Software can be divided into two types: –

1. Open Source software

2. Proprietary software
Open Source software refers to the type of software that has a free licensed
source code that is open to use for all. Open Source software began with Richard
Stallman, who is the founder of Free Software Foundation.

He is hailed as the pioneer of free software. He wrote and released the GNU
General Public License in 1989. This is a free software license, free for use by
anyone. The characteristic feature of Open Source software is that it is
developed for open collaboration.

Comparison Table Between Open Source Software

and Proprietary Software
Parameter of
Open Source Software Proprietary Software 
Comparison

Open Source software refers to software Proprietary software refers to the type
that contains a source code with license of software that contains a licensed
Definition     which is open to free use, modification and source code and is copyrighted for
distribution. use. 

Proprietary software is not meant for

Open Source software is developed for
Collaboration    open collaboration, but only for the
open collaboration.
creator and users who have paid for it.

Proprietary software can be accessed

Open Source software has open access, that
Access   only by those who developed it and
is, can be accessed by anyone.
those who have paid for it.

Open Source software is flexible, that is, it Proprietary software has restricted
Flexibility       can be used, modified and distributed by flexibility, that is, there are restrictions
anyone. on its usage.

1. Windows, Microsoft,
FreeBSD (Berklee Software Distribution),
macOS, Adobe Photoshop,
Android, LibreOffice, Ubuntu , GNOME
  Example Adobe Flash Player, iTunes
Firefox are a few examples of
are a few examples of Proprietary
Open Source software.
software.
Key Differences
To summarize, the differences between Open Source and Proprietary software are as
follows:

Open Source

 Free to Use
 Can be Freely Distributed
 Can be Customized
 Limited Intellectual Property Protections
 Usually Developed and Maintained by non-profit organizations

Proprietary 

 Requires Payment to Use

 Requires Authorization for Distribution
 Cannot Be Customized
 Full Intellectual Property Protections
 Usually Developed and Maintained by for-profit entities

In general, open source software is commonly developed and maintained by

non-profit organizations whereas proprietary software is commonly developed
and maintained by corporations or for-profit entities. As such,

proprietary software typically has strict intellectual property protections that

prevent unauthorized copying and distribution of the software. Organizations that
provide proprietary software do not release the underlying software code known
as the source code to the public, making it impossible for legitimate users to
create new variants of the software. 

In contrast, open source software can be freely copied and distributed without
worrying about violating intellectual property rights. In addition to the software
itself being freely available, the software’s source code is usually released for
free distribution as well. By accessing the source code, users can create their
 own customized variants of the software in question and then freely distribute
those variants as they see fit.

Open source software (OSS) refers to the software which uses the code
freely available on the Internet.  The code can be copied, modified or deleted
by other users and organizations. As the software is open to the public, the
result is that it constantly updates, improves and expands as more people can
work on its improvement.

Closed source software (CSS) is opposite to OSS and means the software

which uses the proprietary and closely guarded code. Only the original
authors of software can access, copy, and alter that software. In a case with
closed source software, you are not purchasing the software, but only pay to
use it.

What are the Pros and Cons of CSS?

 Pros: The closed source looks better due to the quality of the support and the degree of
customizability it provides. Timely support is usually on hand for those who need it. Security is
another huge factor.
 Cons: CSS can run into six figures in terms of cost. Users will usually have to pay a
base fee and licensing and support charges. Additionally, some users think that viewing or
making changes to source code is often restricted by closed source software is seen as a
downfall.

What are the Pros and Cons of OSS?

 Pros: One of the most essential benefits of OSS is that open source software is the
cheaper option, even if there are such outlays as training staff and enhancing infrastructure.
Additionally, open-source software proposes a high level of flexibility. It is more reliant on blogs
and forums in terms of customer service.
 Cons: OSS flexibility is often questioned because of its effect on the end-user and
because it might have a negative impact on software growth. The lack of controlled security is a
core reason that organizations might shy away from open source.

 Comparing Two Software Systems in Detail

In order to understand the specialties of open OSS and CSS better, we propose you to
compare their five basic aspects: source code availability, usability, security, support,
and pricing.
 
Open Source vs Closed Source: Source Code Availability
The OSS solutions provide a chance to change the source code without any
restrictions. Users may develop what they want, getting benefits from innovations
developed by others within the user community. The source code is easily accessible,
so it enables developers to improve the already existing programs.
СSS is more limited than OSS as the source code cannot be changed or viewed.
However, these restrictions are what may contribute to CSS reliability and security.
 

Open Source vs Closed Source: Usability

Usability is a painful point of OSS. User manuals are written for developers rather than
to ordinary users. These guides are failing to conform to the standards and structure.
For CSS, usability is a real merit. Documentation is typically well written and contains
detailed instructions.
 

Open Source vs Closed Source: Security

Security is a rather controversial question. The OSS code can be viewed, shared, and
modified by the community. It means that anyone can fix, upgrade and test the broken
code. However, the source code is open for hackers because of its availability. 
Only a vendor can fix closed source software. You have to send a request if something
goes wrong with the software and wait for the answer.
 

Open Source vs Closed Source: Support

In this particular comparison, closed source software is the winner. The cost is about
the option to contact support and get it in one business day in most cases. Responses
must be well organized and documented. For OSS, such an option is not provided. The
only possible support options are useful articles, forums, and hired experts.
 

Open Source vs Closed Source: Price Policy

The open-source solutions are typically free of cost software. However, they may have
costs for extra opportunities such as additional services, added functionality, or extra
assistance. 
CSS is usually paid. Its costs may vary depending on the complexity of the software.
Actually, many companies provide free trials to convince buyers that their software is
the right fit.
What is Verification in Software Testing?
Verification in Software Testing is a process of checking documents,
design, code, and program in order to check if the software has been built
according to the requirements or not. The main goal of verification process is
to ensure quality of software application, design, architecture etc. The
verification process involves activities like reviews, walk-throughs and
inspection.

What is Validation in Software Testing?

Validation in Software Engineering is a dynamic mechanism of testing and
validating if the software product actually meets the exact needs of the
customer or not. The process helps to ensure that the software fulfills the
desired use in an appropriate environment. The validation process involves
activities like unit testing, integration testing, system testing and user
acceptance testing.

KEY DIFFERENCE
 Verification process includes checking of documents, design, code and
program whereas Validation process includes testing and validation of
the actual product.
 Verification does not involve code execution while Validation involves
code execution.
 Verification uses methods like reviews, walkthroughs, inspections and
desk-checking whereas Validation uses methods like black box testing,
white box testing and non-functional testing.
 Verification checks whether the software confirms a specification
whereas Validation checks whether the software meets the
requirements and expectations.
 Verification finds the bugs early in the development cycle whereas
Validation finds the bugs that verification can not catch.
 Comparing validation and verification in software testing, Verification
process targets on software architecture, design, database, etc. while
Validation process targets the actual software product.
 Verification is done by the QA team while Validation is done by the
involvement of testing team with QA team.
  Comparing Verification vs Validation testing, Verification process comes
before validation whereas Validation process comes after verification.

Verification vs Validation: Key Difference

Here is the main difference between verification and validation testing:

Verification Validation

 The verifying process includes checking documents,  It is a dynamic mechanism of testing

design, code, and program and validating the actual product

 It does not involve executing the code  It always involves executing the code

 Verification uses methods like reviews, walkthroughs,  It uses methods like Black Box Testing, White Box
inspections, and desk- checking etc. Testing, and non-functional testing

  Whether the software conforms to specification is  It checks whether the software meets the
checked requirements and expectations of a customer

 It can find bugs that the verification process can

 It finds bugs early in the development cycle
not catch

 Target is application and software architecture,

specification, complete design, high level, and database  Target is an actual product
design etc.

 QA team does verification and make sure that the  With the involvement of testing team validation is
software is as per the requirement in the SRS document. executed on software code.

 It comes before validation  It comes after verification

Example of verification and validation

Now, let’s take an example to explain verification and validation planning:

 In Software Engineering, consider the following specification for verification testing and
validation testing,

A clickable button with name Submet

 Verification would check the design doc and correcting the spelling mistake.
  Otherwise, the development team will create a button like

C++ friend Function and friend

Classes
In this tutorial, we will learn to create friend functions and friend classes in C+
+ with the help of examples.

Data hiding is a fundamental concept of object-oriented programming. It

restricts the access of private members from outside of the class.

Similarly, protected members can only be accessed by derived classes and

are inaccessible from outside. For example,

class MyClass {
private:
int member1;
}

int main() {
MyClass obj;

// Error! Cannot access private members from here.

obj.member1 = 5;
}

However, there is a feature in C++ called friend functions that break this rule

and allow us to access member functions from outside the class.
Similarly, there is a friend class as well, which we will learn later in this
tutorial.
friend Function in C++
A friend function can access the private and protected data of a class. We
declare a friend function using the friend keyword inside the body of the class.

class className {
... .. ...
friend returnType functionName(arguments);
... .. ...
}

friend Class in C++

We can also use a friend Class in C++ using the friend keyword. For example,

class ClassB;

class ClassA {
// ClassB is a friend class of ClassA
friend class ClassB;
... .. ...
}

class ClassB {
... .. ...
}

When a class is declared a friend class, all the member functions of the friend
class become friend functions.

Since ClassB is a friend class, we can access all members of ClassA from

inside ClassB.
However, we cannot access members of ClassB from inside ClassA. It is
because friend relation in C++ is only granted, not taken.
 Polymorphism is one of the OOPs feature that allows us to perform a
single action in different ways. For example, lets say we have a
class Animal that has a method sound(). Since this is a generic class so
 we can’t give it a implementation like: Roar, Meow, Oink etc. We had to
give a generic message.

public class Animal{

...
public void sound(){
System.out.println("Animal is making a sound");
}
}

What is polymorphism in programming?

Polymorphism is the capability of a method to do different things based on the
object that it is acting upon. In other words, polymorphism allows you define one
interface and have multiple implementations. As we have seen in the above
example that we have defined the method sound() and have the multiple
implementations of it in the different-2 sub classes.
Which sound() method will be called is determined at runtime so the example we
gave above is a runtime polymorphism example.

Types of polymorphism and method overloading & overriding are covered in the
separate tutorials. You can refer them here:
1. Method Overloading in Java – This is an example of compile time (or static
polymorphism)
2. Method Overriding in Java – This is an example of runtime time (or dynamic
polymorphism)
3. Types of Polymorphism – Runtime and compile time – This is our next tutorial
where we have covered the types of polymorphism in detail. I would recommend
you to go though method overloading and overriding before going though this
topic.

Object oriented programming is a type of programming which uses objects and classes
its functioning. The object oriented programming is based on real world entities like
inheritance, polymorphism, data hiding, etc. It aims at binding together data and
function work on these data sets into a single entity to restrict their usage.
Some basic concepts of object oriented programming are −

 CLASS
 OBJECTS
 ENCAPSULATION
 POLYMORPHISM
  INHERITANCE
 ABSTRACTION
Class − A class is a data-type that has its own members i.e. data members and
member functions. It is the blueprint for an object in object oriented programming
language. It is the basic building block of object oriented programming in c++. The
members of a class are accessed in programming language by creating an instance of
the class.
Some important properties of class are −
 Class is a user-defined data-type.
 A class contains members like data members and member functions.
 Data members are variables of the class.
 Member functions are the methods that are used to manipulate data members.
 Data members define the properties of the class whereas the member functions
define the behaviour of the class.