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Lecture # 2 (3D Coordinate Systems)

The document discusses three types of coordinate systems used to describe points in space: rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical. Rectangular coordinates use three perpendicular axes (x, y, z) to locate a point. Cylindrical coordinates use a radial distance r, azimuth angle φ, and height z. Spherical coordinates use radial distance r, inclination angle θ, and azimuth angle φ.

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Rakhmeen Gul
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102 views

Lecture # 2 (3D Coordinate Systems)

The document discusses three types of coordinate systems used to describe points in space: rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical. Rectangular coordinates use three perpendicular axes (x, y, z) to locate a point. Cylindrical coordinates use a radial distance r, azimuth angle φ, and height z. Spherical coordinates use radial distance r, inclination angle θ, and azimuth angle φ.

Uploaded by

Rakhmeen Gul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Coordinate Systems

 Rectangular or Cartesian
 Cylindrical
 Spherical

Vector Calculus(MATH-243)
Instructor: Dr. Naila Amir
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems:
1. Cartesian Coordinates

Or
Rectangular Coordinates
𝑷𝑷 (𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚, 𝒛𝒛)

2. Cylindrical Coordinates
𝑷𝑷 (𝒓𝒓, 𝚽𝚽, 𝒛𝒛)
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟 cos Φ,
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑟𝑟 sin Φ,
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧.

3. Spherical Coordinates
𝑷𝑷 (𝒓𝒓, 𝜽𝜽, 𝚽𝚽)

𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos Φ ,
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑟𝑟 sin 𝜃𝜃 sin Φ,
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜃𝜃 .
12
VECTORS AND
THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE

Book: Thomas’ Calculus Early Transcendentals (14th Edition) By George B. Thomas, Jr.,
Joel Hass, Christopher Heil, Maurice D. Weir.
Section: 12.1

Book: Calculus Early Transcendentals (6th Edition) By James Stewart.


Section: 12.1
To locate a point in a plane, two numbers are
required.

2-dimensional • We know that any point in the plane can be

Coordinate represented as an ordered pair (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) of real


numbers—where 𝑎𝑎 is the 𝑥𝑥 −coordinate

Systems and 𝑏𝑏 is the 𝑦𝑦 −coordinate.

• For this reason, a plane is called two-


dimensional.
To locate a point in space, three numbers
are required.
3-dimensional
• We represent any point in space by
Coordinate an ordered triple (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐) of real
numbers.
Systems
3-d Coordinate Systems

In order to represent points in space, we first choose:


• A fixed point 𝑂𝑂 (the origin).
• Three directed lines through 𝑂𝑂 that are perpendicular to each other.
• The three lines are called the coordinate axes. They are labeled as:
• 𝑥𝑥 −axis
• 𝑦𝑦 −axis
• 𝑧𝑧 −axis

Note: Usually we think of the 𝑥𝑥 − and 𝑦𝑦 −axes as being horizontal and the 𝑧𝑧-axis as
being vertical.
Coordinate Axes

We draw the orientation of the axes as shown:


Coordinate Planes & Octants

The coordinate planes divide space into eight parts, called octants. The first
octant, in the foreground, is determine by the positive axes.
3-D Coordinate Systems

Now, let 𝑃𝑃 be any point in space, and


• 𝑎𝑎 is the (directed) distance from the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −plane to 𝑃𝑃.
• 𝑏𝑏 be the distance from the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane to 𝑃𝑃.
• 𝑐𝑐 be the distance from the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane to P.
We represent the point 𝑃𝑃 by the ordered triple of real numbers 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 . We call
𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, and 𝑐𝑐 the coordinates of 𝑃𝑃 where:
• 𝑎𝑎 is the 𝑥𝑥 −coordinate.
• 𝑏𝑏 is the 𝑦𝑦 −coordinate.
• 𝑐𝑐 is the 𝑧𝑧 −coordinate.
3-D Coordinate Systems

Thus, to locate the point 𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐), we can start from the origin 𝑂𝑂 and proceed
as follows:

• First, move 𝑎𝑎 units along the 𝑥𝑥 −axis.

• Then, move 𝑏𝑏 units parallel to the 𝑦𝑦 −axis.

• Finally, move 𝑐𝑐 units parallel to the 𝑧𝑧 −axis.


3-D Coordinate Systems & Projections

• The point 𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐) determines a


rectangular box.

• If we drop a perpendicular from 𝑃𝑃 to


the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane, we get a point 𝑄𝑄 with
coordinates (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 0). This is called the
projection of 𝑃𝑃 on the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane.

• Similarly, 𝑅𝑅(0, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐) and 𝑆𝑆(𝑎𝑎, 0, 𝑐𝑐) are


the projections of 𝑃𝑃 on the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −plane
and 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane, respectively.
3-D Coordinate Systems

As numerical illustrations, the points (– 4, 3, – 5) and (3, – 2, – 6) are plotted here.


3-D Coordinate Systems

In general, the Cartesian product:

ℝ×ℝ×ℝ= 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 |𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 ∈ ℝ ,

is the set of all ordered triples of real numbers and is denoted by ℝ3 .


3-D Rectangular Coordinate System

We have given a one-to-one correspondence between points 𝑃𝑃 in space


and ordered triples (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐) in ℝ3 .

• It is called a 3-D rectangular coordinate system.

• Note that, in terms of coordinates, the first octant can be described


as the set of points whose coordinates are all positive.
3-D Rectangular Coordinate System

Other octants can be described as below:


2-D Vs. 3-D Analytic Geometry

• In 2-D analytic geometry, the graph of an equation involving 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 is a


curve in ℝ2 .

• In 3-D analytic geometry, an equation in 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, and 𝑧𝑧 represents a surface in


ℝ3 .
Example:

What surfaces in ℝ3 are represented by the following equations?

a. 𝑧𝑧 = 3
b. 𝑦𝑦 = 5
Solution (a):

The equation 𝑧𝑧 = 3 represents the set {(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) | 𝑧𝑧 = 3}.

• This is the set of all points in ℝ3 whose 𝑧𝑧 −coordinate is 3.

• This is the horizontal plane that is parallel to the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane and three units
above it.
Solution (b):

The equation 𝑦𝑦 = 5 represents the set of all points in ℝ3 whose 𝑦𝑦 −coordinate


is 5. This is the vertical plane that is parallel to the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane and five units to
the right of it.
Note:

When an equation is given, we must understand from the context whether it


represents a curve in ℝ2 or a surface in ℝ3 . In Example, 𝑦𝑦 = 5 represents a
plane in ℝ3 . However, 𝑦𝑦 = 5 can also represent a line in ℝ2 if we are dealing
with two-dimensional analytic geometry.
Note:

In general, if 𝑘𝑘 is a constant, then

• 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑘𝑘 represents a plane parallel to the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −plane.

• 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘 is a plane parallel to the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane.

• 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑘𝑘 is a plane parallel to the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane.


The equation
of 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane is
𝑧𝑧 = 0.
The equation of a
plane parallel to
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − plane and
one unit above is
𝑧𝑧 = 1.
The equation
of 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −plane is
𝑥𝑥 = 0.
The equation of a
plane parallel to
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − plane which
is one unit upfront
is 𝑥𝑥 = 1.
The equation
of 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane is
𝑦𝑦 = 0.
The equation of a
plane parallel to
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − plane and
one unit to right is
𝑦𝑦 = 1.
Traces

These planes are called traces and each three-dimensional surface can be
thought as if it is made of curves in these planes such that the surface is
obtained by gluing all such curves together.
Distance Formula In Three Dimensions

The familiar formula for the distance between two


points in a plane is easily extended to the following
3-D formula:

The distance |𝑃𝑃1 𝑃𝑃2 | between the points


𝑃𝑃1 (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 , 𝑧𝑧1 ) and 𝑃𝑃2 (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 , 𝑧𝑧2 ) is given as:

𝑃𝑃1 𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 2 + 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 2 + 𝑧𝑧2 − 𝑧𝑧1 2 .


Sphere of Radius 𝑎𝑎 and Center (𝒙𝒙𝟎𝟎 , 𝒚𝒚𝟎𝟎 , 𝒛𝒛𝟎𝟎 )

We can use the distance formula to write equation for


sphere in space. A point 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) lies on the sphere of
radius 𝑎𝑎 centered at 𝑃𝑃0 (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦0 , 𝑧𝑧0 ) precisely when
𝑃𝑃0 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑎𝑎. Thus, the standard equation of the sphere
of radius 𝑎𝑎 and center (𝑥𝑥0 , 𝑦𝑦0 , 𝑧𝑧0 ) is given as:

𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 2 + 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦0 2 + 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑧𝑧0 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 .


Vectors &
Scalars
Vectors And
12
The Geometry Of Space

Book: Thomas’ Calculus Early Transcendentals (14th Edition) By George B. Thomas, Jr.,
Joel Hass, Christopher Heil, Maurice D. Weir.
Section: 12.2

Book: Calculus Early Transcendentals (6th Edition) By James Stewart.


Section: 12.2
Vectors & Scalars

Scalar: A scalar is a quantity that has only one property- magnitude. Energy,
speed, temperature, and mass are scalar quantities.

Vector: The term vector is used by scientists to indicate a quantity (such as


displacement or velocity or force) that has both magnitude and direction.
Representing a Vector

A vector is often represented by an arrow or a directed


line segment.

• The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the vector.

• The arrow points in the direction of the vector.


Vectors

For instance, suppose a particle moves along a line segment from point 𝐴𝐴 to point
𝐵𝐵. The corresponding displacement vector 𝐯𝐯 has initial point 𝐴𝐴 (the tail) and
terminal point 𝐵𝐵 (the tip). We indicate this by writing 𝐯𝐯 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 .
Equivalent Vectors

Let us now consider two vectors 𝐮𝐮 and 𝐯𝐯, such that the vector 𝐮𝐮 has initial point 𝐶𝐶
(the tail) and terminal point 𝐷𝐷 (the tip) i.e., 𝐮𝐮 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 and the vector 𝐯𝐯 has initial
point 𝐴𝐴 (the tail) and terminal point 𝐵𝐵 (the tip) i.e., 𝐯𝐯 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴. Notice that the vector
𝐮𝐮 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 has the same length and the same direction as 𝐯𝐯 even though it is at a
different position. We say 𝐮𝐮 and 𝐯𝐯 are equivalent (or equal) and write 𝐮𝐮 = 𝐯𝐯.
Zero Vectors

The zero vector, denoted by 𝟎𝟎, has length 0. It is the only vector with no
specific direction.
Vectors in
Coordinate
Systems

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