SESI 5

SIKLUS KEBIJAKAN
PUBLIK
Dipersiapkan oleh Zuliansyah P. Z.
FAKULTAS ILMU ADMINISTRASI UI

Commitment, Integrity, Transformative, Accountable | fia.ui.ac.id

 Siklus Kebijakan (Policy Cicle)

• The policy cycle imagines the policy process as an endless cycle of policy
decisions, implementation and performance assessment (Colebatch (1998)

• A similar cycle but with more steps:

• agenda setting (problem recognition);
• policy formulation (proposal of a solution);
• decision-making (choice of a solution);
• policy implementation (putting the solution into effect);
• policy evaluation (monitoring results).
(Howlett and Ramesh, 2003)
POLICY CYCLES: THE INFLUENCE OF EASTON’S
PERSPECTIVE

Outputs of policy processes: an

The cyclical perspective: feed-back
impact on the wider society and
(loop) processes between outputs
will be transformed into an input
and inputs of policy-making; the
(demands and support) to a
continual of the policy process
succeeding policy process

The focus: to cover the work of

policies and, in particular, the The tendency of policies to create
reaction of the affected target unintended consequences or side-
group (impact) and the wider effects became apparent through
effects of the policy within the this policy process perspective
respective social sector (outcome)
 Siklus Kebijakan Publik

Internal Environment

Agenda Formulasi Adopsi Implementasi Evaluasi

Kebijakan

Feedback

External Environment
 Opini Publik dan Agenda Publik
Pengalaman Personal dan Komunikasi antarpersonal

Agenda Media Agenda Publik Agenda Kebijakan

Indikator arti penting dari kejadian atau isu agenda

 Policy Process (Dunn, 1996)
Policy Performance

Problem Structuring

Resulted Outcomes Problem Expected Outcome

Preferred Policy
 Policy Process (Patton, 1986)
Define Problem

Implement Define evaluation

preferred policy criteria

Select preferred
Identify alternatives
Policy
policy

Evaluate
alternatives policy
 Kebijakan sebagai
proses Evolusioner

Kebijakan Reformulasi

Waktu

Tindakan Reaksi
 THE POLICY PROCESS AS A SYSTEM

•A System Model of Politics and

Policy (Birkland, 2011)
 PROSES KEBIJAKAN: DOMAIN POLITIK DAN ADMINISTRATIF
Political
domain
Agenda
Setting Political
domain
Policy
Change/ Policy
Policy Formulation
Termination

Administrative
act/domain
Administrative
act/domain

Policy Policy
Evaluation Implementation
 Identifikasi dan Definisi Masalah

• Problem can be defined as issue on concern that entails some degree of

personal, social, or economic cost for the parties affected.

• Private problems are perceived to be the responsibility of personal

affected

• Public problems are perceived as representing an acceptable social or

individual anomaly that cannot be permitted to exist.

• Debate over what is public problem is not simply

 Beberapa Top Issues Masalah Publik

• Inflasi
• Pengangguran
• Narkoba
• Defisit Anggaran
• Kemiskinan
• Kejahatan
• Degradasi moral
• Terorism
• Keamanan Nasional
• Banyaknya angka Drop Out Siswa
 Debat Definisi atas Masalah Publik
Masalah Publik Isu Khusus Debat Atas Definisi Masalah
Kesehatan Tingkat Kematian yang Sistem yang buruk vs orang tua tidak
tinggi care

Penggangguran Pengangguran permanen Kesenjangan pendidikan vs kemalasan

Kemiskinan Ketergantungan Lapangan kerja vs bantuan sosial

kesejahteraan

Degradasi Moral Masyarakat yang Amoral Budaya konsumerisme vs kesalahan

pribadi
Dinamika Persepsi Masalah Publik

Redefinisi

Realitas Sosial Set of Held Beliefs

Pembelajaran
Perceptual Process of Problem Identification

• Stage One: Perception Creation

Individuals----beliefs----Redefinition of social reality---Potential problem observed-------
filter of beliefs = Perception of potential problem formulated

• Stage two: Perception of problem

Formulation of an opinion or redefinition of what is the significance of the event, issue
or action

• Stage three: Opinion on Problem

Opinion on problem identification and decision on acceptance of status quo (Significance
or Insignificance)
 Faktor yang mempengaruhi Identifikasi Masalah

• Causality: elemen intrinsik dalam diskusi sebuah masalah kebijakan,

apakah sebuah masalah diakibatkan oleh sebuah kebijakan/institusi
atau bersifat personal
• Severity: tingkat keseriusan/dampak sebuah masalah
• Incidence: tingkat frekuensi kejadian sebuah masalah
• Proximity: seberapa dekat sebuah isu mempengaruhi seorang individu
• Crisis: sebuah masalah yang unik dari tingkat severity, incident dan
proximity
 Agenda Setting

Problem Stream

Problem Window
Policy Stream Policy Action
Political Window
Political Stream
 Why some issues fail to get wider attention?
• Crowded out by other
issues
• Problems not
recognized as a
relevant issue
• Deemed not to be a
legitimate state
concern
PROBLEM SOLUTION
Picture was taken from Hyung Jun Park’s presentation on Ambiguity and
POLITICAL WILL Multiple Streams (2020); Original concept from Kingdon (1984)
AGENDA SETTING: PROBLEM RECOGNITION AND ISSUE
SELECTION

Two main activities: problem recognition and formulating agenda

The agenda: “the list of subjects or problems to which governmental officials, and people outside the
government closely associated with those officials, are paying some serious attention at any given
time” (Kingdon 1995, 3)

Types of agenda: The government’s (or institutional) agenda and the overall public (or
systemic) agenda (Cobb and Elder 1972)

The means and mechanisms of problem recognition and issue selection are tightly connected with the way
a social problem is recognized and perceived on the public/media agenda, though the government’s
(formal and informal) agenda presents the center of attention of studies on agenda-setting
 DETERMINANT FACTORS AND
DETERMINANT FACTORS
VARIABLES AND VARIABLES
IN AGENDA SETTING IN
AGENDA SETTING
Forced situation

Idea (belief system)

Context

Institutional constraints

Material conditions
POLICY FORMULATION AND DECISION MAKING

The definition of objectives what

Expressed problems, proposals, and
should be achieved with the policy
demands are transformed into
and the consideration of different
government programs
action alternatives

Policies will not always be formalized Policy formulation: influenced by

into separate programs and a clear- efforts to improve practices within
cut separation between formulation governments by introducing
and decision-making is very often techniques and tools of more
impossible rational decision-making
DETERMINANT FACTORS IN POLICY FORMULATION

Scarcity of resources:
Competencies of actor
lack of political support

The state actors play

Policy advice and policy
important role but not
transfer
decisive role
 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

The stage of execution “what happens …critical as political and Policies and their
or enforcement of a between the administrative action at intentions will very
policy by the establishment of an the frontline are hardly often be changed or
responsible institutions apparent intention on ever perfectly even distorted; its
and organizations that the part of the controllable by execution delayed or
are often, but not government to do objectives, programs, even blocked altogether.
always, part of the something, or to stop laws, and the like
public sector, is referred doing something, and
to as implementation the ultimate impact in
the world of action”
IDEAL PROCESS OF POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

1 2 3

Specification of Allocation of Decisions (i.e., how

program details resources (i.e., how will decisions of
(i.e., how and by are budgets single cases be
which distributed? Which carried out?)
agencies/organizati personnel will
ons should the execute the
program be program? Which
executed? How units of an
should the organization will be
law/program be in charge for the
interpreted?) execution?);
 PATH-BREAKING STUDY:
FACTORS INFLUENCING IMPLEMENTATION

• Problem of
Intra an
inter
organizatio
nal
coordinatio
n
 EVALUATION AND TERMINATION

Evaluation is not only associated with the final stage in the policy cycle that either ends with the
termination of the policy or its redesign based on modified problem perception and agenda-setting

Evaluation research forms a separate sub discipline in the policy sciences that focuses on the intended
results and unintended consequences of policies

Evaluation studies are not restricted to a particular stage in the policy cycle; instead, the perspective is
applied to the whole policy-making process and from different perspectives in terms of timing (ex ante,
ex post).

Evaluation is part of political process: policy evaluation takes place as a regular and embedded part of the
political process and debate
POLICY EVALUATION: REINFORCEMENT OR TERMINATION

diverse patterns of policy-learning

different implications in terms of feed-back
Outcome of evaluation mechanisms
a potential restart of the policy process

Reinforcement: successful policies

Termination: accomplished mission or ineffective

policy
Thanks!