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Republic of The Philippines Province of Cotabato Municipality of Makilala Makilala, Cotabato

1. Normalization is a database design technique that examines relationships between attributes to identify an optimal set of relations that minimizes redundancy and supports the enterprise's data requirements. 2. The purpose of normalization is to reduce data redundancy and update anomalies. When the same data is stored in multiple places, updating it becomes more difficult and errors can occur. 3. Normalization aims to group attributes into relations based on their logical relationships, described as functional dependencies. This structure minimizes redundancy while enabling modeling of relationships between data through foreign keys.

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27 views6 pages

Republic of The Philippines Province of Cotabato Municipality of Makilala Makilala, Cotabato

1. Normalization is a database design technique that examines relationships between attributes to identify an optimal set of relations that minimizes redundancy and supports the enterprise's data requirements. 2. The purpose of normalization is to reduce data redundancy and update anomalies. When the same data is stored in multiple places, updating it becomes more difficult and errors can occur. 3. Normalization aims to group attributes into relations based on their logical relationships, described as functional dependencies. This structure minimizes redundancy while enabling modeling of relationships between data through foreign keys.

Uploaded by

Lance daguhoy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Republic of the Philippines

Province of Cotabato
Municipality of Makilala
MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TEHNOLOGY
Makilala, Cotabato

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS


CC 105 – INFORMATION MANAGEMENT (DATABASE 2)

Course Number : CC105 Instructor : Aldren M. Barcebal/Roy Tapia


Course Title : INFO. MANAGEMENT Mobile No. : 09397468508/09127807609
Credits : 3 units Email Add. : [email protected]/[email protected]
Module No. : Two (2) Semester : 1st Sem., SY. 2021-2022
Duration : Two Weeks (2)

I. LEARNING OUTCOME(S):

At the end of this module, you are expected to:


➢ define normalization;
➢ describe the purpose of normalization;
➢ explain data redundancy and update anomalies;
➢ identify and describe the types of update anomaly that may occur on a relation that has
redundant data; and
➢ describe the concept of functional dependency.

II. TOPIC: SQL String Functions

III. REFERENCE
i. “Database Systems” 3rd Edition by Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg
ii. “Modern Database Management” 6th Edition by Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B.
Prescott, Fred R. McFadden

IV. COURSE CONTENT

NORMALIZATION

Normalization is a database design technique, which begins by examining the relationships


(called functional dependencies) between attributes. Attributes describe some property of the data or
of the relationships between the data that is important to the enterprise. Normalization uses a series
of tests (described as normal forms) to help identify the optimal grouping for these attributes to
ultimately identify a set of suitable relations that supports the data requirements of the enterprise.
The Purpose of Normalization

The purpose of normalization is to identify a suitable set of relations that support the data
requirements of an enterprise. The characteristics of a suitable set of relations include the following:
▪ the minimal number of attributes necessary to support the data requirements of the enterprise;
▪ attributes with a close logical relationship (described as functional dependency) are found in the
same relation;
▪ minimal redundancy with each attribute represented only once with the important exception of
attributes that form all or part of foreign keys which are essential for the joining of related
relations.

The benefits of using a database that has a suitable set of relations is that the database will be easier
for the user to access and maintain the data, and take up minimal storage space on the computer.

Data Redundancy and Update Anomalies


Data redundancy occurs when the same piece of data is stored in two or more separate places.
Suppose you create a database to store sales records, and in the records for each sale, you enter the
customer address. Yet, you have multiple sales to the same customer so the same address is entered
multiple times. The address that is repeatedly entered is redundant data.

A major aim of relational database design is to group attributes into relations to minimize data
redundancy. If this aim is achieved, the potential benefits for the implemented database include the
following:
▪ updates to the data stored in the database are achieved with a minimal number of operations
thus reducing the opportunities for data inconsistencies occurring in the database;
▪ reduction in the file storage space required by the base relations thus minimizing costs.

Of course, relational databases also rely on the existence of a certain amount of data redundancy. This
redundancy is in the form of copies of primary keys (or candidate keys) acting as foreign keys in related
relations to enable the modeling of relationships between data. In this discussion we illustrate the
problems associated with unwanted data redundancy by comparing the Staff and Branch relations
shown in Figure 1 with the StaffBranch relation.

Figure 1
Figure 2

2.

2
2

1
2

Functional Dependencies

An important concept associated with normalization is functional dependency, which describes


the relationship between attributes (Maier, 1983).
3

Figure 3
3.

1.

2.

V. ASSESSMENT

1. What is normalization?
2. Why do we need to normalize data in a database?
3. How data redundancy and update anomalies occur?
4. Describe the concept of functional dependency in not less than 2 paragraphs.
5. What are the different types of update anomaly? Describe how each anomaly occurs on a relation
that has redundant data.

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