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Network Protocol: Protocols

Network protocols define standards for how devices communicate and exchange information over a network. Some common protocols include Ethernet, which uses CSMA/CD to allow nodes to access the network and send data, Token Ring which uses a token passed along a virtual ring topology to determine which node can transmit, and TCP/IP which defines how messages are routed and divided into packets from one end of the network to the other to ensure reliable delivery. Wireless standards like 802.11, Bluetooth, WiMAX, and WAP also specify how devices communicate wirelessly via radio waves or other wireless means.

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51 views

Network Protocol: Protocols

Network protocols define standards for how devices communicate and exchange information over a network. Some common protocols include Ethernet, which uses CSMA/CD to allow nodes to access the network and send data, Token Ring which uses a token passed along a virtual ring topology to determine which node can transmit, and TCP/IP which defines how messages are routed and divided into packets from one end of the network to the other to ensure reliable delivery. Wireless standards like 802.11, Bluetooth, WiMAX, and WAP also specify how devices communicate wirelessly via radio waves or other wireless means.

Uploaded by

Nick ivan Alvares
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NETWORK PROTOCOL

Protocols as applied to networks and data communications refer to a set of rules


or standards design to enable computers connect with one another and to exchange
information with as little error as possible.

ETHERNET is one of the most widely used network protocol. It makes use of the
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect CSMA/CD and it is simple and
inexpensive to use. However, each node must wait for its turn before it can send data to
other nodes. When a node on the network needs to send data to another computer or
device, it must check first to see whether the network is available. If another computer
is using the network, it waits for a while and it tries again.

TOKEN RING is an IBM network protocol, which based on the ring topology. The
controlling hardware, a token-ring network transmits the electronic address of each
node on the network many times per second. Each node will then check these
addresses. If the sent address matches the node's address, the node can attach a data
and pass it along a file server or another node.

TCP is short for Transmission Control Protocol is a network standard specifically a


protocol that defines how messages (data) are routed from one end of a network to the
other, ensuring the data arrives correctly. IP (Internet Protocol) describes rules for
dividing messages into small pieces called packets, providing addresses for each packet,
and regulating the flow of the messages along the network.

802.11 (Wi-Fi) is a series of network standards that specifies how two wireless devices
communicate over the air with each other. The term Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) identifies
any network based on the 802.11 series of standards.

BLUETOOTH is a network standard, specifically a protocol, that defines how two


Bluetooth devices short range radio waves to transmit data. To communicate with each
other. Bluetooth devices often must be within about ten meters. Bluetooth is classified
as a personal area network.

WiMAX (worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) also known as 802.16 is a


newer network standard developed by IEEE that specifies how wireless devices
communicate via radio waves with other computers or devices via WiMAX tower.

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is a standard, specifically a protocol that specifies


how some wireless mobile devices such as the Web, e-mail, chat rooms, and
newsgroups.

COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES
A Communication Device is any type of hardware capable of transmitting data,
instructions, and information between a sending device and a receiving device.

At the sending ends, a communications device sends the data, instructions or


information from the sending device to a communications channel.

At the receiving end, a communications device receives the signals from the
communications channel.
SIGNAL
Telecommunications media carry two basic types of signals, analog and digital.

Analog Signals are continuous waves that transmit information by altering the
characteristics of waves. Analog signals have two parameters: amplitude and frequency.

Example - Voice and all sounds is analog, traveling to human ears in the form of waves.
The higher the wave (amplitude), the louder the sound, the more closely packed the
waves, the higher the frequency or pitch (Rainer, et.al, 2009)

Digital Signals do not have the characteristic "wave" shape that analog signals do.
They have discrete pulses that are on or off. This quality allows them to convey
information in a binary form that can be clearly interpreted by computers.

Computers typically cannot distinguish whether an analog wave is an "on" mode or


"off" mode. With digital signals, the signal is clearly on or off.

COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
A communication channel is the transmission media on which data, instructions,
or information travel in a communications system. The amount of data, instructions,
and information that can travel over a communications channel sometimes is called the
bandwidth.

Latency is the time it takes a signal to travel from one location to another on a
network. For best performance, bandwidth should be high and latency low.

A communications channel consists of one or more transmission media.


Transmission media consist of materials or substances capable of carrying one or more
signals.

Baseband media transmit only one signal at a time, while broadband media
transmit multiple signals simultaneously. Broadband media transmit signals at a much
faster speed than baseband media.

Broadband access is a vehicle that allows the delivery of an entirely new breed of
media services and communications-oriented applications. In the long run, it is these
new services and applications that will differentiate broadband from dial-up Internet
access and give consumers a reason for subscribing to broadband.

TWO TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA


1. Physical transmission media - used in communications include twisted pair
cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. These cables typically are used within or
underground between buildings. Ethernet and Token ring LANs often use physical
transmission media.

2. Wireless transmission media - There are instances when the use of coax cable,
fiber-optic cable or twisted pair wire is impossible or practical. Like how would you
connect two places, which are separated by a mountain range or a large body of water
such as ocean? The solution to this is to use of wireless inks like microwave radio
signals and satellites.

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