the questions on the basis of the following
information. In an election, there were only 2 candidates. The losing candidate received
2
66 %
3 of the votes the winner got. The votes polled in favour of the loser were 60 less
than that of the winner.

Q.17 How many votes did the loser get?

(1) 200 (2) 150 (3) 120 (4) 100

Q.18 How many votes were cast in total?

(1) 200 (2) 300 (3) 400 (4) 500

Q.19 What percent of the total votes did the winner get?
(1) 60% (2) 50% (3) 80% (4) 66.66%

Q.20 A shopkeeper made 10% profit if the S. P. of the product is Rs. 121. What would be
the percentage loss/profit, if the S.P. is reduced by Rs. 11?
(1) Loss of 10% (2) Gain of 5%
(3) Loss of 5% (4) No profit, no loss

Q.21 Due to an increase of 30% in price of eggs, 3 eggs less are available for Rs. 7.80. The
present rate of eggs per dozen is:
(1) Rs. 7.20 (2) Rs. 8.64 (3) Rs. 8.88 (4) Rs. 9.36

Q.22 Avinash spends 30% of his income on petrol, 4 th of the remaining on house rent and
the balance on food. If he spends Rs. 300 on petrol, then what is the expenditure on
house rent?

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 Gyanteerth
(1) Rs. 525 (2) Rs. 1,000 (3) Rs. 675 (4) Rs. 175

Q.23 If x% of a is the same as y% of b, then z% of b is

yz xy x xz
% % % %
(1) x of a (2) z of a (3) zy of a (4) y
of a

Q.24 The price of sugar is increased by 20%. As a result, a family decreases its
consumption by 25%. The expenditure of the family on sugar. will be decreased by:
(1) 10% (2) 5% (3) 14% (4) 15%

Q.25 A man’s basic pay for a 40-hour week is Rs. 20. Overtime is paid for at 25% above the
basic rate. In a certain week, he worked overtime and his total wage was Rs. 25. He,
therefore, worked for
(1) 45 hrs (2) 48 hrs (3) 47 hrs (4) 50 hrs

Exercise - 3
Q.1 Cost of 3 balls = Cost of 2 pads. Cost of 3 pads = Cost of 2 gloves. Cost of 3 gloves
= Cost of 2 bats. If the bat costs Rs. 54, what is the cost of the ball?
(1) Rs.12 (2) Rs.14 (3) Rs.16 (4) Rs. 18

Q.2 If books bought at prices ranging from Rs. 200 to Rs. 350, are sold at prices ranging
from Rs. 300 to Rs. 425, then what can be the maximum possible profit?
(1) Rs. 400 (2) Rs. 600
(3) Rs. 800 (4) Cannot be determined

Q.3 The cost price of 20 articles is the same as the selling price of 15 articles. The profit
percentage is
(1) 25 (2) 30 (3) 35 (4) 33.33

4
Q.4 If the selling price of an article is 3 times its cost price, then the profit percent is
1 1 1 1
33 25 20 20
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 2 (4) 3

Q.5 A dealer who professes to sell his goods at cost price uses a 900 gm weight for a kg.
His gain percentage is
(1) 9 (2) 10 (3) 11 (4) 11.11

Q.6 A dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price, but he uses a false weight and gains
18
6 %
47 . For a kg, he uses a weight of
(1) 953 gm (2) 960 gm (3) 940 gm (4) 947 gm

Q.7 A man sells 2 cows for Rs. 4,000 each, neither gaining nor losing in the deal. If he sells
one cow at a gain of 25%, then the other cow must have sold at a loss of
(1) 16.66% (2) 18.22% (3) 25% (4) 30%

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Q.8 Two horses were sold for Rs. 12,000 each, one at a loss of 20% and the other at a gain
of 20%. The entire transaction resulted in
(1) No loss, no gain (2) Loss of Rs. 1,000
(3) Gain of Rs. 1,000 (4) Gain of Rs. 2,000.

Q.9 Successive discounts of 30%,20% and 10% are equivalent to a single discount of
(1) 50% (2) 40% (3) 39.4% (4) 49.6%

Q.10 The difference between the discounts of 40% on Rs. 500 and two successive discounts
of 36% and 4 % on the same price is
(1) Nil (2) Rs. 2 (3) Rs. 7.20 (4) Rs. 1.93

Q.11 At what percentage above the cost price must an article be marked so as to gain 33%
after allowing a discount of 5%?
(1) 38% (2) 40% (3) 43% (4) 48%

Q.12 A trader allows two successive discounts of 20% and 10%. If he sells the article for
Rs.108, then the marked price of the article is
(1) Rs. 150 (2) Rs. 148 (3) Rs. 142 (4) Rs. 140

Q.13 A merchant gives a discount of 10% on tea, but uses a weight of 900 gm per kg. Find
his net profit/ loss percentage.
(1) No profit, no loss (2) 2.05 (3) 4.67 (4) 3.33

Q.14 If the cost price of 12 books is the same as the selling price of 16 books, the loss
percentage is
(1) 15% (2) 25% (3) 20% (4) 30%

Q.15 A man loses the selling price of 4 apples on selling 36 apples. His loss percentage is
(1) 12.5% (2) 11.11% (3) 10% (4) 9%

Exercise - 4
Q.1 By selling a table, Aditya earned a profit equal to one fourth of the price for which he
bought it. If he sold it for Rs. 375, what was the cost price?
(1) Rs. 281.75 (2) Rs. 300 (3) Rs. 312.50 (4) Rs. 350

Q.2 A man bought a number of bananas at 3 for a rupee and an equal number at 2 for a
rupee. At what price per dozen should he sell them to make a profit of 20%?
(1) Rs. 4 (2) Rs. 5 (3) Rs. 8 (4) Rs. 6

Q.3 A man buys two types of equal number of oranges, one at Rs. 5 a dozen and an other
at Rs. 2 a dozen. He sells them at Rs. 5.50 a dozen and makes a profit of Rs. 50. How
many oranges (in dozens) did he buy?
(1) 25 (2) 40 (3) 50 (4) 60

Q.4 A tea merchant blends two varieties of tea costing Rs. 18 per kg and Rs. 20 per kg in
the ratio of 5 3. If he sells the blended variety at Rs. 21 per kg, what is his gain
percentage?
(1) 10% (2) 22% (3) 19% (4) 12%

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Q.5 By selling toffees at 20 for a rupee, a man loses 4%. To gain 20%, for a rupee he must
sell
(1) 16 toffees (2) 20 toffees (3) 24 toffees (4) 25 toffees

Q.6 A man gains 10% by selling an article for a certain price. If he sells it at double the
price, the profit is
(1) 20% (2) 120% (3) 100% (4) 140%

Q.7 ‘A’ bought a cycle and spent Rs. 110 on its repairs. He then sold it to ‘B’ at a profit of
20%. ‘B’ sold it to ‘C’ at a loss of 10%. ‘C’ sold it at a profit of 10% for Rs. 1,188. How
much did ‘A’ buy it for?
(1) Rs. 850 (2) Rs. 870 (3) Rs. 930 (4) Rs. 890

Q.8 A vendor has 24 kg of apples. He sells part of these at a 20% gain and the balance at
5% loss. If on the whole he earns a profit of 10%, the part of apples sold at a loss is
(1) 6 kg (2) 4.6 kg (3) 9.6 kg (4) 11.4 kg

Q.9 The cost price of an article is 40% of the selling price. The percent that the selling
price is of cost price is
(1) 250% (2) 240% (3) 60% (4) 40%

Q.10 By selling an article, there is a loss of 2.5%. By selling it at Rs. 6 more, there is a gain
of 5%. Find the cost price of the article.
(1) Rs. 78 (2) Rs. 81 (3) Rs. 82 (4) Rs. 80

Q.11 Profit after selling goods for Rs. 425 is the same as the loss after selling it at Rs. 355.
What is its cost price?
(1) Rs. 390 (2) Rs. 385 (3) Rs. 395 (4) Rs. 400

Q.12 The profit earned by selling a table for Rs. 900 is double the loss incurred when it is
sold for Rs. 450. At what price should it be sold to make a 25% profit?
(1) Rs. 600 (2) Rs. 650 (3) Rs. 800 (4) Rs. 750

Q.13 A merchant intends to offer a discount of 10% but would like to maintain the current
selling prices. By what percentage should he increase the list price?
(1) 10% (2) 9.09% (3) 11.11% (4) 12.5%

Q.14 A trader buys 78 kg of wheat for Rs. 492. He sells 40% of this at a loss of 20%. What
should be the percentage mark up on the remaining so as to gain an overall 25%?
(1) 40% (2) 55% (3) 28% (4) 45%

Q.15 By selling 25 L of milk at Rs. 50 per litre, a merchant earns a profit equivalent to the
cost price of 5 L. Find the profit percentage.
(1) 15% (2) 25% (3) 20% (4) 18%

Q.16 A man bought 100 kg of rice for Rs. 1.100 and sold it at a loss of as much money as he
received for 20 kg rice. At what unit price did he sell the rice?
(1) Rs. 9 (2) Rs. 10.50 (3) Rs. 10 (4) Rs. 9.16

Q.17 Ram purchased 35 kg rice at Rs. 9.5C per kilogram and another 30 kg at Rs. 10.50 per
kilogram and mixed them. At what price (per kilogram) should he sell the mixture to

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gain 35%?
(1) Rs. 12 (2) Rs. 12.50 (3) Rs.13 (4) Rs.13.50

Q.18 Peter bought an item at 25% discount on its original price. He sold it with 40%
increase on the price he bought it. The new sale price is by what percent more than
the original price?
(1) 7.5% (2) 8% (3) 10% (4) 12%

Q.19 Had the C. P. been 10% less and S. P. been 10% more, profit %age would have been
double than that of earlier case. What is the profit %age in original case?
(1) 20% (2) 28.56%
(3) 14.28% (4) Can’t be determined

Q.20 By selling 20 kgs of mangoes the profit is equal to C.P. of 5 kgs of mangoes. Find the
profit percentage?
(1) 20% (2) 15% (3) 25% (4) 40%

Exercise - 5
Q.1 A, B and C join a partnership contributing Rs..2,000, Rs. 1,500 and Rs. 1,250
respectively. What is A's share if total profit is Rs. 3,610?
(1) Rs. 1,500 (2) Rs. 2,290 (3) Rs. 1,870 (4) Rs. 1,520

Q.2 A, B and C joins a partnership. A invested Rs. 16,000 for 6 months, B invested
Rs. 12,000 for 3 rd year and C invested Rs. 1,000 for 12 months. Calculate their profit
sharing ratio.
(1) 8 : 8 : 1 (2) 10 : 8 : 7 (3) 6 : 8 : 12 (4) 8 : 7 : 10

Q.3 A starts a business with Rs. 4,000. B joins him after 3 months with Rs. 8,000. C puts a
sum of Rs. 12,000 in the business for 2 months only in the same year. At the end of
the year, the business generated a profit of Rs. 5,200. Find the share of B.
(1) Rs. 1,500 (2) Rs. 1, 800 (3) Rs. 2,600 (4) Rs. 4,000

Q.4 In a partnership business, A, B and C invest money in the ratio 8 : 7 : 5. A withdraws

half her money after 5 months. If the profit is Rs. 26,500 for the year, find B's share.
(1) Rs. 9,800 (2) Rs. 10,200 (3) Rs. 10,500 (4) Rs. 12,600

Q.5 Arun, Kamal and Vinay invested Rs. 8000, Rs. 4000 and Rs. 8000 respectively in a
business. Arun left after six months. If after eight months, there was a gain of Rs.
4005, then what will be the share of Kamal?
(1) Rs. 890 (2) Rs. 1335 (3) Rs. 1602 (4) Rs. 1780

Q.6 A, B and C enter into a partnership. A initially invests Rs. 50,000 and adds another
Rs.20,000 after one year. B invests Rs. 70,000 and withdraw Rs. 10,000 after 2 years
and C invests Rs. 60,000. In what ratio should the profits be divided at the end of 3
years?
(1) 10 : 10 : 9 (2) 20 : 20 : 19 (3) 20 : 19 : 18 (4) None of these

Q.7 A, B, C hired a motorboat for Rs. 480 and used it for 7, 8 and 9 hours respectively.
Hire charges paid by B were :
(1) Rs. 140 (2) Rs. 160 (3) Rs. 180 (4) Rs. 220

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1 1 1
: :
Q.8 A, B and C enter into a partnership and their shares are in the ratio 2 3 4 . After
2
months, A withdraws half of his capital and there after 10 months later a profit of
Rs. 378 is divided among them. What is B's share?
(1) Rs. 129 (2) Rs. 144 (3) Rs. 156 (4) Rs. 168

Q.9 A started a business with Rs. 21,000 and is joined afterwards by B with Rs. 36,000.
After how many months did B join if the profits at the end of the year are divided
equally?
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 7

1
Q.10 A and B are partners in a business. A contributes 4 th of the capital for 15 months
2
and B received 3 of the profit. For how long B’s money was used?
(1) 6 months (2) 9 months (3) 10 months (4) 1 year

Q.11 A and B invest in a business in the ratio 3 : 2. If 5% of the total profit goes to charity
and A's share is Rs.. 855, the total profit is:
(1) Rs. 1425 (2) Rs. 1500 (3) Rs. 1537,50 (4) Rs. 1575

Q.12 In a business, A and C invested amounts in the ratio 2 : 1, whereas the ratio between
amounts invested by A and B was 3 : 2. If Rs. 1,57,300 was their profit, how much
amount did B receive?
(1) Rs. 24,200 (2) Rs. 36,300 (3) Rs. 48,400 (4) Rs. 72,600

Q.13 Arun started a business with Rs. 1,00,000. Sanjay joined him 4 months later with Rs.
1,50,000. After 2 months Arun withdraw Rs. 25,000 of his capital and 2 more months
later Sanjay brought in Rs. 1,00,000 more. At the end of the year what should be ratio
in which they should share the profits?
(1) 21 : 32 (2) 32 : 21 (3) 2 : 3 (4) 3 : 2

Q.14 The working partner of a business gets as his commission 20% of the profits left after
his commission is paid. If working partner's commission is Rs. 10,000 then, find the
total profit.
(1) Rs. 3,30,000 (2) Rs. 60,000 (3) Rs. 10,000 (4) Rs. 1,00,000

Q.15 X, Y and Z invest in a partnership in the ratio 3 : 5 : 8. If in the end, the profit was
distributed in the ratio 24 : 35 : 56, then find the ratio of the time for which they were
invested.
(1) 1 : 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 1 : 2 (3) 7 : 8 : 8 (4) 8 : 7 : 7

Q.16 A and B enter into a partnership with Rs. 50,000 and Rs. 60,000 respectively. C joins
them after x months contributing Rs. 70,000 and B leaves x months before the end of
the year. If they share the profit in the ratio of 20 : 18 : 21 find the value of x.
(1) 9 (2) 8 (3) 4 (4) 3

Q.17 A and B enter into a partnership contributing Rs. 93,000 and Rs. 1,02,000 respectively.
A is entitled to a salary of Rs. 500 per month from the profit. If at the end of the year,
they earn Rs. 45,000 as profit, what is the difference of earnings of A and B?

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(1) Rs. 4,200 (2) Rs. 7,800 (3) Rs. 4,500 (4) Rs. 6,000

Q.18 Three partners Rohan, Mohan and Sohan starts a business. Thrice of Rohan's capital
is equal to twice of Mohan's capital, which is then equal to four times of Sohan's
capital. Find the share of Rohan out of total profit of Rs. 52,000.
(1) Rs. 11,000 (2) Rs. 10,000 (3) Rs. 16,000 (4) Rs. 8,000

Q.19 A and B start a business with respective investments of Rs. 20,000 and Rs. 30,000.
After some period C joins them with a capital of Rs. 40,000. If the share of C in the
annual profit of Rs. 14,000 is Rs. 4,000 after how many months did C join?
(1) 3 (2) 9 (3) 8 (4) 6

Q.20 Arun, Keshav and Jiten start a business with investments of Rs. 1,640, Rs. 32,80 and
Rs. 1,230 respectively. After x months. Arun withdraws his capital and after x more
months, Jiten withdraws his capital. If at the end of one year, they share the profits in
the ratio 4 : 24 : 6, what is the value of x?
(1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 2

Exercise - 6
Q.1 A sum of Rs. 3,500 is lent for 5 years at 5% p.a. The S. 1. and amount respectively are
(1) Rs. 785, Rs. 4,375 (2) Rs. 875, Rs. 3,675
(3) Rs. 500, Rs. 4,375 (4) Rs. 875, Rs. 4,375

Q.2 In what time, a sum of money will triple itself at the rate of 20% p.a., interest
calculated as S. I.
(1) 5 years (2) 10 years (3) 15 years (4) 20 years

Q.3 What will be the C. I. on Rs. 1,000 for 3 yrs at 10% p.a.?
(1) Rs. 331 (2) Rs. 330 (3) Rs. 300 (4) Rs. 361

Q.4 If C. I. for a certain sum for 2 years at 2% p.a. be Rs. 1,010, what is the principal?
(1) Rs. 20,000 (2) Rs. 25,000 (3) Rs. 25,250 (4) Rs. 27,500

Q.5 At what rate per cent, the interest on Rs. 1,125 will be Rs. 225 in 4 years?
(1) 4% (2) 5%
(3) 6 3 % (4) Can't be determined

Q.6 In what time will Rs. 36 become Rs. 45 at 6.25% p.a. simple interest?
(1) 2 years (2) 3 years (3) 4 years (4) 8 years

Q.7 The simple interest on Rs. 400 for 8 months at the rate of 5 paise per rupee per month
is :
(1) Rs. 120 (2) Rs. 160 (3) Rs. 200 (4) Rs. 400

Q.8 If Re.1 becomes Rs. 10 in 50 years at simple interest, the rate percent per annum is
(1) 15% (2) 18% (3) 20% (4) 24%

Q.9 The difference between the interests received from two different banks on Rs. 500 for
2 years is Rs. 2.50. Find the difference between their rates. (Assume S. I.)
(1) 1% (2) 2.5% (3) 0.25% (4) 0.5%

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Q.10 Find the difference between S.I. and C.I. on Rs. 700 at the rate of 10% for 3 yrs.
(1) Rs. 20.90 (2) Rs. 21.00 (3) Rs. 21.70 (4) Rs. 24.00

Q.11 S.I. on a sum of money is one fourth of principal. The number of years is equal to the
rate of interest. Find the rate of interest.
(1) 2.5% (2) 7.5% (3) 6% (4) 5%

Q.12 What is the sum which when lent at 5% S.I. for 2 years would yield Rs. 154?
(1) Rs. 1,450 (2) Rs. 1,540 (3) Rs. 1,650 (4) Rs. 1,480

Q.13 I owe you Rs. 1,500 to be payable 4 years from now. What is the equivalent cash
payment that I can make now (S. I. prevailing being 6.25% p.a.)?
(1) Rs. 1,000 (2) Rs. 800 (3) Rs. 1,400 (4) Rs. 1,200

Q.14 I buy a watch for Rs. 400 and sell it for Rs. 460 at a credit of 8 months. What is my
gain percent considering interest rate to be 15% p.a.?
(1) 4.54% (2) 6.66% (3) 7.5% (4) 8%

Q.15 If I lend Rs. 5,000 for 3 years in two schemes

I. 11 % S.I., II. 10% C.I.
Which scheme is more profitable and by what amount?
(1) I, Rs. 150 (2) I, Rs. 50 (3) II, Rs. 5 (4) II, Rs. 50

Execise - 7
Q.1 A sum was put at simple interest at a certain rate for 2 years. Had it been put at 3%
higher rate, it would have fetched Rs. 72 more. The sum is
(1) Rs. 1,200 (2) Rs. 1,500 (3) Rs. 1,600 (4) Rs. 1,800

Q.2 If a sum of money doubles itself in 8 years at simple interest, the rate percent per
annum is
(1)11.5% (2) 12.5% (3) 12% (4) 12%

Q.3 A man lends’ As. 10,000 in four parts and gets 8% on Rs. 2„000, 7.5% on Rs..4,000 and
8.5 on Rs. 1,400. What percent must he get for the remainder, if his average annual
interest is 8.13%?
(1) 9% (2) 9.25% (3) 10.5% (4) 7%

Q.4 If the difference between the compound interest compounded half-yearly and the
simple interest on a sum at 10% per annum for one year is Rs. 25, the sum is
(1) Rs. 9,000 (2) Rs. 9,500 (3) Rs. 10,000 (4) Rs. 10,500

Q.5 A man borrowed Rs. 800 at 10% per annum simple interest and immediately lent the
whole sum at 10 % per annum compound interest. How much does he gain at the
end of 2 years?
(1) Rs. 6 (2) Rs. 8 (3) Rs. 10 (4) Rs. 12

Q.6 A sum of money amounts to Rs. 4,624 in 2 years and to Rs. 4,913 in 3 years at
compound interest. The sum is:
(1) Rs. 4,096 (2) Rs. 4,260 (3) Rs. 4,335 (4) Rs. 4,360

Q.7 A sum of Rs. 12,000 deposited at compound interest becomes double after 5 years.

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After 20 years it will become
(1) Rs. 1,20,000 (2) Rs. 1,92,000 (3) Rs. 1,24,000 (4) Rs. 96,000

Q.8 The least number of complete years in which a sum of money put out at 20%
compound interest will be more than doubled is
(1) 3 (2) 7 (3) 5 (4) 4

Q.9 A tree increases annually by one eighth of its eill iy br height. To what height will it
be after 2 years, if today it stands 64 cm high?
(1) 72 cm (2) 74 cm (3) 75 cm (4) 81 cm

Q.10 At what rate of compound interest per annum will a sum of Rs. 1,200 become
Rs. 1,348.32 in 2 years?
(1) 7% (2) 6% (3) 7.5% (4) 6.5%

Q.11 A sum of money invested at compound interest amounts to Rs. 800 in 3 years and
Rs. 840 in 4 years. What is the rate of interest p.a.?
(1) 2% (2) 4% (3) 5% (4) 10%

Q.12 Simple interest on a certain sum is (9/25) of the sum. Find the rate percent and time,
if both are numerically equal.
(1) 6%, 6 yrs. (2) 6%, 8 yrs. (3) 8%, 6 yrs. (4) 8%, 8 yrs.

Q.13 The simple interest on a sum of money for 3 years is Rs. 360 and the compound
interest on the sum at the same rate for 2 years is Rs. 270. The interest rate per annum
is
(1) 25% (2) 50% (3) 60% (4) 80%

Q.14 A man lent Rs. 400 and Rs. 600 for 3 years at the same rate at simple interest and
received only Rs. 90 as interest. What was the rate percent per annum?
(1) 1 % (2) 2% (3) 4% (4) 3%

Q.15 If C.I. for a certain sum at 3% for 2 years is Rs. 203, what would be the S.I.?
(1) Rs. 210 (2) Rs. 207.50 (3) Rs. 213.33 (4) Rs. 200

Q.16 A sum of Rs. 1,550 was partly lent at 5% and 8% p.a. simple interest. The total
interest received after 3 years was Rs. 300. The ratio of the money lent at 5% to that
lent at 8% is
(1) 8 : 5 (2) 5 : 8 (3) 31 : 6 (4) 16 : 15

Q.17 A man invested one third of his capital at 7% p.a., one fourth at 8% p.a. and the
remainder at 10% p.a. simple interest respectively. If his annual income from interest
earned is Rs. 561, then the capital is
(1) Rs. 5,400 (2) Rs. 6,000 (3) Rs. 6,600 (4) Rs. 7,200

Q.18 Rs. 2,189 is divided into three parts and invested such that their amounts after 1, 2
and 3 years respectively are equal. The rate of simple interest is 4% p.a. in all cases.
Find the smallest part.
(1) Rs. 703 (2) Rs. 389 (3) Rs. 756 (4) Rs. 398

Q.19 If the simple interest on a sum of money for 3 years at 5% per annum is Rs. 1,200,
then the compound interest for the same period at the same rate is

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(1) Rs. 1,260 (2) Rs. 1,216 (3) Rs. 1,264 (4) Rs. 1, 261

Q.20 The simple interest on Rs. 1,820 from March 9, 1994 to May 21, 1994 at 7.5% rate will
be
(1) Rs. 29 (2) Rs. 28.80 (3) Rs. 27.30 (4) Rs. 22.50

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Time, Work and Distance

Time and Work
Problems involving the concepts of time and work have been increasingly gaining
importance in various aptitude exams conducted by different organisations. There is a rich
variety of questions covered under this topic.
Following are the most popular types based on which questions are asked in various
examinations:
i. Time taken to do a certain job by a certain number of workers.
ii. The change in the number of hours required to do a job if the number of
workers is changed.
iii. The number of hours required to do the same job by different workers if
their speeds are different.
iv. Problems on wages earned by various workers executing a certain work
in proportion with the amount of work done by each worker.
v. Work done by various people in alternate intervals.
vi. Time taken by pipes/taps/leakages to fill/empty tanks/cisterns, etc.
There are certain points that are to be kept in mind while solving problems. They are :
i. A person does the same amount of work everyday (unless specified in the problem).

Note :
(a) If A can do a piece of work in `n' days, then the amount of work done by A in one
1
day is n .
1
=
(b) Conversely, if A's 1 day's work n , then A can finish the work in `n' days.
ii. If there are more than one person involved carrying out the work collectively, it is
assumed that the working capacity of each person is the same (unless specified in the
problem).
iii. Mandays : If `m' men worked for `d' days to finish a job, then we can say m x d Mandays
are required to finish the job. Mandays required to finish a job remains constant while
number of men or number of days needed to complete the job can vary, e.g. if 20 men
finish a job in 5 days, then Mandays = 20 ¿ 5 = 100 (constant).
Now, if number of men are reduced to 10, then number of days to finish the job
Mandays 100
= = =10
Number of Man 10 days
Similarly, 50 men will finish the same job in 2 days.
iv. Manhours : If `m' men worked for `h' hours to finish a job, then we can say m x h
Manhours are required to finish the job. Manhours required to finish a job remains
constant while number of men or number of hours needed to complete the job can vary,
e.g. if 25 men finish a job in 4 I hours, then Manhours = 25 x 4 = 100 (constant). Now, if
the number of men are reduced to 20, then number of hours to finish the job
Manhours 100
= = =5
Number of Men 20 hours
Similarly, 10' men will finish the same job in 10 hours.

In general we can say that,

If ‘w1’ work is done by ‘m1’ men working ‘h1’ hours per day in ‘d1’ days and ‘w2’ work is
done by ‘m2’ men working ‘h2’ hours per day in ‘d2’ days, then

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m1 d 1 h1 m 2 d 2 h 2
=
w1 w2

Generally, the following types of questions are asked in examinations.

Type of question Example Approach to question

1. Calculate the timeA can complete a piece of XY
T=
taken by two persons work in 10 days which B X +Y , where X and Y
working together to
alone can complete in 12 are the time taken by A and
finish a work. days. In how many days can B individually.
they finish the work is they 10×12 120 5
both work together? T= = =5
10+12 22 11 da
ys.
2. Calculate the time A can complete a piece of XYZ
T= ,
taken by three persons work in 5 days which B XY+ YZ+ZX where
working together to alone can complete in 6 days. X, Y and Z are the time taken
finish a work. If C, who can complete the by A, B and C individually.
work in 12 days, joins them, 5×6×12
how long will they take to =
5×6 +6×12+12×5
complete the work?
360 2
=2
162 9 days
3. If one worker is ‘m’ A is thrice as efficient as B m×D
T=
ties as efficient as another and takes 60 days less than B m2 −1
worker and takes ‘D’ for finishing a job. Find the 3×60 180 45
days less than the other time in which they can finish = = =
9−1 8 2 days
person, then in how the work together.
= 22.5 days
many days can both
finish the work working
together?
4. One pipe can fill a A pipe can fill a cistern in 30 T 1 ×T 2
cistern in T1 mins and min and another can fill it in T =
T 1 +T 2 , where T and
1
together pipe in T2 mins. 40 min. if both are opened
T2 are the time taken by each
If both the pipes are simultaneously, find the time
pipe individually.
opened together, find the taken to fill the cistern.
time taken to fill the 30×40 1200 1
= = =17
cistern. 30+ 40 70 7 mi
ns.
5. One tap can fill a A cistern is filled by a tap A T ×T 2
cistern in T1 mins and in 10hrs and emptied by tap T= 1
T 1 −T 2 , where T and
1
another tap can empty it B in 12 hrs. if both the taps
T2 are the time taken by each
in T2 mins. If both the are opened simltaneously,
tap individually to fill and
taps are opened together, find the time taken to fill the
empty the cistern
find the time taken to fill cistern.
respectively.
the cistern.
10×12 120
= = =60
12−10 2 hrs.

Let us solve some examples.

Example 1:

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 Gyanteerth
5 men can pack 10 boxes in 6 days, working 6 hours a day. Then in how many days can 12
men pack 16 boxes working 8 hrs a day?

Solution:
m1 d 1 h1 m 2 d 2 h 2
=
We know that, w1 w2
5×6×6×16
d2= =
∴ 12×8×10 3 days.

Example 2:
40 men can cut 30 trees in an 8 hour shift. If 8 men leave the job, how many trees will be cut
if the shift is extended by 4 hours?

Solution:
40 men working 8 hrs can cut 30 trees
30
or, 1 man working 1 hr can cut 40×8 trees .
30×32×12
Thus, 32 men working 12 hrs will be able to cut 40×8 = 36 trees.

Example 3:
A can do a piece of work in 5 days, and B can do it in 6 days. How long will it take to finish
the work if they both work together?

Solution:
1
‘A’ can do 5 work in 1 day.
1
‘B’ can do 6 work in 1 day.
1 1
Thus ‘A’ and ‘B' can do
( )
+
5 6 work in 1 day.
1
1 1
+
∴ ‘A' and ‘B’ can do the work in 5 6 days
30 8
= =2
11 11 days.

Example 4 :
To do a piece of work Ram would take three times as long as Rohan and Raj together, and
Raj will take twice as long as Rohan and Ram together. The three boys together complete the
work in 10 days. How long would each boy alone take to complete the work?

Solution :
3 times Ram's daily work = (Rohan + Raj)'s daily work. Add Ram's daily work to both the
sides.
∴ 4 times Ram's daily work
= (Rohan + Rare + Raj)'s daily work = 10
∴ Ram's daily work = 40

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 Gyanteerth
Also, 2 times Raaj's daily work = (Rohan + Ram)'s daily work. Add'Raj's daily work to both
the sides.
∴ 3 times Raj's daily work = (Rohan + Ram + Raj)'s
1
=
daily work 10
1
=
∴ Raj's daily work 30
1 1 1 1
Now Rohan's daily work
= −( + =
10 40 30 24 )
∴ Rohan, Ram', and Raj can do the work in 24, 40 and 30 days respectively.

Example 5:
Two men and 3 boys can do a piece of work in 10 days while 3 men and 2 boys can do the
same work in 8 days. In how many days can 2 men and 1 boy do the same work?

Solution:
Let 1 man's 1 day's work = x
Let 1 boy's 1 day's work = y
1 1
2 x +3 y= 3 x+2 y=
⇒ 10
and 8
On solving the above equations, we get
7 1
x= y=
200 and 100
∴ (2 men + 1 boy's) 1 day's work
7 1 16 2
=2× +1× = =
200 100 200 25
25
Thus, 2 men and 1 boy can finish the work in 2 days.
Alternative Method:
Two men and three boys can do a piece of work in 10 days.
Hence, in one day the number of men and boys required to finish the job
= (2m +3b) ¿ 10 ... (1)
Similarly, if three men and two boys can do a piece of work in 8 days, then in one day the
number of men and boys required to finish the job
= (3m + 2b) ¿ 8. ... (2)
By equating eqn. (1) and (2), we get (2m + 3b) ¿ 10 = (3m + 2b) ¿ 8.
20m + 30b = 24m + 16b
7
=
4m = 14 b ⇒ m 2 b
7
=2×
Now, 2m + 3b 2 b + 3b = 10b.
7
=2×
Hence, 2m + 1b 2 b + 1b = 8b
By unitary method,
10b ⃗ 10 days
10
10× =12 .5
8b ⃗ 8 days.

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Example 6:
Ashok and Arun working alone can do a piece of work in 9 and 12 days respectively. They
work for a day alternately, beginning with Ashok. In how many days will they complete the
work?

Solution:
1 1 7
(Ashok + Arun)'s 2 days' work
(=
9
+ )=
12 36
7 35
=(5× )=
Work done in 5 pairs of days 36 36
35 1
=(1− )=
Remaining work 36 36
1
On 11th day, it is Ashok's turn and he can complete 9 work in a day.
1 1 1
∴ Ashok will complete 36 work in
9× = ( )
36 4 day.
1
∴ Total time taken
(
= 2×5+
4 ) days
1
=10
4 days.

Example 7 :
Ramesh and Suresh can do a work in 45 and z0 days respectively. They began the work
together, but Ramesh left after some time and Suresh finished the remaining work in 23
days. After how many dais did Ramesh leave?

Solution:
Suresh works alone for 23 days.
23
=
∴ Work done by Suresh in 23 days 40 work
23 17
= =1−
∴ Work done by (Ramesh + Suresh) together 40 40 work
40×45 40×45
=
Now, (Ramesh + Suresh) can complete the worthk in 40+45 85 days.
17 40×45 17
= × =9
∴ Time taken by (Ramesh + Suresh) to do 40 work 85 40 days.
Hence, Ramesh left after 9 day

Example 8:
4
12
Rakesh, Sandeep and Prakash can do a work in 16 days, 5 days and 32 days
respectively. They started the work together but after 4 days Rakesh left. Sandeep left the
work 3 days before completion of the work. In how many days was the work completed?

Solution:
Suppose the work is completed in x days, Rakesh's 4 day's work + Sandeep's (x – 3) day's
work + Prakash's x day's work = 1

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 Gyanteerth

4 ( x−3 ) 5 x
+ + =1
or, 16 64 32
16+5 x−15+2 x
=1
or, 64
or, 7x + 1 = 64 . ∴ x = 9 days.

Efficiency
Efficiency is also known as rate of work done.
If A is taking less number of days with respect to B to complete the same work, we can say
that the efficiency of A is more efficient than B.

In general time and efficiency are correlated as follows:

i. If efficiency of A is x% more than the efficiency of B and B takes 'D' days to complete the

work, then A will take

(100+D x ×100) days to complete the same work.
ii. If efficiency of A is x% less than the efficiency of B and B takes `D' days to complete the
D
work, then A will take
(100−x ×100 )
days to complete the same work.
With this, it can also be observed that if work is constant then time taken is inversely
proportional to efficiency.

Example 9 :
Sony is thrice as efficient as Rakesh and hence completes a work in 60 days less than the
number of days taken by Rakesh. In how many days will the work finish if both of them
work together?

Solution :
Since Sony is thrice as efficient as Rakesh, so the number of days taken by him will be 1/3 rd
the number of days taken by Rakesh. If Sony is taking x days, then Rakesh will take 3x days
to complete the same work.
Now, 3 x−x=2 x=60 days
So, x=30 days and 3 x=90 days
Let us assume that the total work = 90 units (LCM of 30 and 90)
So, the total work done by both of them in one day = 3 + 1 = 4 units of work.
90
So, the total number of days required to finish the work = 4 days = 22.5 days

Example 10:
Hemant is twice as good a workman as Devendra and together they finish a piece of work in
18 days. In how many days will Hemant alone finish the work?

Solution:
(Hemant's 1 day's work) : (Devendra's 1 day's work) = 2 : 1.
1
(Hemant + Devendra)'s 1 day's work = 18 .
1
Divide 18 in the ratio 2 : 1.

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∴ Hemant's one day's work=

(181 × 23 )=271
Hence, Hemant alone can finish the work in 27 days.

Example 11:
2
Rahul can finish a work in 15 days working 8 hours a day. Sunil can finish it in 6 3 days
working 9 hours a day. In how many days can they finish the work by working together 10
hours a day?
Solution:
First suppose each of them works for only one hour a day.
Then, Rahul can finish the work in 15 ¿ 8 = 120 hours and Sunil can finish the work in
20
×9
3 = 60 hours
Now, both together can finish the work in
120 × 60
120 + 60= 40 hours.
But here we are given that they work 10 hrs a day. Hence, they can finish the work in 4 days.

Work and Wages

In general, money earned should be shared by people doing the work together in the ratio of
the work done by each of them (unless specified in the given problem).

Example 12:
A, B and C can do a work in 3, 4 and 6 days respectively. Doing that work together they get
an amount of Rs 450. What is the share of B in that amount?

Solution:
1
A's one day's work = 3
1
B's one day's work = 4
1
C's one day's work = 6
1 1 1
: : =4 : 3 : 2
A's share : B's share : C's share = 3 4 6
450
×3
∴ B's share = 9 = Rs 150.

Example 13:
A and B agreed to do a work for Rs 112. A alone can do it in 7 days and B alone in 8 days. If
with the help of a boy they finish the work in 3 days, then what amount does the boy gets?

Solution:
A's 3 days' work + B's 3 days' work + Boy's 3 day's work = 1
3 3
+ +
Or, 7 8 Boy's 3 day's work = 1

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Or, Boy's 3 day's work =

1− ( 37 + 38 )=1156
3 3 11
: :
Ratio of shares = 7 8 56 = 24 : 21 : 11
112
×11=
∴ Boy's share = 24+21+11 Rs 22.

Example 14:
Wages for 9 women amount to Rs 15525 in 48 days. How many men must work for 16 days
to receive Rs. 5750, the daily wages of a man being double those of a woman?

Solution:
15525 575
Wage of a woman for a day = 9×48 = Rs 16
575 575
2× =
Thus, wage of a man for a day = 16 Rs 8
Now, number of men
Total wage
=
No. of days x l man's 1 day's wage
5750 × 8
=
16×575 = 5 men.

Example 15:
A fort accommodating 60 men has a food reserve for 28 days. 8 days later reinforcements
arrive leaving the number of days the food would last to 15 days. What was the strength of
the reinforcement?

Solution:
Originally, the food would have lasted for 28 days. After 8 days the food would have lasted
for 20 days. Let the reinforcement number be x.
The food that would have been consumed by 60 men in 20 days was consumed by (60 + x)
men in 15 days.
⇒60×20=(60+x )15
x = 20.
The strength of the reinforcement was 20 men.

Pipes and Cisterns

Pipes and cisterns is just another application of the concept of time and work. While we see
only +ve work being done in normal cases of time and work, in case of pipes and cisterns,
-ve work is also possible.

Given that pipes A and B can fill a tank in 20 mins and 25 mins individually is similar to "A
can do a work in 20 mins and B can do the same work in 25 mins."

Again, given that pipe C can empty a tank in 40 mins we can say this statement is similar to
"C can demolish a wall in 40 mins.

Example 16:
Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 4 hours and 5 hours respectively. If both the pipes are

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 Gyanteerth
opened simultaneously, how much time will be taken to fill the tank?

Solution:
1
Part filled by A alone in 1 hours = 4
1
Part filled by B alone in 1 hour = 5

∴ Part filled by (A + B) in 1 hour =

( 14 + 15 )= 209
20 2
=2
Hence, both the pipes together will fill the tank in 9 9 hours.

Example 17:
Pipe A can fill a tank in 20 hours while pipe B alone can fill it in 30 hours while pipe C can
empty the full tank in 40 hours. If all the pipes are opened together, how much time will be
needed to fill the tank if the tank is initially empty?

Solution:

Net part filled in 1 hour

= (201 +301 −401 )=1207
120 1
∴ The tank will be full in 7 i.e. 17 7 hours.

Example 18:
A and B are two taps which can fill a tank individually in 10 min and 20 min respectively.
However, there is a leakage at the bottom, which can empty a filled tank in 40 min. If the
tank is empty initially, how much time will both the taps take to fill the tank (leakage is still
there)?

Solution:
Let us assume the units of work
= LCM of (10, 20, 40) = 40 units
Work done by Tap A/min
= 4 units/min (Positive work)
Work done by Tap B/min
= 2 units/min (Positive work)
Work done by leakage/min
=1 unit/min (Negative work)
Net work done/min = 4 + 2 - 1 = 5 units/min
40
Hence, time taken to fill the tank = 5 = 8 mins.

Example 19:
Two pipes can fill a cistern in 14 hours and 16 hours respectively. The pipes are opened
simultaneously and it is found that due to leakage in the bottom it took 32 minutes more to
fill the cistern. In how much time can the leak empty the whole cistern?

Solution:

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 Gyanteerth

Work done by the two pipes in 1 hour

= (141 + 161 )=15112 .
∴ Time taken by these pipes to fill the tank
112
= 15 hrs = 7 hrs and 28 min.
Due to leakage, time taken = 7 hrs 28 min + 32 = 8 hrs
1
∴ Work done by (two pipes + leak) in 1 hour = 8
15 1 1
Work done by the leak in 1 hour =
= (
− =
112 8 112 )
∴ Leak will empty the full cistern in 112 hours.

Example 20:
Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 24 mins and 32 mins respectively. If both the pipes are
opened simultaneously, after how much time should B be closed so that the tank is full in 18
minutes?

Solution:
Let B be closed after x minutes. Then, part filled by (A + B) in x min. + part filled by A in
(18 - x) min. = 1
∴x (241 +321 )+(18−x )×241 =1
7 x 18−x
⇔ + =1
96 24
⇔ 7x+4 (18 – x ) = 96
Hence, B must be closed after 8 minutes.

Time Speed and Distance

Time, speed and distance (TSD) is one of the most popular topics in aptitude tests. Every
year almost 5-10% .questions in the paper are asked frorr this chapter. Further, this concept
is extensively used in questions covering other topics.
Some of the most popularly known question types are based on:
1. Basic relationship between time, speed and distance.
2. Calculation of average speed.
3. Questions on relative speed which can be further bifurcated in:
i. Questions on speed of trains, length of trains crossing each other, etc.
ii. Questions on speed of boats travelling upstream/ downstream, speed of
streams, etc.
iii. Questions on various types of linear races.
4. Circular motion which covers races on circular tracks. (Do you know that in
conventional analog clocks, a race is going on between hour-hand and minute-
hand?)

Distance: When an object is moving with a certain speed in a particular time, the travel of
the object is called the distance.
Most commonly used units of distance are kilometer (km) and meter (m). However, mile,
feet, inch, yard and nauts also represents distance but generally they do not make an
appearance in questions asked in examinations.

Time: Time is the duration of happening of any event. If we do not have the concept of time,

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 Gyanteerth
we would not be able to know in what period or in what order something took place.
Generally used units of time are second and hour. However, day or minute are also the units
but less used.

Speed: Speed is defined as the distance covered per unit time. In other words, it is the rate at
which distance is covered. Though we commonly take km/hour and meter/sec as the units
of speed still any unit of distance upon any unit of time can be taken as unit of speed for
fastly solving the questions.

Conversion of m/s to km/h and vice-versa: If the speed is given in m/s and it is required to
18
convert it into km/hr, then we multiply it by 5 and when speed is given in km/h and
we need to convert it into m/s,
5
we multiply it by 18 .
5
¿
36 km/h = 36 18 = 10 m/s
Similarly,
18
¿
20m/s = 20 5 = 72 km/h

Relationship between Time, Speed and Distance.

Time, Speed and Distance are related as Distance = Speed ¿ Time.
It means that if a person is walking at 5 km/h and he walks for 2 hours, then he will be
covering a total of 10 kms.
From the relation distance (d) = speed (s) ¿ time (t), we can deduce three important
relations:

i. When Distance (d) is constant, then s ¿ t = k (constant)

k 1
∴s= sα
t or t
Hence, more the speed, lesser is the time taken and more the time taken, lesser is the
speed at which distance is travelled.
ii. When Time (t) is constant, then
d
s = k (Constant)
⇒ d = ks or d α s.
Hence, higher is the speed, the more will be the distance covered and lower the
speed, the lesser will be the distance covered.
iii. When Speed (s) is constant, then
d
t = k (Constant)
⇒ d = kt or d α t.
Hence, if a person is running at a constant speed, then the ratio of distance covered
in one hour to distance covered in three hours will be 1 : 3.

Example 21:
A scooterist covers a certain distance at 36 km/hr. How much distance does he cover in 3
min?

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 Gyanteerth
Solution:
5
Speed = 36 km/hr = 36 ¿ 18
¿ m/s = 10 m/s

Thus, the distance covered in 3 min = (10 ¿ 3×60 ) = 1,800 m.

Example 22:
3 1
1
Walking at 4 of his usual speed a man is 2 hr late in reaching his office from home.
Find his usual travel time.

Solution:
Let usual time be t hours. Since the distance travelled in the same.
1
α
Hence, s t
3
New speed = 4 old speed (given)
4
∴ New time = 3 old time
4 3
⇒ ×t =t + ; t
3 2 = 4.5 hr.

Alternative method:
3s 3
(t+ )
st= 4 2
4st = 3st + 4.5 s
t = 4.5 hr.

Example 23:
Two cyclists cover the same distance in 15 km/hr and 16 km/hr, respectively. Find the
distance travelled by each, if one takes 16 min longer than the other.

Solution:
Let the required distance be x km.
x x 16
− =
15 16 60
or 16x - 15x =64 or x = 64
Hence, the required distance = 64 km.

Example 24:
While covering a distance of 24 km, a man notived that after walking for 1 hour and 40
5
minutes, the distance covered by him was 7 of the remaining distance. What was his
speed in metres per second?

Solutions:
Let the speed be x km/hr
Then, distance covered in 1 hr 40 min.
2 5x
1
i.e., 3 hrs = 3 km

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5x
Remaining distance =
( 24− )
3 km.
5x 5 5x 5 5 72−5 x
∴ = (24− )⇔ = (
3 7 3 x 7 3 )
⇒ 7x = 72 – 5x
⇔ 12x = 72 ⇔ x = 6
Hence, speed = 6km/hr

5 5 2
(
= 6×
18 ) 1
m/sec = 3 m/sec = 3 m/sec

Example 25:
A man covers a certain distance between his house and office on scooter. Having an average
speed of 30 km/hr, he is late by 10 min. However, with a speed of 40 km/hr, he reaches his
office 5 min earlier. Find the distance between his house and office.

Solution:
Let the distance be x km.
x
Time taken to cover x km at 30 km/hr = 30 hrs.
x
Time taken to cover x km at 40 km/hr = 40 hrs.
1
Difference between the time taken =15 min = 4 hrs.
x x 1
∴ − =
30 40 4 or, 4x - 3x = 30 or, x = 30
Hence, the required distance is 30 km.

Example 26:
A car completes a journey in 10 hrs, the first half at 21 km/hr and the second half at 24
km/hr. Find the distance.

Solution:
Let the distance be x km.
x x
Then 2 km is travelled at a speed of 21 km/hr and 2 km at a speed of 24 km/hr.
Then, time taken to travel the whole journey
x x
= +
2×21 2×24 = 10 hrs
2×10×21×24
= =
So, x 21+24 224 km.

Example 27:
Excluding stoppages, the speed of a bus is 40 km/hr and including stoppages it is 30 km/h
For how long does the bus stop per hour?

Solution:
Let the total distance be x km

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 Gyanteerth
x
Time taken at the speed of 40 km/hr = 40 hrs
∴ he rested for
= (30x −40x ) x
hrs = 120 hrs
x x 1
÷ =
∴ His rest per hour = 120 30 4 hrs = 15 minutes.

Example 28:
A man rode out a certain distance by scooter at the rate of 25 km an hour and walked back at
the rate of 4 km per hour. The whole journey took 5 hours and 48 minutes. What is the total
distance he covered?

Solution:
Let the distance be x km.
x
Then time spent in journey by train = 25 hrs.
x
And time spent in journey by walking = 4 hrs.
x x
∴ +
25 4 = 5 hrs 48 minutes
29 x 48 29 100
=5 = ∴ x =
or, 100 60 5 5 = 20 km

Example 29:
A man travels 360 km in 4 hours, partly by air and partly by train. If he had travelled all the
4
way by air, he would have saved 5 of the time he was in train and would have arrived at
his destination 2 hours early. Find the distance he travelled by air and train.

Solution:
4
5 of total time in train = 2 hours.
∴ Total time in train
5 3
− =
∴ Total time spent in air = 4 2 2 hrs.
If 360 km is covered by air, then time taken is (4 - 2 =) 2 hrs.
3 360 3
×
∴ When 2 hrs is spent in air, distance covered = 2 2 = 270 km.
∴ Distance covered by train = 360 - 270 = 90 km.

Example 30:
A started walking in a straight line from a point P to Q. At the same time B started walking
from the point Q to P. After passing each other they complete their journeys in 9 and 16
hours respectively. At what rate does B walks if A walks at 16 km per hour?

Solution:
Let the speed of A be sA and speed of B be sB. Also, let R be the point at which they pass each

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 Gyanteerth
other after time t.
⇒ PR = sAt = sB ¿ 16 ... (1)
Also, QR = sBt = sA ¿ 9 ... (2)
Dividing (1) by (2), we get
s A 16 s B
=
sB 9 s A
s
A2 16
⇒ =
s 9
B2

9 3 3
⇒ s B=s A
√ = s A= ×16=
16 4 4 12km/hr.

Average Speed
Total distance travelled
Average speed = Total time taken
Suppose, a man covers a distance d1 kms at s1 km/hr and a distance d2 kms at s2 km/hr, then
d 1 +d 2
d1 d2
+
Average speed of the whole travel = s1 s 2 km/hr
If the distances are equal, then
d +d 2s s
= 1 2
d d s 1 +s 2
+
Average speed = s1 s 2 km/hr

Example 31:
A car during its journey travels 30 minutes at a speed of 40 km/hr, another 45 minutes at a
speed of 60 km/hr and 2 hours at a speed of 70 km/hour. Find the average speed of the car.

Solution:
Average speed
30 45
=
(
60
×40 +
60 )(
×60 +(2×70 ) )
30 45
+ +2
60 62 = 63 km/hr.

Example 32:
What is the average speed if a person travels from A to B and back to A from B at the speed
of 10 km/hr and 20 km/hr, respectively
a. for equal intervals of time.
b. for equal distances.

Solution:
a. The concept of weighted average can be used here.
(10+20 )
The average speed = 2 = 15 km/hr
Note:
For equal intervals of time, the average speed is given as
S 1 + S2 + S3 +.. .+ Sn
n , where S1, + S2, + S3, +...,+Sn are the speeds and `n' is the number of

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 Gyanteerth
observations.
b. The weighted average concept cannot be applied here, because we do not know the
fractions of time spent travelling the two distances. It would be a mistake to
calculate the average speed
(10+20)
(10+20 )
as 2 = 15 km/hr.

Total time taken =

(10D )+( 20D ) =T
Total distance travelled = 2D.
So, average speed
2D 2D 2D 1
= = = =13
T D D 1 1 3
( +
10 20 ) (
D +
10 20 ) km/hr.

Example 33:
When a man travels equal distance at speed s1 and s2 km/hr, his average speed is 4 km/hr.
But when he travels at these speeds for equal times his average speed is 4.5 km/hr. Find the
value of speeds s1 and s2.

Solution:
Suppose the equal distance = d km
d d
Then time taken with s1 and s2 speeds are s 1 hrs and s 2 hrs respectively.

2d 2 s1 s 2

Total distance ( d d
+
() )
=
s 1 + s2
s1 s 2
∴ average speed = Total time = = 4 km/hr
In second case,

average speed
= ( s +s2 )
1 2

= 4.5 km/hr
That is; (s1 + s2) = 9 and (s1s2) = 18
2 2
Now, (s1 - s2) = [(S1 + S2 ) - 4s1s2]
= 81 – 72 = 9
∴ (s1 - s2) = 3 km/hr and s1 + s2 = 9 km/hr
∴ s1 = 6 km/hr and s2 = 3 km/hr.

Relative Speed
If two bodies are moving (in the same direction or in the opposite direction), then the speed
of one body with respect to the other is called its relative speed. Relative speed is a
phenomenon that we observe everyday. Suppose you are travelling in a train and there' is a
second train coming in the opposite direction on parallel track, then it seems that the second
train is moving much faster than actual. If both the trains were moving in the same direction
on parallel tracks at same speeds, they seem to be stationary if seen from one of these trains,
even though they might actually be at a speed of 100 km/hr each. So what you actually
observe is your speed relative to the other.

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Concepts
1. If two objects are moving in opposite directions towards each other or away from
each other on a straight-line at speeds u and v, then they seem to be moving towards
each other or away from each other at a relative speed = Speed of first + Speed of
second = u + v.
2. If the two objects move in the same direction with speeds u and v, then
relative speed = difference of their speeds = u -v.
This is also the speed at which the faster object is either drawing closer to the slower
object or moving away from the slower object as the case may be.

Example 34:
A thief is spotted by a policeman at a distance of 200 m. If the speed of the thief be 10 km/hr
and that of the policeman be 12 km/hr, then how for will the thief runs before the policeman
catches him?

Solution:
Relative speed of the policeman = 2 km/hr
Time taken by the policeman to cover the additional
200 1 1
× =
200 m = 1000 2 hr 10 hr
1
¿
In this time, the thief covers = 10 10 = 1 km.

Example 35:
A train running at 54 km/hr takes 20 s to cross a platform and 12 s to pass a man walking in
the same direction at a speed of 6 km/hr. Find the length of the train and the platform.

Solution:
Let the length of the train = x m. Let the length of the platform = y m..
Speed of the train relative to the man = 48 km/hr
40
=
3 m/s
In passing the man, the train covers its own length with relative speed.
40
׿ ¿
Length of the train = 3 12 = 160 m. Since speed of train = 54 km/hr = 15 m/s
x+ y
=20
15 or x + y = 300 or y = 140.
Length of the platform = 140 m.

Example 36:
1
A hare makes 9 leaps in the same time as a dog makes 4. But the dog's leap is 2 3 m while
hare's is only 1 m. How many leaps will the dog have to make before catching up with the
hare if the hare has a head start of 16 m?

Solution:
7 28
¿ =
Distance covered by dog in 4 leaps = 4 3 3 m
Distance covered by hare in 9 leaps = 9 ¿ 1 = 9 m

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 Gyanteerth
1
Distance gained by the dog in 4 leaps = 3 m. Hence, for 1 m gain he has to make 12 leaps.
Number of leaps required by the dog to gain 16 m = 12 ¿ 16 = 192 leaps.

Example 37:
Sanjay man leaves a point A and reaches the point B in 4 hours. Rahul leaves the point B 2
hours earlier and reaches the point A in 4 hours. Find the time in which Sanjay meets Rahul.

Solution:
Let the distance AB = d km
And they meet t hrs after Sanjay starts.
d
Average speed of Sanjay = 4 km/hr
d
Average speed of Rahul = 4 km/hr
dt
Distance travelled by Sanjay = 4 km
They meet t hrs after Sanjay starts. Rahul meets after (t + 2)hrs from his start. Therefore, the
d (t+2)
=
distance travelled by Rahul 4 km
dt d (t +2 )
+
Now, = 4 4 km = d
2t + 2 = 4
∴ t = 1 hr

Example 38:
Two guns were fired from the same place at an interval of 13 minutes but a person in a train
approaching the place hears the second sound 12 minutes 30 seconds after the first. Find the
speed of the train, supposing that sound travels at 330 metres per second

Solution:
Distance travelled by the train in 12 min. 30 seconds could be travelled by sound in (13 min -
12 min 30 seconds) = 30 seconds

1
⇒ train travels 330 ¿ 30 metres in 12 2 min
330×20×2×60
∴ Speed of the train per hour = 25×1000
1188 13
= 47
14 or 25 km

Boats and Streams

Downstream motion of a boat is its motion in the same direction as the flow of the river.

Upstream motion of a boat is its motion in the opposite direction as the flow of the river.

There are two parameters in these problems.

1. Speed of the stream or river (R): This is the speed with which the river flows.

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2. Speed of the boat in still water (B): If the river is still, this is the speed at which the
boat would be moving.

The effective speed of a boat while moving upstream = B - R

The effective speed of a boat while moving downstream = B + R
3. The speed of the boat in still water is given as
1
B = 2 (d + u) , and the speed of the river
1
=
R 2 (d - u),
where, d and u are the downstream and upstream speeds, respectively.

Example 39:
A man rows 27 km downstream and 18 km upstream taking 3 hr each. What is the velocity
of the current?

Solution:
27
Rate downstream = 3 = 9 km/hr
18
Rate upstream = 3 = 6 km/hr
Velocity of current = 0.5 (9 - 6) = 1.5 km/hr.

Example 40:
A man can row upstream at 7 km/hr and downstream at 10 km/hr. Find his rate in still
water and the rate of the current.

Solution:
Rate in still water = 0.5 (10 + 7) = 8.5 km/hr
Rate of current = 0.5 (10 - 7) = 1.5 km/hr

Example 41:
A man can row a boat 30 km upstream and 44 km downstream in 10 hrs. Also, he can row 40
km upstream and 55 km downstream in 13 hrs. Find the rate of the current and the speed of
the boat in still water.

Solution:
Let, upstream rate = x k/hr and downstream rate = y km/hr
30 44 40 55
+ +
Then, x y = 10 and x y = 13
or 30u + 44v = 10
40u + 55v =13
1 1
Where u = x and v = y
∴ x = 5 and y = 11
5+ 11
∴ rate in still water = 2 = 8 km/hr

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 Gyanteerth
11-5
Rate of current = 2 = 3 km/hr

Example 42:
A man can row 6 km/hr in still water. If the river is running at 2 km/hr, it takes 3 hours
more in upstream than to go downstream for. the same distance. How far is the place?

Solution:
Let the distance of the place be d km.
According to the question,
d d
−
6−2 6+2 = 3
d d
−
or 4 8 = 3
∴ d = 8 ¿ 3 = 24 km

Races on linear tracks

A contest of speed is called a race. Racing events takes place in various activities like
running, riding, driving, walking, rowing, etc. A basic assumption is that contestants cover
the race course at uniform speed unless specified in the problem.

Let us get used to the various terminologies used in a race:

1. Race course: The path on which race takes place is called race course.
2. Starting point: The point of beginning of the race is called the starting point.
3. Finishing Point: The point where the race finishes is called the finishing point.
4. Dead Heat Race: If two or more than two contestants finish the race in exactly the
same time and there can be no single winner of the race, then the race is said to be a
dead heat race.
5. "A beats B by 20m" means that A has reached the finishing point while B is still 20m
behind the finishing point.
6. "A beats B By 5 seconds" means that A has reached the finishing point while B will
still take another 5 seconds to reach the finishing point.
7. "A gives B a start of 40m" means that while A starts the race from the starting point
while B starts at'a point 40m ahead of the starting point.
8. "A gives B a start of 5 seconds" means that A starts the race when B had already ran
for 5 seconds.

Example 43:
In a km race A beats B by 25 meters or by 5 seconds. Find the time taken by A to complete
the race.

Solution:
A beats B by 25 m or by 5 seconds means that B will take 5 seconds to complete the last 25 m
of the race course.
25
⇒ B's speed = 5 = 5 m/s
⇒ Time taken by B to finish the race

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Total race course 1000

= Speed of B = 5 = 100 secs
⇒ Time taken by A to finish the race = Time taken by B - 5 seconds = 200 - 5 = 195 secs

Example 44:
In a race of 100 m, Ajay gives a start of 10 m to Vijay. Despite this, Ajay wins the race by
20 m. What is the ratio of the speed of Ajay and Vijay?

Solution:
Time taken by Ajay to cover 100 m
= Time taken by Vijay to cover 70 m.
100 70
⇒
Ajay's speed = Vijay's speed
⇒ Ajay's speed : Vijay's speed = 10 : 7

Example 45:
Sunny, Monty and Bunty are three contestants in a 1 km race. If Sunny can give a start of
40 m to Monty and a start of 64 m to Bunty and finally the race ends in a dead heat, where
Sunny, Monty and Bunty finish the race atlthe same time then over the same race course,
how many metres of start can Monty give to Bunty such that race again ends in a dead heat
while Sunny doesn't participates in the race?

Solution:
While Sunny covers 1000m, Monty covers (1000 - 40)m = 960 m and Bunty covers
(1000 - 64)m
= 936m.
Hence, when Monty covers 960 m, Bunty covers 936m.
So, when Monty covers 1000m, Bunty will cover

(936
960
×1000 )
m = 975m
∴ Monty can give Bunty a start of (1000 - 975) = 25m

Example 46:
Sonu beats Munnu by 40 m and Chunnu by 50 m in a 200 m race, while Munnu beats
Chunnu by 2 seconds in the same race. How long does each take to run 400 m?

Solution:
While Sonu ran 200 m, Munnu ran 160 m and Chunnu ran only 150 m.
⇒ Sonu’s speed : Munnu's speed : Chunnu's speed
= 200 : 160 : 150
= 20 : 16 : 15
∴ Munnu's speed = 16x m/s
and Chunnu's speed = 15x m/s
Also, time taken by Munnu to complete the race = time taken by Chunnu - 2 secs
200 200
⇒ = −2
16 x 15 x
100
⇒ x = 15×16
100
¿
⇒ Sonu's speed = 20x = 20 15×16 m/s

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 Gyanteerth
400
⇒ Time taken by Sonu to cover 400 m = 20x
400×15×16
=
20×100 = 48 secs
Similarly, time taken by Munnu and Chunnu to cover 400 m is 60 secs and 64 secs,
respectively.

Circular Motion

The problems we have encountered till now covered motion in straight line, where the path
is not closed i.e. open. In linear motion, we observed that, if two bodies moved with
different speed in one direction and the body with faster speed overtook the body with
slower speed, then the bodies never meet again. However, if the same bodies move on a
circLlar track, then the bodies are bound to meet again since the track is enclosed (by virtue
of being circular).
The problems in circular motion deal with races on a circular track to calculate the time of
meeting at the starting point or anywhere else on the track.

Concepts

1. If two people A and B start from tie same point, at the same time and move in :he
same direction along a circular track and take x minutes and y minutes respectively
to come back to the starting point, then they would meet for the first time at the
starting point according to the formula:
First time meeting of A and B at the starting point = (LCM of x and y)

Note: This formula would remain the same even if they move in the opposite
directions.

2. If two people A and B start from the same point with speeds m km/hr and n km/hr
respectively, at the same time and move in the same/opposite direction along a
circular track, then the two would meet for the first time by the formula given below:
Time of the first meeting

Circumference of the track

= Relative speed

Please Remember:
1. The same approach is followed in solving the question if more than two persons (or
bodies) are involved. You'll get more clarity in some of the examples that are
illustratec ahead.
2. The same approach is followed in solving the question even if the path is not circular
but is closed i.e. if the path is triangle, a quadrilateral, a pentagon or a hexagon, etc.
The same approach will work to calculate the time of meeting at starting point or at
any other point on the track.
3. Our conventional analog clock is a typical example of two runners i.e. hour hand and
minute hand running in the same direction on a circular track. Minutes hand covers
360° in 1 hour, i.e., in 60 mins Hence, speed of minutes hand is 6° per min. Similarly,
hours hand covers 360° in 12 hours. Hence, speed of hour hand is 30° per hour or

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 Gyanteerth
1
2 per min.
1° 1°
6− =5
Therefore, relative speed of the two hands = 2 2
per min.
Some examples are illustrated ahead to get the basic understanding of the concept.
However, the student may note that CLOCKS is comprehensively covered in
Analytical Ability and therefore students should refer that chapter in order to have a
thorough understanding of the topic.

Example 47:
Ashish and Prashant as a warm up exercise are jogging on a circular track. Prashant is a
better athlete and jogs at 18 km/hr, while Ashish jogs at 9 km/hr. The circumference of the
track is 500 m. They start from the same point and in the same direction. When will they be
together again for the first time? (The same problem could be rephrased as: In what time
would Prashant take a lead of 500 m over Ashish?)

Solution:
Since Prashant is faster than Ashish he will take a lead and as they keep running, the gap
between them will also keep widening. Unlike on a straight track they would meet again.
Every second, Prashant is taking a lead of
5 5
[ 18×
18
−9×
18 ] m = 2.5 m over Ashish.
500
Hence, he takes 2. 5 = 200 s to take a lead of 500 m over Ashish. Hence, they would meet
for the first time after 200 s.

Alternative method:
For every round that Ashish makes, Prashant would have made 2 rounds because the ratio
of their speeds is 1 : 2. Hence, when Ashish has made one full round, Prashant would have
taken a lead of one round. Therefore, they would meet after
1 round 500
500
[ =
]
2. 5 s, i.e. Ashish's speed 2 .5 = 200 s
5
¿
[Here, 9 18 = 2.5 m /s is Ashish's speed.]

Example 48:
Suppose, in the earlier problem, when would the two meet for the first time if they are
moving in the opposite directions?

Solution:
If the two are moving in the opposite directions, then relative speed = 2.5 + 5 = 7.5 m/s
Hence, time for the first meeting
Circumference 500 200
=
Relative speed
=
7.5
=( )( )
3 s = 66.66 s.

Example 49:
If the speeds of Saurav and Sachin were 8 km/hr and 5 km/hr, then after what time will the
two meet for the first time at the starting point if they start simultaneously? The length of

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the circular track is 500 m.

Solution:
Let us first calculate the time Saurav and Sachin take to make one full circle.
500
5
Time taken by Saurav =
(
8× )
18 = 225 s.
500
=
5
Time taken by Sachin.=
(
5×
18 ) 360 s
Hence, after every 225 s, Saurav would be at the starting point and after every 360 s, Sachin
would be at the starting point. The time, when they will be together again at the starting
point simultaneously for the first time, would be the smallest multiple of both 225 and 360,
which is the LCM of 225 and 360. Hence, they would both be together at the starting point
for the first time after LCM (225, 360) = 1800 s. Thus, every half an hour, they would meet at
the starting point.
From the solution you could realize that it is immaterial whether they move in the same
direction or in the opposite.

Example 50:
Rohan, Mohan and Sohan with respective speeds of 9, 18, 36 km/hr, run around a circular
track 1200 m long. If they started at the same time from the same point and run in the same
direction, when will they meet for the first time?

Solution:
L = 1200 m
5
¿
Speed of Rohan (a) = 9 18 = 2.5 m/sec
5
¿
Speed of Mohan (b) = 18 18 = 5 m/sec
5
¿
Speed of Sohan (c) = 36 18 = 10 m/sec
L L
They will meet for the first time at a time which is the LCM of (b - a ) and (c - b)
L 1200
=
(b - a ) (5−2 .5 ) = 480s
L 1200
=
(c - b) (10−5 ) = 240s
∴ They will meet for the first time after 480 seconds i.e., 8 minutes after they start.

Example 51:
A, B and C run around a circular track 1200 m long at respective speeds of 9, 18 and 27
km/hr. If they start at the same point and at the same time in the same direction, when will
they meet again at the starting point?

Solution:
L = 1200 m

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5
¿
Speed of A (a) = 9 18 = 2.5 m/sec
5
¿
Speed of B (b) = 18 18 = 5 m/sec
5
¿
Speed of C (c) = 27 18 = 7.5 m/8ec
L L L
,
They will meet for the first time at a time which is the LCM of a b and c .
L 1200
=
a 2 .5 = 480s
L 1200
=
b 5 = 240s
L 1200
=
c 7.5 = 160s
LCM of 480, 240,160 is 480s.
Hence they will meet for the first time at this starting point 8 minutes from the time they
start.

Example 52:
When do the hands of a clock coincide between 4 and 5?

Solution:
At 4 the minute hand is 4 ¿ 30° = 120° behind the hour hand.
°

The minute hand takes a lead of 5

( 12 ) every minute over the hour hand.

120 240
=
11 11
The time it takes to catch up 120° = 2 min after 4.
This is when they would coincide.

Example 53:
At 3:45, what is the (acute) angle between the hands of a clock?

Solution:
At 3 o'clock, the minute hand of a clock would be 90° behind the hour hand.
In 45 min, the minute hand of a clock would move (45° ¿ 6) = 270° forward.
1 1°
The hour hand would move
( 2 )( )
×45 ° = 22
2 forward.
Hence, the angle between the hands would be
1° 1°
270°
(
− 90 °+ 22
2 )=157
2

Example 54:

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Consider a square ABCD. X starts from A and travels continuously along the path ABDCA
and Y starts from B and continuously moves along path BCADB. If speed of X and Y are
equal, how many times would they have met when X has completed 10 laps and reached the
starting point A again?

Solution:
When X reaches B, Y would have reached C. Now both would move along the diagonal and
would meet at the intersection of the diagonals. Beyond this when X reaches D, Y reaches A.
Further when X reaches C, Y would reach D and again after this they would move along the
diagonals and would once again meet at the intersection of diagonals. After this they would
reach the starting points once again. Thus in every one lap, they meet twice. Thus in 10 laps
they would have met 20 times.

Example 55:
Two men Ashok and Birju run a 4 km race on a course 250 m round. If their rates be 5 : 4,
how often does the winner pass the other?

Solution:
Ashok's rate : Birju's rate = 5 : 4
⇒ When Ashok makes 5 rounds, Birju makes 4 rounds.
5×250 5
=
⇒ When Ashok covers 1000 4 km
4×250
Birju covers 1000 = 1 km
⇒ Ashok passes Birju each time when Ashok makes 5 rounds.
5
⇒ In covering 4 km, Ashok passes Birju 1 time. So, in covering 4 km Ashok passes
Birju
4 1
1× ×4=3
5 5 = 3 times

Exercise -1
Q.1 A can do a piece of work in 7 days working 9 hours a day and B can do it in 6 days
working 7 hours a day. How long will they take to finish the work, working together
42
5 hours a day?
(1) 3 days (2) 4 days (3) 4.5 days (4) 6 days

Q.2 A can do a piece of work in 80 days. He works for 10 days and then B alone finishes
the remaining work in 42 days. They together could complete the work in:
(1) 24 days (2) 25 days (3) 30 days (4) 29 days

Q.3 A and B can do a piece of work in 45 days and 40 days respectively. They begin
together but A leaves after some days and B completes the rest in 23 days. For how
many days did A work?
(1) 6 days (2) 9 days (3) 8 days (4) 12 days

Q.4. A and B can do a job in 25 days and 20 days, respectively. A started the work and

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 Gyanteerth
was joined by B after 10 days. The total number of days taken to complete the work
is
(1) 12.5 days (2) 14.22 days (3) 15 days (4) 16.66 days

Q.5 A and B can finish a piece of work in 72 days, B and C in 120 days while A and C can
finish it in 90 days. In what time can A finish it alone?
(1) 150 days (2) 120 days (3) 100 days (4) 80 days

Q.6. A and B together can do a job in 12 days and B and C together can do it in 16 days.
First A and B works for 5 days, then B and C works for 7 days and thereafter, C
finally finishes the rest of work in 7 days. In how many days can C do the work
alone?
(1) 24 days (2) 30 days (3) 36 days (4) 48 days

Q.7 Twelve men can do a job in 8 days. Six days after they start, 4 more men join them.
How many more days will it take to do the job?
(1) 2.5 days (2) 1 day (3) 1.5 days (4) 4 days

Q.8 A job can be done by 10 men in 20 days or by 20 women in 15 days. How many days
will it take for 5 men and 10 women to finish the work?
1 1
(1) 17 2 days (2) 17 7 days (3) 17 days (4)
1
17 20 days

Q.9. R and S can do a job in 8 days and 12 days respectively. If they work on alternate
days with R beginning the work, then in how many days will the work be finished?
1 1 1 1
(1) 9 2 days (2) 9 3 days (3) 9 24 days (4) 10 3
days

Q.10. A, B and C can do a job in 11, 20 and 55 days respectively. On the first day A is
assisted by B and on the second day by C. How soon can the work be completed if A
is assisted by B and C on alternate clays?
(1) 7 days (2) 9 days (3) 8 days (4) 10 days

Q.11. Machines A and B produce 8,000 clips in 4 hr and 6 hr respectively. If they work
alternately for 1 hr, A starting first, then 8,000 clips will be produced in
(1) 4.33 hr (2) 5.66 hr (3) 5.33 hr (4) 4.66 hr

Q.12 A does half as much work as B, while C does half as much work as A and B together
in the same time. If C alone can do the work in 40 days, all of them can together will
finish the work in
(1) 13 days (2) 15 days (3) 20 days (4) 13.33 days

Q.13 A and B can do a piece of work in 10 days and 20 days respectively. Both starts the
work together but A leaves the work 5 days before its completion time. Find the time
in which work is finished?
(1) 20 days (2) 15 days (3) 25 days (4) 10 days

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Q.14 24 men can complete a work in 15 days. 32 women can complete the same work in 24
days. 16 men and 16 women started working and worked for 12 days. How many
more men are to be added to complete the remaining work in 2 days?
(1) 48 (2) 24 (3) 36 (4) None of these

Q.15 25 men and 15 women can complete a piece of work in 12 days. All of them start
working together and after working for 8 days the women stopped working. 25 men
completed the remaining work in 6 days. In how many days can one woman
complete the job?
(1) 60 days (2) 36 days (3) 94 days (4) None of these

Q.16 10 men and 15 women finish a work in 5 days. One man alone finishes that work in
100 days. In how many days will a woman finish the work?
(1) 125 days (2) 150 days (3) 90 days (4) 225 days

Q.17 A can do a piece of work in 12 days, B can do the same work in 8 days, and C can do
4
the same job in 5 th time required by both A and B together. A and B work
together for 3 days, then C completes the job. How many days did C work?
(1) 8 (2) 6 (3) 3 (4) None of these

Q.18 12 men take 18 days to complete a job whereas 12 women in 18 days can complete
3
4 of the same job. How many days will 10 men and 8 women together take to
complete the same job?
1
(1) 6 (2) 13 2 (3) 12 (4) None of these
Q.19 A and B can complete a work in 10 and 15 days respectively. B starts the work and
after 5 days A also joins him. In all, the work would be completed in:
(1) 9 days (2) 7 days (3) 11 days (4) None of these

Q.20 A does half as much work as B in three-fourth of the time. If together they take 18
days to complete a work, how much time shall B take to do it?
(1) 40 days (2) 35 days (3) 30 days (4) None of these

Q.21 Ram can mow his lawn in x hours. After 2 hours it begins to rain. The unmoved part
of the lawn is
2 2−x x
(1) x (2) 2 (3) 2 (4)
x-2
x

x
Q.22 If factory A turns out 2 cars an hour and factory B turns our y cars every 2 hours,
the number of cars which both factories turn out in 8 hours is
y
(1) 8(x + y) (2) 8x + 2 (3) 16(x + y) (4) 4(x + y)

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Q.23 Ramesh can finish a job in 20 days. He worked for 10 days alone and completed the
remaining job working with Dinesh in 2 days. How many days would Dinesh take to
complete the entire job'?
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3)10 (4) 12

Q.24 A can do a piece of work in 12 days. B is 60% more efficient than A. The number of
days, it takes B to do the same piece of work, is:
1 1
(1) 7 2 (2) 6 4 (3) 8 (4)
6

Q.25 12 men can complete a work within 9 days. 3 days after they started the work, 6 more
men joined them while 2 men felt ill and hence didn't work at all. How many days
will it take to complete the remaining work?
1
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 4 2

Q.26 A is 4 times as fast as B and is therefore able to finish a work in 45 days less than B.
Find the time in which they can finish it working together?
(1) 12 days (2) 16 days (3) 8 days (4) 20 days

Q.27 A can complete a certain job in 12 days. B is 100% more efficient than A; B can
complete the work alone in
(1) 6 days (2) 6.25 days (3) 7 days (4) 7.5 days

Q.28 A is twice as good a worksman as B and together they finish a job in 14 days. A will
finish the work alone in
(1) 11 days (2) 21 days (3) 28 days (4) 42 days

Q.29 A father can do a job twice as fast as his two sons working together. If one of the sons
does the work in 3 hr and the other in 6 hr, in how many hours can the father do the
work?
(1) 1 hr (2) 2 hr (3) 3 hr (4) 4 hr

Q.30 A can do a work in 6 days and B can do the same work in 5 days. The contract for the
work is Rs. 220. How much shall B get if both of them work together?
(1) Rs. 100 (2) Rs. 120 (3) Rs. 80 (4) Rs. 140

Q.31 A man can do a work in 10 days. With the help of a boy he can do the same work in 6
days. If they get Rs. 50 for that work, what is the share of that boy?
(1) Rs. 10 (2) Rs. 30 (3) Rs. 50 (4) Rs. 20

Q.32 3 men and 4 boys can earn Rs. 756 in 7 days. 11 men and 13 boys can earn Rs. 3008 in
8 days. In what time will 7 men with 9 boys earn Rs. 2480?
(1) 15 days (2) 20 days (3) 10 days (4) 5 days

Q.33 A, B and C together earn Rs. 1350 in 9 days. A and C together earn Rs. 470 in 5 days.
B and C together earn Rs. 760 in 10 days. Find the daily earning of C.
(1) Rs. 20 (2) Rs. 10 (3) Rs. 15 (4) Rs. 25

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Q.34 Pipes A, B and C take 20, 15 and 1 min to fill a cistern. In how much time will they fill
the cistern together?
(1) 15 min (2) 10 min (3) 12 min (4) 5 min

Q.35 A cistern can be filled in 9 hr but it takes 10 hr due to a leak. In how much time will
the leak empty the full cistern?
(1) 60 hr (2) 70 hr (3) 80 hr (4) 90 hr

Q.36 Two pipes can fill a tank in 10 hr and 12 hr, while a third can empty it in 20 hr. f all
the three pipes are opened, then in how much time will the cistern be completely
filled?
(1) 7hr (2) 8hr (3) 7.5 hr (4) 8.5 hr

Q.37 If two pipes A and B operate simultaneously, the tank will be filled in 12 hrs. If B
lakes 10 hrs less than A, how much time does A take to fill the tank?
(1) 25 hr (2) 28 hr (3) 30 hr (4) 35 hr

Q.38 Taps A and B can fill in a tank in 12 and 15 min respectively. If both are opened and
A is, closed after 3 min, how long will it take for B to fill in the tank?
(1) 8 min 15s (2) 7 min 15s (3) 8 min 5s (4) 7 min 45s

Q.39 A and B can fill a tank in 6 hrs and 4 hrs respectively. If they are opened for alternate
hours and A is opened first, then how many hours will it take to fill the tank?
(1) 4 hr (2) 5 hr (3) 4.5 hr (4) 5.5 hr

Q.40 A leak in the bottom of a tank can empty it in 6 hr. A pipe fills in the tank at the rate
of 4 litres per minutes. When the tank is full, the inlet is opened but due to the leak,
the tank is emptied in 8 hr. What is the capacity of the tank?
(1) 5760 L (2) 5670 L (3) 5846 L (4) 6970 L

Exercise - 2
Q.1 A man walks at 36 km/hr. In what time will he cover one-tenth of a kilometre?
(1)12s (2)10s (3)15s (4)8s

Q.2 A car can finish a journey in 10 hr at a speed of 48 km/hr. To cover the same distance
in 8 hr, the speed must be increased by:
(1) 10 km/hr (2) 12 km/hr (3) 16 km/hr (4) 18 km/hr

2
Q.3. Tarun can cover a certain distance in 1 hr 24 min by covering 3 of the distance at
4 km/hr and the rest at 5 km/hr. The total distance is:
(1) 9km (2) 6km (3) 5 km (4) 4.5 km

Q.4 The difference in times, when a man covers a certain distance at 10 km/hr and 20
km/hr, is 45 min. What would the difference be if the same distance is covered with

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speeds 25 km/ hr and 40 km/hr?
(1) 20 min. (2) 12.5 min. (3) 15 min. (4) 13.5 min.

Q.5 A man covers a distance at 75 km/hr and returns to the starting point at 50 km/hr.
What is his average speed?
(1) 75 km/hr (2) 45 km/hr (3) 30 km/hr (4) 60 km/hr

Q.6. A man goes uphill at 24 km/hr and comes down at 36 km/hr. What is his average
speed?
(1) 30.1 km/hr (2) 29.2 km/hr (3) 31.2 km/hr (4) 28.8 km/hr

Q.7 A plane travels 2,500 km, 1,200 km, 500 km at the rate of 500 km/hr, 400km/hr, 250
km/hr respectively. The average speed is
(1) 420 km/hr (2) 400 km/hr (3) 450 km/hr (4) 425 km/hr

Q.8 A car has to cover 80 km in 10 hr. If it covers half the journey in three-fifths of the
time, what should be its speed for the remaining journey?
(1) 8 km/hr (2) 10 km/hr (3) 12 km/hr (4) 15 km/hr

Q.9 Two persons start from A and B with the speeds of 25 km/hr and 49 km/hr
respectively towards each other. After they cross each other, the person from B
covers 145 km to reach A. What is the distance AB?
(1) 437.1 kms (2) 428.4 kms (3) 429.2 kms (4) 441.2 kms

Q.10 Two cities P and Q are 110 km apart. Person A started from city P at 7 a.m. at 20
km/hr and B started from city Q at 8 a.m. at 25 km/ hr. At what time will they meet?
(1) 10 a.m. (2) 11 a.m. (3) 1 p.m. (4) 12 noon.

Q.11 Walking at three-fourths of his normal speed, a man is late by 2.5 hr. The usual time
is:
(1) 4.5 hr (2)6hr, (3) 7.5 hr (4) 9 hr

Q.12 If a boy walks from his house at 4 km/hr, he reaches school 10 min early. If he walks
at 3 km/hr, he reaches 10 min late. What is the distance from his house to school?
(1) 2 km (2) 4 km (3) 8 km (4) 16 km
Q.13 A, who is travelling at 3.5 km/hr, starts 2.5 hr before B who travels at 4.5 km/hr in
the same direction as A. In how much time will B overtake A?
(1) 9.25 hr (2) 8.75 hr (3) 9.75 hr (4) 8.5 hr

Q.14 A thief, who had escaped at 7 p.m, was followed by a policeman at 9 p.m. at the rate
of 6 km/hr. At what time will the policeman overtake him, supposing the thief runs
at 4.5 km/hr?
(1) 2 a.m. (2) 3 a.m. (3) 4 a.m. (4) 1 a.m.

Q.15 Mohan goes to school at a speed of 3 km/hr and return to home at a speed of 2
km/hr. If he takes 5 hrs in all, what is the distance between home and school?
(1)6km (2) 7.5 km (3) 4.5 km (4) 5 km

Q.16 Two men A and B walk from P to Q, a distance of 21 km, at 3 and 4 km an hour
respectively. B reaches Q, returns immediately and meets A at R. Find the distance
from P to R.
(1) 18 km (2) 12 km (3) 16 km (4) 21 km

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Q.17 Excluding stoppages, the speed of a bus is 54 km/hr and including stoppage, it is 45
km/hr. For how long does the bus stop per hour?
(1) 20 min. (2) 15 min. (3) 12 min. (4) 10 min.

Q.18 The driver of a car sees a bus 40 m ahead of him. After 20 s, the bus is 60 m behind. If
the speed of the car is 30 km/hr, what is the speed of the bus?
(1) 6 km/hr (2) 12 km/hr (3) 9 km/hr (4) 24 km/hr

Q.19 A man on a platform notices that a train going in one direction takes 10 s to pass him,
and a train of same length going in the opposite direction takes 15 s to pass him.
What is the time taken by the two trains to pass one another if the length of the trains
is 200 m each?
(1)15s (2)12s (3)18s (4)24s

Q.20 A train leaves A at 40 km/hr. At the same time, another train departs from B at a
speed of 60 km/hr. They reach the respective destinations and turn back
immediately towards the starting points. Now if they meet at a distance of 200 km
from A, what is the distance between A and B?
(1) 275 kms (2) 125 kms (3) 250 kms (4) 300 kms

Q.21 The speeds of A and B are in the ratio 3 : 4. A takes 30 min more than B to reach the
destination. How much time does A take to reach the destination?
(1) 1 hr (2) 2 hr (3) 1 hr 30 mins. (4) 2 hr 30.mins.

Q.22 A man sees a train passing over a bridge 1 km long. The length of the train is half
that of the bridge. If the train clears the bridge in 2 min, the speed of the train is
(1) 45 km/hr (2) 60 km/hr (3) 30 km/hr (4) 90 km/hr

Q.23 Two trains travel in opposite directions at 36 km/hr and 45 km/hr respectively. A
man sitting in the slower train passes the faster train in 8 s. The length of the faster
train is
(1) 180m (2) 150 m (3) 210 m (4) 175 m

Q.24 A train 110 m long is travelling at a speed of 58 km/hr. What is the time in which it
will pass a man walking in the same direction at 4 km/hr?
(1) 6.33s (2) 9.33s (3) 8.33s (4) 7.33s

Q.25 A man rows 13 km upstream and 28 km downstream in 5 hr each. The velocity of the
stream is
(1) 2.5 km/hr (2) 2.0 km/hr (3) 1.5 km/hr (4) 3 km/hr

Q.26 A stream runs at 1 km/hr. A boat goes 35 km upstream and come back again in 12
hr. The speed of the boat in still water is
(1) 6 km/hr (2) 15 km/hr (3) 9 km/hr (4) 4.5 km/hr

Q.27 A man rows a distance downstream in 45 min and the same distance upstream in 75
min. What is the ratio of speed of the stream to the boat in still water?
(1) 1 : 4 (2) 2 : 5 (3) 2 : 3 (4) 1 : 2

Q.28 A boat is moving downstream and reaches its destination in 25 hrs while moving at a
speed of 50 km/hr (given speed is in still water). One particular day due to engine

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problem at mid-point and ship's speed reduction by 20% of the original, it reaches its
destination 2.5 hrs late. Find out the speed of the river. [Assume its speed to be
uniform]
(1) 12 km/hr (2) 15 km/hr (3) 20 km/hr (4) None of these

Q.29 In a race of 100 metres. Pawan beats Arun by 4 metres and Pawan beats Rahul by 2
metres. By how many metres would Rahul beat Arun in a 100 metre race?
(1) 4.18m (2) 2.04m (3) 2.12 m (4) 3.36 m

Q.30 A is twice as fast as B. If A gives B a start of 60 metres, how long should the
racecourse be so that both of them reach at the same time?
(1) 150 m (2) 120 m (3) 180 m (4) 90 m

Q.31 Krishna beats Arjun by 31 m and Virat by 18 m in a race of 200 m. By how many
metres will Virat beat Arjun in a race of 350 m?
(1) 15m (2) 20m (3) 25 m (4) 30 m

Q.32 In a 500 m race, the ratio of speeds of two runners A and B is 3 : 4. A has a start of 140
m. Then A wins by
(1) 15m (2) 45m (3) 30 m (4) 20 m

Q.33 Bhim and Arjun were exercising during their Vanvaas. They start running on a
circular track simultaneously and in the same direction. If Bhim takes 4 min to
complete one full round, and Arjun takes 7 min to complete one full round after how
much time will they meet for the first time?
(1) 9 min. 40 secs. (2) 9 min. 10 secs. (3) 9 min. 30 secs. (4) 9 min. 20 secs.

Q.34 Bhim and Arjun were exercising during their Vanvaas. They start running on a
circulartrack simultaneously and in the same direction. If Bhim takes 4 min to
complete one full round, and Arjun takes 7 min to complete one full round after how
much time will they meet for the first time at the starting point?
(1) 21 min. (2) 24 min. (3) 32 min. (4) 28 min.

Q.35 The speeds, of three athletes A, B and C, who are racing on a circular track of length
200 m, are 20 m/s, 23 m/s and 27 m/s respectively. They do not rest until all of them
meet at a place. When they stop, what is the ratio of i the distances travelled by each?
(1) 20 : 23 : 27 (2) 27 : 23 : 20 (3) 20 : 27 : 23 (4) 23 : 20 : 27

Q.36 When will the hour hand and the minute hand of a clock be together between 1 a.m.
and 2 a.m?
6 5
(1) 1 hour and 6 11 mins. (2) 1 hour and 6 11 mins.
5 6
(3) 1 hour and 5 11 mins. (4) 1 hour and 5 11 mins.

Q.37 A takes a puff for 2 s and B takes a puff for 3 s. Rate of burning during puffing is 3
mm/s while the ordinary rate of burning is 1 mm/s. After how much time will the
cigarette be completely burnt if its length is 63 mm excluding the stub and there is a
gap of 3 s between each puff? It is given that starting with A, both A and B puff
alternately.
(1) 30s (2) 33s (3) 36s (4) 39s

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Q.38 A candle of 8 cm long burns at the rate of 3 cm in 3 hr, whereas another one of 10 cm
long burns at the rate of 3 cm in 2 hr. What are the lengths of the candles when they
are of the same length?
(Assume the rate of burning is constant in both the cases.)
(1) 4 cm (2) 8 cm (3) 6 cm (4) 2.5 cm

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