AUDIOSCRIPT

M01_TOEFL_Ex_1e_1625_AS.indd 1 8/31/12 11:55 AM

 CONTENTS
Listening ........................................................................................................ 3
Listening Skill 1 ...............................................................................................................3
Listening Skill 2 ...............................................................................................................4
Listening Skills 1 and 2 Review ......................................................................................5
Listening Skill 3 ...............................................................................................................6
Listening Skill 4 ...............................................................................................................9
Listening Skills 3 and 4 Review ....................................................................................12
Listening Skill 5 .............................................................................................................13
Listening Skill 6 .............................................................................................................15
Listening Skills 5 and 6 Review ....................................................................................17
Listening Post-Test ........................................................................................................17

Speaking ...................................................................................................... 25
Speaking Skills 1, 2, and 3 ............................................................................................25
Speaking Skills 4, 5, and 6 ............................................................................................25
Speaking Skills 7 and 8 .................................................................................................25
Speaking Skills 9 and 10 ...............................................................................................28
Speaking Skills 11 and 12 .............................................................................................30
Speaking Skills 13 and 14 .............................................................................................31
Speaking Post-Test........................................................................................................34

Writing ......................................................................................................... 36
Writing Skill 1 ...............................................................................................................36
Writing Skills 1 and 2 Review ......................................................................................37
Writing Post-Test ..........................................................................................................37

Practice Test ................................................................................................. 38

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 Man: I mean I tried to register online, and the
LISTENING computer wouldn’t let me.
Listening Skill 1 Woman: Wouldn’t let you . . . uh, did you get an
error message or something?
Man: Yeah, kind of, there was a message saying
Pages 93 (image of script) and 94
the class was full.
(script text)
Woman: Well, yes, if the class is full, then of
Narrator: Listening Skill 1, Skill Builder. Listen to
course you can’t register. Now, there are a few
part of a lecture from an agriculture class.
different sections of that class, I believe. Did you
Man (professor): Now our discussion on
try all of them?
agricultural diseases on Friday leads us nicely into
Man: I can only take the Monday–Wednesday
today’s topic of heirlooms, uh, that is, heirloom
class at 1:00. There’s a Tuesday–Thursday class at
plants and specifically heirloom seeds. What is
10:30, but I have another class at that time, which
an heirloom seed? You may be wondering. Well,
is also required. Anyway, my friend said if I came
I’ll give you a definition, but first, let me give
and talked to someone, that you could get me in.
you a little background information. One reason
Woman: I’m afraid there’s nothing I can do here.
crops are so prone to diseases these days is that
The computer automatically locks the class when
farmers tend to plant just one or two varieties
it’s full. Now, you can wait and see if anyone
of something—not surprisingly, they pick the
drops it the first week, or you can take it next
kind of corn, or tomato, or wheat, or whatever,
semester . . .
that grows the most quickly and produces the
Man: But I really need to take it this term!
most food. Or sometimes even tastes the best.
Because . . . well, I just do. Can’t you override the
But, insects that feed on crops, as well as plant
computer or something? Would it help if I talked
diseases—I’m talking funguses, root rot, that
to the professor?
sort of thing—develop more quickly and they’re
Woman: I’m very sorry, but when the class is full,
stronger when they have just one type of plant to
it’s full. Now, you should have gotten a screen that
feed on. So the long-term health of crops depends
puts you on a waiting list . . .
on having a variety of tomatoes, or corn, and
Man: Yeah, I’m on that list, I’m like number 7.
so on. Does that make sense? You need a lot of
Woman: OK, then, if enough people drop the
different types all at once because they’re more
class during that first week, then you’ll get an
disease-resistant. That’s where heirloom seeds
e-mail asking if you’d still like to register for it.
come in. You already know the word heirloom,
If that doesn’t happen, though, then your only
of course—something valuable that’s passed
choices are to take a different section or wait until
down from generation to generation. But an
spring. I’m sorry.
heirloom doesn’t have to be a piece of jewelry or
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
furniture. Seeds are valuable, too, for the reasons
You may use your notes to help you answer the
I just mentioned. And there are people, hobby
questions.
gardeners or in farming communities, who save
seeds from different varieties of plants, and whose
parents and even grandparents also saved these Page 97
seeds and passed them down—like heirlooms. Narrator: Listening Skill 1, Practice, Passage 2.
And now we’re finding that these people, I mean, Listen to part of a lecture from an entomology
these seeds, they have the very real potential to class.
help our agricultural industry. Now let’s take a Woman (professor): Well, I don’t think we can
look at some specific examples. even begin to talk about spiders without talking
about webs, so let’s do that first. Actually, not all
spiders spin webs, but certainly a great many of
Page 96
them do. Spider webs are really fascinating for
Narrator: Listening Skill 1, Practice, Passage 1.
so many reasons. You might think of them as
Listen to a conversation between a student and
delicate, but actually, they’re amazingly strong.
the registrar.
They’re made from silk—which is a type of
Woman (registrar): Yes, can I help you with
protein fiber that’s created by the spider, spun,
something?
as we say—and in fact, there are several different
Man (student): Um, yeah, I’m a marketing major
types of silk, and you can see those listed in your
. . . well, business and marketing. And I need this
textbook in a chart; that’s in tonight’s reading. I
one class, Business Writing, and I can’t get in.
think the most important difference is between
Woman: Now, when you say you can’t get in, what
silk that’s sticky—that’s what spiders use for the
do you mean?
main part of the web, to catch insects—and silk

M01_TOEFL_Ex_1e_1625_AS.indd 3 8/31/12 11:55 AM

 that isn’t—that’s what’s used for supports. That Woman: But how was I supposed to know that? It
answers the question I always get, “Why don’t doesn’t say so anywhere.
spiders get caught in their own webs?” Well, Man: All of the handicapped places are marked
it’s because they’re walking on that non-sticky both on the pavement and with a sign.
support type of silk. Otherwise, they would. Woman: But the rule about not being able to park
Now, spider webs are famous for their delicate there isn’t written anywhere.
appearance, but like I said, they’re quite strong— Man: Well, actually, it’s on our website and also in
a tensile strength about equal to steel, actually. the student handbook. I also have a brochure here
Spider silk is also known for being ductile, by I can give you with all of our parking policies.
which I mean it stretches, sometimes to almost Woman: No, that’s OK. I get it now. So I have to
four times its original length. The material is pay the whole thing?
enormously temperature resistant, too, from Man: Yes, I’m afraid you do. Will that be cash or
minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit, or minus 40 degrees charge?
Celsius, to 428 degrees Fahrenheit, or 220 degrees
Celsius—quite remarkable, really, considering it’s Page 102
not an attribute spider webs would actually need Narrator: Listening Skill 2, Practice, Passage 1.
in nature. Next, let’s take a closer look at just
Listen to part of a lecture from an economics
how spiders make webs. In fact, originally, it may
class.
surprise you to know, spiders spun silk for other
Man (professor): OK, now let’s move on to
reasons than web-making.
another important theory. I know you’ve all
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
heard of it, but I’d like to go over exactly what it
You may use your notes to help you answer the
means. Supply-side economics. This theory has
questions.
been around since the 1970s; the term itself was
first used in 1975. But it really came into popular
speech with Ronald Reagan’s presidency, which
Listening Skill 2 was, let me see, well, most of the 1980s, 1981
to 1989, two terms. You’ve probably heard of
Pages 99 (image of script) and 100 “Reaganomics” to describe some of his economic
(script text) policies, and they were basically supply-side
Narrator: Listening Skill 2, Skill Builder. Listen economics. So what that means, well, like it
to a conversation between a student and an office sounds, it’s . . . that is, people who believe this
worker. theory believe that the best way to encourage
Man (office worker): What can I do for you today? economic growth, to have a healthy economy,
Woman (student): I want to talk to somebody is to make it easier for people, for producers, to
about this parking ticket. provide—or supply—more goods and services.
Man: Oh, yes, I can take care of that. Will that be The idea is, the more goods and services, the more
cash or charge? “stuff ” that is out there, the lower the prices will
Woman: Well, the thing is, I don’t think it’s right. be, and that will encourage more people to buy
I mean, I parked for 15 minutes, on Sunday, just them, and that boosts the economy. See? More
to run down to the computer lab to return a supplies leads to lower prices, leads to more
disk. And when I got back, this ticket was on my buying, leads to economic growth. An increased
windshield. For $180! That can’t be right. supply results in an increased demand, in other
Man: Well, that’s a parking ticket. So you must words. Now, how do we encourage producers
have parked in the wrong place. to increase supplies? Several ways: You can
Woman: But it was Sunday! Parking is free on lower corporate taxes, for instance, and taxes on
Sundays! investors; or you can ease regulations, make it
Man: Let me see the ticket. Oh . . . see, this is for easier for companies to do business. You could
parking in a handicapped space. Do you have a decrease tariffs on imported raw materials that
handicapped sticker on your vehicle? factories need to manufacture products. And so
Woman: What? No, I don’t, but it was Sunday. on. By the way, you also hear the term trickle
Classes aren’t even in session! There weren’t any down in relation to supply-side economics; this
other cars there! And I was only there for 15 is the belief that if businesses do well, if they
minutes. become wealthier, in other words, that success
Man: That doesn’t make any difference. Those will “trickle down” to the rest of the economy,
spots are reserved all day, every day for people resulting in general growth. Now, does that theory,
with the appropriate permit. does supply-side economics, does it work? Let’s
take a look at some charts and see for ourselves.

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 Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions. write in different styles, or change their styles as
You may use your notes to help you answer the they get older.
questions. Woman 1: True. There’s no proof either way,
remember. And then we have a third argument,
which is that no one person really wrote these
Page 103
books—they were first told orally, so many
Narrator: Listening Skill 2, Practice, Passage 2.
authors contributed to their shaping and retelling.
Listen to part of a discussion from a literature
class. Woman 2: But someone still wrote them all down.
Woman 1 (professor): OK, before we start our That person is the author.
examination of his works, of the Iliad and the Man 1: What if several people wrote them down?
Odyssey, let’s talk some more about their author. Woman 2: I’m not sure why it even matters.
If, indeed, he really was the author. I mean, we have the books. Who cares who
Man 1 (student): Wait, what do you mean? Homer wrote them, or what his name was, or whether
wasn’t the author? But his name’s right here on it was more than one person? Does it make any
my book! difference?
Woman 1: Homer is certainly credited with Woman 1: Now that’s an excellent question—not
writing the books, yes. But what does that actually just for Homer, really, but for literature in general.
mean? To understand this question, I think it’s Does it matter who the author of a certain work
important to think about the time when all this is? And why? I see it’s almost time for our break,
was happening. Now, we don’t even know for sure so I’m going to stop here, and ask you to think
when Homer lived. Some people even question if about that question, and let’s talk about it when
he ever lived. What we have is an estimate from you return.
the Greek historian Herodotus that Homer lived Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
about 400 years before his time, and we know You may use your notes to help you answer the
that Herodotus lived in the fifth century—so that questions.
puts Homer at about 850 B.C. And Herodotus
clearly didn’t get this information first-hand, so it
could have been inaccurate, he could have made Listening Skills 1 and 2 Review
it up, we just don’t know. There are some later
historians who place Homer closer to the time of Page 104
the Trojan War, around the twelfth century B.C. Narrator: Listening Skills 1 and 2, Review. Listen
Woman 2 (student): Excuse me, this is probably a to a discussion among three students.
dumb question, but . . . dates get me all confused. Woman (Kate): OK, so, guys, let’s get organized.
So 850 B.C., that’s . . . what century? Jack, can you take notes?
Woman 1: 801 to 900 B.C. is the ninth century B.C. Man 1 (Jack): Me? My handwriting’s terrible.
Woman 2: OK, got it, thanks. So that’s pretty Why don’t you do it, Kate? You’ve already got a
different from the twelfth century B.C.—like 400 notebook.
years. Woman: OK, fine, I’ll do it. So . . . what do we
Woman 1: Exactly. No one’s quite sure when the need to do first?
Iliad and the Odyssey were written, either—your Man 2 (Kevin): Let’s start writing a script. I have a
textbook, for example, states that they were ton of ideas.
written in the sixth or seventh century B.C. Man 1: That’s great, Kevin, but I think we need to
Woman 2: Excuse me, but how is that possible? get organized a bit before we do that. Remember
They can’t have been written by someone who what happened last time? We left out some
lived hundreds of years beforehand . . . important parts, and that hurt our grade. I don’t
Woman 1: No, remember, the ninth century B.C. want that to happen again.
is later, is closer to our time, than the twelfth Woman: Exactly. Let’s look at everything we have
century B.C.—moving towards zero, right? to do, and then decide who’s going to do what.
Woman 2: Oh, right. Sorry! That way, everything will get done, and everyone
Woman 1: That’s OK. I know it’s confusing. Now will know what they’re doing. So . . . what do we
a second argument goes like this: the Iliad and need to include? Does anyone have the assignment
the Odyssey are pretty different in style; we’ll be sheet? Jack?
looking at some of those key differences later Man 1: Yeah, I got it right here. We need a
in our discussions. So, could those two different 15-minute video presentation that summarizes our
books have been written by the same person? project—what we did and what we learned. That’s
Man 1: That’s not impossible. Lots of authors due on the 27th. I mean, we’ll start watching them

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 in class on the 27th, and continue on the 28th and Listening Skill 3
the 29th if necessary. But everyone needs to be
ready by the 27th.
Woman: Do we all have to appear in the video? Pages 107–108 (image of script) and
Man 1: Um . . . it doesn’t say. Why? Are you shy 109 (script text)
or something? Narrator: Listening Skill 3, Skill Builder. Listen to
Woman: No, but someone has to be holding the a conversation between a student and his advisor.
video camera. Woman (advisor): You canceled our last
Man 2: That’s me. I’ll do that. I mean, it’s my appointment, David, so I’ve been wondering
camera, and I just want, you know, to be careful. what’s been going on with you . . . uh, you sure
Man 1: Then we also need to submit a written look like you could use some sleep.
report. That’s going to have all of the information Man (student): Yes, I’m sorry about not making
that’s on the video, but also will have our sources the appointment, Mrs. Taylor, but I had to study
documented. And the usual—you know, typed, really hard for my big biology test.
double-spaced, correct formatting, and so on. Woman: Oh, right, now I remember . . . you were
The reports are due at the end of the week, on the really worried about it because the professor
30th. always gives tough exams. Have you taken it yet?
Woman: So . . . we need to write the script, film Man: Actually, I just finished it about ten minutes
the presentation, and write the report. ago. It was an hour and a half long with some
Man 2: You’re best at writing, Kate. You should really complicated essay questions.
do the report. Woman: Wow! That is a long test. So, how did it
Woman: Yeah, but I’m not going to do it all by go?
myself. You guys need to help. Man: Don’t ask! I’ll be lucky if I don’t fail the
Man 2: It’ll be easy. Just write down what’s on the whole course.
video presentation, and add the sources. Woman: Oh, come on. You’re probably just tired
Man 1: I’ll help you, Kate. But if you do most right now. I’m sure you did better than you think
of the report writing—because really, you are you did.
better at grammar and writing and formatting Man: Well, I guess I’ll just have to wait and see.
and citations and all that stuff—then I’ll write the I missed a few lectures because I spent too much
script. Of course you guys will give me ideas, but time practicing for the tennis championship
I’ll write it up. matches.
Woman: OK, that sounds fair. We can talk Woman: That probably wasn’t such a great idea.
together, then you’ll write the script. And then I You need to keep on top of your academic
can use that to write the final report. Um . . . what studies.
about you, Kevin? What are you doing? Man: That’s true, but it’s the tennis scholarship
Man 2: Well, I have the camera . . . I’ll do the that’s paying my way through school, so what I
filming. am supposed to do?
Man 1: Um . . . that’s great, of course, but . . . it’s Woman: I think you need to find a better way to
really not that much work. I mean, we get a group balance both your coursework and your sports.
grade for this, and we’re all supposed to share the
work equally. Pages 108 (image of script) and
Man 2: Hey! Filming is a lot of work! It’s going 109–110 (script text and question)
to take a lot longer than 15 minutes, I hope you Narrator: Question 1. Listen again to part of the
realize. Probably about four hours. Then the conversation. Then answer the question.
whole thing needs to be edited—cut out the bad Woman: Wow! That is a long test. So, how did it
footage, add some special effects, add some music, go?
put in titles . . . that takes hours. Man: Don’t ask! I’ll be lucky if I don’t fail the
Woman: He’s right, Jack, that is a big part of it. whole course.
I’m OK with doing it this way if you are. Woman: Oh, come on. You’re probably just tired
Man 1: Oh, OK. Sorry, I don’t know much about right now. I’m sure you did better than you think
making videos. you did.
Man 2: You just write a great script. And then you Narrator: What does the man mean when he says
and Kate need to practice reading it a few times this?
before we film, so it sounds smooth. Man: Don’t ask! I’ll be lucky if I don’t fail the
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions. whole course.
You may use your notes to help you answer the
questions.

M01_TOEFL_Ex_1e_1625_AS.indd 6 8/31/12 11:55 AM

 Page 110 serious trouble. I mean, it just takes cheating to a
Narrator: Question 2. Listen again to part of the whole new level. What happened after the student
conversation. Then answer the question. was caught?
Woman: That probably wasn’t such a great idea. Man 1: Well, I was going to get into the various
You need to keep on top of your academic studies. punishments the university uses for cheating a
Man: That’s true, but it’s the tennis scholarship little later, but I can go over that now. In the case
that’s paying my way through school, so what I am of that student, he was expelled, uh, that is, he was
supposed to do? asked to leave the university. In other instances, the
Woman: I think you need to find a better way to penalty might not be so severe if the professor and
balance both your coursework and your sports. the student are able to work it out. Sometimes, the
Narrator: Why does the woman say this? student is given a reduced or failing grade and can
Woman: I think you need to find a better way to still attend classes. I’m sure none of you would like
balance both your coursework and your sports. anything like this to happen to you, right?
Man 2: Definitely not! My parents would be so
upset with me.
Page 111 Man 1: OK, let’s take a look at page 25
Narrator: Listening Skill 3, Practice, Passage 1.
of the booklet I passed out to you, which
Listen to part of a discussion between some
discusses the university honesty policies about
students and a university official during a new-
official documents like grade reports, student
student orientation.
identification cards, and so on.
Man 1 (official): Now, let’s move on to a discussion
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
of the university’s academic honesty policy. Feel
You may use your notes to help you answer the
free to ask questions as we go along. It is vitally
questions.
important for new students to understand that
they must maintain honesty in all aspects of their
coursework. This means no cheating of any kind, Page 111
including using or trying to use any material, Narrator: Question 1. Listen again to part of the
information, notes, devices, or communication for discussion. Then answer the question.
graded coursework or during an exam without Man 1: This means no cheating of any kind,
getting permission first. Ah, I see you have some including using or trying to use any material,
questions already. Yes, go ahead. information, notes, devices, or communication for
Woman 1 (student): Um, I didn’t quite catch that. graded coursework or during an exam without
Do you mean cheating would be copying . . . um, getting permission first. Ah, I see you have some
like cutting and pasting information from the questions already. Yes, go ahead.
Internet without saying where you got it? Woman 1: Um, I didn’t quite catch that. Do you
Man 1: Yes, that’s definitely something we see mean cheating would be copying . . . um, like
happen quite a lot, but cheating can take many cutting and pasting information from the Internet
other forms that you may not be aware of. For without saying where you got it?
example, it’s considered cheating if you turn in a Narrator: What is the purpose of the female
major part of the same paper for more than one student’s response?
course unless you ask each instructor first before Woman 1: Um, I didn’t quite catch that.
you do this. Other forms of cheating . . . and,
well you might not think this really happens . . . Page 111
uh, they involve students who cheat by writing Narrator: Question 2. Listen again to part of the
answers or notes in the exam booklet before an discussion. Then answer the question.
examination. In fact, even more unbelievable Man 1: Other forms of cheating . . . and, well you
was the case last year where a student took an might not think this really happens . . . uh, they
examination for another student. involve students who cheat by writing answers or
Man 2 (student): Really? How in the world could notes in the exam booklet before an examination.
someone get away with that? Didn’t anyone notice? In fact, even more unbelievable was the case last
Man 1: Actually, it happened in a very large class year where a student took an examination for
with . . . let’s see, uh, with around 200 students, another student.
and you can understand that one professor can’t Man 2: Really? How in the world could someone
be expected to be familiar with every student. get away with that? Didn’t anyone notice?
Fortunately, after the exam one of the other more Narrator: Why does the male student say this?
honest students reported it to the professor. Man 2: Really? How in the world could someone
Woman 1: That cheater must have gotten into get away with that?

M01_TOEFL_Ex_1e_1625_AS.indd 7 8/31/12 11:55 AM

 Page 112 archeological site. Uh, excuse me . . . I need to go
Narrator: Question 3. Listen again to part of the back a minute and tell you that even before the
discussion. Then answer the question. survey begins, it’s important to get permission
Man 1: Sometimes, the student is given a reduced to be on the site from the owner or the proper
or failing grade and can still attend classes. I’m authorities. Now, once the survey is completed,
sure none of you would like anything like this to the excavation can begin. That’s what we’ll be
happen to you, right? discussing next.
Man 2: Definitely not! My parents would be so Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
upset with me. You may use your notes to help you answer the
Narrator: What does the university official imply questions.
when he says this?
Man 1: I’m sure none of you would like anything Page 112
like this to happen to you, right? Narrator: Question 4. Listen again to part of the
discussion. Then answer the question.
Page 112 Woman: The site has been chosen for you because
Narrator: Listening Skill 3, Practice, Passage 2. some incredible artifacts have already been
Listen to part of a lecture in an archaeology class. discovered there. However, most archaeologists
Woman (professor): This isn’t coming up until don’t have it so easy. They usually have a long
the end of the term, but I wanted to remind you road to go down before they can locate and secure
. . . so you’ll keep the dates open . . . that for a potential site for an excavation or, as we usually
your final project you’ll have the opportunity to call it in the field, a dig.
travel to a nearby archaeological site to dig for Narrator: What does the professor mean when she
artifacts, which are the remains of anything made says this?
by people . . . pottery, tools, . . . things like that. Woman: They usually have a long road to go
The site has been chosen for you because some down before they can locate and secure a potential
incredible artifacts have already been discovered site for an excavation or, as we usually call it in the
there. However, most archaeologists don’t have it field, a dig.
so easy. They usually have a long road to go down
before they can locate and secure a potential site Page 112
for an excavation or, as we usually call it in the Narrator: Question 5. Listen again to part of the
field, a dig. So, how do archaeologists find a good discussion. Then answer the question.
site? First, they research ancient maps, writings, Woman: First, they research ancient maps,
or they interview people who know the history writings, or they interview people who know
of a specific area and may have even seen some the history of a specific area and may have even
artifacts. Oh, and by the way, I should mention seen some artifacts. Oh, and by the way, I should
that some pretty amazing artifacts have been mention that some pretty amazing artifacts have
found quite by accident . . . um, like these two been found quite by accident . . .
farmers in Bulgaria who discovered priceless gold Narrator: Why does the professor say this?
objects, thousands of years old, while they were Woman: Oh, and by the way, I should mention
plowing a field. Anyway, where were we? Right, that some pretty amazing artifacts have been
we were discussing how archaeologists identify found quite by accident . . .
places to dig. Well, the most common areas to
look for artifacts are near places where prehistoric
people would have been living. They would have Page 113
needed the basics for survival . . . uh, water, food, Narrator: Question 6. Listen again to part of the
and a place to get out of the rain. That’s why discussion. Then answer the question.
archaeologists search near water, in forests, and in Woman: Anyway, where were we? Right, we were
caves. Sites near ancient cities are also obviously discussing how archaeologists identify places to
productive locations for artifacts because we dig. Well, the most common areas to look for
know a large number of people lived there. artifacts are near places where prehistoric people
So, OK, once a potential site is chosen, would have been living.
an archaeologist can’t simply begin digging up Narrator: Why does the professor say this?
the ground. First, they must do a survey which Woman: Anyway, where were we? Right, we were
involves taking pictures, drawing maps, taking discussing how archaeologists identify places to dig.
notes as they systematically walk across areas
looking for artifacts and other signs of an

M01_TOEFL_Ex_1e_1625_AS.indd 8 8/31/12 11:55 AM

 Page 113 Telegraph.” Hmm . . . I see that you discussed
Narrator: Question 7. Listen again to part of the who invented it and how it was developed,
discussion. Then answer the question. but you didn’t include how it affected certain
Woman: First, they must do a survey which industries? Like newspapers, for example.
involves taking pictures, drawing maps, taking Woman: Uh, I know what you’re getting at . . .
notes as they systematically walk across areas newspapers could get news faster because of the
looking for artifacts and other signs of an telegraph and so . . . so they had to invent faster
archeological site. Uh, excuse me . . . I need to go printing presses.
back a minute and tell you that even before the Man: You’re exactly right! The telegraph forced
survey begins, it’s important to get permission the newspaper industry to come up with its own
to be on the site from the owner or the proper technological inventions.
authorities. Woman: Thank you so much. I feel like a big
Narrator: Why does the professor say this? weight just got lifted off my shoulders. Now I can
Woman: Uh, excuse me . . . I need to go back a start revising the paper right away!
minute and tell you that even before the survey
begins, it’s important to get permission to be on Pages 115 (image of script) and
the site from the owner or the proper authorities. 116–117 (script text and question)
Narrator: Question 1. Listen again to part of the
conversation. Then answer the question.
Listening Skill 4 Woman: Professor Spencer asked me to stay after
class to discuss my paper with him. You know . . .
Page 114 the one we worked on?
Narrator: Listening Skill 4, Express Tip. Man: Hmm . . . I hope he thought it was an
Man 1: That’s a great idea! improvement over the first one you turned in
Woman 1: Great. I guess we’ll have to use his idea. before you started your tutorial. Can I see it?
Man 2: It looks safe enough to climb. Narrator: Which of the following best expresses
Woman 2: It looks safe enough to climb. Mike’s attitude toward Megan’s first paper?

Page 114 (image of script) and 116 Page 117

(script text) Narrator: Question 2. Listen again to part of the
Narrator: Listening Skill 4, Skill Builder. Listen to conversation. Then answer the question.
a discussion between a student and her tutor. Man: I see what Professor Spencer means; it is
Woman (student): Hello, Mike. Can I come in? a little short. I wished I’d seen your final draft
Man (tutor): Sure, come in. You’re a little late. I before you turned it in. Anyway, have you thought
wasn’t sure you were going to make our session about how you might expand the topic?
today. Woman: A little. Still, I just don’t quite see how.
Woman: Um . . . well, I couldn’t help it. Professor Maybe it’s possible, but what else can I include?
Spencer asked me to stay after class to discuss my Oh, this is so hard for me.
paper with him. You know . . . the one we worked Narrator: How does Megan feel about what
on? Professor Spencer has recommended?
Man: Hmm . . . I hope he thought it was an
improvement over the first one you turned in Page 117
before you started your tutorial. Can I see it? Narrator: Question 3. Listen again to part of the
Woman: Yes, here you go. Actually, he thought the conversation. Then answer the question.
writing was better, but that it should be a little bit Man: You’re exactly right! The telegraph forced
longer. He said he’d raise my grade if I revised it. the newspaper industry to come up with its own
Man: I see what Professor Spencer means; it is a technological inventions.
little short. I wish I’d seen your final draft before Woman: Thank you so much. I feel like a big
you turned it in. Anyway, have you thought about weight just got lifted off my shoulders. Now I can
how you might expand the topic? start revising the paper right away!
Woman: A little. Still, I just don’t quite see how. Narrator: What does Megan mean when she says
Maybe it’s possible, but what else can I include? this?
Oh, this is so hard for me. Woman: Thank you so much. I feel like a big
Man: Oh, Megan, cheer up! Let’s take a look weight just got lifted off my shoulders.
at your topic again . . . “The Invention of the

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 Page 118 You may use your notes to help you answer the
Narrator: Listening Skill 4, Practice, Passage 1. questions.
Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental
studies class. Page 119
Man (professor): Good morning, class. Today, Narrator: Question 1. Listen again to part of the
I’d like to talk about a popular food movement lecture. Then answer the question.
that is trying to help clean up the environment, Man: I actually belong to great local food
support local economies, and provide us with cooperative; they deliver wonderful, fresh farm
healthier food. What this movement is all about produce of all kinds: apples, tomatoes, lettuce . . .
is the need to eat “locally” . . . um, that is, to uh, just about anything that’s in season. I do have
buy and eat food that is grown near the place questions about the larger goals of the movement
where you live. And there are benefits of eating and whether or not they can be maintained, but
locally grown food. For example, it offers fresh, the part of it that supports my community and
healthy food in season and it provides local helps me to eat healthy food isn’t so bad.
jobs. I actually belong to a great local food Narrator: What is the professor’s attitude about
cooperative; they deliver wonderful, fresh farm the “eat locally” food movement?
produce of all kinds: apples, tomatoes, lettuce
. . . uh, just about anything that’s in season.
I do have questions about the larger goals of Page 119
the movement and whether or not they can be Narrator: Question 2. Listen again to part of the
maintained, but the part of it that supports my lecture. Then answer the question.
community and helps me to eat healthy food Man: For this reason, some supporters of
isn’t so bad. The larger purpose, though, is that the movement, true “locavores”—um, people
buying locally means less fuel is burned because seriously committed to eating locally—well,
food isn’t being carried such great distances by they sometimes even go so far as to suggest you
trucks, planes, and other gas-burning means of shouldn’t eat anything unless it’s grown within a
transportation. It’s widely accepted that the gases hundred miles of your home. However, can you
given off by vehicles burning fuel are one of the imagine trying to find everything locally?
largest sources of pollution in the world today, so Narrator: How does the professor feel about
cutting down on the amount used is positive for serious “locavores”?
the environment. For this reason, some supporters
of the movement, true “locavores”—um, people Page 119
seriously committed to eating locally—well, Narrator: Question 3. Listen again to part of the
they sometimes even go so far as to suggest you lecture. Then answer the question.
shouldn’t eat anything unless it’s grown within a Man: Make no mistake about it, the world
hundred miles of your home. However, can you produces enough food to feed everyone, but
imagine trying to find everything locally? It seems some countries experience crop failures and
like a good goal, but it can be quite difficult to then they have serious food shortages. For
achieve. OK, so why would that be the case? Well, now, if we want everyone to be able to eat, food
think about rice. What if it’s a main part of your must be distributed, and this can only happen,
diet? It doesn’t grow just everywhere. And then, unfortunately, by pollution-producing means of
there are spices; salt and pepper, for example. It’s transportation.
almost outrageous to even to think of finding and Narrator: What is the professor’s opinion of
drying your own salt. You’d have to travel—what, shipping food?
on horseback maybe, to save fuel?—to an ocean
to find someone who is collecting and drying it.
Page 119
However, there are more serious concerns about
Narrator: Listening Skill 4, Practice, Passage 2.
insisting that food should not be shipped over
Listen to a conversation between a student and
large distances. Make no mistake about it, the
her professor.
world produces enough food to feed everyone,
Man (professor): Thanks for coming to see me this
but some countries experience crop failures
afternoon, Julia.
and then they have serious food shortages. For
Woman (student): Uh . . . sure. Was there
now, if we want everyone to be able to eat, food
something wrong with the drawing I handed in,
must be distributed, and this can only happen,
Professor Lewis? I was thinking maybe it wasn’t
unfortunately, by pollution-producing means of
very good.
transportation.
Man: No, Julia, it’s not that at all, so you can
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
relax, OK? Actually, I wanted to talk to you

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 about a contest that the Museum of Modern work in all types of artistic media, but, honestly, I
Art is having . . . it’s open to anybody, including thought you stole the show.
university students. I’d like you to consider Narrator: What does the man mean when he says
entering. this?
Woman: You’re joking, right? I just started Man: I know you’re required to take a lot of
drawing classes this semester. different classes to learn how to work in all types
Man: Yes, um, your drawings are OK, considering of artistic media, but, honestly, I thought you
. . . but I saw the pictures you took for the final stole the show.
project in your photography class at the student
exhibition last semester. I know you’re required Page 120
to take a lot of different classes to learn how to Narrator: Question 5. Listen again to part of the
work in all types of artistic media, but, honestly, I conversation. Then answer the question.
thought you stole the show. Woman: Um, thank you. Actually, it’s a serious
Woman: Um, thank you. Actually, it’s a serious hobby for my father, and he encouraged me to
hobby for my father, and he encouraged me to work with him in his studio. He really inspired me
work with him in his studio. He really inspired me to work hard at it. I . . . I’ve been taking pictures
to work hard at it. I . . . I’ve been taking pictures
since I was about fourteen, so I can’t remember a
since I was about fourteen, so I can’t remember a
time when I didn’t have a camera in my hand.
time when I didn’t have a camera in my hand.
Narrator: Which of the following best expresses
Man: So, will you consider the contest? Sorry,
the woman’s attitude toward photography?
I know it’s short notice, but you’ll have to fill in
some forms and submit something to the museum
by next Monday. Page 120
Woman: Whoa! I was planning on going home Narrator: Question 6. Listen again to part of the
to visit my family this coming weekend. And I’ve conversation. Then answer the question.
got a few exams this week to worry about. It’s Man: So, will you consider the contest? Sorry,
just that I’d have to find all those pictures and . . . I know it’s short notice, but you’d have to fill in
then, who knows what the judges at the museum some forms and submit something to the museum
are looking for? by next Monday.
Man: OK, listen, I have the forms here and I can Woman: Whoa! I was planning on going home
help you fill them out right now. And I’ll even to visit my family this coming weekend. And I’ve
take the picture you choose to the museum for got a few exams this week to worry about. It’s
you, if you like . . . it’ll have to be there by 5:00. just that I’d have to find all those pictures and . . .
Woman: Really? I appreciate the offer . . . that then, who knows what the judges at the museum
would be great! Oh, I just remembered! I still have are looking for?
a roll of film from a camping trip I took in the Narrator: What does the woman imply when she
Rocky Mountains last spring . . . I think there are says this?
some good shots on the roll . . . so maybe I can Woman: It’s just that I’d have to find all those
develop them with my dad over the weekend. pictures and . . . then, who knows what the judges
Man: That might be a plan, but just to play it safe, at the museum are looking for?
I’d choose one from the exhibition.
Woman: OK, I’ll let you know on Monday. Page 120
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions. Narrator: Question 7. Listen again to part of the
You may use your notes to help you answer the conversation. Then answer the question.
questions. Woman: Oh, I just remembered! I still have a roll
of film from a camping trip I took in the Rocky
Page 120 Mountains last spring . . . I think there are some
Narrator: Question 4. Listen again to part of the good shots on the roll . . . so maybe I can develop
conversation. Then answer the question. them with my dad over the weekend.
Woman: You’re joking, right? I just started Man: That might be a plan, but just to play it safe,
drawing classes this semester. I’d choose one from the exhibition.
Man: Yes, um, your drawings are OK, considering Narrator: How does the man feel about what
. . . but I saw the pictures you took for the final woman said?
project in your photography class at the student
exhibition last semester. I know you’re required
to take a lot of different classes to learn how to

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 Listening Skills 3 and 4 Review how one day the boat she was riding in was hit by
a storm and tipped over. While the others were
trying to turn the boat back over, Sacagawea,
Page 121 with her baby strapped on her back, rescued
Narrator: Listening Skills 3 and 4 Review, Passage many valuable records, books, and instruments
1. Listen to part of a lecture in an American from the water. Without her dedication to the
history class. expedition, historical records would have been lost
Woman (professor): Today, we’ll be discussing forever. For this contribution and so many other
Sacagawea, a Native American Indian from the important ones, Sacagawea deserves a special
Shoshoni tribe, who was a courageous, strong, place in early American history.
and loyal person. She played a vital role in the There are various stories about the end
history of early westward expansion in America of Sacagawea’s life—none, I should say, that I
as a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. would place much historical value on. There are
Sacagawea traveled with Meriwether Lewis and unconfirmed reports that she died of a fever in 1812
William Clark on their long and demanding in the Dakotas. However, her own people believe
journey through Montana and Idaho to find the that she returned to her native Shoshoni tribe, died,
Pacific Ocean. and was buried at the Wind River Reservation
Sacagawea’s husband, a French-Canadian in Wyoming. In any case, whatever happened in
fur trapper and trader named Toussaint the end to Sacagawea, today she is honored and
Charbonneau, joined the Lewis and Clark remembered by the many monuments, schools, and
Expedition in 1804. When Sacagawea joined the buildings named after her.
group, she was not considered an official member Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
of the expedition. However, it was thought You may use your notes to help you answer the
Sacagawea would be a very helpful addition questions.
because she spoke a few Native American Indian
languages as well as English. Oh, right . . . uh,
I just remembered that I should mention here Page 121
that Sacagawea was only sixteen years old at the Narrator: Question 1. Listen again to part of the
time, and pregnant with her first son! Anyway, lecture. Then answer the question.
despite her condition, she was able to persuade Woman: However, it was thought Sacagawea
local Native American tribes to sell horses to the would be a very helpful addition because she
expedition, which they desperately needed to have spoke a few Native American Indian languages
for traveling such long distances. In addition to as well as English. Oh, right . . . uh, I just
interpreting Native American languages, she also remembered that I should mention here that
guided the expedition along trails in the territory Sacagawea was only sixteen years old at the time,
where she had grown up. So, while some of the and pregnant with her first son!
men in the expedition may not have thought much Narrator: Why does the professor say this?
of Sacagawea in the beginning, during the trip she Woman: Oh, right . . . uh, I just remembered that
proved herself to be more useful than anyone first I should mention here that Sacagawea was only
imagined. sixteen years old at the time, and pregnant with
OK, so, let’s move on to some other aspects her first son!
of the expedition that really illustrate who this
amazing woman was. Sacagawea’s baby boy, Jean Page 121
Baptiste, was born in 1805 and traveled along Narrator: Question 2. Listen again to part of the
with her on the expedition. Just imagine that! I lecture. Then answer the question.
doubt there are many young women today who Woman: In addition to interpreting Native
would brave such a journey with a newborn child. American languages, she also guided the
The sight of a Native American woman with a expedition along trails in the territory where
baby signaled to the native tribes along the way she had grown up. So, while some of the men in
that this was a peaceful group, and thus, the the expedition may not have thought much of
expedition could travel through normally hostile Sacagawea in the beginning, during the trip she
lands in safety. There’s no question about it that proved herself to be more useful than anyone first
she came to be quite liked, admired, and respected imagined.
by members of the expedition. According to what Narrator: What does the professor imply when she
they fondly wrote in their journals about her, says this?
Sacagawea was generally cheerful and complained Woman: So, while some of the men in the
very little. expedition may not have thought much of
One story often told about Sacagawea is of

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 Sacagawea in the beginning, during the trip she tribe, died, and was buried at the Wind River
proved herself to be more useful than anyone first Reservation in Wyoming.
imagined. Narrator: What is the professor’s opinion of the
reports about Sacagawea’s death?
Page 122
Narrator: Question 3. Listen again to part of the
lecture. Then answer the question. Listening Skill 5
Woman: So, while some of the men in the
expedition may not have thought much of Pages 125 (image of script) and
Sacagawea in the beginning, during the trip she 126–127 (script text)
proved herself to be more useful than anyone first Narrator: Listening Skill 5, Skill Builder. Listen to
imagined. OK, so, let’s move on to some other part of a lecture from a materials science class.
aspects of the expedition that really illustrate who Man (professor): Now, your textbook goes into
this amazing woman was. more detail on all of this—maybe even too much
Narrator: Why does the professor says this? detail—you’ll read the entire unit for tonight’s
Woman: OK, so, let’s move on to some other assignment, but for today’s lecture, I want to
aspects of the expedition that really illustrate who make sure we all have the history, the basic history
this amazing woman was. of the development of plastic in mind before we
move on to discuss the economic impact these
Page 122 developments had. So let me hit just the highlights
Narrator: Question 4. Listen again to part of the here of the major developments.
lecture. Then answer the question. The first substance that meets our definition
Woman: Sacagawea’s baby boy, Jean Baptiste, was of the word plastic—you remember that from
born in 1805 and traveled along with her on the last week—was a substance called Parkesine,
expedition. Just imagine that! I doubt there are developed in 1856. Earlier than we often associate
many young women today who would brave such with plastic, I know. Now, the fellow who invented
a journey with a newborn child. it, Alexander Parkes, didn’t get anywhere with
Narrator: Which of the following best expresses it commercially, and his company was out of
the professor’s attitude toward Sacagawea? business by 1868. But it was the first, and that’s
important.
The next major development was that of
Page 122 Bakelite—that’s important because it was the first
Narrator: Question 5. Listen again to part of the
plastic created with a synthetic polymer. In fact,
lecture. Then answer the question.
some people insist that it’s the first true plastic,
Woman: One story often told about Sacagawea
the first entirely man-made plastic, in any case.
is of how one day the boat she was riding in was
A guy by the name of Leo Hendrik Baekeland
hit by a storm and tipped over. While the others
invented that in 1907 and began selling it from
were trying to turn the boat back over, Sacagawea,
about 1912. It enjoyed a lot of popularity for
with her baby strapped on her back, rescued many
industrial uses at first, especially in the automotive
valuable records, books, and instruments from the
and electrical industries, and then from about the
water. Without her dedication to the expedition,
1920s for consumer goods as well, for things like
historical records would have been lost forever.
telephones and radios. In the late 20s, Bakelite
Narrator: Why does the professor say this?
jewelry became popular and, in fact, is highly
Woman: While the others were trying to turn
collectible today. Some of those old pieces sell for
the boat back over, Sacagawea, with her baby
quite a lot in antique stores.
strapped on her back, rescued many valuable
The next significant development was
records, books, and instruments from the water.
polyvinyl chloride, or PVC—never mind about
writing down the full names now, they’re in
Page 122 your book—which was refined in 1926. Earlier
Narrator: Question 6. Listen again to part of the versions did exist, but they had flaws that made
lecture. Then answer the question. the product unsuitable for widespread use. So it
Woman: There are various stories about the end was really in the 1930s and after that it took off.
of Sacagawea’s life—none, I should say, that I It’s cheap, strong, and easy to work with—its
would place much historical value on. There are flexibility is a key attribute.
unconfirmed reports that she died of a fever in But the most important development of the
1812 in the Dakotas. However, her own people 1930s, and we’re going to spend some time on this
believe that she returned to her native Shoshoni today, was nylon. That’s right, nylon is a plastic,

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 even though, as you know, it’s often used for Woman 2: Yes, I did. First was corrective lenses
clothing. Stockings, for example, used to be called to treat myopia, nearsightedness, and those are
“nylons” because they were made from, of course, concave.
nylon. Woman 1: Concave is when . . . wait. The lens is
thicker in the middle, or thinner?
Page 128 Man 1: Thicker. Thinner at the ends, and thicker
Narrator: Listening Skill 5, Practice, Passage in the middle.
1. Listen to a discussion among students in an Woman 2: Next is lenses to treat hyp . . . I don’t
ophthalmology class. know how to pronounce that anymore . . .
Woman 1 (Lisa): OK, I admit it, I didn’t take Man 1: Hyperopia. I have it, so I know!
notes about the different types of eyeglasses. I Farsightedness. With convex lenses, like mine—
didn’t think it was very important, I just thought thicker at the edges, thinner in the middle.
it was like introductory material or something. Woman 2: Then astigmatism, lenses to treat
Man (Kyle): Oh, Lisa. And then you heard her astigmatism, which have a cylindrical lens . . . see,
say it was going to be on the test . . . I drew a picture of it . . .
Woman 1: Well, yeah. So that’s why I asked you Woman 1: Thanks, that’s great.
guys to help. Kyle, you always take notes. And so Man 1: And finally presbyopia, that thing that
do you, Kimiko. some people get as they age, where they can’t
Woman 2 (Kimiko): I write down everything. focus on things close up anymore, and they need
Usually too much! But I guess sometimes it’s bifocals, or split lenses. And those are also usually
useful. So what do you want to know? convex.
Woman 1: Well, like . . . all those different Woman 1: Bifocals . . . split lenses . . . convex.
classifications of eyeglasses. Sunglasses, and Got it. OK, thanks, guys, this is really helpful. I
obviously regular glasses . . . promise I’ll take notes on everything from now
Man 1: Slow down! You’ve already skipped some. on!
You have to keep them in the same category, or Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
the examples won’t make sense. Let’s go back to You may use your notes to help you answer the
the beginning, and make sure you write this down! questions.
OK, sunglasses were second. But safety goggles
were first. Remember? She was talking first about Page 129
glasses that protect. Safety goggles protect, like, Narrator: Listening Skill 5, Practice, Passage 2.
factory workers or people using tools. Listen to part of a discussion from a fire science
Woman 1: Oh, right, and then sunglasses protect class.
people’s eyes from the sun . . . Woman 1 (professor): We’re going to begin our
Woman 2: Then she moved on to glasses, well, series on techniques to combat forest fires by
magnifying glasses, lenses that people use for talking about firebreaks. Now, this method is
science or for investigation, like microscopes or used both during an actual fire—that is, one in
binoculars . . . progress—and before one starts.
Woman 1: I thought she said those weren’t true Man 1 (student): What do you mean, “before one
glasses, because you don’t wear them on your starts”? How can you know a forest fire is going
head. to start?
Woman 2: But remember? She said that in some Woman 1: Well, that’s the point. You can’t. This
cases, people do . . . anyway, she called it a type of is a preventative measure, sometimes. But let me
lens, I have in my notes her exact words, “a kind explain what a firebreak is, first, before you start
of glasses,” so I think it’s important. asking questions, and that might clear it up. So, a
Woman 1: OK, fine. And then the last category firebreak. Basically, it’s a, an area of cleared land,
was regular glasses. Like I wear. Thanks, guys! a space that doesn’t have anything flammable on
Man 1: Hey! Not so fast. Did you forget it—nothing that can burn. No trees, no grass,
everything she said about the different types of no dried wood. A river, for example, is a natural
regular glasses? And she didn’t call them “regular firebreak; so is a steep canyon, if the fire can’t
glasses,” either, that’s not the term. “Corrective sweep down it. And then in our program, we
lenses.” There were . . . let’s see . . . oh, she listed frequently use the term for created firebreaks,
them by the conditions they treat, and what the ones that people make, specifically for forest fire
shape of the lenses are. There were four, but I only prevention and management. Now, normally, as
have three in my notes . . . that’s odd . . . Kimiko, you know, a fire will continue to spread until it
did you get four? runs out of fuel or until it is stopped by rain or
firefighters. So if a moving forest fire encounters a

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 firebreak—an area where there is no fuel—it will Woman: Is that a special program for all
stop spreading. And that gives firefighters a better departments, or is it something that’s only offered
chance to extinguish it. You’ve probably seen in the French department?
firebreaks if you’ve ever driven through a wooded Man: No, it’s open to anybody in a variety of
area. different subject areas. Taking this exam is a great
Woman 2 (student): Oh, yeah—like those wide way to receive college credits.
spaces in the forest, suddenly, where there’s just Woman: Hmm . . . so students can get full credit
nothing? That almost looks like a road? I saw one for a class?
of those once. I thought someone had cut the Man: That’s right. If you pass, you’ll get four full
trees down for lumber. credits for second-year French.
Woman 1: The wood was probably used, yes— Woman: Ah . . . I’m a little worried. I did take
but it sounds like you saw a firebreak. That’s a language classes in Paris, but I’m not sure my
preventative one—one created just in case there’s French is good enough . . . I didn’t use it that
a fire in the future. If anyone has not seen a much over the summer after I got home.
firebreak like this type, then I suggest you drive Man: Oh, come on, you got excellent grades
about, oh, 10 miles out of town, along State in your first-year French class. And the exam
Route 4 going north, and take a look. You can would take care of your last Arts and Languages
see at least two that I know of before you get requirement.
out of the woods. Now as I said, some firebreaks Woman: I can’t say that wouldn’t be a relief, and
are actually made during a fire. One notable, there are so many other classes I’d like to take.
and successful, example of this was during the Man: And, since it only costs around $60,
2011 Las Conchas Fire. That was New Mexico’s compared to what you pay in tuition for the class,
largest forest fire ever, which burned hundreds if you pass it . . . which I’m betting you will, then
of thousands of acres, and did get quite close it will be worth every penny.
to some inhabited areas. As it was approaching Woman: So, you really think I should take it?
a large scientific laboratory, though, firefighters Man: Well, it can’t hurt to try. Why not go to
created a firebreak around areas of the lab that the College Board website and see the sample
seemed to be threatened, and in fact, no structures questions? And you can even get practice materials.
there were lost. New Mexico is a pretty dry state,
as you know, and forest fires are a common worry. Page 134
Some homeowners, in fact, create small firebreaks Narrator: Listening Skill 6, Practice, Passage 1.
around their houses—they make sure that there’s Listen to part of a conversation between a student
a cleared area, no trees or dry grass, too close to and a doctor at a university health center.
their homes. Woman (doctor): Hello, uh . . . Brian, right? I’m
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions. Doctor Cline. What can I do for you today?
You may use your notes to help you answer the Man (student): Nice to meet you, Dr. Cline. Well,
questions. it’s my back. I haven’t been able to get any sleep at
night. It feels like . . . um . . . like I got kicked by
a horse.
Listening Skill 6 Woman: Uh-huh . . . I think I can guess the
problem. Judging by the size of that backpack
Pages 131 (image of script) and you’re carrying . . . I mean you really had to work
132–133 (script text) to get it off. I’m seeing a lot of similar symptoms
Narrator: Listening Skill 6, Skill Builder. Listen to and backpacks like yours stuffed with too many
a conversation between a student and her advisor. books and who knows what else.
Man (advisor): Hello, Lisa. I haven’t seen you for a Man: I think you’re probably right, but it’s just
while. How are your classes going so far this term? that there are no lockers available on campus and
Woman (student): Well, that’s actually what I I have a couple of study groups in the library after
needed to talk to you about, Mr. Nelson. My class, so I have to carry a bunch of textbooks with
second-year French class is . . . um, kind of easy me and, of course, my laptop computer.
for me. Woman: Yes, I hear the same story all the time.
Man: That makes sense because you did spend OK, let me ask you a few questions: How do you
the winter and spring quarters in Paris. So . . . I’m carry it? On one shoulder?
thinking that you could probably test out of the Man: Um . . . yeah! I do hang it on my left
second year if you took a CLEP exam. You know, shoulder. I guess it’s easier to get to my books if I
the College-Level Exam Program offered by the keep my right side free . . . and faster to grab my
College Board organization? laptop which I use all the time.

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 Woman: Well, carrying it that way puts way in other peculiar ways as well. Some famous
too much stress on your neck and back. The composers and musicians hear certain musical
recommendation I’ve been making is to get some notes in colors . . . uh, for instance, a D note
sort of case or bag with wheels . . . they even might be heard as orange. In other words, they
make backpacks like that. So you could . . . um, have what you might say is “colored” hearing.
roll it around. And even more unusual are the synesthetes who
Man: Uh . . . my friend has one of those and likes “taste” words . . . uh, like the word book tastes
it. I mean, it’s all right to have rolling luggage at like apple pie. Although this kind of taste-related
the airport, but . . . um, on campus? synesthesia is less common than others forms,
Woman: OK, then you’re going to have to get almost any combination of the senses is possible
rid of some of the weight. For example, it might for synesthetes.
not be a bad idea to take turns sharing books What’s happening in the brain is that
with people in your study groups. And most the real information of one sense is joined to
importantly, Brian, you need to build up strength another perceived sense at the same time. That
in your back. is, without the synesthetes controlling or being
Man: That makes sense, Doctor Cline. I need to conscious of it, they have the perception that
go soon to meet my study group, but . . . uh . . . the additional sense is real . . . um, outside their
do you have any suggestions? bodies, and not merely something imagined. This
Woman: Here’s a booklet that has some good isn’t supposed to happen in the human brain.
exercises that should make carrying your pack less The typical human brain develops so that each
painful. I’ll go over them quickly with you, Brian, sensory system—hearing, sight, smell, and so
and you can try them at home later. on—is separate from the others. Clearly, then,
Man: Thanks, Doctor Cline. I’m ready to try something is “cross-wired” in the brains of
anything to make this to stop. synesthetes . . . uh, something that allows one
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions. sensory system to interact with another sensory
You may use your notes to help you answer the system. I’m not making a judgment as to whether
questions. this is good or bad. Some synesthetes seem to
view their condition almost as a gift. Uh . . .
you’ll be hearing firsthand about the positive
Page 136
experiences of three sisters with synesthesia in
Narrator: Listening Skill 6, Practice, Passage 2.
a few minutes. And there is some evidence that
Listen to part of a lecture in a neurology class.
many artists, poets, and writers are synesthetes, so
Man (professor): Hello everyone. I think you’re
the connection between the condition and artistic
going to find our topic today rather fascinating.
creativity is a good area for further research.
We’re going to discuss an interesting neurological
However, I should mention that some researchers
condition called synesthesia. And, in the process
tend to focus only on the cases of well-adjusted
of doing my own research, I filmed a series of
and famous artists, while ignoring those that
interviews with some kids, between the ages of
aren’t as pleasant to talk about.
eight and thirteen, who have this condition. I
Let me conclude by saying that, while there
think you’ll find them quite interesting. OK, let’s
is considerable debate about how common
get started now. I’ll be giving you some general
synesthesia is, based on how individual scientists
information about it, but let me caution you
choose to classify it, there is still currently a great
that researchers in the field are still struggling to
deal of research into the origins of this interesting
come up with a definition of synesthesia . . . um,
phenomenon. It is thought by many scientists
meaning they are trying to agree on the specific
that the condition is hereditary; you know,
forms it takes. So, broadly speaking, what is this
passed down from parents to their children. And
curious condition? Well, it’s one in which the
scientists are hoping to confirm this as they search
brain sort of . . . um . . . mixes up signals from the
for the specific gene related to synesthesia. OK,
senses. I think it’ll be easier to understand if I give
now, you don’t have to take notes, but I’d like to
you some examples first: Well, the people who
share with you the stories I collected. Afterward,
have synesthesia—they’re called synesthetes by the
we’ll discuss some of the issues they bring up, and
way—uh, so when some synesthetes see a letter
I’ll try to answer any questions you might have.
or a number it appears to them in a specific color.
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
Imagine that every time you see the number 4 it is
You may use your notes to help you answer the
red, or that the letter B is always green. And this
questions.
extraordinary linking of the senses can happen

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 Listening Skills 5 and 6 Review to the fabric, cuts the various parts out, and sews
them together. This job is challenging; one small
mistake and when the final piece of clothing is
Page 137 sewn, it might not turn out looking right. For
Narrator: Listening Skills 5 and 6, Review. Listen example, it might be too short or too long or hang
to part of a lecture in a fashion design class. in folds in a way the designer didn’t have in mind.
Woman (professor): Good afternoon. Before Anyway, as I said, the garment goes from the
we get started, let me remind you: This year’s pattern maker to someone who sews it together.
upcoming graduates are putting on a fashion However, who makes the pattern and who sews it
show right after class today, which you are together depend on the type of work environment
expected to attend as part of your coursework . . . um, for example, whether the designer is
. . . uh . . . more about that later. Now, on to our working independently or for a small or large
discussion today, which involves how a piece of design company. If the designer is self-employed,
clothing, ah . . . a garment, goes from the original um . . . a freelancer, then he or she may be the one
design concept to the final product. This generally to create the pattern and sew the garment. This
takes, by the way, between eighteen to twenty- might also be true in smaller companies. On the
four months. OK, first the fashion designer must other hand, a larger design company might have
study current trends in the fashion industry, but a designer or a team of designers who simply pass
also has to have an idea about which fashions their creations to others to deal with.
will be popular in the future. Some designers do Finally, when the garment is ready, it can be
their own research by going to fashion shows marketed in a number of ways. You’re all probably
offered year round—the most important ones aware that fashion shows are the typical way to
probably being in the spring or fall—while others present the latest designs. Speaking of which, I’m
use trend reports published by fashion industry going to stop a little early here, so you’ll have time
trade groups. These reports are very helpful to get seats in the front. I expect a lot of feedback
as they suggest what styles, colors, and fabrics about it from you, so be sure to take some notes
consumers will want to buy for future fashion or even make some quick drawings.
seasons. So, after a specific design has been Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
chosen, then it’s time to make some sketches or You may use your notes to help you answer the
quick, preliminary drawings. Obviously, this is questions.
the reason that studying to be a fashion designer
requires you to take art classes. That is, it’s
essential to understand color, composition, and
form to be successful in this field. However, if
you can’t draw well enough—although I would
LISTENING POST-TEST
strongly encourage you to learn to do so—there
is also computer-aided design . . . um, sort of Page 140
virtual models in various sizes and shapes and Narrator: Listening Post-Test, Passage 1. Listen to
software that allows a specific garment to be a conversation between a student and a professor.
changed in terms of colors or shapes. So, you can Woman (professor): Come in. Can I help you with
click and drag to put together a design. But, call something?
me old-fashioned if you want, these designs are Man (student): Oh, hi, I’m glad you’re here. I’m
just not artistically pleasing to me. And I should Nathan Litton, I’m in your Algebra 201 class.
mention that in any case, most designers do create Woman: Nathan . . . um, you’ll have to remind me
a sketch by hand first before they translate it to which section you’re in.
the computer. Man: Oh, sorry, the Tuesday–Thursday one, in the
OK, next, when the specific design is finished, afternoon. 2:30 to 4:00.
the fabric, like . . . ah, cotton, silk, or leather, Woman: Right. Well, what can I do for you? Is it
must be chosen. The designer usually visits fabric about this week’s problem set? I’ve heard people
manufacturers or trade shows to get samples and have been having some trouble with that!
determine which ones will work for the design. Man: No, I’ve already finished that, actually, but I
When the final choices have been made, then it’s wanted to talk to you about the midterm exam. I
time to give the design and fabric to a professional have a little problem.
pattern maker. The pattern maker’s job is to Woman: Oh, I see. Well, it’s not for another
outline the parts of the garment—sleeves, collar, two weeks, of course, but it’s not too early to
front, back, and so on—onto pieces of thin paper start reviewing for it. If you review a little bit
or cardboard. These will be used later when the at a time, then you don’t have to try to go over
person sewing the garment attaches the pattern everything the night before the test—which I

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 assure you is not possible. Now, I assume you Man: Sounds good. And thank you for helping
read the information on the syllabus about what me work something out. I really appreciate it.
it’s going to cover, and how much it’s worth, and Woman: No problem. Glad we could work
so on. I think it’s a fair test—it covers what we’ve something out.
been studying—but I know from experience that Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
students have found it . . . somewhat tough. You may use your notes to help you answer the
Man: Yes, I did check the syllabus, so I have that questions.
information. But, um, actually, the thing is, the
midterm is on Thursday the 11th, and I’m not Page 140
going to be here then. I mean, I have to be out of Narrator: Question 1. What is true about the
town. Algebra 201 course?
Woman: You “have to” be out of town?
Man: Yeah, it’s . . . well, it’s sort of a family
commitment. So I want to . . . I mean, I was Page 140
hoping that I could take the midterm at another Narrator: Question 2. What does the professor
time. I’ll be back Sunday night, so I could come in think the student’s problem is at first?
Monday morning, first thing.
Woman: I’m afraid normally the only time I give Page 140
a midterm late is if there’s a medical reason, and Narrator: Question 3. Listen again to part of the
then I’d need a note from a doctor. Is this . . . well, conversation. Then answer the question.
is this a medical thing? Would you have a doctor’s Man: But, um, actually, the thing is, the midterm
note? is on Thursday the 11th, and I’m not going to be
Man: No, it’s nothing like that. But I really do here then. I mean, I have to be out of town.
have to be there. Woman: You “have to” be out of town?
Woman: I see. Well, would you be willing to take Narrator: What does the professor imply when she
the test early? You could do it Tuesday during the says this?
class time. Woman: You “have to” be out of town?
Man: Oh! Yes, yes, that would be perfect. Thank
you so much. Although . . . what is the class doing
that day? Would I be missing anything important? Page 141
Like anything that might be on the midterm? Narrator: Question 4. When is the student going
Woman: That whole class period will be a review to take the midterm?
for the midterm. We’ll go over the different topics,
do some review problems from the textbook, and Page 141
I’ll be there to answer any questions that people Narrator: Question 5. The student says all of these
have. So, yes, you’d be missing some valuable will help him study for the test EXCEPT
practice, but there won’t be any new material.
Man: Oh, that’s perfect, then.
Page 141
Woman: Would you like to come in at some other
Narrator: Listening Post-Test, Passage 2. Listen to
time to do a little review with me? I have office
a discussion in an international development class.
hours on Mondays and Wednesdays from 1:00 to
Woman 1 (professor): Good morning. Let’s begin
3:00.
our discussion with a case study from the West
Man: Oh, thanks, but I have a class at that time.
African country of Mali, which is the second
But it’s OK, really. My roommate took this class
largest exporter of shea butter in the world.
last semester, and he said he’d help me go over the
So, we’ll be looking at shea butter in order to
material if I need any help. And I’m doing pretty
understand what’s involved in its production.
well in class, I think. I mean, I’ve gotten good
Later, we’ll be talking about how development
scores on all the quizzes and problem sets so far. I
funding projects helped to solve a few of the
took really thorough notes, too, from every class.
problems the butter producers have . . . uh,
Woman: Well, that sounds good, then. But if
including the one I worked on. OK, can anyone
you do want to see me for any reason before
tell me what shea butter is and what it’s used for?
then, just e-mail me and make an appointment.
Yes, Max?
Oh, and thanks for letting me know about this
Man (Max): Well, it’s a kind of natural fat
in advance. That’s always easier than trying to
which comes from the nut of the shea tree. And
make arrangements later. I’ll bring a copy of the
companies all over the world import shea butter
midterm to class on that Tuesday, and you can
or um . . . just the shea nuts that they extract the
just take it in the room next door, which is empty
butter from, and then they use it in food products
at that time.
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 . . . uh, I think one of the articles mentioned that heated in a pot over a fire. After a while, they
it’s used a lot as a replacement for cocoa butter in finally turn into liquid and become shea oil—that
candies and other foods, right? is, any remaining water is evaporated out. The
Woman 1: Yes, that’s right, but it is probably oil turns a creamy or golden color at this point,
better known as a cream that is added to and then it’s taken out to cool for a day and made
cosmetics like lipstick or as a skin lotion. OK, into the shea butter balls. Afterwards, some of
so let’s turn our attention to what happens on the butter is stored for personal use, but it is also
the local level, where it’s used by Malian women sold locally or to larger cities or other African
mostly for cooking and flavoring food, and as countries . . . and through buyers, to countries in
medicine. And I can’t tell you how good it was North America and Europe. All right, at this the
in the dishes they cooked for me. Anyway, in point we’re going to turn our attention to some
Mali and other countries in Africa, the shea tree examples of the funding projects I mentioned to
generally grows wild and produces a soft, green you earlier.
fruit with a seed or nut in the center. The women Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
work in groups to harvest the nuts and make You may use your notes to help you answer the
butter from them. Linda, can you tell us a little bit questions.
about this?
Woman 2 (Linda): Sure. Um . . . first, the fruit
Page 142
is cleaned from the nuts, and then they’re boiled
Narrator: Question 6. How is the information in
and dried in the sun or sometimes heated in an
the discussion organized?
oven. Uh . . . this helps to separate the hard outer
shell from the nuts. Then the women break the
shells off by hitting them over and over again with Page 142
rocks. You know, it sorta made me . . . um . . . it Narrator: Question 7. What can be inferred about
made me tired just reading about it. the professor?
Woman 1: Yes, and that’s just the beginning.
The next stage is to crush the nuts before Page 142
roasting them. In the countryside, this is done Narrator: Question 8. Listen again to part of the
the traditional way by putting the nuts into discussion. Then answer the question.
large, deep bowls called mortars and . . . ah . . . Woman 1: The women work in groups to harvest
pounding them into a powder by using a pestle, the nuts and make butter from them. Linda, can
um . . . a long, heavy piece of wood. And think you tell us a little bit about this?
about this for a minute: it can take ten women Woman 2: Sure. Um . . . first, the fruit is cleaned
three hours of slamming the very heavy pestles from the nuts, and then they’re boiled and dried in
into the mortar . . . uh, three hours just to pound the sun or sometimes heated in an oven. Uh . . .
15 kilograms . . . um . . . about 33 pounds of this helps to separate the hard outer shell from
shea butter into a reddish-brown mixture. But it’s the nuts. Then the women break the shells off by
not over yet. The mixture is poured into bowls, hitting them over and over again with rocks. You
and small amounts of hot water are continually know, it sorta made me . . . um . . . it made me
mixed in—by hand, of course—and the mixture tired just reading about it.
. . . uh, the women rub it around until clumps of Narrator: What does Linda mean when she says
oily, white paste are produced. This procedure this?
continues for about 48 hours until the reddish- Woman 2: You know, it sorta made me . . . um . . .
brown mixture stops producing the white paste. it made me tired just reading about it.
Believe me: You have to have the arms of a weight
lifter because this stuff is so thick and stiff. So,
you can begin to see already, can’t you, how access Page 142
to modern machinery would really save time and Narrator: Question 9. According to the professor,
effort? OK, let me stop here, and check to see how is the white paste produced?
if you really did do your homework. So, what
happens next, Max? Page 142
Man: Um, I . . . eh . . . I think the white paste is Narrator: Question 10. Listen again to part of the
spooned out and taken to a kinda cool area and discussion. Then answer the question.
left there for around 24 hours so it will get hard. Man: Um, I . . . eh . . . I think the white paste is
Then it’s shaped into balls, right? spooned out and taken to a kinda cool area and
Woman 1: Well, Max, not exactly. Before that left there for around 24 hours so it will get hard.
happens, the water has to be squeezed out of Then it’s shaped into balls, right?
the clumps of white paste, which are then slowly
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 Woman 1: Well, Max, not exactly. Before that rainfall. Hot and dry is one biome, for instance,
happens, the water has to be squeezed out of and cold and dry another. You’ll see how it all
the clumps of white paste, which are then slowly works.
heated in a pot over a fire. Let’s start first with high temperatures and
Narrator: What does the professor mean when she high rainfall, and then I’ll move down the scale
says this? in terms of rainfall—or precipitation in general,
Woman 1: Well, Max, not exactly. because we count snow here, so going wettest to
driest.
Page 142 First on our list then is the tropical
Narrator: Question 11. All of the following are rainforest. These occur near the equator, which
true about shea butter EXCEPT is one factor in their temperature, of course—
temperature, as you know, being affected by two
things—latitude and altitude—how far from
Page 143 the equator an area is and how high it is—and
Narrator: Listening Post-Test, Passage 3. Listen to tropical rainforests are both close to the equator
a part of a lecture in a biology class. and low in altitude. Average annual rainfall is
Man (professor): Good afternoon everyone. around 2,000 millimeters, or about 784 and a
I appreciate your being inside here, in our half inches. There are only two seasons, rainy and
windowless room, to talk about beautiful outdoor dry, although even the “dry” season gets more
scenery, while it’s such a nice day outside! rainfall than some of our drier biomes. Something
Today I’m going to give you an overview of the that most people don’t suspect is that the soils
biomes—what they are, what they’re like—and here are actually not very good—they’re poor in
then in coming weeks we’ll investigate each one in nutrients, and they’re acidic. Things decompose
more depth. here very quickly, things like dead animals or
I suppose we should start with a definition. dropped plant leaves—that’s because of all the
A biome, well, I’m going to take Neil Campbell’s rain. But this rapid decomposition is a reason
definition, which is an accepted standard one that more nutrients don’t enter the soil. So the
now, from his 1996 biology textbook: Biomes thing to take away from this is that this is not
are “the world’s major communities, classified good land for crops. No point in cutting down
according to the predominant vegetation and the trees and trying to plant coffee, or something.
characterized by adaptations of organisms to that It’s just not the best place for it. Plant life here
particular environment.” What does that mean? is quite varied (and I think that’s one reason the
In a nutshell, it means that they are major types poor soil comes as a surprise); in fact, in one
of environments and landscapes, and what makes square kilometer you might find over a hundred
them unique are the plants and animals that live different species of trees—mostly evergreen, and
there. I think you’ll see exactly what I mean as we many quite tall. The trees grow so closely together
go through the different types. that very little sunlight actually reaches the forest
Now, as to how many different types there floor. In addition to trees, there are all sorts of
are, and even how they’re classified . . . well, mosses, vines, orchids, ferns, and palms. One
that’s an area of debate. Your textbook goes particularly remarkable feature of the rainforest
into more depth here than I want to today—I’m is the canopy, by which I mean the tops of these
just going to cover the major categories. I mean, very tall trees. It’s a mini-ecosystem all to itself,
the freshwater biome, for example, could be and in fact, that’s one that would make a very
subdivided into ponds and lakes, streams and good study project. Lots to discover there. Animal
rivers, wetlands, and so on. I do recommend for life is also plentiful and varied, particularly the
your group study project, your presentation on a bird life. There are also numerous species of small
biome, that you choose a smaller category rather mammals and insects—some pretty fantastic
than a larger one! So keep that in mind as we insects, as you’ll see later. This is the richest biome
continue our discussions. in terms of animal life—more diversity of animal
Oh, and I’m also going to cover only the species here than in any other biome. And most of
land biomes today, not the freshwater or the these animals, by the way, live in the trees.
marine biomes—we’ll look at those on Thursday. We get a lot of important products from the
Today I’ll be covering eight land biomes: tropical rainforest, both foodstuffs and ingredients for
rainforest, temperate rainforest, temperate medicines, which is only one of many reasons we
deciduous forest, taiga, scrub forest, grassland, need to protect this biome. Half of the tropical
desert, and tundra. rainforests—half, let me emphasize—have already
So for the land biomes, we divide them been destroyed—for homes, or even for farmland,
basically by temperature, and then again by

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 which, as we just discussed, isn’t a very good idea. Woman: Isn’t that OK? The ad for the apartment I
OK, on that positive note, let’s move on to our like says “pets negotiable.” I mean . . . that’s why I
next biome. chose that place.
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions. Man: Let’s take a look at the ad. Which place are
You may use your notes to help you answer the you interested in?
questions. Woman: It’s on Pine Street. 1256 Pine. The one
that said, “One-bedroom, quiet neighborhood,
Page 143 small backyard . . . ” It sounds great, and it’s in
Narrator: Question 12. How is the discussion of my price range, and it’s in a good location, too. I
biomes organized? could bike to the university.
Man: Oh, yes, I know that place well. Cute little
apartment. But you understand, when it says that
Page 143 pets are “negotiable”—that’s not guaranteed. I’m
Narrator: Question 13. What types of biomes is not promising that it’s OK, we’ll have to see. See,
the professor going to talk about today? some places that accepted pets in the past then
had a lot of trouble with them. Damage to the
Page 144 furniture, things like that. So even though the ad
Narrator: Question 14. What factors determine technically says it’s OK, they’d really rather rent
how hot or cold a biome is? to someone without pets.
Woman: Oh, my cat is very clean and well behaved.
Man: Yes, everyone says that.
Page 144 Woman: OK, but I really need a place where I
Narrator: Question 15. What does the professor can keep her. And she’d spend a lot of her time
say about soil in the rainforest? outdoors. That’s another reason I’m interested in
this place, because there’s a yard.
Page 144 Man: Well, a cat is easier to place than a dog.
Narrator: Question 16. Which of the following Now, for a pet, they’d require a damage deposit,
is true about animals in the tropical rainforest of course, equal to one month’s rent.
biome? Woman: Is that the “first and last month’s rent”?
Man: That would be in addition. But it’s a deposit
you’d get back when you moved out—assuming
Page 144
they didn’t need to do any additional cleaning or
Narrator: Question 17. What can you infer about
repairs, of course.
the type of biome the professor will talk about
Woman: And when would I have to pay that?
next?
Man: At the beginning, before you move in.
Woman: I see. And . . . I don’t get the damage
Page 145 deposit back until I move out?
Narrator: Listening Post-Test, Passage 4. Listen Man: Well, no, because it’s only when you move
to a conversation between a student and a staff out that the landlord can check the condition of
member of the housing office. the apartment. Now, would it just be you? No
Man (staff): Good morning. How can I help you? roommates?
Woman (student): Oh, hi. Um, my name is Woman: Oh, no, just me. I prefer to live alone, so I
Lindsey, Lindsey Miller, and I’m interested in can concentrate on studying. If I had a roommate,
finding off-campus housing. Like an apartment we’d just talk all the time.
or something. I found one ad on the bulletin Man: OK. Because that place isn’t really large
board in the hall that I’m really interested in, so I enough for two people, I don’t think. I have some
wondered if I could ask about that. more information here, and some photos, too, if
Man: Nice to meet you, Lindsey, I’m Paul Martin. you want to take a look.
Please have a seat. So, I guess you had enough of Woman: So in addition to the bedroom . . . what
the dorms last year? other rooms are there? A kitchen, I suppose.
Woman: Oh, no, actually, I’m a freshman. Man: Well, sort of. There’s a stove, refrigerator,
Man: Oh? Well, our policy is normally that and cabinets along one wall, and that area also
freshmen need to stay on campus . . . has a table. It’s sort of a combination of a kitchen
Woman: Yes, I know, but I got a special waiver and a dining room. Then there’s a small living
because of Mitzi. That’s my cat. I have it here, room—you could also use that for studying,
from the main housing office . . . see? there’s a little desk there—and that has a little
Man: Oh, I see . . . You have a cat. balcony that looks out over the yard.

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 Woman: Oh, so it’s not on the ground floor? Woman 1: Yes, in its original version, it is.
Man: No, it’s on the first floor. A monster—even though a misunderstood
Woman: I guess at this point, I’d like to check it monster—who kills. However . . .
out. Is that possible? Woman 2 (Nikki): I thought Frankenstein was the
Man: Sure, let me get the landlord on the phone, name of the scientist.
and I’ll let you two schedule a time. Woman 1: That’s a good point, Nikki. People
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions. do mix them up all the time! But Frankenstein,
You may use your notes to help you answer the Victor Frankenstein, is the name of the scientist
questions. who creates the monster.
Woman 2: So what’s the monster’s name?
Page 145 Man: Well, in the original novel, it doesn’t have a
Narrator: Question 18. Why does the woman want name. It just gets called “monster” or “demon,”
to rent an apartment? stuff like that. I don’t know if it gets a name in the
movies either, does it?
Woman 1: That’s a good question, Josh. You
Page 145 know, offhand, I can’t think of a movie that does
Narrator: Question 19. What is NOT true about give a name to the monster itself, unless it’s one of
the apartment? the comedy movies, but they get pretty far away
from the original plot. Now, does anyone happen
Page 145 to know the date of the first film?
Narrator: Question 20. Listen again to part of the Man: 1931. I’ve seen that one; that stars Boris
conversation. Then answer the question. Karloff as the monster.
Man: See, some places that accepted pets in the Woman 1: That’s the earliest famous one, but
past then had a lot of trouble with them. Damage the first movie was actually in 1910—that was a
to the furniture, things like that. So even though silent film—and there were two more after that.
the ad technically says it’s OK, they’d really rather The 1931 version that you’re thinking of was the
rent to someone without pets. first in Universal Studio’s series of Frankenstein
Woman: Oh, my cat is very clean and well movies. And that’s the one that people usually
behaved. think of—that’s the most popular image of
Man: Yes, everyone says that. Frankenstein. So, what was the monster like in
Narrator: What does the man mean when he says that one? Josh, you’ve seen it.
this? Man: Well, he’s . . . he’s a monster. Huge, and
Man: Yes, everyone says that. really ugly. And of course his brain is bad, I
mean, the brain they gave him was a criminal’s
brain, so he’s ugly and violent. Also for some
Page 146 reason he can’t really talk, just moan and make
Narrator: Question 21. What does the man say scary noises. I saw it when I was a kid, and I
about the deposit? couldn’t sleep that night.
Woman 1: You raise an interesting point there,
Page 146 his lack of speech. Now, in the book, the monster
Narrator: Question 22. What is the woman does talk, and teaches himself to read, gets
probably going to do next? interested in literature, even. But early audiences
wanted a more powerful vision of a monster. It
was a horror movie, remember, and an educated,
Page 146
book-reading monster isn’t as scary. Universal
Narrator: Listening Post-Test, Passage 5. Listen to
Studios made quite a few movies with this
a discussion in a film studies class.
same version of the monster, and in fact, in one
Woman 1 (professor): OK, Frankenstein. I bet
movie—The Bride of Frankenstein, in 1935—the
everyone here has seen at least one film version of
monster does talk, at least a little. But then, four
this story. Is that right? I’m not surprised. There
years later, in Son of Frankenstein, he’s unable to
have been so many versions! Thirty? Forty? It’s hard
talk again.
to say, actually, because people aren’t sure which
Woman 2: I haven’t seen any of those earlier
ones to count. Obviously a straight adaptation of
movies, but I did see one . . . OK, I don’t know
the original novel, that counts, but how about a
when it was made, but we watched it in high
comedy that’s loosely based on the story?
school when we read the novel. It’s the one with
Man (Josh): A comedy? How can Frankenstein be
Kenneth Branagh in it, as the scientist. And that
a comedy? It’s a pretty dark book, actually. I’ve
monster could talk. There are lots of scenes where
read it.
it argues with the scientist.
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 Woman 1: You’re correct. In my opinion, that’s see why he was the way he was—I mean, he didn’t
one of the better film versions, made in 1994, ask to be created, and everybody hated him and
although it got pretty mixed reviews. Do you was afraid of him, and he was . . . well, lonely.
remember what that monster looked like, and Narrator: What does the woman mean when she
what its personality was like? Did you like him? says this?
Woman 2: Well, I wouldn’t exactly say he was Woman 2: Well, I wouldn’t exactly say he was
sympathetic. And sure, he was ugly. But you sympathetic.
could see why he was the way he was—I mean,
he didn’t ask to be created, and everybody hated Page 147
him and was afraid of him, and he was . . . well, Narrator: Question 27. What does the professor
lonely. There were times when he tried to get say about the 1957 film from Hammer Film
along with people, and through, oh, various Productions?
misunderstandings it didn’t work. And then he
got violent and afraid and stuff.
Woman 1: Yes, that’s a significant difference Page 147
between that one and earlier versions—you, Narrator: Question 28. What does the professor
the viewer, I mean, are supposed to feel some imply about the comedy movies?
compassion for the monster, to understand its
point of view, too. Contrast that to the series of Page 148
Frankenstein movies made by the British studio Narrator: Listening Post-Test, Passage 6. Listen to
Hammer Film Productions. The first of their a part of a lecture in a history class.
movies was in 1957, and it was definitely a horror Man (professor): OK, class, let’s continue our
movie. A very different look from the Universal discussion of those great explorers who opened
Studios productions though—for one thing, the the doors to the New World. One of the most
Hammer Film Frankenstein movies—I think important was the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand
there were six or seven—were in color. We’ll see a Magellan, whose expedition completed the first
few clips of those. voyage around the world to find a western spice
Man: Are we going to watch any of the funny route to Asia. As you know, the famous explorer
ones, the comedies? Christopher Columbus had tried to find a route
Woman 1: Well, you’re welcome to watch them on from the west in 1492, but Magellan’s expedition
your own, or you could choose one of those to was the first to take this route and reach what
use somehow in your final project—that’s always a was known as the Spice Islands . . . uh, actually
popular choice, actually. the Maluku Islands, which are part of present-
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions. day Indonesia. Uh, OK . . . let me stop here for
You may use your notes to help you answer the a second and remind you that spices, particularly
questions. cloves and cinnamon, were considered very
valuable at that time . . . and the Maluku Islands
Page 147 were the most significant source of these spices.
Narrator: Question 23. What is the discussion And, as you’ll recall, the rulers of European
mainly about? countries usually had to both approve and fund
these costly expeditions to the Spice Islands. It
was in their best interest, of course, since the
Page 147 countries that discovered and controlled certain
Narrator: Question 24. When was the first movie
routes could gain great power and wealth. So,
about Frankenstein made?
there was a great deal of competition between
countries like Spain and Portugal for establishing
Page 147 new sea routes to the Islands. In fact, the
Narrator: Question 25. Are these features of the Portuguese even sent out ships to stop Magellan,
1931 version of Frankenstein? but he was able to find a way around them . . . uh,
but I’m getting ahead of myself.
Page 147 So, how did Magellan’s journey begin? Well,
Narrator: Question 26. Listen again to part of the after asking and being denied permission to sail
conversation. Then answer the question. to the Spice Islands in 1513 by King Manuel of
Woman 1: Do you remember what that monster Portugal—um, Magellan wasn’t on good terms
looked like, and what its personality was like? with him—anyway, Magellan sailed for Spain in
Woman 2: Well, I wouldn’t exactly say he was 1518 and was able to convince the king of that
sympathetic. And sure, he was ugly. But you could country . . . um . . . King Charles, to sponsor his
voyage.
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 Anyway, getting back to Magellan, so, by 1519, although Magellan didn’t make it back, the real
Magellan was finally ready for the voyage. With a significance of the expedition’s voyage around
crew of 241 men and a fleet of five ships—named the globe is that it revealed, for the first time, how
Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepción, Victoria, and large the world truly is.
Santiago—uh, with these ships, the expedition Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to South America. You may use your notes to help you answer the
Uh, that is, of course, after Magellan escaped from questions.
the Portuguese, as I mentioned earlier. By 1520,
they had set up camp for the winter at Puerto San
Page 148
Julian in what is now southern Argentina. However,
Narrator: Question 29. How is the information in
an unsuccessful rebellion broke out among the
the lecture organized?
crew members shortly after they set up their winter
quarters, and a severe storm destroyed the Santiago
while it was on a scouting expedition down the Page 148
coast. In spite of these difficulties, they resumed Narrator: Question 30. Why does the professor
their voyage south about eight months later and mention cloves and cinnamon?
were finally able to find a narrow passage from the
Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean . . . um, it’s now Page 148
called the Strait of Magellan. Narrator: Question 31. Listen again to part of the
But, again, there was trouble. While they were lecture. Then answer the question.
sailing through the strait at the tip of South America, Man: In fact, the Portuguese even sent out ships
the captain of the San Antonio abandoned the to stop Magellan, but he was able to find a way
mission and returned to Spain. This left three ships around them . . . uh, but I’m getting ahead of
to enter the Pacific Ocean. Nonetheless, Magellan myself. So, how did Magellan’s journey begin?
and his crew became the first Europeans to sail Narrator: Why does the professor say this?
across the enormous and unknown expanse of the Man: In fact, the Portuguese even sent out ships
Pacific. However, while that was an extraordinary to stop Magellan, but he was able to find a way
achievement, it didn’t happen without incredible around them . . . uh, but I’m getting ahead of
hardship. As they sailed day after day, hoping to myself.
see land, the members of the expedition eventually
used up all their food supplies and had little water
. . . um . . . under these dire circumstances, some of Page 149
the crew members died. Fortunately, after nearly a Narrator: Question 32. What can be inferred
hundred days, Magellan and his ships did manage about Magellan’s knowledge of the Pacific Ocean?
to reach the Pacific island of Guam in February of
1521 and were able to restock some of their supplies. Page 149
From there, they went on to the Philippines, where, Narrator: Question 33. According to the passage,
unfortunately, they got involved in a battle and lost what happened to the ships in Magellan’s
more than a hundred men, including Magellan. He expedition?
was killed during a battle in April 1521 between
two local groups on the Philippine island of Mactan.
Page 149
After the battle, there was not enough of the crew
Narrator: Question 34. Listen again to part of the
left to sail all of the remaining ships, so they burned
conversation. Then answer the question.
the Concepción.
Man: I really should mention someone you’ve
The journey continued and the Trinidad and
probably never heard of: Juan Sebastian del
Victoria finally reached the Maluku Spice Islands
Cano. Poor guy! It seems like history ignores
in November 1521, and the crew filled their ships
him sometimes and it’s just not fair. Anyway,
with precious spices for the journey back. In the
he’s actually the one who took over command
process of trying to sail home, the Trinidad was
of the remaining ship and delivered the spices
captured by the Portuguese. Finally, however,
to the King of Spain. So, to sum it up, although
the Victoria returned to Spain in 1522 with only
Magellan didn’t make it back, the real significance
eighteen survivors. And here, I really should
of the expedition’s voyage around the globe is that
mention someone you’ve probably never heard of:
it revealed, for the first time, how large the world
Juan Sebastian del Cano. Poor guy! It seems like
truly is.
history ignores him sometimes and it’s just not
Narrator: Which of the following best expresses
fair. Anyway, he’s actually the one who took over
the professor’s attitude toward Juan Sebastian del
command of the remaining ship and delivered
Cano?
the spices to the King of Spain. So, to sum it up,
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 Speaking Skills 7 and 8
SPEAKING
Speaking Skills 1, 2, and 3
Page 186
Narrator: Speaking Task 3, Skill 7, Skill Builder.
Page 166 Now listen to a conversation on this topic.
Narrator: Speaking Task 1, Skills 1, 2, and 3, Man (student): Oh, hey, look at this. They’re
Skills Review. You will now be asked a question finally going to fix those walkways.
about a familiar topic. After you hear the Woman (student): Between Johnson and Harold?
question, you have 15 seconds to prepare your Oh, great! Those are in terrible condition. And I
response and 45 seconds to answer. have two classes in Johnson this term.
Narrator: Number 1. Talk about a time that you Man: Yeah, and the parking lot as well. That’s
did something you were proud of. What did you what I’m really happy about.
do, and why did you feel proud? Use reasons to Woman: Wait, the parking lot? But . . . where am
support your response. I supposed to park then? The nearest lot is . . .
I guess by the sports center, but that’s a fifteen-
Page 166 minute walk away.
Narrator: Speaking Task 1, Skills 1, 2, and 3, Man: So why don’t you take the bus?
Skills Review. You will now be asked a question Woman: Because I’d have to change buses
about a familiar topic. After you hear the downtown, and it would take me over an hour.
question, you have 15 seconds to prepare your And my first class is at 8:00 A.M.
response and 45 seconds to answer. Man: Oh, sorry. For me, the bus is really easy—
Narrator: Number 2. What skill or ability that you it takes me ten minutes from my apartment to
don’t currently have would you like to develop, campus. I usually come in the mornings, but all
and why? my classes are in the afternoon, so I can just study
for a while or talk with friends.
Woman: I wish I didn’t have this morning class!
Speaking Skills 4, 5, and 6 But I’d have to wake up at something like 5:00
A.M. to take the bus. That’s just crazy.
Man: Why don’t you ride your bike?
Page 179 Woman: Well, traffic is really bad near my
Narrator: Speaking Task 2, Skills 4, 5, and 6, apartment, especially in the morning.
Skills Review. You will now be asked a question Man: What are other people in your class going
about a familiar topic. After you hear the to do?
question, you have 15 seconds to prepare your Woman: Hey, that’s right—we’ll all have the same
response and 45 seconds to answer. problem. I know a bunch of people who drive. We
Narrator: Number 1. Most universities offer a can carpool and take turns driving.
note-taking service for specific classes. Students Man: Someone will still have to park . . .
can buy the notes for a reasonable fee. Some Woman: Yeah, but the driver can let everyone off
students feel this is a good service. Others think near Johnson Hall, just before the construction
students should take their own notes in class. zone, and then go park. And if we take turns, then
Which do you think is best for students and why? each person will only have to park once a week.
I can manage that, I guess. The exercise will be
Page 180 good for me.
Narrator: Speaking Task 2, Skills 4, 5, and 6,
Skills Review. You will now be asked a question Page 188
about a familiar topic. After you hear the Narrator: Speaking Task 3, Skill 7, Practice 1.
question, you have 15 seconds to prepare your Now listen to a conversation on this topic.
response and 45 seconds to answer. Man (student): We should get one more person
Narrator: Number 2. Many movies use books as from the Spanish Club and do that study.
the basis for their stories. Some people think it Woman (student): Are you kidding me? We’re
is better to read the book before going to such terrible decision makers!
a movie. Others believe that it is better to see Man: I don’t think that matters. They’re just
the movie first and read the book after. Which studying how things happen. I mean, they want to
opinion do you agree with and why? see how groups of people work together, I guess,
so any answers would be relevant. Plus they’re
paying! That’s not a bad deal.

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M01_TOEFL_Ex_1e_1625_AS.indd 25 8/31/12 11:55 AM

 Woman: OK, but that’s not very good for a club Woman: Well, it’s free for a month. I can try it out
like ours. It says three participants, and we have and see if I like it, and if it’s not working, then
. . . I don’t know, at least fifteen. How would we I can stop using it. But if it does work, I don’t
decide who would do it, and get the money? How mind if it’s a little expensive. It would be worth it
would we choose so that it was fair? if it helped me with my classes. I’d even share the
Man: I have an idea. Since it’s for a study on materials with you, if you ask nicely.
teamwork, let’s say that the money—no matter Man: Thanks, but I do better talking to someone
who takes part in the study—the money goes to one-on-one. If I have a problem, I’d rather talk to
the Spanish Club, not the individuals. the professor directly.
Woman: So that means three people do the work,
but everyone shares the money? Page 193
Man: Well, yeah. I don’t think that’s a bad idea. Narrator: Speaking Task 3, Skill 8, Practice 1.
It’s no different from other fund-raisers we’ve Now listen to a conversation on this topic.
done—we all work, and we all use the money for Woman (student): Wow, that’s great news. What a
something for the Club. Anyway, I’m going to good idea.
do it. How about you? The 12th is a Friday; you Man (student): I don’t know if it’s going to help
don’t have any classes that day either.
much. Most people I know, including me, don’t
Woman: Oh, I don’t know. I don’t like those study
like early morning classes, and they’re not going
things. They always take longer than they say,
to sign up. I mean . . . before 8:00? That means
and the tasks aren’t very interesting. And $50 isn’t
those classes that start at 7:30.
even that much money.
Woman: I know they’re not popular—that’s why
Man: But it’s for three people, remember? So
they don’t have as many people in them. But if
that’s $150. We could use that money for a lot of
you can save money, that’s a real incentive. Tuition
things. I know what I’d like—I’d like to hire some
is one area where you just have to pay what they
speakers to talk to us about different countries.
charge you—it’s not like cutting back on eating in
It’s always more interesting to hear about it from
restaurants or going to movies. If I have a choice
someone who’s lived there than to read about it in
between a regular price and a discounted price, of
a book.
course I’m going to choose the discounted price,
even if it’s a little inconvenient.
Page 189 Man: Well, it wouldn’t be cheaper for me. If I
Narrator: Speaking Task 3, Skill 7, Practice 2. took a class at 7:30, I’d probably sleep through the
Now listen to a conversation on this topic. whole thing, and then I’d fail the course and have
Woman (student): Oh, wow, that’s just the sort of to take it again—so I’d pay twice!
thing I need. I’m already starting to feel lost in Woman: Oh, really, Mike. It’s not that hard. Just
class, and it’s only week three! I was thinking of go to bed earlier the night before. And another
hiring a tutor, but if I could study at home, that thing, the early morning classes are probably more
would be so much more convenient. effective because they’re not as popular, like you
Man (student): I don’t know . . . how can said—so you’ll get more personal attention from
something like that be any good? They don’t know the professor, and you’ll have more chances to
what’s happening in your class. talk in class.
Woman: Well, mechanical engineering is Man: Have you ever taken a 7:30 class?
mechanical engineering. I feel lost about the Woman: Well, no, I’m not crazy about the time
basics, really. either. But if there’s a good reason, like saving
Man: You should talk to the professor then, money . . . also, this is supposedly going to help
during his office hours. He’d be better at with overcrowded classrooms. I tried to take a
explaining his own material. class last term and couldn’t get in because all of
Woman: I know, but . . . I never feel comfortable the sections were full.
doing that. I worry that he’ll just think I’m not Man: Yeah, see, the university is just doing this
very smart or something, or be mad at me for because they have trouble with scheduling. That’s
wasting his time. not my problem. I’ve always been able to get the
Man: What? That’s what office hours are for! For classes I want—I just register really early, like on
professors to help their students. the first day that registration opens. People who
Woman: I know, I know, but it’s still hard for me. can’t get into classes are the ones who wait until
It’s even hard for me to ask other students for the last minute.
help. I just like to work things out on my own. Woman: I don’t always know what classes I want
Man: It’s probably really expensive, too. I notice to take until I’ve had some time to think about
they don’t even tell you how much it costs. it. I think this is a brilliant idea—the university

26

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 solves their overcrowding problem, I get to save Man (student): Argh! I’m so mad!
some money and have a better chance of getting Woman (student): What’s up?
into popular classes, and you don’t have to change Man: Well, you know I’m taking this term off . . .
a thing. just the spring, and then I’ll probably take some
Man: When you put it like that . . . I guess it does summer classes and I’ll be full-time again in the
work out for everybody, though in different ways. fall. I just wanted some time to concentrate on my
internship. Which is going really well, by the way.
Page 194 Woman: Yeah, I know that . . . so . . . that sounds
Narrator: Speaking Task 3, Skill 8, Practice 2. fine . . .
Now listen to a conversation on this topic. Man: Oh, that part is all fine, but I went to the
Man (student): Hey, look at this—I wonder how sports center today, you know, I figured I’d play
many people they’re looking for? a little racquetball or maybe work out on the
Woman (student): Well, at least two—I know both machines, and my card didn’t work!
James and Meredith graduated last year. Woman: Oh, it’s probably the little magnetic strip
Man: Oh, that makes sense. I don’t think anyone on the back. That wears off sometimes.
would ever quit Off Pitch. They’re really great. Man: No, no, the card itself is fine. I asked at the
Woman: They’re wonderful, I agree. But one desk, and they said it’s because I’m not enrolled
reason for that is because they work all the time. this term.
Meredith was in one of my classes, and she Woman: Are you sure? Jenny took fall quarter off,
was always having, I don’t know, rehearsals or and she was in my jazz dance class. That met at
concerts or meetings or something for Off Pitch. the sports center.
It was like a full-time job. Man: Well, OK, you can still use the sports center
Man: Well, yeah, to be part of something like on your term off, but they charge you for it! You
that . . . I’d sure work at it. Do you think I have a have to pay!
chance? Woman: So what? You have to pay anyway when
Woman: Sure, why not? You’re a good singer, and you’re a regular student.
you have all that choral experience. Have you ever Man: No, you don’t. It’s always been free for me. I
sung with a small group? just . . . get my card every fall and I walk in. Even
Man: Yeah, in high school. I thought I was good if I’m taking a term off, I’m still a student here. I
at it, and it was a lot of fun. Being a member still have my library card, my parking pass . . .
of Off Pitch would help with employment after Woman: But you do pay. When you’re a student, I
I graduate, too, because they’re so well known. mean. Haven’t you ever checked your tuition bill?
They’ve produced at least four CDs, and they That part that says “university fees”? Those fees
were on that local TV show . . . plus working are for . . . I don’t know, like the computer center,
that hard would be good for me. I think I’d really the tutoring center, and the sports center. Maybe
improve. You should think about it too. the library. Who knows.
Woman: Oh, no thanks. I want to have a life Man: But you have to pay that bill. It’s not
outside of classes. And I already practice on my optional.
own. Woman: I know, but . . . well, it seems fair to me.
Man: But this is such a great opportunity! If you use something like the sports center, then
Woman: Actually, I’ve been thinking about what you have to pay for it. Either you pay with your
I want to do with music. It’s just so hard to make tuition, or if you’re not paying tuition, then you
it as a performer. I might try teaching instead. pay separately.
Maybe be a high school chorus director, or give Man: Well, I should at least get a discount. They
private voice lessons. So if I do anything extra this told me I’d have to pay $65 for the term. How
year, it’ll be teaching some private students. much do they take from your fees normally?
Man: Oh, well, it would be fun to try out with Woman: I have no idea. Not that it really matters.
you, but I completely understand. Maybe you’d be You either pay this quarter and use the place,
willing to help me practice my solo, though. or you don’t. How badly do you want to play
Woman: Oh, sure, I’d be happy to. Just call or racquetball?
e-mail me when you have something ready. Narrator: Record your response to the following
prompt.
Narrator: The woman gives her opinion about
Page 195 the pricing policy for the university sports center
Narrator: Speaking Task 3, Skills 7 and 8, Skills explained on the website. State her opinion and
Review, Number 1. Now listen to a conversation explain the reasons she gives for holding that
on this topic. opinion.

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 Page 196 Speaking Skills 9 and 10
Narrator: Speaking Task 3, Skills 7 and 8, Skills
Review, Number 2. Now listen to a conversation
Pages 200–201 (image of script) and
on this topic.
Woman (student): Oh, wow, look at this. That
202 (script text)
Narrator: Speaking Task 4, Skills 9 and 10,
sounds like a great opportunity. I thought only
Note-Taking and Rating Practice.
journalism majors could write for The Collegian,
Man (professor): The Lever Building in New York
or maybe only students in one class or something.
City was completed in 1952 and is considered
Man (student): I don’t think so . . . Normally they
one of the great successes of the International
hire reporters. It’s like a campus job. I’ve seen job
Style. It is a 24-story building whose exterior
announcements go up at the beginning of the year
consists of a lightweight “skin” of blue-green
before. You have to submit some sample articles,
glass and stainless steel. Beyond the repetitive,
and then they choose reporters, and assign you
square series of windows, there are no additional
which things to write about. This seems different,
exterior design elements; it is simply composed
though.
of two smooth “glass boxes.” The two narrow,
Woman: Yeah, this is more informal, I guess . . .
rectangular blocks that make up the skyscraper’s
You wouldn’t be a staff reporter . . . I know the
distinctive geometric profile are set in the shape
“Features” section; those are longer articles. And
of the letter L. There is a vertical tower which
more interesting, if you ask me. I’d love to do
sits at a right angle on top of a small area of a
something like that. Get my name out there, you
horizontal block. The lowest floor of the tower is
know, build up a portfolio of published articles
set back from the tower, which further emphasizes
. . . It would be perfect for you, too.
the geometric relationship of the two flat-topped
Man: Oh, no thank you. I’m not touching
blocks.
something like that.
Woman: What? Are you serious? I thought you
wanted to be a writer! Page 206
Man: Yeah, but not a volunteer writer. They pay Narrator: Speaking Task 4, Skill 9, Skill Builder.
their regular reporters, but for these articles, how Man (professor): Now that you’ve had a chance
much are you getting? to read some general information about volcanic
Woman: Um . . . I don’t know, it doesn’t say . . . islands, I’d like to discuss another idea about
Man: Yeah, exactly. It’s just a way for them to their formation. So, OK, in 1963, there was this
get free articles. That’s no different from . . . well, geophysicist, J. Tuzo Wilson, who challenged the
from just writing an essay for class, for homework. accepted tectonic plate theories at this time by
I do that all the time already. I don’t need practice hypothesizing that volcanic islands were formed
writing, I need practice getting paid to write. over “hot spots.” Wilson theorized that islands,
Woman: I still think this would help. You’d get which are not near the boundaries of tectonic
your name out there, people might be more likely plates, must have formed in a relatively small,
to pay you later. long-lasting, and unusually hot region called a hot
Man: I don’t think it works that way. People don’t spot. He believed that a hot spot is fixed in one
hire writers because they’re famous, they hire place, very deep within the Earth’s interior. Lava
writers because their writing is good. I already erupts from these spots and forms volcanoes as
have lots of samples of my writing I could show a tectonic plate slowly moves over the hot spots.
someone. The Collegian is a good paper, I’m not Wilson’s idea was that after many eruptions an
saying it isn’t, but I’m not looking for volunteer island emerges, but then plate movement carries
work, not at this point. it to a new location and another volcano forms
Woman: Well, suit yourself. If I get an idea for in the hot spot where the old island once was.
something interesting, I’m going to write it up The Hawaiian Island chain was seen as proof
and submit it. Can’t hurt. of his theory because the farther away from the
Narrator: Record your response to the following original hot spot each island in the chain is, the
prompt. progressively older and more eroded its rock is.
Narrator: The man gives his opinion about writing Uh . . . the original hot spot . . . is thought to be
articles for the student newspaper described in the under the youngest island of Hawaii. And, in fact,
notice. State his opinion and explain the reasons new volcanic rock is still being formed on the big
he gives for holding that opinion. island of Hawaii.

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 Page 208 Man (professor): We’re hearing more and more
Narrator: Speaking Task 4, Skill 9, Practice. about how various countries and cities have
Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a taken on the challenge of getting rid of . . .
zoology class. or least cutting down on . . . the use of plastic
Man (professor): As you know, nature has bags. Ireland and South Africa, to name just a
equipped animals with some very clever ways of couple, came up with the clever idea of trying
defending themselves. Particularly interesting to encourage people to bring their own bags by
is autotomy. For example, certain species of charging a small fee for the plastic bags provided
lizards defend themselves by dropping off their by grocery stores and shops. In Ireland, for
tails. The disconnected tail will continue to move example, where there is a 22-cent tax on plastic
around, tricking the predator into thinking that bags, their use has decreased by 90 percent since
the lizard is still struggling to get free while the 2002.
lizard dashes away to safety. The lizard’s tail And cities like San Francisco, California,
will partially grow back in a few weeks. Another have banned their use outright; large grocery
animal which uses a similar defense is the stone store chains and some pharmacies are no longer
crab. If this crab loses a claw to an attacker, it allowed to use them and must now bag items
will also quickly heal and the claw will grow back in recyclable paper bags. Some even ask their
to the original size in about a year. In fact, stone customers to bring plastic bags back to the store
crabs claws are intentionally harvested by humans so that they can be recycled into new plastic bags
for food. They are captured, one of their claws is or into other types of building materials.
taken, and then they are returned to the ocean to However, many feel that the answer is neither
regenerate a new one. Not typical of most animals plastic bags nor paper bags, but rather canvas or
that use autotomy is the honeybee. Every time cloth bags that can be used over a much longer
this little creature stings to defend its home, the period of time and are biodegradable. In fact,
stinger tears cleanly away from the bee’s body the California bag-recycling law adds further
and inserts itself painfully into the predator, but motivation for consumers to stop accepting even
the unfortunate consequence is that the bee dies paper bags by requiring stores to sell reusable
shortly afterward. cloth bags.

Page 212 Page 215

Narrator: Speaking Task 4, Skill 10, Practice. Narrator: Speaking Task 4, Skills 9 and 10,
Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a Review 2. Now listen to part of a lecture on this
psychology class. topic in an industrial science and technology class.
Woman (professor): We typically think of sleep Man (professor): Today, I’d like to discuss how the
as a period when our minds are completely at American inventor Mary Anderson successfully
rest. However, research has shown that the mind came up with a new invention. In the early 1900s,
is quite active at certain times during sleep. This Anderson noticed that streetcar drivers in New
is especially true when we are in REM, or rapid York City had to constantly get out of their seats
eye movement, sleep. REM sleep is especially to wipe the rain and snow off the streetcar’s
interesting to psychologists because it’s during this windshield glass so they could see to drive. This
time that people experience the most active period bothered her, so she asked herself, “How can
of dreaming. And for the majority of people, I invent a better way to clean windshields so
this is the time when dreams are most intense drivers don’t have to do it by hand?” She set about
and most easily remembered. REM sleep is also drawing up various designs and testing them.
thought to be the most important stage of sleep After a few false starts, she eventually came up
because it helps us to function in our everyday with the idea of a lever installed inside the vehicle
lives. Evidence for this is seen after experiments that, when pulled, would swing an arm over the
in which people are not allowed to go into REM windshield and clean it. Although similar devices
sleep at night, and then display slower reaction had been made earlier, Anderson’s was the first
times and lower performance on academic and that actually worked. She received a patent in
physical tasks during the following day. 1905 for her wipers, which had flexible rubber
blades attached to the spring-loaded arm. So, they
not only didn’t scratch the glass, but after they
Page 214 swung across the windshield, they also returned
Narrator: Speaking Task 4, Skills 9 and 10,
to their original position. Although Anderson
Review 1. Now listen to part of a lecture on this
herself did not benefit much commercially,
topic in an environmental studies class.

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 by 1916 thousands of people were using her Man: I was scheduled for around 10 hours, but
invention because it proved to be easy to use all then someone quit so they asked me to take her
year round and an increasing number of drivers hours . . . um, so it’s more like 20 hours now. And
no longer had to get out of their cars to clean the it takes me about an hour from campus to get
windows. there, so that’s 2 more hours a day just in travel
time.
Woman: That’s certainly a heavy workload
Speaking Skills 11 and 12 considering that you’re taking 18 credit hours.
Why not let me help you find a job closer to
campus or even on campus? I have a lot of
Page 218 job listings right now and most of them pay
Narrator: Speaking Task 5, Skill 11, Skill Builder.
reasonable wages. And the hours are flexible, so
Now listen to a conversation between two
you could probably find one to fit your schedule.
students.
However, your advisor wants us to limit your
Man (student): Wow! I can’t believe how expensive
work hours to no more than 10 to 12 per week.
the textbook is for my biology class. And it’s only
Man: Uh . . . I already agreed to the extra hours.
one of the books I have to buy. I’m really low on
I like the job I have now and it pays well and . . .
cash this semester, so I just don’t know how I’m
well, I really like having the extra money, so . . .
going to pay for all of them.
Woman: I understand, but you’ve definitely got
Woman (student): How about buying the used
to find more time for your studies. In fact, our
ones at the campus bookstore? They usually offer
studies show that students who work a few hours
some pretty good discounts, and the lines aren’t
a week on campus actually do better academically
too bad in the afternoon.
than those who work 20 hours or more. If you
Man: Well, I could do that, but sometimes the
don’t mind me asking, is there any chance you
ones they have are in bad shape . . . um, falling
could ask your boss at the restaurant to cut your
apart or with lots of highlighting and notes. And
hours back to 10?
the prices aren’t always so great for the quality.
Man: I guess so. I’ll have to think some more
Woman: So, OK, why don’t you do what I did last
about it.
semester and try to find used textbooks online?
A lot of websites sell second-hand textbooks at
good prices, usually a lot cheaper than the campus Page 225
bookstore. Narrator: Speaking Task 5, Skill 12, Practice.
Man: I tried that, actually, and it took a lot of Listen to a conversation between two students.
time to search around for the best price. And, Man (Daniel): What’s the matter, Emma? You
well, I ordered the textbook with the same title, don’t look too happy with your food.
but the website didn’t show the cover, so when it Woman (Emma): I’m not! This cafeteria has
came, it turned out that it wasn’t the right edition the same old menu day after day . . . and the
and all the page numbers for the assignments were vegetables in the salad bar are never fresh. Daniel,
wrong. you know how important eating good food is to
Woman: Yeah, you have to be careful about me . . . uh, for my health.
ordering online . . . uh, like find out first which Man: Well, there are other choices besides the
edition the professor is using. dining hall. You should check out the campus
Man: You’re right. Hmm . . . Still, I’m not sure food cooperatives. At the co-ops, the students
what to do, but thanks for the ideas. get together and decide exactly what they want
to eat. Then the students take turns buying the
food, cooking their own meals, and cleaning the
Page 222 kitchen. Um . . . after you join a co-op, you hafta
Narrator: Speaking Task 5, Skill 11, Practice. put in a certain number of hours doing various
Now listen to a conversation between a student jobs, but then you get the meals at cost.
and a Student Employment Assistant. Woman: Hmm . . . that might be fun, but I don’t
Woman (assistant): So, James, how can I help you? know if I have time to sit around talking about
Man (student): Um . . . well, I have a job off- what I want to eat and cleaning up after a bunch
campus as a waiter to help pay for my tuition, but of students. Actually, Daniel, I’ve been thinking
since I’m really falling behind in my classes, my about moving off-campus. That way, I could shop
advisor said I should talk to you. and cook whenever I want.
Woman: Yes, your advisor e-mailed and sent me Man: Really, Emma? That’s going to be more
your file. So, how many hours a week are you expensive, isn’t it? And the campus co-ops could
working now? save you some money.

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 Woman: Yeah, I guess I could try to find some Page 227
roommates, but I do hate the thought of giving Narrator: Speaking Task 5, Skills Review. You
up my private dorm room. Anyway, maybe I will will now listen to a conversation. You will then
visit some of the co-ops and check the roommate be asked a question about it. After you hear the
listings at the Housing Office . . . whatever . . . question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your
I just know that I can’t take eating this food response and 60 seconds to speak.
anymore. Narrator: Number 2. Listen to a conversation
between two students.
Page 227 Woman (Megan): So, Chris, you wanted to talk
Narrator: Speaking Task 5, Skills Review. You about the group projects for our marketing class?
will now listen to a conversation. You will then Man (Chris): Yes, there’s a big problem with my
be asked a question about it. After you hear the group, Megan. This student Jennifer just isn’t
question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your doing her share of the work. Uh, it’s like every
response and 60 seconds to speak. time there’s a deadline, she has some excuse for
Narrator: Number 1. Listen to a conversation being late, so the rest of us have to do her work so
between a student and her advisor. we can get the project in on time.
Man (advisor): Come in, Susan. What did you Woman: Yeah, we’re having the same trouble with
want to talk about today? a guy in my group. Well, if I were you, I’d take the
Woman (student): I wanted to . . . uh, I thought lead and try talking directly to her. Maybe you
that I should start thinking about declaring a can find out why she’s missing deadlines. And,
major. I sort of feel stressed out about deciding uh, you might want to encourage her to get more
what I’m going to study . . . you know, about my involved or see if there’s something she might be
future career and all that. better at doing on the project. That’s what I’m
Man: Uh-huh, I see. Well, you’re only a freshman, thinking about doing.
so you have a year or so before you have to Man: I suppose that’s one way to approach it, but,
decide. If you’re undecided, my advice is to spend well, I feel a little uncomfortable about talking to
some more time taking classes . . . um, exploring her . . . I just don’t know her that well . . .
different fields and finding out what you really Woman: I guess you could talk directly to the
want to do. professor and have him deal with it, but, in my
Woman: I am enjoying my literature classes a experience, a lot of professors really prefer the
lot right now, but I don’t know if that’s the best students to work it out among themselves.
field to go into. And I am sort of interested in Man: Well, the professor did say it was important
engineering . . . for us to learn how to work in a group, but he also
Man: Hmm . . . if you are seriously considering said we could talk to him about any problems we
engineering, then you should start taking classes might have. Anyway, thanks for giving me some
in the field . . . I mean, most engineering students good ideas.
start focusing on their major right away. The
coursework is more demanding, but I guess they
think working hard now will pay off later in the Speaking Skills 13 and 14
future.
Woman: I can see that point of view, and I don’t Page 232
mind studying hard, but . . . it’s . . . it’s just so Narrator: Speaking Task 6, Skill Builder.
hard to decide. Number 1.
Man: You know, the average university student Man (professor): Now, I think people are used to
changes majors about three times . . . even thinking of a palomino as a breed of horse, but
engineering students sometimes, but I guess actually that’s not true. A palomino—p-a-l-o-
it comes down to what you want to do; start m-i-n-o—it comes from Spanish, originally—a
focusing on a major right away or wait a while palomino, as I was saying, is a color of horse.
and see if you change your mind. That’s an important distinction. It’s a specific type
Woman: Yes, now I need to decide. Thank you for of color, and it has several defining characteristics.
the advice.
Narrator: Number 2.
Woman (professor): Now, let’s remember that child
development is not a rigid science. Even when we
look at a lot of different babies, we’re still looking

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 at individuals, and each one is going to be just Not a palomino. Now, because the palomino
a little bit different, especially in something like coloring is a result of incomplete dominance,
language development. However, there are still genetically, you can’t reliably breed one. It’s
some broad generalities and commonalities we not a breed, remember. In fact, many breeds of
can observe. What I’m giving you here today, horse (although not all) can produce a palomino
then, are the averages, the ages and stages of color. If you cross one palomino with another
producing speech, of talking, for most babies in palomino, the offspring, the young horse will be a
most situations. palomino about 50 percent of the time. Both the
Palomino Horse Association and the Palomino
Page 233 Horse Breeders of America register palomino
Narrator: Speaking Task 6, Skill 13, Practice. horses, and they’re looking for those color
Number 1. characteristics we just described.
Woman (professor): Mirage. We’re all familiar
with the image of a traveler stranded in a desert Narrator: Number 2.
who sees a city or a clump of trees around a Woman (professor): Now, let’s remember that child
lake, but when he gets there—he finds only sand. development is not a rigid science. Even when we
The city or the trees were only a mirage—they look at a lot of different babies, we’re still looking
didn’t actually exist. A mirage, however, is a real at individuals, and each one is going to be just
a little bit different, especially in something like
phenomenon. It’s caused by the bending of rays
language development. However, there are still
of light, which in turn is caused by differences in
some broad generalities and commonalities we
air temperature. This bending of light rays causes
can observe. What I’m giving you here today,
the image of something to appear above, below, or
then, are the averages, the ages and stages of
to the side of where that thing is actually located.
producing speech, of talking, for most babies in
most situations. A baby’s first sounds are just that,
Narrator: Number 2.
sounds. By the end of the first three months of
Man (professor): OK, continuing our discussion
on common sports injuries, and staying with life, a typical baby will be able to cry differently
runners, track athletes, we’re going to take a look for different needs—hunger, pain, cold—and
at one that’s both serious and, unfortunately, to make cooing sounds. New parents just love
that cooing. By the end of six months, the first
common—the hamstring. You all know which
half year, a baby will make sounds both with the
muscle that is, I assume—that large muscle at the
back of your thigh. Now hamstrings are crucial parent and when playing alone, and will babble—
because they cross two joints, the hip and the by babble we mean a repetition of syllables,
knee, so if your hamstring is injured, you can’t like da-da-da or ba-ba-ba-ba. By the end of the
run. Sometimes you can’t even walk. baby’s first year, he or she will be saying simple
words such as mama and dada—often names for a
parent, you’ll notice. It’s no coincidence that these
Page 235 words for mother or father are so similar in many
Narrator: Speaking Task 6, Skill 14, Skill Builder. languages. By eighteen months, a typical child’s
Number 1. productive vocabulary is around a dozen words,
Man (professor): Now, I think people are used to or up to fifteen or twenty, usually familiar objects
thinking of a palomino as a breed of horse, but like toys and food. And by two years of age, you’ll
actually that’s not true. A palomino—p-a-l-o- be hearing short sentences and questions, like go
m-i-n-o—it comes from Spanish, originally—a bye-bye or pick up?
palomino, as I was saying, is a color of horse.
That’s an important distinction. It’s a specific type
of color, and it has several defining characteristics. Page 236
Narrator: Speaking Task 6, Skill 14, Practice.
First of all, a palomino has a gold coat. Now,
Number 1. Listen to part of a lecture from an
by gold I mean tan or a sort of yellow-cream
Earth science class.
color. What we’d call blonde in a person. Then
Woman (professor): Mirage. We’re all familiar
the mane and tail must be lighter, a white or
with the image of a traveler stranded in a desert
cream color. They have dark skin and brown eyes,
who sees a city or a clump of trees around a
brown or a sort of dark golden color. Now, you’ll
lake, but when he gets there—he finds only sand.
sometimes see horses with a similar body color
The city or the trees were only a mirage—they
but a black mane and tail—those are buckskins,
didn’t actually exist. A mirage, however, is a real
not palominos. Likewise, if you see light skin
phenomenon. It’s caused by the bending of rays
or blue eyes, that’s a horse of a different color.
of light, which in turn is caused by differences in

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 air temperature. This bending of light rays causes be asked a question about it. After you hear the
the image of something to appear above, below, or question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your
to the side of where that thing is actually located. response and 60 seconds to speak.
We’ll look at two types of mirages today, the Narrator: Number 1. Listen to part of a lecture
inferior mirage and the superior one. An inferior from a cross-cultural communications class.
mirage, as you can probably guess, is one where Woman (professor): The first person to use the
the image you see is located under, or beneath, terms high context and low context for culture
where the object actually is. For example, an was Edward Hall, back in the mid-1970s. Let’s
inferior mirage of a blue sky overhead might take a look at a basic definition of each, and I’ll
appear as a blue area on the ground—that’s the give you a few examples. OK, a high-context
“lake” the traveler sees in the desert. You find culture is one that depends heavily on inferences
these in areas with a very hot surface, like sands and implied meanings. Feelings and opinions
or highways or parking lots in very hot climates and even facts aren’t always stated directly. And
with direct sun. A superior mirage occurs in then a low-context culture, on the other hand,
cold climates, like polar regions. The image of places a high value on direct communication, on
something—an iceberg, a ship—appears above using words explicitly and precisely. High-context
the actual thing, often from far away. A ship in cultures are more group-oriented, and low-context
the ocean, for instance, might see the mirage of a cultures pay a lot of attention to the individual.
mountain on shore even though the shore itself In a high-context culture—think Japan or Mexico
is not visible to the naked eye from that distance. or France, or the Arab nations—group members
You can imagine how confusing that would be to are supposed to be able to guess one another’s
navigators. feelings and take them into account. In a low-
context culture, such as Germany or Sweden or
Page 237 the United States, the individual expects to take
Narrator: Speaking Task 6, Skill 14, Practice. care of him or herself. If you want something,
Number 2. Listen to part of a lecture from a you need to ask for it directly. So a low-context
sports medicine class. culture, not surprisingly, puts a lot of emphasis
Man (professor): OK, continuing our discussion on written contracts, where every circumstance
on common sports injuries, and staying with is accounted for in writing. In a high-context
runners, track athletes, we’re going to take a look culture, even important business deals might
at one that’s both serious and, unfortunately, happen verbally or with a handshake. Now, what
common—the hamstring. You all know which happens when someone from a high-context
muscle that is, I assume—that large muscle at culture enters into business with someone from a
the back of your thigh. Now hamstrings are low-context culture? All sorts of interesting things
crucial because they cross two joints, the hip happen.
and the knee, so if your hamstring is injured,
you can’t run. Sometimes you can’t even walk. Page 238
Hamstring injuries are caused by overextending— Narrator: Speaking Task 6, Skills Review. You
by stretching the muscle too far. This can even will now listen to part of a lecture. You will then
happen while warming up! But it is more likely to be asked a question about it. After you hear the
happen running downhill. Hamstrings can also question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your
be injured by poor foot position while running, or response and 60 seconds to speak.
simply by overuse, by training too much. If you Narrator: Number 2. Listen to part of a lecture
suspect a hamstring injury, have your athlete ice from an agricultural science class.
it—put an ice pack over the area, or, if you have Man (professor): To some extent, what makes
the facilities, lie in an ice bath. If the injury is a plant “invasive” instead of merely annoying
not serious, the athlete can still train, but should is a matter of opinion, although there are state
take shorter strides, slower strides, and run only laws that ban the sale and distribution of some
on level surfaces; and if there’s pain, your athlete plants marked as invasive. So what do we mean
should stop and rest completely. Hamstring by invasive? Well, a plant is invasive when it has
injuries can take a long time to heal, and that’s the ability to grow and spread aggressively outside
frustrating for an athlete, but pushing through the its natural habitat. It takes over, in other words, it
pain is only going to make the injury worse. doesn’t stop. In its original, natural habitat, this
plant would be kept in check by insects, diseases,
temperature and climate, and so on, and would
Page 238
exist in balance with other plants. However, when
Narrator: Speaking Task 6, Skills Review. You
it spreads to a new area—often introduced by
will now listen to part of a lecture. You will then

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 humans, I’m sorry to say, although sometimes by Narrator: You will have 45 seconds to read the
wind or animals—these natural checks don’t exist. passage.
The climate is warmer, so it doesn’t die back in Narrator: Begin reading now.
the winter, or the insects that ate its leaves in one Narrator: Now stop reading.
area don’t exist in the new area. And so it grows Narrator: Now listen to a conversation on this
without stopping. Scotch broom and English ivy, topic between two students.
both from Europe, are huge problems in some Man (student): Hey, are you doing anything this
areas of the United States. Now why are they a Saturday?
problem? Because they crowd out the native plant Woman (student): Um . . . yeah . . . the Dorm
species. They’re strong plants, and they compete Welcome Program, remember?
for food, light, water, and space. You can see Man: Oh . . . is that this weekend?
whole areas of the northwest coast of the U.S. Woman: Well, of course. I mean, the last weekend
that are literally covered by ivy. The plants that before classes start. Did you forget that we signed
used to be there simply couldn’t compete, and up for two shifts?
they died out. Man: Well, the Geology Club signed up. I didn’t
personally sign up.
Woman: But you’re part of the club. And you
need to volunteer nine hours of community
SPEAKING POST-TEST service.
Man: But that’s for the whole semester. I don’t
Page 241 have to do it now.
Narrator: Speaking Post-Test, Task 1. You will Woman: You have to do it sometime. What’s
now be asked to give your opinion about a wrong with now? You could do just three hours, if
familiar topic. After you hear the question, you you didn’t want to work both shifts.
have 15 seconds to prepare your response and 45 Man: Both shifts? Are you doing two?
seconds to answer. Woman: Sure, why not? That’s six hours of service
Narrator: Number 1. In what situations do you out of the way, and it’s not that hard. There’s one
feel bored? How do you handle that feeling? Use shift before lunch and one after, so you can rest in
examples to support your response. between. Besides, I like meeting the new students.
Narrator: Begin to prepare your response after the Man: This is our last free weekend before, oh,
beep. everything, classes and homework and all that
Narrator: Begin speaking after the beep. stuff. I don’t want to spend it working. Besides,
Narrator: Now, stop speaking. I want to volunteer at the holiday party like last
year. That was great. And other opportunities will
turn up, I’m sure. There’s always something.
Page 241 Woman: Suit yourself. I’d rather get the work done
Narrator: Task 2. You will now be asked to give early so I don’t have to worry about it during the
your opinion about a familiar topic. After you term.
hear the question, you have 15 seconds to prepare Narrator: The man expresses his opinion about
your response and 45 seconds to answer. the opportunity described in the notice. State his
Narrator: Number 2. Some university students opinion and explain his reasons for that opinion.
feel it is important to join a club or student Narrator: Begin to prepare your response after the
organization on campus. Other students believe beep.
that membership in a club or organization is not Narrator: Begin speaking after the beep.
a necessary part of their university life. Which Narrator: Now, stop speaking.
opinion do you agree with and why?
Narrator: Begin to prepare your response after the
beep. Page 243
Narrator: Task 4. Number 4. You will now read
Narrator: Begin speaking after the beep.
a short passage and then listen to a lecture on
Narrator: Now, stop speaking.
the same academic subject. You will then hear a
question about them. After you hear the question,
Page 242 you will have 30 seconds to prepare your response
Narrator: Task 3. Number 3. You will now read and 60 seconds to speak.
a short passage and then listen to a conversation Narrator: You will have 45 seconds to read the
on the same subject. You will then hear a question passage.
about the topic. After you hear the question, you Narrator: Begin reading now.
will have 30 seconds to prepare your response and Narrator: Now stop reading.
60 seconds to speak.
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 Narrator: Now listen to part of a lecture on this Man: And, that’s just the written part. We also
topic in a teacher education class. have oral interviews and, unfortunately, mine is
Woman (professor): At the end of this semester, all scheduled earlier on the same day as the test.
of you are going to be required to evaluate your Woman: OK, I know that Professor Yamaguchi’s
professors . . . including me! And, as potential second-year Japanese language finals are difficult.
future teachers yourselves, I think it’s essential I don’t normally do this, but there are seven of
for you to understand why student evaluations you in a similar situation, so possibly you could
are so valuable. First and most importantly, all take an essay test instead of the multiple-
student evaluations give the teacher feedback choice test the other students will be taking. I
from a different angle—from the consumer’s could schedule it earlier in the week.
point of view. Students are not just silent partners Man: That’s so nice of you, but . . . writing an
in the educational process but are, in fact, in a essay is more difficult for me . . .
unique position to evaluate a variety of aspects Woman: Well, as an alternative, you could write
concerning effective instruction. Students can a paper . . . say, five to ten pages? You’d have the
and do make valuable contributions to the weekend to start writing it and you could turn it
learning and teaching process, so their voices in on Friday next week.
should be heard. When teachers are open to the Man: Maybe that’s possible. Thanks so much,
students’ ideas, it can really help them improve Professor Turner; I truly appreciate it. I’ll talk to
their teaching techniques and practices. However, the other students today and get back to you as
the fairness and usefulness of these evaluations soon as possible.
depends on the types of questions that are Narrator: The speakers discuss two possible
asked on the evaluation forms. For example, it solutions to the man’s problem. Briefly summarize
is essential that the questions be individualized the problem and the two solutions. Then explain
to allow for differences among teachers . . . um, what you think the man should do and why.
like who’s a popular teacher and who isn’t, and, Narrator: Begin to prepare your response after the
say, course difficulty and amount of required beep.
homework, and the environment, such as class Narrator: Begin speaking after the beep.
size. Narrator: Now, stop speaking.
Narrator: The professor discusses student
evaluations. Explain how these evaluations relate Page 245
to other methods of teacher evaluation mentioned Narrator: Task 6. Number 6. You will now listen
in the reading. to a lecture. You will then be asked a question
Narrator: Begin to prepare your response after the about it. After you hear the question, you will
beep. have 20 seconds to prepare your response and
Narrator: Begin speaking after the beep. 60 seconds to speak.
Narrator: Now, stop speaking. Narrator: Now listen to part of a lecture from a
zoology class.
Page 244 Woman (professor): Now, when we use the word
Narrator: Task 5. Number 5. You will now listen fur, we’re actually talking about more than one
to a conversation. You will then be asked a kind of hair. Most animals—and remember, we’re
question about it. After you hear the question, talking mainly about mammals here when we’re
you will have 20 seconds to prepare your response talking about fur—actually have two layers to
and 60 seconds to speak. their fur. That’s most, OK—some animals have
Narrator: Now listen to a conversation between a just one layer, like horses, and some even have
student and his professor. three, which we’ll be looking at later, but today
Woman (professor): Hi, Steven. I imagine you’re we’re just going to talk about the most common
here to talk about the final exam next week? type of fur.
Man (student): Yes, Professor Turner. The So first of all, closest to the skin, that’s
problem is that my Japanese language exam is on the layer known as the ground hair. The main
the same day, um, on Friday, as your Asian Art function of ground hair is to regulate the animal’s
History final. And, I . . . well, a few of us Japanese temperature—keep it warm in winter and cool in
majors . . . we don’t think we can handle studying summer. These hairs grow pretty close together.
for and taking both the exams on the same day. Ground hair is shorter in length and usually
Woman: Yes, some of your classmates also came curlier and flatter than guard hair—that’s the
to see me. I understand that the language exam is second layer. Guard hair, which is, as I said,
quite long . . . uh, about two hours. longer than ground hair, is also usually thicker
and straighter. Because it’s longer, it grows out

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 through the ground hair; this is the layer that you Page 260
see, or that you feel when you touch an animal. Narrator: Writing Task 1, Skill 1, Practice. Now
It protects the animal from the sun, wind, and listen to part of a lecture on the same topic.
moisture such as rain or snow. Many species of Woman (professor): Thank you for inviting me
animal have fur that’s water repellent. This is to your class today; it’s my pleasure to be able to
also the hair that gives the animal its distinctive share some of my ideas with you. As you know,
coloring, so it can also be used for camouflage. I’m not a researcher, but I have been a high school
Narrator: Using points and examples from the teacher, same school, for, oh, let’s see, going on
lecture, describe the different layers of fur that the nineteen years now. So I’ve seen a lot of trends
professor explains. and so-called “educational reforms” come and go.
Narrator: Begin to prepare your response after the And in my opinion, block scheduling is one of the
beep. worst.
Narrator: Begin speaking after the beep. I’ll admit that it sounded good when we first
Narrator: Now, stop speaking. heard about it, even though of course we had no
choice in whether to accept it or not. More time
for your subject, that’s got to be good, right? But
not for that age group. Teenagers don’t have long
WRITING attention spans, and in a 90-minute class, they get
Writing Skill 1 bored. To try to keep their interest, you wind up
doing a lot of, oh, games and things, which aren’t
really solid subject-matter teaching. Students spend
Page 258
a lot of time doing group work, but they don’t
Narrator: Writing Task 1, Skill 1, Skill Builder.
work efficiently. Mostly they’re chatting and talking
Man (professor): So, did Edison invent the
about things not related to my class, and I spend
lightbulb? It depends on what you mean by
my time trying to catch their attention again.
“invent,” but furthermore, it depends on what
Homework is also a problem. I find that
you mean by “lightbulb.” Now the first person
students do better with daily assignments—they
to create a lightbulb that worked was Humphry
need that repetition and reinforcement. With class
Davy, in Great Britain, as you read in the article.
meeting every other day, students get less practice,
However, Davy’s lightbulb, while it worked, didn’t
and often forget when things are due or to bring
really light—its power output was small, and it
their completed homework to class. If a student
didn’t last long. So yes, technically it worked, but
is absent, too, then I might not see him or her for
it wasn’t practical; it couldn’t be used. Subsequent
four days.
adjustments by other inventors also had
It’s a hard thing for me to prove, but I can
problems—the light wasn’t strong enough, their
assure you, since we’ve changed over to block
inventions didn’t work reliably, or the materials
scheduling, I’m seeing lower test scores, poorer
were too expensive. So you could get a glimmer
results, and classes that are more difficult to
in a lab, but you didn’t have an invention anyone
manage.
could use.
The real challenger to Edison’s position as
inventor of the lightbulb is Joseph Swan, who Page 262
patented a very similar bulb a year before Edison Narrator: Writing Task 1, Skill 2, Skill Builder.
patented his invention in 1879—he’s the one the Man (professor): So, did Edison invent the
article credits as the true inventor. The bulbs were lightbulb? It depends on what you mean by
similar enough that Edison lost a lawsuit brought “invent,” but furthermore, it depends on what
against him by Swan, and the two men went into you mean by “lightbulb.” Now the first person
business together for some years, until Edison to create a lightbulb that worked was Humphry
bought out Swan’s share. Davy, in Great Britain, as you read in the article.
But all this, I think, is missing the most However, Davy’s lightbulb, while it worked, didn’t
important point—that what Edison really did was really light—its power output was small, and it
to develop and patent a system for the distribution didn’t last long. So yes, technically it worked, but
of electrical power. I mean, think about it. If you it wasn’t practical; it couldn’t be used. Subsequent
hold a lightbulb in your hand, nothing happens. adjustments by other inventors also had
No light. You need a system, you need wires and problems—the light wasn’t strong enough, their
infrastructure. It was Edison’s development of the inventions didn’t work reliably, or the materials
first electrical utility company, which delivered were too expensive. So you could get a glimmer
power to businesses and homes, that really earns in a lab, but you didn’t have an invention anyone
him the title of the father of the electric light. could use.

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 The real challenger to Edison’s position as Writing Skills 1 and 2 Review
inventor of the lightbulb is Joseph Swan, who
patented a very similar bulb a year before Edison
patented his invention in 1879—he’s the one the Page 263
article credits as the true inventor. The bulbs were Narrator: Task 1, Skills 1 and 2, Review. Now
similar enough that Edison lost a lawsuit brought listen to part of a lecture on the same topic.
against him by Swan, and the two men went into Man (professor): The writer Mark Twain
business together for some years, until Edison supposedly came across his own obituary in—
bought out Swan’s share. ironically for us—a newspaper, and is credited
But all this, I think, is missing the most as saying, “The reports of my death have been
important point—that what Edison really did was greatly exaggerated.” The same could be said for
to develop and patent a system for the distribution the newspaper itself now as an industry. I don’t
of electrical power. I mean, think about it. If you think you can have a discussion about journalism
hold a lightbulb in your hand, nothing happens. at a gathering these days without someone
No light. You need a system, you need wires and telling you how soon newspapers are going to
infrastructure. It was Edison’s development of the disappear. “Everyone’s going online!” they’ll tell
first electrical utility company, which delivered you. “Nobody wants to pay for the news!” Well,
power to businesses and homes, that really earns there are a few things wrong with that argument.
him the title of the father of the electric light. One is that—well, OK, yes, it’s true, newspaper
readership, for physical newspapers, is declining,
and more people are reading online. The
Page 263 newspaper industry is adjusting to that, though,
Narrator: Writing Task 1, Skill 2, Practice. Now and my guess is that they’re going to increasingly
listen to part of a lecture on the same topic. start charging people for online content. If you
Woman (professor): Now, you’ll find when you’re want the news—reliable news that you can trust,
out in the field, in practice, teaching health, you’ll not just some blogger with no credentials, who
find that you’re battling misconceptions as much could be saying anything he wants—then you’re
as lack of knowledge. In fact, lack of knowledge going to have to pay for it. So that change, when
is easier to solve, because at least people know it comes, that might keep some readers for the
that they don’t know something. But when people physical papers. But it’s more than that. The core
believe something that isn’t true—your job’s readers, they’re dedicated. They’re loyal. We have,
going to be a lot harder. Let’s take an example, in this country, a tradition around reading the
that popular myth about needing eight glasses of newspaper. It’s what you do on the train to work;
water a day. Sometimes I even hear eight to ten it’s what your family shares on weekend mornings.
glasses a day. This has no basis in reality. Let me If you go out and actually talk to readers—and
repeat that—it’s not a fact. I don’t care how many you’ll be doing some personal interviews later in
times your parents told you this, or how many this course—you’ll find a lot of them love their
e-mails you received warning you that Americans papers. They like the look, they like the feel of
are dehydrated; it’s simply not true. There is no paper in their hands, they even like the smell of
medical evidence—no studies done—showing the ink. Think about it, think about media—
that Americans have a problem with hydration. television didn’t kill the movie theater. DVDs,
If you eat and drink normally, and you’re not for that matter, didn’t kill the movie theater.
heavily exercising or out in the hot sun, you’re Television didn’t kill radio, which seems more
probably getting all the water you need. Oh, and popular than ever.
all that coffee and tea? That counts. Forget what
you might have heard about caffeinated drinks
dehydrating you. Again—no medical evidence
to back that up. A cup of soda gives you just
as much fluid as a cup of water. It might not
WRITING POST-TEST
be good for you, with all that sugar, but it’s not
dehydrating you. In fact, it’s possible to drink too Page 289
much water, which can lead to medical problems Narrator: Writing-Post Test. Task 1. Now listen to
as bad as those caused by dehydration. The best part of a lecture on the same topic.
medical advice you can give the average person is: Woman (professor): Well, first off, just to be clear,
Drink when you’re thirsty. Listen to your body. there is a lot that I’m in agreement with in the
xeriscaping movement. Certainly their claims are
correct—lawns are a terrible waste of resources,

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 both land and water. Did you know, in fact, I’m back on track now, but I’m a little worried
that for most residents in the United States, 50 about my grade. It’s a C at the moment, and I’m
percent—yes, half—of their water use goes to not sure I can raise it.
watering their yards? Especially lawns. And most Woman: I see. Have you talked to your professor
people don’t even do anything with their lawns about this?
except mow them and look at them. And I don’t Man: Oh, um, not yet. But I talked to my
need to remind anyone in this class about my roommate yesterday.
opinion on chemical fertilizers. I’m in agreement Woman: Your . . . roommate? Is your roommate
with the xeriscape folks there. So the problem, an art major, or something?
yes, the problem is the presence of lawns and Man: What? Oh, no, no, I think he’s a history
poor landscaping choices. But the solution is not major. But he suggested that I change the class to
xeriscaping. Why not. First of all, if one of the Pass / No Pass, instead of taking it for a grade.
issues is wasted space—and I certainly think it Then it wouldn’t hurt my grade point average. So
is—then tough dry desert plants and a lot of rocks I was wondering if you could help me do that.
and mulch aren’t going to solve that problem. Woman: Well, there are a few things to think
That’s decoration, that’s not a living, functioning about. For one, let’s see if the deadline has passed.
ecosystem. It doesn’t support secondary life, like Man: Deadline?
insects and birds. You’re not growing food for Woman: Right—you can’t change to that option if
either animals or humans. Furthermore, the dry more than 30 percent of the class has finished. So
desert plants, because of their low need for water . . . let me just check the calendar online, because
and nutrients, grow very slowly—this means they I think we’re close. Oh, it looks like you’ve got
take less CO2—that is, less carbon dioxide—out another . . . five days to make that decision.
of the air, so they’re not helping with our global Man: Oh, good.
warming issue. Finally, growing the same types of Woman: Now, I assume you’re not an art major?
plants together, one of the tenets of xeriscaping, Because you can’t take the Pass / No Pass option
means that plants are more vulnerable to diseases for classes in your major.
and predators. And it goes against common sense Man: No, I’m a business major. Although I’m
and basic ecology. Think about it—what do you thinking about changing to economics. Maybe.
see in a healthy forest, or field, or jungle? You see But definitely not art. I like it, but . . . I’m no
huge diversity. All kinds of different plants grow artist.
side by side, and they depend on one another Woman: Also, you can’t take more than twelve
for health. That’s a system. That’s the kind of credits that way . . . have you taken any other
environment we need to be re-creating in our classes Pass / No Pass?
yards. Man: No, this would be my first one. And, um, if
I did this, would it affect my grade point average?
No, right? I mean, that’s what my roommate said.
Woman: Your roommate is actually right about
PRACTICE TEST that—it wouldn’t be computed into your grade
point average at all. Now, if you get a grade of
Page 305 D, though, then you’d receive a No Pass, and that
Narrator: Practice Test. Listening Passage 1. means no credit. Whereas if you were taking it for
Listen to a conversation between a student and an a grade, you’d still get credit for a grade of D.
academic advisor. Man: Yeah, but a D would be really terrible for
Man (student): Hi, there, do you have a minute? my grade point average. In fact, so would a C, but
Woman (advisor): Sure, come on in. What’s up? that’s what I’m getting. So if the Pass / No Pass
Can I help you with something? deal means that I wouldn’t have that C mixed in
Man: Yeah, um, I wanted to talk about one of my with my grade point average, that would be really
classes. Oh, I’m Jack, Jack Wells. good for me. I don’t want to drop the class, but
Woman: Yes, I remember you from Orientation my other grades are all A’s and one B.
Week. So, one of your classes. Are you having Woman: Well, it sounds like a good option for
trouble? Which class is it? you, as long as you don’t drop below a C. Are you
Man: Well, it’s this art history class I’m taking. It’s absolutely sure you won’t?
really interesting, and it’s not actually that hard, Man: Yeah, I am. Well, pretty sure. I mean . . .
but, well, the thing is, I skipped a few lectures, just Woman: Maybe it wouldn’t hurt to talk to your
busy with stuff for other classes, you know how professor anyway. Maybe ask about extra credit
it is . . . and anyway, I missed one big assignment, options, and make sure you really have a firm
and I had a little trouble with a test. So I think grasp of the material now, and are well prepared

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 for any upcoming assignments and tests. If you’ll Man 1: That’s right, he was a horse, yes, called
do that, then I’ll sign off on your changing to the der Kluge Hans, which in English means
Pass / No Pass option. “Clever Hans.” And he was the subject of some
Man: OK, that sounds reasonable. Thanks so experiments by one Wilhelm von Osten, who
much. was a high school math teacher from Berlin.
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions. Von Osten believed—this was his hypothesis, his
You may use your notes to help you answer the idea to be tested—that animals were a lot more
questions. intelligent than people gave them credit for. So, let
me just ask you, if that’s your belief—how do you
Page 305 go about proving that?
Narrator: Question 1. Why does the student want Man 2 (student): Well, you give them a test. The
to talk to the advisor? animals, I mean.
Man 1: OK, but how? Given that animals can’t
talk, or hold a pencil. Or work a computer
Page 305 keyboard.
Narrator: Question 2. Which one of these was Woman: Well, you could . . . watch them solve
NOT a reason for the student’s problem in class? problems, or do things, or something, some other
way. Like by pressing buttons with their noses, or
Page 305 doing what you tell them to. Like, I have this dog.
Narrator: Question 3. Listen again to part of the And she’ll bring me the newspaper every morning.
conversation. Then answer the question. I just tell her to. I go, “Goldie, newspaper!” and
Woman: I see. Have you talked to your professor open the door, and she’ll run out, pick it up,
about this? and bring it to me. So I know she’s pretty smart,
Man: Oh, um, not yet. But I talked to my because I can see her do what I told her to.
roommate yesterday. Man 1: Well, in a way, that’s how van Osten went
Woman: Your . . . roommate? Is your roommate about it. He tried to teach math—he was a math
an art major, or something? teacher, remember—to a bear, a cat, and a horse.
Narrator: What does the advisor imply when she The bear and cat didn’t seem to learn anything,
says this? but the horse did. That was Hans, of course. First
Woman: Is your roommate an art major or he taught the horse to recognize numbers on a
something? blackboard—for instance, he’d write the numeral
3 on the board, and then Hans would tap three
times with his hoof. He moved on to things like
Page 306 simple operations—he’d write, say, 2 + 3 on the
Narrator: Question 4. What is the student’s board, and Hans would tap out 5. Addition,
current major? subtraction, even square roots and fractions.
Pretty advanced math for a horse.
Page 306 Van Osten began touring around Germany
Narrator: Question 5. What is true about taking a with Clever Hans, performing for crowds. They
class Pass / No Pass instead of for a letter grade? had a system where Hans could signal “yes” with
one tap and “no” with two taps; another system
for designating letters of the alphabet with taps,
Page 306
so Hans could spell. He was rarely wrong—in
Narrator: Practice Test. Listening Passage 2.
fact, his accuracy was tested at about 89 percent,
Listen to part of a discussion in a psychology
and he was thought to be as smart as a fourteen-
class.
year-old child.
Man 1 (professor): Well, we’ve talked about
Man 2: Did anyone else test the horse?
intelligence in parrots and dolphins, and we
Man 1: Ah, that is a very important point, Matt.
have a unit on apes and monkeys coming up,
Did anyone else test the horse? Because naturally,
but I wanted to talk today about some issues
people were skeptical—was van Osten cheating
surrounding the process of testing for intelligence
somehow? Was it a trick or a hoax? Van Osten
in animals, about the methodology. Let me begin
himself had no objections to other people testing
with the story of Clever Hans. Um . . . does
the horse—remember, he was hoping to prove his
anyone know about this case? Yes, Cindy?
theories on animal intelligence. So the German
Woman (student): He was a horse, right? That
Board of Education set up a group of experts,
could do math, or something? And I think he was
called the Hans Commission, to test the horse.
German.
This Commission included schoolteachers,

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 zoologists, a psychologist, a horse trainer, and a Narrator: What does the professor mean when he
circus manager. They conducted several tests, and says this?
found Hans to be accurate. So, is that conclusive? Man 1: Ah, that is a very important point, Matt.
Man 2: Well, it depends on the kind of tests, Did anyone else test the horse?
maybe. And how they were administered.
Man 1: Indeed it does. The person who finally Page 307
figured it out was a psychologist by the name Narrator: Question 11. When did Clever Hans get
of Oskar Pfungst. Pfungst noticed that Hans answers wrong?
answered correctly when the questioner stood
near him, and was not so accurate when the
questioner stood far away. Furthermore, Hans’s Page 308
accuracy greatly decreased if his questioner didn’t Narrator: Practice Test. Listening Passage 3.
know the answers to the questions—in fact, his Listen to part of a lecture in an architecture class.
accuracy dropped from 89 percent to only 6 Woman (professor): The story of the construction
percent. From this information, Pfungst figured of the Crystal Palace is remarkable on several
out that Hans was responding to very slight levels—what it was, what it was constructed of,
cues from the questioner—body language, facial how it came to be built, and who built it. In fact,
expressions, things like that. The questioners were the man who built it . . . well, let’s back up a
giving away the answers, even when they didn’t bit. Why was it built? It came about as part of a
mean to or were actively trying not to. Of course, competition to provide an exhibition hall for the
they couldn’t give away answers when they didn’t Great Exhibition of 1851, held in Hyde Park in
know them. London, England. The Great Exhibition featured
Woman: Well, Hans was still pretty smart to be more than 14,000 different displays of the latest in
able to read the signs so well! technological and mechanical inventions. It was
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions. the dream of Henry Cole, a civil servant, who had
You may use your notes to help you answer the visited the Paris Exhibition in 1849 and wanted to
questions. do something similar in England—well, similar,
but much larger. So he gathered a committee of
people together—businessmen, inventors, even
Page 307 Prince Albert—in January of 1850, and they
Narrator: Question 6. What is the discussion
decided to schedule the Great Exhibition for May
mainly about?
of 1851—just fifteen months later.
Now, where to hold this exhibition? There
Page 307 wasn’t any existing building anywhere near large
Narrator: Question 7. How is the information in enough. The building would have to house over
the discussion organized? 10,000 exhibits, house staff, and the exhibitors
themselves, all the visitors who’d be seeing the
Page 307 exhibition, as well as provide food and drink—
Narrator: Question 8. Why does the woman tell a restaurants, cafés—and bathrooms, and parking,
story about her dog? and so on and so forth. The committee held a
competition for the building design. They received
245 entries, and rejected every one of them for
Page 307 being impossible, or at least impractical.
Narrator: Question 9. Clever Hans answered all of The answer came from Joseph Paxton. Now,
these types of questions EXCEPT Paxton wasn’t an architect—he was a gardener.
As Head Gardener for the estate of Chatsworth,
Page 307 Paxton designed and built not only gardens,
Narrator: Question 10. Listen again to part of the orchards, and a park, but a fountain, a small
discussion. Then answer the question. village, and a few hothouses. A hothouse, I should
Man 1: He was rarely wrong—in fact, his explain, is like a greenhouse, except it’s heated—
accuracy was tested at about 89 percent, and he so, it’s mostly glass, and you grow plants inside.
was thought to be as smart as a fourteen-year-old So anyway, Paxton wondered if a larger version
child. of one of his hothouses might work for the
Man 2: Did anyone else test the horse? Exhibition building—and thus he proposed his
Man 1: Ah, that is a very important point, Matt. Crystal Palace, a huge structure built essentially
Did anyone else test the horse? Because naturally out of windows.
people were skeptical—was van Osten cheating The committee shouldn’t have accepted
somehow? Was it a trick or a hoax? Paxton’s proposal. It arrived two weeks after the

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 final deadline. Paxton wasn’t an architect. No Page 309
building like it had ever been constructed before, Narrator: Question 14. Listen again to part of the
at least not on this scale, and there was concern lecture. Then answer the question.
that it would be too hot or—more seriously— Woman: The committee shouldn’t have accepted
that it would simply break or fall apart, possibly Paxton’s proposal. It arrived two weeks after the
injuring the people inside. But accept it they did, final deadline. Paxton wasn’t an architect. No
and so the marvel was built. building like it had ever been constructed before,
One very fortunate circumstance for Paxton at least not on this scale, and there was concern
was that glass had suddenly become a much more that it would be too hot or—more seriously—
attractive material. First, the French invented that it would simply break or fall apart, possibly
plate glass—that is, large sheets, or panes, of injuring the people inside. But accept it they did,
glass—like large windows that you see today. The and so the marvel was built.
melted glass was poured out onto large tables to Narrator: What does the professor mean when she
cool and harden. Plate glass had the properties says this?
that builders liked, but it took a long time to Woman: The committee shouldn’t have accepted
make—about ten days for the glass to cool after Paxton’s proposal.
it was poured out. After that, the plate glass had
to be polished. Then came the invention of sheet
glass. Sheet glass had the same advantages of
Page 309
Narrator: Question 15. Are these features of plate
plate glass—that is, it was large and flat—but it
glass?
cooled much faster and didn’t require as much
polishing. So the availability of sheet glass meant
that builders could get supplies of large sheets of Page 309
glass relatively quickly. At the same time, England Narrator: Question 16. What is important about
abolished its glass tax and its window tax—this the taxes on glass at the time the Crystal Palace
meant that glass cost about half as much as was built?
it used to. So now glass was practical, easy to
obtain, and inexpensive. Page 309
A good thing, too, because Paxton used a Narrator: Question 17. Why does the professor
lot of glass—293,655 panes of it, in fact. The mention elm trees?
exhibition hall was exactly 1,851 feet long, in
honor of the year 1851, 408 feet wide, and tall
enough that a group of elm trees were left inside Page 310
it. The Crystal Palace is also famous for being the Narrator: Practice Test. Listening Passage 4.
first major use of public toilets, delicately called Listen to a conversation between a Language
“retiring rooms.” Paxton received a Knighthood Laboratory Assistant and a student.
for his achievement. Man (lab assistant): Ah, excuse me, but you look a
The exhibition lasted six months, after which little lost. Can I help you?
the remarkable building was moved to a park near Woman (student): Uh . . . it’s that obvious, huh? I
Syndenham, where it remained until 1936, when it am a little lost actually. Sorry, I’m . . . um . . . my
was destroyed by a fire. Italian language professor, Professor Romano,
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions. said I’d better start coming to the lab to get some
You may use your notes to help you answer the practice ’cause my conversation skills aren’t
questions. improving very much.
Man: Well, it’s not exactly crowded in here right
now, so let me explain to you how it works. Um
Page 308 . . . I’m guessing that you didn’t look at the lab
Narrator: Question 12. What does the professor manual that’s available on the university website,
NOT mention as something remarkable about the right?
Crystal Palace? Woman: Uh . . . I remember they said something
about that during student orientation, but . . . I
Page 308 . . . I haven’t had time to read it, so I thought it
Narrator: Question 13. What does the professor would be faster to just come here and figure it out.
imply about the schedule Henry Cole made for Man: That’s not working out too well at the
the Exhibition of 1851? moment, right? OK, so maybe we better start
at the beginning: First, you have to check in at
the desk with your student identification card.

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 We have to make sure you’re a currently enrolled page. Um . . . the cost will automatically be added
student. Do you have your student ID? to your university account. And there are some
Woman: Right, that makes sense. Just a minute restrictions on how many pages you can print
. . . uh, sorry, I’ve got a lot of junk in my bag and out and what kinds of materials. You’ll need
I can never find anything . . . oh, here you go. to get permission first from me or the other lab
Man: Thanks. OK, I’ll quickly run through how assistants.
it works. First, you’ll log in to the computer with Woman: For example, what wouldn’t I be allowed
your name and create your own password. Then, to print?
you can find your course and see what materials Man: Uh . . . say, your entire course textbook.
your professor has listed for it. You know, we get asked to do that a lot. So, OK,
Woman: Sorry, I’m completely clueless and do you want to give it a try now?
confused about the whole thing, but you’ll need Woman: Thanks, I might as well.
to give me CDs for the textbooks to put into the Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
computer, right? You may use your notes to help you answer the
Man: Well, it’s easier than that; all the information questions.
from the CDs is already on our system, so you can
just click on what you want to study and access it.
Page 310
Woman: Cool! That means less stuff to carry
Narrator: Question 18. What can be inferred
around and . . . in my case, lose.
about the woman?
Man: Oh, and I should have said that a weekly lab
attendance report will be created and sent to your
professor. Page 310
Woman: So I guess there’s no escape? Narrator: Question 19. Listen again to part of the
Man: I’m afraid that’s right. So, where was I? conversation. Then answer the question.
. . . Yeah, right, we do have a special software Man: Um . . . I’m guessing that you didn’t look at
program installed that allows you to record your the lab manual that’s available on the university
own voice after you listen to a recording of a website, right?
native speaker. Then you can replay the native Woman: Uh . . . I remember they said something
speaker and your recording to review it again. about that during student orientation, but . . . I
You can even slow down the audio if you need to. . . . I haven’t had time to read it, so I thought it
However, you will need to use our regular network would be faster to just come here and figure it out.
system to save your recordings in our file storage Man: That’s not working out too well at the
space and send them to your professor if he moment, right?
requests them. Narrator: What does the man mean when he says
Woman: I don’t think I’m ready to do that just this?
yet, but I also heard that you have a lot of foreign Man: That’s not working out too well at the
language movies available on DVD. moment, right?
Man: Depending on the language, there can
be hundreds. And we also have an extensive Page 310
selection of other language materials . . . uh, Narrator: Question 20. According to the man,
like foreign language television shows and other what will the special software program allow the
kinds of online video. Oh, and we’re hoping to get woman to do?
permission to download some popular music from
around the world as well.
Woman: It sounds like there’s a lot of fun stuff. I Page 311
wonder, though, can I work on the materials from Narrator: Question 21. What does the man tell the
my laptop at home? I mean, it would be more woman about printing out materials?
convenient for me that way.
Man: Actually, you can work on web-based Page 311
materials from home, but many of the computer Narrator: Question 22. According to the man,
programs are accessible only on the computers what are some of the materials available in the
in the lab. You’ll need to check the lab manual to Language Laboratory?
find out more about that.
Woman: OK. I see that there are printers. Is it
Page 311
possible for me to print out materials?
Narrator: Practice Test. Listening Passage 5.
Man: The network is connected to high-speed
Listen to a discussion in a microbiology class.
laser printers, but you’ll be charged six cents per
Man 1 (professor): OK, so we’ll be discussing a

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 fascinating creature today that can adapt itself to Woman: Yes, I think I know this one. They go
extreme conditions—the tardigrade—or what is into a state of . . . let me check my notes . . . uh,
more commonly called a “water bear.” If you look cryp-to-bi-o-sis where their bodies just kind of
at it, you can see why: It has a big, rounded body, temporarily shut down, um . . . almost like they’re
and while it has four pairs of legs—two more dead, right?
than an actual bear—and when viewed under a Man 1: You are a good student, Lena. The type of
microscope, it crawls along on each pair of legs in cryptobiosis most studied in our little water bears
a slow and heavy way, like a bear does. So, Lena, is anhydrobiosis, meaning a lack of water. For
looking at the slide behind me of a water bear, instance, live tardigrades have been regenerated
can you think of any other reason it has been from a piece of completely dried-out moss kept in
compared to a bear? a museum for more than a hundred years! When
Woman (Lena): Um . . . it seems to have small eyes a few drops of water were added by scientists to
like a bear. And those things on its legs look like moisten the moss, the tardigrades miraculously
claws, but there sure are a lot of them. revived. So, how do they do this? Well, they roll
Man 1: Yes, the water bear’s legs do have claws into a little ball called a tun. When this occurs,
. . . uh . . . four for each leg. But, that’s where a protective sugar moves into their body cells
the comparison ends . . . ah, because it has a to replace the lost water. While in the tun, their
strange mouth shaped like a long, thin knife, and body functions lower to less than .01 percent of
its body is segmented into five parts. And, well, normal. It is in this dried state that they are able
it’s probably obvious that this creature, only 1.5 to resist all types of extremes. Yes, Stephen?
millimeters long, normally lives in rivers, lakes, Man 2: OK, I understand that water bears have
or ponds. Or sometimes in damp places like stone ways of surviving when the living conditions
walls, roofs, or in the flat, furry moss plants in old, aren’t very good, but what’s the point? I mean,
rotting tree trunks. So, basically, you could just why bother to study them?
walk out the door and probably be able to find Man 1: That’s a good question. My best answer
tardigrades. But these mild environments aren’t is that by looking at them, scientists hope to
the most surprising locations where you can find discover exactly how their bodies physically
these curious and wonderful creatures. Any idea, adapt to deal with such intense conditions.
Stephen, where else they can be found? Understanding this might lead them to the
Man 2 (Stephen): Well, the textbook said that they development of techniques for preserving or
have also been discovered in some really harsh protecting other organisms, including humans,
environments like . . . uh, in boiling hot springs in such conditions . . . um, like outer space, as
or on top of the highest mountains in the world I mentioned earlier. Oh, I see we’re nearly out
under layers of really thick ice. And . . . what was of time, and I don’t want you to be late for your
the other one? Oh, yeah, and in the layer of stuff other classes. But I do want to mention that
at the bottom of oceans. in your lab classes, you’ll have the opportunity
Man 1: Ah, I see you’ve done your homework, to see, under special light conditions, just how
Stephen! And being in the sediment at the very interesting and colorful tardigrades truly are.
bottom of an ocean means they can survive Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions.
very high-pressure conditions. In fact, I read You may use your notes to help you answer the
an article about an experiment on a spacecraft questions.
where scientists discovered that tardigrades could
survive in open outer space. I could barely believe Page 312
it. I mean, how is it possible that tardigrades Narrator: Question 23. According to the
could do this when no other creature is known discussion, all of the following are features of
to be able to? Well, not only did the tardigrades water bears EXCEPT
resist the airless vacuum of space, but they were
also able to live and reproduce after being exposed
to powerful and deadly radiation from the Sun. Page 312
But here’s the strange thing about them from Narrator: Question 24. According to the
a research point of view: While they are found professor, what are some of the harsh conditions
everywhere, we are just beginning to understand that water bears can tolerate?
more about them. Scientists are now getting
excited about studying them in more depth. So, Page 312
OK, based on your reading, any ideas how these Narrator: Question 25. Listen again to part of the
unusual creatures manage to survive in such discussion. Then answer the question.
severe environments? Lena?

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 Man 1: In fact, I read an article about an months of the year wandering at sea. In fact, it
experiment on a spacecraft where scientists is said that Moken children learn to swim before
discovered that tardigrades could survive in open they can walk. The Moken roam among mostly
outer space. I could barely believe it. I mean, how uninhabited islands and use simple tools such
is it possible that tardigrades could do this when as nets and spears to harvest fish, turtles, and
no other creature is known to be able to? Well, not shellfish. When collecting creatures from the sea
only did the tardigrades resist the airless vacuum floor, they are noted for being able to dive deep—
of space, but they were also able to live and up to 75 feet—for long periods of time without
reproduce after being exposed to powerful and any external breathing equipment at all! And this
deadly radiation from the Sun. is an aside, but I remember a recent university
Narrator: What does the professor mean when he study I read that claimed that Moken children,
says this? because they grow up diving regularly, have an
Man 1: I could barely believe it. I mean, how is it extraordinary ability to focus underwater. In fact,
possible that tardigrades could do this when no according to the study, they can see 50 percent
other creature is known to be able to? better underwater than European children.
So, uh . . . OK, getting back to their life at
sea: The Moken usually travel in extended family
Page 312
groups in small, traditionally hand-built boats
Narrator: Question 26. For what purpose does the
called kabang . . . typically, seven or more boats
professor mention a 100-year-old piece of moss in
will travel together. The kabang, partially covered
a museum?
with a roof, serves not only as transportation,
but also as kitchen, bedroom, and dining area
Page 312 for a family. During the dry season, from around
Narrator: Question 27. How does anhydrobiosis November to May, the Moken pile all of their
work after the tardigrades roll into a tun? household possessions—even dogs—into their
kabang and head out to sea. However, when the
Page 312 monsoon, or wet season, of heavy rains and fierce
Narrator: Question 28. Why does the professor winds arrives, um . . . usually June to October,
say that researching tardigrades is relevant? the Moken move ashore. Once they’ve located a
suitable island, they build temporary houses there
from poles, bamboo, and grass that are raised
Page 313 up off the ground on long pieces of wood. The
Narrator: Practice Test. Listening Passage 6. wet season is a time for repairing nets and fishing
Listen to part of a lecture in a cultural gear and building new kabang. While the Moken
anthropology class. still occasionally fish and comb the beaches for
Woman (professor): All right, let’s move on sea life and shells when possible, they also gather
now from a settled, farming culture to a wild food, such as sweet potatoes, from the jungle.
nomadic culture. Nomads, if you recall, are Sometimes they are also able hunt for small wild
groups of people who move from place to place pigs or deer to supplement their diet.
throughout the year. Generally speaking, when However, I should mention that, like many
most of us think of nomads, the first kinds nomadic peoples, the Moken are also traders.
that come to mind are pastoral groups, right? The fish and shellfish that they don’t eat are dried
You know, like certain large tribes in Africa or sold fresh along with particularly beautiful or
or Central Asia who herd their livestock . . . valuable seashells in market towns where they go
um, for example, cows, goats, horses, sheep, or periodically. This allows them to buy rice, which
camels, to different locations during the year, can be stored, cooking fuel, and other supplies.
depending on the season. But today, I’d like to But why choose a nomadic life? Well, one
expand your knowledge of nomadic societies by reason the Moken moved around in the past was
introducing you to the Moken culture. Not much to avoid reducing the sea life in one given area. If
is actually known about the origins and history you take only what you need, it ensures that the
of the Moken, but this extremely interesting next time you go fishing in a certain spot, you will
group of seafaring people spends their lives in have left enough fish to reproduce and so will have
an archipelago . . . um, a group of some 800 a reliable source of food. Pretty environmentally
islands. These islands are scattered throughout smart, don’t you think? I mean, today in many
the Andaman Sea, off the coasts of Thailand and parts of the world, a lot of marine life no longer
Myanmar. exists or is nearly gone because people have over-
The Moken are sometimes called “Sea fished the world’s seas and oceans.
Gypsies” because they spend seven to eight

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 OK, let’s wrap it up for this afternoon: The Narrator: What does the professor imply when she
Moken’s great knowledge as hunters and gatherers says this?
of the sea has allowed them to live apart from Woman: And, yet some small groups still manage
other surrounding populations—which, frankly, to hold on to the old way of life . . . for the time
many of them have traditionally preferred. being.
However, because their way of life is rapidly
changing, due to environmental, economic, Page 316
and political forces beyond their control, their Narrator: Practice Test. Speaking Task 1. You
numbers have dwindled in the last decade from will now be asked to give your opinion about a
some 2,500 to around 1,000. Many Moken have familiar topic. After you hear the question, you
settled or been forced to settle in permanent have 15 seconds to prepare your response and 45
villages. And yet some small groups still manage seconds to answer.
to hold on to the old way of life . . . for the time Narrator: Describe a family member who has
being. influenced you. What have you learned from this
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the questions. person? Use specific details in your response.
You may use your notes to help you answer the Narrator: Begin to prepare your response after the
questions.
beep.
Narrator: Begin speaking after the beep.
Page 313 Narrator: Now, stop speaking.
Narrator: Question 29. For what purpose does the
professor mention tribes in Africa and Central Page 316
Asia? Narrator: Practice Test. Speaking Task 2. You
will now be asked to give your opinion about a
Page 313 familiar topic. After you hear the question, you
Narrator: Question 30. According to the lecture, have 15 seconds to prepare your response and 45
which of the following best describes the role of seconds to answer.
the kabang in Moken culture? Narrator: Some college students prefer to take
night classes. Others prefer to take classes only
Page 313 in the daytime. Which class schedule would you
Narrator: Question 31. When is the major fishing prefer and why?
season for the Moken people? Narrator: Begin to prepare your response after the
beep.
Narrator: Begin speaking after the beep.
Page 314 Narrator: Now, stop speaking.
Narrator: Question 32. According to the
professor, why are the Moken people
“environmentally smart”? Page 317
Narrator: Practice Test. Speaking Task 3. You
will now read a short passage and then listen to a
Page 314 conversation on the same subject. You will then
Narrator: Question 33. Based on the information hear a question about the topic. After you hear
in the lecture, indicate which of the following are the question, you will have 30 seconds to prepare
characteristics of Moken society. your response and 60 seconds to speak.
Narrator: You will have 45 seconds to read the
Page 314 passage.
Narrator: Question 34. Listen again to part of the Narrator: Begin reading now.
lecture. Then answer the question. Narrator: Now stop reading.
Woman: However, because their way of life Narrator: Now listen to a conversation on this
is rapidly changing, due to environmental, topic between two students.
economic, and political forces beyond their Man (student): Are you still interested in studying
control, their numbers have dwindled in the last abroad? It looks like they’re advertising some new
decade from some 2,500 to around 1,000. Many programs.
Moken have settled or been forced to settle in Woman (student): Oh, I don’t know . . . I mean,
permanent villages. And yet some small groups it sounds like a lot of fun, but if I can’t take the
still manage to hold on to the old way of life . . . classes I need, then I won’t be able to graduate on
for the time being. time, and that’s pretty important to me. But you
never know. What have they got?

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M01_TOEFL_Ex_1e_1625_AS.indd 45 8/31/12 11:55 AM

 Man: Here’s one in . . . um . . . Edinburgh, investment in any way. Instead, Friedman and his
Scotland. I don’t know about that. Do you even like-minded followers believe the government’s
speak Scottish? only role is to maintain a steady and low growth
Woman: Silly! They speak English in Scotland. rate of the money supply.
Man: Yes, I know, I was kidding. But that’s a Narrator: Now get ready to answer the question.
reason it would be a good choice—you wouldn’t Narrator: Explain how Milton Friedman’s
have to worry about taking your classes in another Chicago School of Economics discussed by the
language. And it’s a literature program, and you’re professor differs from Keynesianism as described
a lit major . . . in the reading.
Woman: Oh, wow, really? Now that is interesting. Narrator: Begin to prepare your response after the
I was thinking of doing my senior paper on Sir beep.
Arthur Conan Doyle. You know, the creator of Narrator: Begin speaking after the beep.
Sherlock Holmes. He was Scottish, you know. Narrator: Now, stop speaking.
And I do still need to take an art class, and they’re
offering one. Page 319
Man: But there aren’t any classes on Doyle. Narrator: Practice Test. Speaking Task 5. You
Unless he was a novelist. And didn’t he write
will now listen to a conversation. You will then
short stories?
be asked a question about it. After you hear the
Woman: Well, he wrote a lot of things, including
question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your
novels. But it says that juniors and seniors can
response and 60 seconds to speak.
design their own independent study class—that
Narrator: Listen to a conversation between the
would be perfect for me! I just think it would be
president of the Student Government Association
amazing to study Doyle in the country he was
and the Dean of Student Affairs.
from.
Woman (dean): I’m glad we had a chance to meet
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the question.
today, Justin, so we can go over the issues that the
Narrator: The woman expresses her opinion about
student government has recently raised about the
the opportunity described in the notice. State her
shuttle bus service.
opinion and explain her reasons for that opinion.
Man (student president): Well, as you probably
Narrator: Begin to prepare your response after the
know, Dean Blum, we’ve been very upset with
beep. how late some of the shuttle bus drivers are. I
Narrator: Begin speaking after the beep. mean, a lot of us aren’t getting to class on time
Narrator: Now, stop speaking. because the drivers just don’t pay attention to
the schedule. And, almost all of the buses are in
Page 318 terrible condition.
Narrator: Practice Test. Speaking Task 4. You Woman: Yes, the Office of Student Affairs has
will now read a short passage and then listen to gotten a lot of complaints about unreliable
a lecture on the same academic subject. You will drivers, and um . . . the buses are getting quite old.
then hear a question about them. After you hear So, I’ve discussed this with the administration.
the question, you will have 30 seconds to prepare They’re willing to hire new drivers and replace
your response and 60 seconds to speak. some of the buses. But, because of budget cuts,
Narrator: Begin reading now. we’ll have to raise the price of the trip to and from
Narrator: Now stop reading. campus from a dollar to a dollar-fifty in order to
Narrator: Now listen to part of a lecture on this pay for the changes.
topic in an economics class Man: Really? But . . . that’s just too expensive . . .
Man (professor): Well, Keynesian economics has uh, especially since tuition just went up this year.
been around for a long time, but more recently And that would make it about the same price
many conservative economists have rejected its as parking fees. Don’t you think that sort of
basic principles and have instead embraced what contradicts the idea of encouraging students to
is called the Chicago School of Economics. The take the shuttle instead of driving to reduce traffic
man credited with its rise in popularity in the problems? I mean, if it’s the same price, students
1970s is Milton Friedman. The basic beliefs of might just decide to drive.
this economic school of thought are that free Woman: I understand why that’s upsetting, but
markets distribute resources more efficiently hiring more professional drivers and updating the
than any government could and . . . and . . . buses is very costly; we’d have to raise the fares to
uh, that governments should not try to regulate pay for it.
an economy through public policy, such as Man: Isn’t there any other alternative?
raising taxes or passing laws that limit business Woman: Well, you’re not going to be happy about

46

M01_TOEFL_Ex_1e_1625_AS.indd 46 8/31/12 11:55 AM

 this, Justin, but the only other choice we have is for cars, ships at sea on the Mediterranean, and
to cut the number of shuttle trips each day. So, aircraft such as planes and helicopters. Rain
instead of three buses running four times every that falls during a sirocco can be colored by dust
hour on each of the routes, we could only have particles—this is often called a “red rain.”
two buses for each route and they would run once Narrator: Now get ready to answer the question.
per hour. Narrator: Using information from the lecture,
Man: Oh, OK. I see. I’ll have to report back on explain the causes and effects of a sirocco.
this at the student government meeting tomorrow. Narrator: Begin to prepare your response after the
I’ll let you know what the response is in a few beep.
days. Narrator: Begin speaking after the beep.
Narrator: Now get ready to answer the question. Narrator: Now, stop speaking.
Narrator: The speakers discuss two possible
solutions to the problem. Briefly summarize the Page 322
problem and the two solutions. Then explain what Narrator: Practice Test. Writing Task 1. Now
you think the man should recommend and why. listen to part of a lecture on the same topic.
Narrator: Begin to prepare your response after the Man (professor): Ah, the Mary Celeste. Sir Arthur
beep.
Conan Doyle, who wrote the Sherlock Holmes
Narrator: Begin speaking after the beep.
stories, wrote a famous fictional account of this
Narrator: Now, stop speaking.
event, but we should be careful not to let fiction
or wild theories overly influence us. Really, all
Page 320 we have to go on is the evidence at hand, what
Narrator: Practice Test. Speaking Task 6. You will we know of the situation and conditions, and
now listen to a lecture. You will then be asked a common sense. Let’s start with the pirates theory.
question about it. After you hear the question, Now, yes, it’s true, pirates did exist at that time
you will have 20 seconds to prepare your response in that area, and did sometimes attack ships for
and 60 seconds to speak. their cargo—but think about it. If a crew of
Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture from a seven men—eight adults, if you count Captain
meteorology class. Briggs’s wife—was attacked, there would be
Man (professor): Now an interesting type of evidence of fighting and damage. However, the
weather phenomenon is the sirocco. OK, let me crew of the Dei Gratia found no damage. Nothing
spell that for you, because it’s a little tricky. S-I- turned over, nothing broken, and nothing stolen.
R-O-C-C-O. Sirocco. This is a type of wind that Pirates would have been after valuables, not a
originates in northern Africa. Although siroccos few navigation instruments. The seaquake theory
can occur at any time during the year, they’re is an interesting one, and certainly seaquakes
most common from March to June, early spring did occur in that area, sometimes additionally
to summer. A sirocco forms when hot, dry air causing tsunamis or high waves. However, the
from the Sahara Desert in Africa moves north Dei Gratia was only days behind the Mary
and meets cool, wet air traveling down south Celeste, and they felt no quakes—and, even more
from the Mediterranean Sea. When the two air importantly, neither did residents on any of the
masses meet and mix, they can form winds that nearby Portuguese islands. If there had been a
blow up to 100 kilometers an hour—that’s about seaquake big enough to damage the Mary Celeste
62 miles per hour. These winds sweep over the or frighten its crew, others would have noticed it
coast of North Africa, picking up dust and sand, too. Mutinies too did occur at sea—cases where a
and move to southern Europe. A sirocco can last crew would rebel against a captain and either take
anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Now, over the ship or leave it and sail to land. However,
the dust is even more of a problem than the strong there is no indication that Captain Briggs was
winds—this dust can cause health problems for a difficult person to work for. Written accounts
people who breathe it, and it can damage sensitive indicate that he was, in fact, a fair and reasonable
mechanical and electronic equipment. It also captain and well liked. His crew all volunteered to
reduces visibility, of course, which is a problem sail with him, and was known to him already.

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M01_TOEFL_Ex_1e_1625_AS.indd 47 8/31/12 11:55 AM