Chapter 5 - Section A - Mathcad Solutions

5.2 Let the symbols Q and Work represent rates in kJ/s. Then by Eq. (5.8)

Work TC
η= = 1−
QH TH
kJ
TC := 323.15⋅ K TH := 798.15⋅ K QH := 250⋅
s
⎛ TC ⎞ kJ
Work := QH⋅ ⎜ 1 − Work = 148.78
⎝ TH ⎠ s

or Work = 148.78 kW which is the power. Ans.

kJ
By Eq. (5.1), QC := QH − Work QC = 101.22 Ans.
s

5.3 (a) Let symbols Q and Work represent rates in kJ/s

TH := 750⋅ K TC := 300⋅ K Work := −95000⋅ kW

TC
By Eq. (5.8): η := 1 − η = 0.6
TH
Work Work
But η= Whence QH :=
QH η
5
QH = 1.583 × 10 kW Ans.

QC := QH − Work 4
QC = 6.333 × 10 kW Ans.
Work 5
(b) η := 0.35 QH := QH = 2.714 × 10 kW Ans.
η
5
QC := QH − Work QC = 1.764 × 10 kW Ans.

5.4 (a) TC := 303.15⋅ K TH := 623.15⋅ K

TC
η Carnot := 1 − η := 0.55⋅ η Carnot η = 0.282 Ans.
TH

123
 η
(b) η := 0.35 η Carnot := η Carnot = 0.636
0.55
TC
By Eq. (5.8), TH := TH = 833.66 K Ans.
1 − η Carnot

5.7 Let the symbols represent rates where appropriate. Calculate mass rate of
LNG evaporation:
3
m
V := 9000⋅ P := 1.0133⋅ bar T := 298.15⋅ K
s

gm P⋅ V kg
molwt := 17 mLNG := ⋅ molwt mLNG = 6254
mol R⋅ T s
Maximum power is generated by a Carnot engine, for which

Work QH − QC QH TH
= = −1= −1
QC QC QC TC

TH := 303.15⋅ K TC := 113.7⋅ K

kJ 6
QC := 512⋅ ⋅ mLNG QC = 3.202 × 10 kW
kg

⎛ TH ⎞ 6
Work := QC⋅ ⎜ −1 Work = 5.336 × 10 kW Ans.
⎝ TC ⎠
6
QH := QC + Work QH = 8.538 × 10 kW Ans.

kJ
5.8 Take the heat capacity of water to be constant at the valueCP := 4.184⋅
kg⋅ K

Q := CP⋅ ( T2 − T1)
kJ
(a) T1 := 273.15⋅ K T2 := 373.15⋅ K Q = 418.4
kg

⎛ T2 ⎞ kJ
∆SH2O := CP⋅ ln ⎜ ∆SH2O = 1.305
⎝ T1 ⎠ kg⋅ K
−Q kJ
∆Sres := ∆Sres = −1.121 Ans.
T2 kg⋅ K

124
 ∆Stotal := ∆SH2O + ∆Sres kJ
∆Stotal = 0.184 Ans.
kg⋅ K

(b) The entropy change of the water is the same as in (a), and the total
heat transfer is the same, but divided into two halves.

−Q ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ kJ
∆Sres := ⋅⎜ + ∆Sres = −1.208
2 ⎝ 323.15⋅ K 373.15⋅ K ⎠ kg⋅ K

kJ
∆Stotal := ∆Sres + ∆SH2O ∆Stotal = 0.097 Ans.
kg⋅ K

(c) The reversible heating of the water requires an infinite number of heat
reservoirs covering the range of temperatures from 273.15 to 373.15 K,
each one exchanging an infinitesimal quantity of heat with the water and
raising its temperature by a differential increment.

3
5.9 P1 := 1⋅ bar T1 := 500⋅ K V := 0.06⋅ m

P 1⋅ V 5
n := n = 1.443 mol CV := ⋅R Q := 15000⋅ J
R⋅ T1 2

(a) Const.-V heating; ∆U = Q + W = Q = n⋅ CV⋅ ( T2 − T1)

Q 3
T2 := T1 + T2 = 1 × 10 K
n⋅ CV
⎛ ⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎞
By Eq. (5.18), ∆S = n⋅ ⎜ CP⋅ ln ⎜ − R⋅ ln ⎜
⎝ ⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎠
P2 T2 ⎛ T2 ⎞ J
But = Whence ∆S := n⋅ CV⋅ ln ⎜ ∆S = 20.794 Ans.
P1 T1 ⎝ T1 ⎠ K

(b) The entropy change of the gas is the same as in (a). The entropy
change of the surroundings is zero. Whence

J
∆Stotal = 10.794⋅ Ans.
K
The stirring process is irreversible.

125
5.10 (a) The temperature drop of the second stream (B) in either 7
case is the same as the temperature rise of the first stream CP := R
(A), i.e., 120 degC. The exit temperature of the second 2
stream is therefore 200 degC. In both cases we therefore
have:

∆SA := CP⋅ ln ⎛⎜
463.15 ⎞
∆SB := CP⋅ ln ⎛⎜
473.15 ⎞
⎝ 343.15 ⎠ ⎝ 593.15 ⎠
J J
∆SA = 8.726 ∆SB = −6.577 Ans.
mol⋅ K mol⋅ K

(b) For both cases:

J
∆Stotal := ∆SA + ∆SB ∆Stotal = 2.149 Ans.
mol⋅ K

(c) In this case the final temperature of steam B is 80 degC, i.e., there is
a 10-degC driving force for heat transfer throughout the exchanger.
Now

∆SA := CP⋅ ln ⎛⎜
463.15 ⎞
∆SB := CP⋅ ln ⎛⎜
353.15 ⎞
⎝ 343.15 ⎠ ⎝ 473.15 ⎠
J J
∆SA = 8.726 ∆SB = −8.512 Ans.
mol⋅ K mol⋅ K

∆Stotal := ∆SA + ∆SB ∆Stotal = 0.214

J
Ans.
mol⋅ K

dW Tσ dQ
5.16 By Eq. (5.8), = 1− dW = dQ − Tσ ⋅
dQ T T

Since dQ/T = dS, dW = dQ − Tσ ⋅ dS

Integration gives the required result.

T1 := 600⋅ K T2 := 400⋅ K Tσ := 300⋅ K

Q := CP⋅ ( T2 − T1)
3 J
Q = −5.82 × 10
mol

126
 ⎛ T2 ⎞ J
∆S := CP⋅ ln ⎜ ∆S = −11.799
⎝ T1 ⎠ mol⋅ K

J
Work := Q − Tσ ⋅ ∆S Work = −2280 Ans.
mol

J
Qσ := Q − Work Qσ = 3540 Ans.
mol
Qσ J
∆Sreservoir := ∆Sreservoir = 11.8 Ans.
Tσ mol⋅ K

J
∆S + ∆Sreservoir = 0 Process is reversible.
mol⋅ K

5.17 TH1 := 600⋅ K TC1 := 300⋅ K TH2 := 300⋅ K TC2 := 250⋅ K

For the Carnot engine, use Eq. (5.8): W TH1 − TC1

=
QH1 TH1

The Carnot refrigerator is a reverse Carnot engine. W TH2 − TC2

Combine Eqs. (5.8) & (5.7) to get: =
QC2 TC2

Equate the two work quantities and solve for the required ratio of the heat
quantities:
TC2 ⎛ TH1 − TC1 ⎞
r := ⋅⎜ r = 2.5 Ans.
TH1 ⎝ TH2 − TC2 ⎠

7
5.18 (a) T1 := 300K P1 := 1.2bar T2 := 450K P2 := 6bar Cp := R
2

∆H := Cp⋅ ( T2 − T1)
3 J
∆H = 4.365 × 10 Ans.
mol

⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ J
∆S := Cp⋅ ln ⎜ − R⋅ ln ⎜ ∆S = −1.582 Ans.
⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠ mol⋅ K

3 J J
(b) ∆H = 5.82⋅ 10 ∆S = 1.484
mol mol⋅ K

127
 3 J J
(c) ∆H = −3.118⋅ 10 ∆S = 4.953
mol mol⋅ K

3 J J
(d) ∆H = −3.741⋅ 10 ∆S = 2.618
mol mol⋅ K

3 J J
(e) ∆H = −6.651⋅ 10 ∆S = −3.607
mol mol⋅ K

5.19 This cycle is the same as is shown in Fig. 8.10 on p. 305. The equivalent states
are A=3, B=4, C=1, and D=2. The efficiency is given by Eq. (A) on p. 305.
Temperature T4 is not given and must be calaculated. The following equations
are used to derive and expression for T4.

For adiabatic steps 1 to 2 and 3 to 4:

γ −1 γ −1 γ −1 γ −1
T1⋅ V1 = T2⋅ V2 T3⋅ V3 = T4⋅ V4
For constant-volume step 4 to 1: V1 = V4

P2 P3
For isobaric step 2 to 3: =
T2 T3
−γ
⎛ T2 ⎞
Solving these 4 equations for T4 yields: T4 = T1⋅ ⎜
⎝ T3 ⎠
7 5 Cp
Cp := R Cv := R γ := γ = 1.4
2 2 Cv
T1 := ( 200 + 273.15)K T2 := ( 1000 + 273.15)K T3 := ( 1700 + 273.15)K

−γ
⎛ T2 ⎞
T4 := T1⋅ ⎜ T4 = 873.759 K
⎝ T3 ⎠
1 ⎛ T4 − T1 ⎞
Eq. (A) p. 306 η := 1 − ⋅⎜ η = 0.591 Ans.
γ ⎝ T3 − T2 ⎠

128
5.21 CV := CP − R P1 := 2⋅ bar P2 := 7⋅ bar T1 := 298.15⋅ K

CP
γ := γ = 1.4
CV
With the reversible work given by Eq. (3.34), we get for the actual W:

⎡ γ −1 ⎤
⎢ γ
⎥
R⋅ T1 ⎢⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎥ 3 J
Work := 1.35⋅ ⋅ ⎢⎜ − 1⎥ Work = 3.6 × 10
γ − 1 ⎣⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎦ mol

But Q = 0, and W = ∆U = CV⋅ ( T2 − T1)

Work
Whence T2 := T1 +
CV
T2 = 471.374 K

⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ J
∆S := CP⋅ ln ⎜ − R⋅ ln ⎜ ∆S = 2.914 Ans.
⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠ mol⋅ K

5.25 P := 4 T := 800

Step 1-2: Volume decreases at constant P.

Heat flows out of the system. Work is done on the system.
W12 = −⎡⎣P⋅ ( V2 − V1)⎤⎦ = −⎡⎣R⋅ ( T2 − T1)⎤⎦
Step 2-3: Isothermal compression. Work is done on the system. Heat flows
out of the system.

⎛ P3 ⎞ ⎛ P3 ⎞
W23 = R⋅ T2⋅ ln ⎜ = R⋅ T2⋅ ln ⎜
⎝ P2 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠
Step 3-1: Expansion process that produces work. Heat flows into the
system. Since the PT product is constant,
dP
P⋅ dT + T⋅ dP = 0 T⋅ = −dT (A)
P
P⋅ V = R ⋅ T P⋅ dV + V⋅ dP = R⋅ dT
dP
P⋅ dV = R⋅ dT − V⋅ dP = R⋅ dT − R⋅ T⋅
P

129
In combination with (A) this becomes

P⋅ dV = R⋅ dT + R⋅ dT = 2⋅ R⋅ dT

T1 T1
Moreover, P3 = P1⋅ = P 1⋅
T3 T2

V
⌠ 1
W31 = −⎮ P dV = −2⋅ R⋅ ( T1 − T3) = −2⋅ R⋅ ( T1 − T2)
⌡V
3

Q31 = ∆U31 − W31 = CV⋅ ( T1 − T3) + 2⋅ R⋅ ( T1 − T3)

Q31 = ( CV + 2⋅ R) ⋅ ( T1 − T3) = ( CP + R) ⋅ ( T1 − T2)

Wnet W12 + W23 + W31

η= =
Qin Q31

7
CP := ⋅R T1 := 700⋅ K T2 := 350⋅ K
2
T1
P1 := 1.5⋅ bar P3 := P1⋅
T2

W12 := −⎡⎣R⋅ ( T2 − T1)⎤⎦

3 J
W12 = 2.91 × 10
mol
⎛ P3 ⎞ 3 J
W23 := R⋅ T2⋅ ln ⎜ W23 = 2.017 × 10
⎝ P1 ⎠ mol

W31 := −2⋅ R⋅ ( T1 − T2)

3 J
W31 = −5.82 × 10
mol

Q31 := ( CP + R) ⋅ ( T1 − T2)
4 J
Q31 = 1.309 × 10
mol
W12 + W23 + W31
η := η = 0.068 Ans.
Q31

130
5.26 T := 403.15⋅ K P1 := 2.5⋅ bar P2 := 6.5⋅ bar Tres := 298.15⋅ K

⎛ P2 ⎞ J
By Eq. (5.18), ∆S := −R⋅ ln ⎜ ∆S = −7.944 Ans.
⎝ P1 ⎠ mol⋅ K

With the reversible work given by Eq. (3.27), we get for the actual W:

⎛ P2 ⎞ J
Work := 1.3⋅ R⋅ T⋅ ln ⎜ (Isothermal compresion) Work = 4.163 × 103
⎝ P1 ⎠ mol

Q := −Work Q here is with respect to the system.

So for the heat reservoir, we have

−Q J
∆Sres := ∆Sres = 13.96 Ans.
Tres mol⋅ K

J
∆Stotal := ∆S + ∆Sres ∆Stotal = 6.02 Ans.
mol⋅ K

5.27 (a) By Eq. (5.14) with P = const. and Eq. (5.15), we get for the entropy change
of 10 moles

n := 10⋅ mol

(
∆S := n⋅ R⋅ ICPS 473.15K , 1373.15K , 5.699 , 0.640⋅ 10
−3
, 0.0 , −1.015⋅ 10
5 )
J
∆S = 536.1 Ans.
K

(b) By Eq. (5.14) with P = const. and Eq. (5.15), we get for the entropy
change of 12 moles
n := 12⋅ mol

(
∆S := n⋅ R⋅ ICPS 523.15K , 1473.15K , 1.213 , 28.785⋅ 10
−3
, −8.824⋅ 10
−6
, 0.0 )
J
∆S = 2018.7 Ans.
K

131
5.28 (a) The final temperature for this process was found in Pb. 4.2a to be 1374.5 K.
The entropy change for 10 moles is then found as follows
n := 10⋅ mol

(
∆S := n⋅ R⋅ ICPS 473.15K , 1374.5K , 1.424 , 14.394⋅ 10
−3 −6
, −4.392⋅ 10 , 0.0 )
J
∆S = 900.86 Ans.
K

(b) The final temperature for this process was found in Pb. 4.2b to be 1413.8 K.
The entropy change for 15 moles is then found as follows:

n := 15⋅ mol

(
∆S := n⋅ R⋅ ICPS 533.15K , 1413.8K , 1.967 , 31.630⋅ 10
−3 −6
, −9.873⋅ 10 , 0.0 )
J
∆S = 2657.5 Ans.
K

(c) The final temperature for this process was found in Pb. 4.2c to be 1202.9 K.
The entropy change for 18.14 kg moles is then found as follows
n := 18140⋅ mol

(
∆S := n⋅ R⋅ ICPS 533.15K , 1202.9K , 1.424 , 14.394⋅ 10
−3
, −4.392⋅ 10
−6
, 0.0 )
6 J
∆S = 1.2436 × 10 Ans.
K
5.29 The relative amounts of the two streams are determined by an energy
balance. Since Q = W = 0, the enthalpy changes of the two streams must
cancel. Take a basis of 1 mole of air entering, and let x = moles of chilled air.
Then 1 - x = the moles of warm air.

T0 := 298.15⋅ K Temperature of entering air

T1 := 248.15⋅ K Temperature of chilled air

T2 := 348.15⋅ K Temperature of warm air

x⋅ CP⋅ ( T1 − T0) + ( 1 − x) ⋅ CP⋅ ( T2 − T0) = 0

x := 0.3 (guess)

132
 x ⎛ T2 − T0 ⎞
Given = −⎜ x := Find ( x) x = 0.5
1−x ⎝ T1 − T0 ⎠
Thus x = 0.5, and the process produces equal amounts of chilled and warmed
air. The only remaining question is whether the process violates the second
law. On the basis of 1 mole of entering air, the total entropy change is as
follows.
7
CP := ⋅R P0 := 5⋅ bar P := 1⋅ bar
2

⎛ T1 ⎞ ⎛ T2 ⎞
− R⋅ ln ⎛⎜
P⎞
∆Stotal := x⋅ CP⋅ ln ⎜ + ( 1 − x) ⋅ CP⋅ ln ⎜
⎝ T0 ⎠ ⎝ T0 ⎠ ⎝ P0 ⎠

J
∆Stotal = 12.97 Ans.
mol⋅ K

Since this is positive, there is no violation of the second law.

5.30 T1 := 523.15⋅ K T2 := 353.15⋅ K P1 := 3⋅ bar P2 := 1⋅ bar

J 7
Tres := 303.15⋅ K Work := −1800⋅ CP := ⋅R
mol 2

CV := CP − R Q = ∆U − Work Q := CV⋅ ( T2 − T1) − Work

−Q J 3 J
∆Sres := ∆Sres = 5.718 Q = −1.733 × 10
Tres mol⋅ K mol

⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ J
∆S := CP⋅ ln ⎜ − R⋅ ln ⎜ ∆S = −2.301
⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠ mol⋅ K

J
∆Stotal := ∆S + ∆Sres ∆Stotal = 3.42 PROCESS IS POSSIBLE.
mol⋅ K

133
5.33 For the process of cooling the brine:
kJ kg
CP := 3.5⋅ ∆T := −40⋅ K mdot := 20⋅ η t := 0.27
kg⋅ K sec
T1 := ( 273.15 + 25) ⋅ K T1 = 298.15 K

T2 := ( 273.15 − 15) ⋅ K T2 = 258.15 K

Tσ := ( 273.15 + 30) ⋅ K Tσ = 303.15 K

kJ
∆H := CP⋅ ∆T ∆H = −140
kg

⎛ T2 ⎞ kJ
∆S := CP⋅ ln ⎜ ∆S = −0.504
⎝ T1 ⎠ kg⋅ K

Eq. (5.26): ( )
Wdotideal := mdot⋅ ∆H − Tσ ⋅ ∆S Wdotideal = 256.938 kW

By Eq. (5.28): Wdotideal

Wdot := Wdot = 951.6 kW Ans.
ηt

5.34 E := 110⋅ volt i := 9.7⋅ amp Tσ := 300⋅ K

3
Wdotmech := −1.25⋅ hp Wdotelect := i⋅ E Wdotelect = 1.067 × 10 W

At steady state: Qdot + Wdotelect + Wdotmech = d Ut = 0

dt
Qdot d t
+ SdotG = S = 0
Tσ dt

Qdot := −Wdotelect − Wdotmech Qdot = −134.875 W

−Qdot W
SdotG := SdotG = 0.45 Ans.
Tσ K

134
5.35 Ω := 25⋅ ohm i := 10⋅ amp Tσ := 300⋅ K
2 3
Wdotelect := i ⋅ Ω Wdotelect = 2.5 × 10 W

d t
At steady state: Qdot + Wdotelect = U = 0 Qdot := −Wdotelect
dt
Qdot d t −Qdot
+ SdotG = S = 0 SdotG :=
Tσ dt Tσ

3 watt
Qdot = −2.5 × 10 watt SdotG = 8.333 Ans.
K

kmol
5.38 mdot := 10 T1 := ( 25 + 273.15)K P1 := 10bar P2 := 1.2bar
hr
7 Cp 7
Cp := R Cv := Cp − R γ := γ =
2 Cv 5

(a) Assuming an isenthalpic process: T2 := T1 T2 = 298.15 K Ans.

2 T
∆S ⌠ Cp 1 ⎛ P2 ⎞
(b) = ⎮ dT − ln ⎜ Eq. (5.14)
R ⎮ R T ⎝ P1 ⎠
⌡T
1

7 ⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ J
∆S := R⋅ ln ⎜ − R⋅ ln ⎜ ∆S = 17.628 Ans.
2 ⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠ mol⋅ K

W
(c) SdotG := mdot⋅ ∆S SdotG = 48.966 Ans.
K

3 J
(d) Tσ := ( 20 + 273.15)K Wlost := Tσ ⋅ ∆S Wlost = 5.168 × 10 Ans.
mol

7
5.39 (a) T1 := 500K P1 := 6bar T2 := 371K P2 := 1.2bar Cp := R
2
Tσ := 300K Basis: 1 mol n := 1mol

∆H := n⋅ Cp⋅ ( T2 − T1) Ws := ∆H Ws = −3753.8 J Ans.

135
 ⎛ ⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎞ J
∆S := n⋅ ⎜ Cp⋅ ln ⎜ − R⋅ ln ⎜ ∆S = 4.698
⎝ ⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎠ K

Eq. (5.27) (
Wideal := ∆H − Tσ ⋅ ∆S ) Wideal = −5163 J Ans.

Eq. (5.30) Wlost := Wideal − Ws Wlost = 1409.3 J Ans.

Wlost J
Eq. (5.39) SG := SG = 4.698 Ans.
Tσ K

Ws Wideal Wlost SG
J
(a) −3753.8J −5163J 1409.3J 4.698
K
J
(b) −2460.9J −2953.9J 493J 1.643
K
J
(c) −3063.7J −4193.7J 1130J 3.767
K

J
(d) −3853.5J −4952.4J 1098.8J 3.663
K
J
(e) −3055.4J −4119.2J 1063.8J 3.546
K

mol
5.41 P1 := 2500kPa P2 := 150kPa Tσ := 300K mdot := 20
sec
⎛ P2 ⎞ kJ
∆S := −R⋅ ln ⎜ ∆S = 0.023
⎝ P1 ⎠ mol⋅ K
kJ
SdotG := mdot⋅ ∆S SdotG = 0.468 Ans.
sec⋅ K
Wdotlost := Tσ ⋅ SdotG Wdotlost = 140.344 kW Ans.

5.42 QH := 1kJ W := 0.45kJ TH := ( 250 + 273.15)K TH = 523.15 K

TC := ( 25 + 273.15)K TC = 298.15 K
W
η actual := η actual = 0.45
QH

136
 TC
η max := 1 − η max = 0.43
TH

Since ηactual>ηmax, the process is impossible.

5.43 QH := −150⋅ kJ Q1 := 50⋅ kJ Q2 := 100⋅ kJ

TH := 550⋅ K T1 := 350⋅ K T2 := 250⋅ K Tσ := 300⋅ K

QH Q1 Q2 kJ
(a) SG := + + SG = 0.27 Ans.
TH T1 T2 K

(b) Wlost := Tσ ⋅ SG Wlost = 81.039 kJ Ans.

5.44 Wdot := −750⋅ MW TH := ( 315 + 273.15) ⋅ K TC := ( 20 + 273.15) ⋅ K

TH = 588.15 K TC = 293.15 K
TC
(a) η max := 1 − η max = 0.502 Ans.
TH

Wdot
QdotH := QdotC := QdotH − Wdot
η max
QdotC = 745.297 MW (minimum value)

Wdot 9
(b) η := 0.6⋅ η max QdotH := QdotH = 2.492 × 10 W
η
3
QdotC := QdotH − Wdot QdotC = 1.742 × 10 MW (actual value)
3
m gm
River temperature rise: Vdot := 165⋅ ρ := 1⋅
s 3
cm
cal QdotC
Cp := 1⋅ ∆T := ∆T = 2.522 K Ans.
gm⋅ K Vdot⋅ ρ ⋅ Cp

137
5.46 T1 := ( 20 + 273.15)K T2 := ( 27 + 273.15) ⋅ K T3 := ( −22 + 273.15)K

P1 := 5bar P2 := 1atm

First check the First Law using Eqn. (2.33) neglect changes in kinetic and
potential energy.

∆H :=
6
7
( −3 5
⋅ R⋅ ICPH T1 , T2 , 3.355 , 0.575⋅ 10 , 0 , −0.016⋅ 10 ... )
1
( −3
+ ICPH T1 , T3 , 3.355 , 0.575⋅ 10 , 0 , −0.016⋅ 10 ⋅ R
7
5
)
− 4 kJ
∆H = 8.797 × 10 ∆H is essentially zero so the first law is satisfied.
mol
Calculate the rate of entropy generation using Eqn. (5.23)

SG :=
6
7
( −3 5
⋅ R⋅ ICPS T1 , T2 , 3.355 , 0.575⋅ 10 , 0 , −0.016⋅ 10 ... )
1
( −3 5 ⎛ P2 ⎞
+ ⋅ R⋅ ICPS T1 , T3 , 3.355 , 0.575⋅ 10 , 0 , −0.016⋅ 10 − R⋅ ln ⎜ )
7 ⎝ P1 ⎠
kJ
SG = 0.013 Since SG ≥ 0, this process is possible.
mol⋅ K

5.47 3
ft
a) Vdot := 100000 T1 := ( 70 + 459.67)rankine T2 := ( 20 + 459.67)rankine
hr
P := 1atm Tσ := ( 70 + 459.67)rankine
Assume air is an Ideal Gas
P⋅ Vdot lbmol
ndot := ndot = 258.555
R⋅ T1 hr
Calculate ideal work using Eqn. (5.26)

(
Wideal := ndot⋅ ⎡⎢ R⋅ ICPH T1 , T2 , 3.355 , 0.575⋅ 10 , 0 , −0.016⋅ 10 ...
−3
)
5 ⎤⎥
( (
⎢ + −Tσ⋅ R⋅ ICPS T1 , T2 , 3.355 , 0.575⋅ 10− 3 , 0 , −0.016⋅ 105
⎣ )) ⎥
⎦
Wideal = 1.776 hp

138
 3
m
b) Vdot := 3000 T1 := ( 25 + 273.15)K T2 := ( −8 + 273.15)K
hr
P := 1atm Tσ := ( 25 + 273.15)K
Assume air is an Ideal Gas
P⋅ Vdot mol
ndot := ndot = 34.064
R⋅ T1 s
Calculate ideal work using Eqn. (5.26)

(
Wideal := ndot⋅ ⎡⎢ R⋅ ICPH T1 , T2 , 3.355 , 0.575⋅ 10 , 0 , −0.016⋅ 10 ...
−3 5
) ⎤⎥
( (
⎢ + −Tσ⋅ R⋅ ICPS T1 , T2 , 3.355 , 0.575⋅ 10− 3 , 0 , −0.016⋅ 105
⎣ )) ⎥
⎦
Wideal = 1.952 kW

5.48 T1 := ( 2000 + 459.67)rankine T2 := ( 300 + 459.67)rankine

Cp ( T) := ⎛⎜ 3.83 + 0.000306⋅
T ⎞ BTU gm
⋅R ∆Hv := 970 M := 29
⎝ rankine ⎠ lbm mol

Tσ := ( 70 + 459.67)rankine Tsteam := ( 212 + 459.67)rankine

a) First apply an energy balance on the boiler to get the ratio of steam flow
rate to gas flow rate.:

T
⌠ 2
ndotgas⋅ ⎮ Cp ( T) dT + mdotsteam⋅ ∆Hv = 0
⌡T
1
T
⌠ 2
−⎮ Cp ( T) dT
⌡T
1 lb
mdotndot := mdotndot = 15.043
∆Hv lbmol

Calculate the rate of entropy generation in the boiler. This is the sum of the
entropy generation of the steam and the gas.

SdotG = SdotGsteam + SdotGgas

139
 Calculate entropy generation per lbmol of gas:
SdotG mdotsteam
= ⋅ ∆Ssteam + ∆Sgas
ndotgas ndotgas

∆Hv BTU
∆Ssteam := ∆Ssteam = 1.444
Tsteam lb⋅ rankine
T
⌠ 2 C p ( T)
∆Sgas := ⎮ dT − 3 kg BTU
⎮ T ∆Sgas = −9.969 × 10
⌡T mol lb⋅ rankine
1
BTU
SdotG := mdotndot⋅ ∆Ssteam + ∆Sgas SdotG = 11.756
lbmol⋅ rankine
Calculate lost work by Eq. (5.34)
BTU
Wlost := SdotG⋅ Tσ Wlost = 6227 Ans.
lbmol

−∆Hv BTU
b) ∆Hsteam := −∆Hv ∆Ssteam := ∆Ssteam = −1.444
Tsteam lb⋅ rankine

(
Wideal := ∆Hsteam − Tσ ⋅ ∆Ssteam ) Wideal = −205.071
BTU
lb
Calculate lbs of steam generated per lbmol of gas cooled.
T
⌠ 2
⎮ Cp ( T) dT
⌡T lb
1
mn := mn = 15.043
−∆Hv lbmol

Use ratio to calculate ideal work of steam per lbmol of gas

3 BTU
Wideal⋅ mn = −3.085 × 10 Ans.
lbmol
T
⌠ 2
c) ∆Hgas := ⎮ Cp ( T) dT
⌡T
1
3 BTU
Wideal := ∆Hgas − Tσ ⋅ ∆Sgas Wideal = −9.312 × 10 Ans.
lbmol

140
5.49 T1 := ( 1100 + 273.15)K T2 := ( 150 + 273.15)K

Cp ( T) := ⎛⎜ 3.83 + 0.000551⋅
T⎞ kJ gm
⋅R ∆Hv := 2256.9 M := 29
⎝ K⎠ kg mol

Tσ := ( 25 + 273.15)K Tsteam := ( 100 + 273.15)K

a) First apply an energy balance on the boiler to get the ratio of steam flow rate to
gas flow rate.:

T
⌠ 2
ndotgas⋅ ⎮ Cp ( T) dT + mdotsteam⋅ ∆Hv = 0
⌡T
1
T
⌠ 2
−⎮ Cp ( T) dT
⌡T gm
1
mdotndot := mdotndot = 15.135
∆Hv mol

Calculate the rate of entropy generation in the boiler. This is the sum of the
entropy generation of the steam and the gas.

SdotG = SdotGsteam + SdotGgas

Calculate entropy generation per lbmol of gas:

SdotG mdotsteam
= ⋅ ∆Ssteam + ∆Sgas
ndotgas ndotgas

∆Hv 3 J
∆Ssteam := ∆Ssteam = 6.048 × 10
Tsteam kg⋅ K
T
⌠ 2 C p ( T)
∆Sgas := ⎮ dT J
⎮ T ∆Sgas = −41.835
⌡T mol⋅ K
1
J
SdotG := mdotndot⋅ ∆Ssteam + ∆Sgas SdotG = 49.708
mol⋅ K
Calculate lost work by Eq. (5.34)
kJ
Wlost := SdotG⋅ Tσ Wlost = 14.8 Ans.
mol

141
 −∆Hv 3 J
b) ∆Hsteam := −∆Hv ∆Ssteam := ∆Ssteam = −6.048 × 10
Tsteam kg⋅ K

(
Wideal := ∆Hsteam − Tσ ⋅ ∆Ssteam ) Wideal = −453.618
kJ
kg
Calculate lbs of steam generated per lbmol of gas cooled.
T
⌠ 2
⎮ Cp ( T) dT
⌡T
1 gm
mn := mn = 15.135
−∆Hv mol

Use ratio to calculate ideal work of steam per lbmol of gas

kJ
Wideal⋅ mn = −6.866 Ans.
mol
T
⌠ 2
c) ∆Hgas := ⎮ Cp ( T) dT
⌡T
1
kJ
Wideal := ∆Hgas − Tσ ⋅ ∆Sgas Wideal = −21.686 Ans.
mol

5.50 T1 := ( 830 + 273.15)K T2 := ( 35 + 273.15)K Tσ := ( 25 + 273.15)K

(
a) ∆Sethylene := R⋅ ICPS T1 , T2 , 1.424 , 14.394⋅ 10− 3 , −4.392⋅ 10− 6 , 0 )
kJ
∆Sethylene = −0.09
mol⋅ K

(
Qethylene := R⋅ ICPH T1 , T2 , 1.424 , 14.394⋅ 10
−3 −6
, −4.392⋅ 10 )
,0
kJ
Qethylene = −60.563
mol
Wlost := Tσ ⋅ ∆Sethylene − Qethylene kJ
Wlost = 33.803
mol

Now place a heat engine between the ethylene and the surroundings. This
would constitute a reversible process, therefore, the total entropy generated
must be zero. calculate the heat released to the surroundings for ∆Stotal = 0.

142
 QC
∆Sethylene − = 0 Solving for QC gives: QC := Tσ ⋅ ∆Sethylene
Tσ
kJ
QC = −26.76
mol

Now apply an energy balance around the heat engine to find the work
produced. Note that the heat gained by the heat engine is the heat lost by
the ethylene.

kJ
QH := −Qethylene WHE := QH + QC WHE = 33.803
mol
The lost work is exactly equal to the work that could be produced by the heat
engine

143