IN HOUSE TRAINING

LIFTING ANALYSIS

Prepared by :
Prepared by :

Luthfi Ramadhani
NIK. 07070

March 2009
Introduction
„ Lifting operations in the
Lifting operations in the 
offshore petroleum 
industry represent 
y p
potentially one of the 
highest risk activities in the 
industry.
„ Generally, lifting Analysis is 
performed to ensure that 
the structure can withstand 
th t ti
the static and dynamic 
dd i
loading that occur during 
lifting process
lifting process.
 Codes Standards and References
Codes,
„ API RP 2A Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and 
Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms
„ API Spec 2c Specification for Offshore Cranes
„ API RP 2D
API RP 2D Recommended Practice for Operation and Maintenance
Recommended Practice for Operation and Maintenance 
of  Offshore Cranes
„ API Spec 9a Specification for Wire Rope
„ API RP 9B Recommended Practice on Application, Care and Use of 
Wire Rope
„ DNV  Marine Operations ‐
Marine Operations 
p ‐ Part 2: Operation Specific 
p p
Requirements,  Chapter 5: Lifting.
„ Lloyds Code for Lifting Appliances in a Marine Environment.
„ ASME
ASME B30.96
ASME B30.96‐
B30 96‐2006 Slings
Sli
„ BPWJ‐‐U‐PRC‐
BPWJ PRC‐254 BP Indonesia 
BP Indonesia –– BU Lifting Operations Policy and 
Standard
„ Etc.
 Terminology
„ Lifting Device : An item means for moving or placing a freely suspended load
„ Lifting Gear : : An item of equipment for use with a “Lifting Device” for lifting 
An item of equipment for use with a “Lifting Device” for lifting 
people, equipment or materials. The item is designed to be detachable from 
the crane and includes both rigging and “Lifted
the crane and includes both rigging and  Lifted Equipment
Equipment”.
„ Rigging : : Equipment that connects a load to the “Lifting Device”. 
Rigging  Equipment that connects a load to the “Lifting Device”. 
„ Lift Weight
Lift Weight : : The total mass of the load including crane wire rope over head 
: The total mass of the load including crane wire rope over head 
The total mass of the load including crane wire rope over head
sheave, hook, hook block, and all rigging.
„ Lifting Points
g : Points on a structure to which rigging is attached, such as 
gg g
padeyes.
„ Safe Working Load : The maximum gross load which may be imposed for a 
specific use in order to allow an adequate margin of safety. The SWL may 
equal but never exceed the working load limit (WLL).
„ Safe
Safe working load of a crane
working load of a crane is
is the maximum mass which is permitted to be 
the maximum mass which is permitted to be
safely handled by the crane. 
 Terminology

Lifting Equipment

Lifting Device Lifting Gear

Lifted Equipment Rigging

Cranes
(Mobile crane, Tower crane, Wire ropes slings
Overhead crane) Chain slings
D it
Davit Polyester round slings
Forklift Shackles
Monorail Hooks
Gantry Etc.
Etc
Etc.
 Lifting Analysis using SACS
START

WEIGHT & COG

OF LIFTED EQUIPMENT

SACS
MODELING AND ANALYSIS

OUTPUT :
OUTPUT : OUTPUT :
MEMBER STRESS
DEFLECTION STATIC SLING LOAD
UNITY CHECK

SLING SHACKLE PADEYE DESIGN

Ok?
NO
YES
FINISH
 SACS Modeling
„ Using SACS Precede
„ All components (structural framing, loading) that are not present during
lifting shall be removed.
Example
E l : JJacket
k t St
Structure
t :
Inplace Analysis model: Lifting Analysis model:
- Jacket Structural - Jacket Structural
- Piles - Conductor guides
- Boatlanding - Walkway
- Risers, Conductors - Mudmat
- Marine growth - Anodes
- Corroded members - Padeyes
- Conductor g guides - Any y other items which are not
- Walkway modelled in the computer
model but attached on the
- Mudmat
jacket when jacket being lifted
- Anodes
- Padeyes
- etc
 SACS Analysis Step
1.  COG Calculation
l l
‐ COG Calculation is required if COG data is not provided
‐ Define lifting points (padeyes position)
Define lifting points (padeyes position)
‐ Joint Fixities (pinned) at lifting points
‐ Run Linear Static Analysis to determine the COG of structure
‐ Output : load case center.
******* SEASTATE LOAD CASE CENTER REPORT *******
RELATIVE TO STRUCTURAL ORIGIN

LOAD LOAD ********* Z - DIRECTION *********

CASE LABEL FORCE X Y Z
(KN) (M) (M) (M)
7 100 -444.59 0.07 -1.04 5.08
 SACS Analysis Step
2 Lifting Analysis
2.  if i l i
‐ Hook point calculation
(hook point calculated with a minimum 60 deg 
(hook point calculated with a minimum 60 deg
sling angle to horizontal. The correct hook point 
will be given by the Installation contractor at a 
later stage of the project).
g p j )
‐ Sling model :
‐ Slings attached at lifting points to hook 
point
‐ Member release (000111) at lifting points
‐ Member release (000011) at hook point
‐ Elastic modulus 15.000 ksi;
‐ Weight density : 0.001 lb/ft3
‐ Skip stress calculation for sling members
 SACS Analysis Step
2.  Lifting Analysis (continue..)
‐ Joint Fixities (111111) at hook point
‐ Define joint springs
‐ minimal 2 joints required at 2 
minimal 2 joints required at 2 
opposite ends of 
structure model
structure model 
to avoid the rotation of the 
jacket like a pendulum
‐ Springs will be such that one has 
stiffness in X & Y and 
other has
other has  100000

stiffness only in X direction with 
Spring Rate = 10000 lb/in 
Spring Rate =  10000 lb/in 
‐ Joint fixities (110000 and 100000) 
at joint springs 110000
 SACS Analysis Step
2.  Lifting Analysis (continue..)
‐ Load combination
Load combination
1.  static load combination
2.  dynamic load combination
2.1  dynamic load factor of 
d
dynamic load factor of 2.0
l df f 2.0 applied to the calculated static load, 
l d h l l d l d
used for padeyes and members directly connected to padeye.
2.2 dynamic load factor of 
dynamic load factor of 1.35
1.35 applied to the calculated static 
load used for all other structural members
load, used for all other structural members.
(refer to API RP 2A sect. 2.4.2.c)
* Static Combination
LCOMB 100 1 1.100 2 1.000 4 1.000 7 1.000
* Dynamic Combination
LCOMB 101 100 1.350
LCOMB 102 100 2.000

‐ Run linear static analysis
‐ Output :  Member stress check (taken from dynamic combination 
(taken from dynamic combination ‐‐ LCOMB 101 & 102)
Deflection ((taken from static combination 
(taken from static combination ‐‐ LCOMB 100))
Static sling load (taken from static combination 
(taken from static combination ‐‐ LCOMB 100)
Spreader Bar
 COG Shift
• In some cases, effect of the variation of COG position should be 
ff f h f h ld b
investigated. 
• The investigated position is in a variation along X and Y equal to 10% of 
g p g q
the structure dimensions, but not less than within 2.0 m. 
10% of structure dimension
But not less
l than
h within
h 2 2.0
0m

3 4

1 2

COG Shifted (4 location)

The COG shift are obtained by applying dummy forces at four joints with 
The COG shift are obtained by applying dummy forces at four joints with
zero force resultant.
 COG Shift (continue..)
( i )

Dummy
Dummy force calculation for COG shift
force calculation for COG shift
1.  The load +X causes the COG shift along X
COG Shift Force Along X
F+X LX
L1X L2X
F+X
∆X
Z
Y
F+X
X

FZ F
+X

FZ * ∆x = 2 F+X (L1X + ∆x ) + 2 F+X (L2X - ∆x)

= 2 F+X (L1X + ∆x + L2X - ∆x)
= 2 F+X LX

F ∆x
F+X = 2Z L
X
 COG Shift (continue..)
( i )

Dummy
Dummy force calculation for COG shift
force calculation for COG shift
2.  The load +Y causes the COG shift along Y
COG Shift Force Along Y
F+Y F+Y

LY
∆Y

Z
Y
F+Y
F+Y FZ
X

FZ ∆Y
F+Y =
2 LY
COG Shift (example)
- Equipment dimension : 4.3
4 3 m x 8.1
81m
- Distance between padeyes : 4.3 m x 6.6 m
- Static combination output :
LOAD LOAD ********* Z - DIRECTION *********
CASE LABEL FORCE X Y Z
(KN) (M) (M) (M)
7 100 -444.59 0.07 -1.04 5.08

- COG shift : 10% of the structure dimensions,

but not less than within 2.0 m
2m

3 4

2m

1 2

- COG original (0.07, -1.04, 5.08)

- COG shift 1 (-0.93, -2.04, 5.08)
- COG shift
h f 2 (1.07,
( -2.04, 5.08))
- COG shift 3 (-0.93, -0.04, 5.08)
- COG shift 4 (1.07, -0.04, 5.08)
 COG Shift (example)

- Load +X causes COG shift along X F+X

FZ ∆X (444.59) * (1)
F+X 51.70 KN F+X
2 LX 2 (4.3)
(4 3)
∆X
Z
Y
F+X
X

FZ F
+X

F+Y F+YY

- Load +Y causes COG shift along Y

FZ ∆Y (444.59) * (1)
F+YY 33.68 KN ∆Y
2 LX 2 (6.6)

Z
Y
F+Y
F+Y FZ
X
 COG Shift (example)
L d Case
Load C Center
C t SACS Output
O t t:

LOAD LOAD ********* Z - DIRECTION ********

CASE LABEL FORCE X Y Z
(KN) (M) (M) (M)

COG ORIGINAL
5 100 -444.59 0.07 -1.04 5.08 LOAD LOAD ********* Z - DIRECTION ********
6 101 -600.20 0.07 -1.04 5.08 CASE LABEL FORCE X Y Z
7 102 -889 18
-889.18 0
0.07
07 -1 04
-1.04 5
5.08
08 (KN) (M) (M) (M)

COG SHIFT 1 COG SHIFT 3

5 10 COUPLE 0.00 0.00 0.02 5 10 COUPLE 0.00 0.00 0.02
6 11 COUPLE 0.00 0.00 0.02 6 11 COUPLE 0.00 0.00 0.02
7 200 -444.59
444.59 -0.93
0.93 -2.04
2.04 5.08 7 400 -444.59
444.59 -0.93
0.93 -0.04
0.04 5.08
8 201 -600.20 -0.93 -2.04 5.08 8 401 -600.20 -0.93 -0.04 5.08
9 202 -889.18 -0.93 -2.04 5.08 9 402 -889.18 -0.93 -0.04 5.08

COG SHIFT 2 COG SHIFT 4

5 10 COUPLE 0.00 0.00 0.02 5 10 COUPLE 0.00 0.00 0.02
6 11 COUPLE 0.00 0.00 0.02 6 11 COUPLE 0.00 0.00 0.02
7 300 -444.59 1.07 -2.04 5.08 7 500 -444.59 1.07 -0.04 5.08
8 301 -600.20 1.07 -2.04 5.08 8 501 -600.20 1.07 -0.04 5.08
9 302 -889.18 1.07 -2.04 5.08 9 502 -889.18 1.07 -0.04 5.08
 Sling Selection
• Static sling force is taken from SACS static load combination output.
output

• API RP 2A : for normal offshore conditions, slings should be selected to have a factor of
safety of 4 for the manufacturer’s
manufacturer s rated minimum breaking strength of the cable
compared to static sling load.
load.
Sling design load = 4 x static sling force
(choose sling with minimum breaking strength equal to or more than calculated
sling design load)

• BP Indonesia – BU Liftingg Operations

p Policyy and Standard :
The minimum safety factor for slings and rigging is 5 : 1
(comment : some manufacturers has considered safety factor of 5 on its rated working
load)
Sling design load = static sling force
(choose sling with sling rated working load equal to or more than calculated
sling design load)
Note : ensure that the sling manufacturer’s minimum breaking strength is
minimal 5 times the rated working load.
 Shackle Selection
• Static sling force is used for static shackle force.

• API RP 2A : Shackle and fittings should be selected so that the manufacturer’s rated
working load is equal to or greater than the static sling load,
load, provided the
manufacturer’ss specifications include a minimum factor of safety of 3 compared to the
manufacturer
minimum breaking strength.
strength.
Shackle design load = static sling force
((choose shackle with working g load limit equal
q to or more than calculated
shackle design load)
Note : ensure that the shackle manufacturer’s minimum breaking strength is
minimal 3 times the working load limit.

• BP Indonesia – BU Lifting Operations Policy and Standard :

The minimum safety factor for slings and rigging is 5 : 1
Sh kl design
Shackle d i load
l d = static
i sling
li force
f
(choose shackle with working load limit equal to or more than calculated
shackle design load)
Note : ensure that the shackle manufacturer’s
manufacturer s minimum breaking strength is
minimal 5 times the working load limit.
 Padeye Design
„ D
Dynamici load
l d factor
f t off 2.0
2 0 applied
li d to
t the
th static
t ti sling
li load.
l d
„ Horizontal force of 5% of static sling load applied perpendicular to the padeye.
„ Design of padeye is so general and there are many failure modes to be considered
(tension,
(tension bearing , shear,
shear padeye base material
material, shear pull
pull--out,
out buckling,
buckling welding
etc)
„ Tripatra commonly use padeye failure check as follow :

1. Shear failure as the pin tries to push out a a

block of steel through the edge of the lug plate.
Shear capacity = 2 * a * t * 0.4 Fy

2. Bearing failure at the pin / padeye interface.

Bearing capacity = DPIN * t * 0.9 Fy
 Padeye Design

3. Eye Stress Check, stress due to pressure between elastic bodies interaction.
Heartz pressure = 0.591 x [P * E / (t * kb)]2
Kb = DHOLE * DPIN / (DHOLE – DPIN)
allowable heartz pressure = 2.5 Fy

4. Padeye base material check.

combined stress check ratio =
Fa Fb(in-plane)
(i l ) + Fb(out-plane)
( t l )
0.6 Fy 0.66 Fy A A

5. Welding stress check. SECTION A-A

- Check to combined stress
- Check to Von-Misses stress
THANK YOU
…….