ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POWER SYSTEM LAB

EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB-ONLINE
LABORATORY COURSE
List of Experiments
Sl. Name of the experiment
No.
1 Determination of ABCD parameters of a 400 kV, 300 km transmission
line
2 To study and compare the performance of a ring and radial distribution
systems
3 Determination of power angle characteristics of a transmission line
4 Improvement of voltage profile at a load bus using a shunt capacitor
5 To verify Ferranti effect in a transmission line
6 Study of Surge Impedance Loading of a transmission Line
7 To draw the P V characteristics of a transmission line
8 To study the characteristics of a series compensated transmission line
 General instructions for SIMULINK
Launch MATLAB from your PC/LAPTOP
Type ‘simulink’ in the command window
The following window will open

Press on New model

An untitled new model will open

Type powergui in the search box of SIMULINK library and search
Select the powergui block and export to the new model either by dragging or by
rightclicking and selecting ‘Add block to model unititled’

The Powergui block will be imported to the model

Left click on the powergui block twice and change from continuous mode to
discrete with sampling time 50e-6 and solver type TBE

Start importing elements one by one from the library. All the elements can be
found under Simscape-> SimPowerSystems->Specialized Technology
 NOTE RELATED TO THE EXPERIMENTS
A transmission line is a 3 phase 3 wire system. However, in the simulation
models, to avoid complexities, we have considered per phase systems
comprising a phase and a neutral.
 Experiment 1
AIM Determination of ABCD parameters of a 400 kV, 300 km transmission
line.
SIMULINK BLOCKS REQUIRED:
1. AC voltage source single phase-50 Hz, 326.60kV peak
2. Series RL element (R=1.85Ohms, L=0.049H)-6 Nos.
3. Capacitors (C=299.6nF)-12 Nos.
4. RMS block-3Nos.
5. Display block-3Nos.
6. Voltage and current measurement blocks
7. Powergui
Note: Line considered is a 400 kV, 300 km transmission line. Each pi section
represents a length of 50 km. Six such pi sections are cascaded to represent a
physical line length of 300 km.
THEORY:
ABCD parameters basically describe the relation between the sending end and
receiving end voltage and currents. Power grids deals in the transmission of
electrical power from one particular place (e.g., generating station) to another
like substations or distribution units with maximum efficiency. Thu, the entire
transmission system can be simplified to a two-port network for the sake of
easier
calculations.

As the name suggests, a 2 port network can be named with an input port PQ
and
an output port RS. Each port has 2 terminals to connect itself to the external
circuit. Thus, it is essentially a 2 port or a 4 terminal circuit, as shown in fig

Now the ABCD parameters or the transmission line parameters provide the link
between the supply and receiving end voltages and currents, considering the
circuit elements to be linear in nature. Thus, the relation between the sending
and
receiving end specifications are given using ABCD parameters by the equations
below:

𝑉𝑠= A𝑉𝑟+ B𝐼𝑟(1)

𝐼𝑠= C𝑉𝑟+ D𝐼𝑟(2)

Now in order to determine the ABCD parameters of transmission line let us

impose the required circuit conditions in different cases.

ABCD Parameters, when receiving End is Open Circuited:

The receiving end is open circuited meaning receiving end current I R = 0.

Applying this condition to equation above we get,

Thus, it implies that on applying open circuit condition to ABCD parameters,

we get parameter A as the ratio of sending end voltage to the open circuit
receiving end voltage. Since dimension wise A is a ratio of voltage to voltage, A
is a dimension less parameter.

Applying the same open circuit condition i.e., IR = 0 to equation (2)

Thus, it implies that on applying open circuit condition to ABCD parameters of
transmission line, we get parameter C as the ratio of sending end current to the
open circuit receiving end voltage. Since dimension wise C is a ratio of current
tovoltage, its unit is mho. C is the open circuit conductance and is given byC =
IS ⁄ VR mho.

ABCD Parameters, when receiving End is Short Circuited:

Receiving end is short circuited meaning receiving end voltage VR = 0. Applying

this condition to equation (1) we get,

Thus, it implies that on applying short circuit condition to ABCD parameters,

we get parameter B as the ratio of sending end voltage to the short circuit
receiving end current. Since dimension wise B is a ratio of voltage to current,
its unit is Ω. Thus, B is the short circuit resistance and is given by B = VS ⁄ IR
Ω.

Applying the same short circuit condition i.e., VR = 0 to equation (2) we get

Thus, it implies that on applying short circuit condition to ABCD parameters,

we get parameter D as the ratio of sending end current to the short circuit
receiving end current. Since dimension wise D is a ratio of current to current,
itis a dimensionless parameter.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Seeat the end of this experiment

PROCEDURE:
Short Circuit
1. In Simulink, build the circuit as shown in Fig1. Make sure that in the
RMS block, the fundamental frequency is set to 50 HZ, initial RMS value
is set to 0, and sampling time is same as that used in the ‘powergui’
block.
2. Run the simulation and measure the sending end current and voltage, and
the receiving end voltage.
Open circuit:
1. In Simulink, build the circuit as shown in Fig1. Make sure that in the
RMS block, the fundamental frequency is set to 50 HZ, initial RMS value
is set to 0, and sampling time is same as that used in the ‘powergui’
block.
2. Run the simulation and measure the sending and receiving end
currents and the sending end current.
3. Repeat same by interchanging the secondary end & receiving end.
 Experiment -2
AIM: To study and compare the performance of a ring and radial distribution
systems.
SIMULINK BLOCKS REQUIRED:
1. Single phase 325.27 V peak, 50 Hz AC power supply
2. RL element representing distribution lines (Z1=Z3=0.5+j0.26 Ohms,
Z2=0.25+j0.13 Ohms)
3. RL elements representing loads (R=36.13 Ohms, L=0.071 H)
4. Voltage and Current measurement blocks
5. RMS block
6. Display block
7. Powergui
THEORY
Electrical system between the substation and the consumer’s meters is
calleddistribution system. It generally consists of feeders, distributors and
service mains.

1) Feeders –Conductor which connects the substation or localized generating

station to the area where power is to be distributed. No tappings are taken from
feeder so that current in it remains the same throughout. The main
consideration
in the design of a feeder is that current carrying capacity.

2) Distributors –Conductor from which tapping’s are taken for supply to

theconsumers. The current through a distributor is not constant because
tappings aretaken at various places along its length. The main consideration in
the design ofdistributor is the voltage drop along its length. The statutory limit
of voltagevariation is ± 6% of rated value at consumers’ terminals.
3) Service mains –Small cable connects the distributor of consumer’s terminals.

Connections of a distribution system are of two types- ring main

distributionsystem and radial distribution system
RADIAL SYSTEM
In this system, separate feeders radiate from a single substation and feed the
distributions at one end only. The radial system is employed only when the
power is generated at low voltage and the substation is located at the centre of
the load.

Drawbacks:
a) The end of the distributor will be heavily loaded.
b) The consumers are dependent on a single feeder and single distributor.
Therefore, any fault on the feeder or distributor cuts off supply to the consumers
who are on the side of the fault away from the substation.
c) The consumers at the distant end of the distributor would be subjected to
serious voltage fluctuations when the load on the distributor charges
Due to these limitations, this system is used for short distances only.

RING MAIN SYSTEM

This system employs a feeder which covers the whole area of supply finally
returning to the substation. The feeder is closed on itself. The arrangement is
similar to two feeders in parallel on different routes.
a) There are less voltage fluctuations at consumer’s terminals.
b) The system is very reliable as each distributor is fed via two feeders. In the
event of fault on any sections of the feeder, the continuity of supply is
maintained. The supply to all consumers can continue to be available by
isolating the faulty section.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Model of 500 m long feeder is divided into three sections of 200m, 100m, and
200m.

Fig.1 Radial Distribution system

Fig. 2 Ring main distribution system
PROCEDURE:

Radial System

1. Build the SIMULINK model as shown in the figure 1.

2. Make sure that in the RMS block, the fundamental frequency is set to 50 HZ,
initial RMS value is set to 0, and sampling time is same as that used in the
‘powergui’ block.
3. Run the simulation model. Note down the readings of the ammeter (input
side) and the three voltages.

Ring Mains System

1. Build the SIMULINK model as shown in the figure 2.

2. Make sure that in the RMS block, the fundamental frequency is set to 50 HZ,
initial RMS value is set to 0, and sampling time is same as that used in the
‘powergui’ block.
3. Run the simulation model. Note down the readings of the ammeter and the
three voltages.
 Experiment 3

AIM Determination of power angle characteristics of a transmission line.

SIMULINK BLOCKS REQUIRED

1. Series RL element (R=2.96 Ohms, L=77.88mH) representing a short

transmission line of 400 kV, 80 km-1No.
2. Controlled voltage sources -2Nos.
3. Sine Wave function (Set 50 Hz, single phase, 326.60 kV peak rating)-
2Nos.
4. Current and voltage measurement blocks
5. Power measurement blocks
6. Displays
7. RMS calculation block
8. Powergui

THEORY

A Short transmission line can be modelled as an inductance between two busses

as shown in fig. below.

In a loss less line, the power transmitted through transmission line is given by

The expression shows that the transfer of power between sending-end and
receiving end is directly proportional to the sine of the angle between the
voltages at the two points. Keeping the magnitude of the voltage constant, a plot
between the power and the power angle, known as the power angle
characteristics can be
drawn.

Description of Phase Shifting Transformer:

The Phase shifting transformer provides convenient means of adjusting the

power angle in ac circuits. It comprises a wound stator and rotor similar to an
induction motor. Below figure shows the terminal panels and the manner in
which the change from star to delta is made. For single phase output select any
one phase of output.

The phase shifting can be used to change the angle between sending the end
voltage & receiving end voltage as shown in Fig.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig: Circuit Diagram of Power Angle Characteristics

PROCEDURE:
1. Build the SIMULINK model according to the diagram.
2. Set the sending end (Vs) and receiving end (Vr) voltages at 326.60kilovolts
(constant) peak.
3. Now start varying the phase angle (δ) of the sending end voltage (Vs)
(change in the sine wave function) in the steps of 10 0and note the readings of
power blocks and current measurement blocks after running the model.
4. Vary the phase angle of the sending end voltage (change in the sine wave
function) once in leading direction from 0-700, and then in lagging direction for
same range to see the change in direction of power flow from sending end to
receiving end and vice versa.
5. Tabulate the reading &draw the power angle characteristic (P Vs 𝛿).
 Experiment 4

AIM Improvement of voltage profile at a load bus using a shunt capacitor.

SIMULINK BLOCKS REQUIRED

1. AC voltage source, single phase, 50 Hz
2. Pi section transmission line (R=0.037 Ohms/km, L=0.973 mH/km,
C=11.984 nF/km, total length=300 km, 6 sections of 50 km each, rated
line to line voltage is 400 kV, per phase rating is 230.94 kV)
3. RL element representing a load (R=121.13 Ohms, L=0.24 H)-1 No.
4. C element for a shunt capacitor- 1No. (C=20.5 μF)
5. Single phase breaker-1No
6. Breaker control block-1No
7. Voltage and current measurement blocks
8. RMS calculation blocks
9. Display block
10.Powergui block

THEORY
Shunt capacitor is used to improve the power factor of the system. An inductive
load absorbs reactive power due to inductive component. This causes the
voltage at load to dip in addition to the resistive voltage drop static shunt
capacitors are installed near the load terminals, in factory substations in
receiving substation etc. to provide leading VAR & thus to reduce the line
current & total KVA loading of the substation. By using shunt capacitor line
drop is reduced & voltage regulation is improved.
It may be noted that reactive power flow only due to difference in voltage level.
If we make sending end voltage and receiving end voltage equal then there is no
reactive power absorbed by load and all the reactive power absorbed by
transmission line.
Shunt capacitor are switched in when KVA demand on the distribution system
rises& voltage of the bus drops.
Q generation < Q absorption
Q generation > Q absorption
Q generation = Q absorption
Advantages of a shunt capacitor: Low cost, flexibility of installation &
operation.
Disadvantage of a shunt capacitor: Reactive power is proportional to the
square of voltage. Therefore, the reactive power injected by a shunt capacitor is
reduced at a low voltage when it is needed the most.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. Circuit diagram

PROCEDURE
1. Build a SIMULINK model as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the value of the ac voltage source to 326.60 kV peak. The load resistance
is taken as 121.13Ω, and the load inductance as 0.24 H. Take the compensating
shunt capacitor value to be 20.50 μF. Set the duration of simulation to 8
seconds, and the breaker switching time as 2 seconds.
3. Run the simulation and note the input and output voltages prior to the
switching.
4. After2 seconds of the simulation run time, the breaker will close contacts
connecting the shunt capacitor.
5. Note down the change in the output voltage in the observation table.
6. Repeat the same process for other voltage values.
7. Calculate the voltage regulation of the line with and without the capacitor.
8. Repeat the above simulation steps with the following changes:
a. A purely resistive load of 142.50 Ω and a shunt compensating capacitor
of 12.33 μF (Use a separate and similar observation table for recording
the readings)
b. A purely inductive load of 0.45 H and a shunt compensating capacitor
of 22.5 μF.(Use a separate and similar observation table for recording the
readings)

Note: In your report, comment and explain (with the help of mathematical
calculations) the choice of shunt compensating capacitor values for the three
load types.
 Experiment 5

AIM To verify Ferranti effect in a transmission line.

SIMULINK BLOCKS REQUIRED-

1. AC Voltage source, single-phase, 50 Hz, 326.60kV peak

2. Series RL element (R=1.85Ohms, L=0.049 H)-6 Nos.
3. Capacitors (C=0.2996 μF)-12 Nos.
4. Voltage measurement blocks
5. RMS Calculator block
6. Displays
7. Powergui

Note: We have considered a 400 kV, 300 km transmission line. Each pi

section represents a 50 km length. Six such pi sections are cascaded to
represent a physical line length of 300 km.

THEORY
A long transmission line draws a considerable quantity of charging current due
to the capacitance formation between a line and the ground. If such a
transmission line is open circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving end,
then the receiving end voltage becomes greater than the sending end voltage.
This phenomenon is known as Ferranti effect. When the inductive loads at
receiving end are switched off, the reactive power generated by the capacitors
adds on to the transmission lines. As a result, the consumer end voltage
increases and becomes more than the voltage at the supply end.
Ferranti Effect take place when the total current drawn by the distributed
capacitance of the transmission line is greater than the current drawn by the
loads at the receiving end of the line. Therefore, the Ferranti effect is a problem
oflightly loaded lines and especially in underground cables where the
shuntcapacitances have greater value than an overhead line.
The Ferranti Effect does not occur in lines which are loaded, because the
linecapacitive effect is constant and independent of the load, while the inductive
effect will varywith the load. As we increase the inductive load, the VAR
generated by the linecapacitance is consumed by the load and does not add up
to the line.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
See at the end of this experiment
PROCEDURE
1. Build a SIMULINK model as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set a voltage in the AC source.
3. Run the simulation and note down the input and output voltage.
4. Measure voltages at the end of different pi sections of the line(to represent
voltages at different points in the line).
5. Draw the graph between VR and distance.
6. Repeat same for other values of voltages.
 Fig.
Circuit
diagram
Experiment 6

AIM Study of Surge Impedance Loading of a transmission Line

SIMULINK BLOCKS REQUIRED

1. AC voltage source, 1 phase, 50 Hz, 326.60kV peak
2. Current, power and voltage measurement blocks
3. RMS calculation blocks
4. Display units
5. Pi section transmission line (R=0.037 Ohms/km, L=0.973 mH/km,
C=11.984 nF/km, total length=300 km, 6 sections of 50 km each, rated
line to line voltage is 400 kV, per phase rating is 230.94 kV)
6. R element representing a purely resistive load
7. Powergui block

THEORY
The surge impedance loading or SIL of a transmission line is the MW loading
of a transmission line at which a natural reactive power balance occurs.
Surge impedance loading of a line is the power transmitted when it is
terminated by a pure resistive load equal to the surge impedance.

Where 𝑍𝑛is the natural impedance or the surge impedance of the line.
Surge impedance loading can be defined as the load (of unity power factor) that
can be delivered by a line of negligible resistance.
Surge impedance loading,

This can be used for the comparison of loads that can be carried on the
transmission lines at different voltages. From the above expression, the power
transmitted through a long transmission lines can be either increased by
increasing the value of the receiving end line voltage (VLL) or by reducing the
surge impedance (Zo). Voltage transmission capability is increased day by day;
this is the most commonly adopted method for increasing the power limit of the
heavily loaded transmission line. But there is a limit beyond which is neither
economical nor practical to increase the receiving end line voltage
Some methods like introducing series capacitors (capacitors inseries with the
transmission line) or shunt capacitors (capacitors in parallel withtransmission
lines) can be used to reduce the value of surge impedance (Zo).
The Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) can be increased by reducing the Surge
impedance of the line. From the above expression, Zo can be decreased by
either increasing the capacitance (C) of the line, or by reducing the inductance
(L) of the line. The inductance (L) of the transmission line cannot be reduced
easily.By the use of a series capacitor, the surge impedance (Zo) and the phase
shift get reduced due to the decrease in the line inductance (L). This improves
the system stability limit. These capacitors also help in reducing the line drops,
and hence, improves the voltage regulation. But thismethod causes difficulty
under short circuit conditions of system, as capacitors might get damages.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig.1 Finding the surge impedance loading

Fig.2 Open circuit measurements

Fig.3 Short circuit measurements

PROCEDURE
1. Build the SIMULINK model as shown in Fig.1.
2. Set the voltage of sending end (in the AC voltage source) to required level,
i.e., 326.60 kV peak.
3. Run the simulation by applying load. In different simulation runs, keep on
changing the load in suitable steps until the KW of the sending end increases to
a certainlimit, remains constant and then decreases.
4. Note down the value of maximum KW rating or loading. This value gives the
SIL of the line.
5. Remove the load.
6. Build the SIMULINK model given in Fig.2. Note the receiving end is open
circuited using a voltage measurement block. To find SIL, run the simulation
and note down sending end voltage(𝑉𝑜𝑐) and current (𝐼𝑜𝑐).
7. Build the SIMULINK model given in Fig.3. Note the receiving end is short
circuited using a current measurement block. Run the simulation and note down
sending end voltage (𝑉𝑠𝑐) andcurrent (𝐼𝑠𝑐).
8. Find impedance in open circuit and short circuit condition.
 Experiment 7

AIM To draw the P V characteristics of a transmission line.

SIMULINK BLOCKS REQUIRED

1. AC voltage source, 1 phase, 50 Hz, 326.60 kV peak
2. Current, power and voltage measurement blocks
3. RMS calculation blocks
4. Display units
5. Pi section transmission line (R=0.037 Ohms/km, L=0.973 mH/km,
C=11.984 nF/km, total length=300 kms, 6 sections of 50 km each, rated
line to line voltage is 400 kV, per phase rating is 230.94 kV)
6. R element representing a purely resistive load
7. Powergui block

THEORY
The characteristic of power transfer (P-V characteristic) relates the voltage at
the receiving-end bus bar to the active power reaching it, for a given sending-
end voltage, power factor and impedance of transference. It is affected by
changes either in the sending-end voltage magnitude or in the impedance of
transference between sending and receiving ends, or even in the transfer power
factor.
Power-Voltage curve provides very important information for voltage
stabilityanalysis. The exact long transmission line model consists of the
resistance and thereactance. The resistance causes active power loss in theline,
while the reactance causesreactive power loss. The reactive line loss sets the
limit of power transfer.
Consider the simple system as shown in Fig. 1. The generator supplies the
activepower and reactive power, which is transferred through a transmission
line to theload. The voltage at generator bus (VS) is considered as constant
value. Thetransmission line model is represented by an impedance Z. The load
is representedby the active (PR) and reactive power (QR).
 Fig.1
The power system is operated in upper part of the P-V curve. The head of the P-
V curve is called the critical point. The critical point provides very important
information to power system engineers. If the system supplies load beyond the
critical load, the system experiences a voltage collapse.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. Circuit connection

PROCEDURE
1. Build a SIMULINK model as per Circuit diagram.
2. Set the load resistance to 100 Ohms.
3. Adjust the input voltage to 326.60 kV peak and run the simulation.
4. Note the readings in table.
5. Now decrease the load resistance andnote the readings.
6. Continue taking readings by decreasing resistance till you get the critical
point
and the voltage drops beyond the critical value.
7.Plot the graph between active power and voltage (taking active power on the
X-axis and voltage on the Y-axis).
 Experiment 8

AIM To study the characteristics of a series compensated transmission line.

SIMULINK BLOCKS REQUIRED-

1. AC voltage source, 1 phase, 50 Hz, 326.60kV peak
2. Current, power and voltage measurement blocks
3. RMS calculation blocks
4. Display units
5. Pi section transmission line (R=0.037 Ohms/km, L=0.973 mH/km,
C=11.984 nF/km, total length=300 kms, 6 sections of 50 km each, rated
line to line voltage is 400 kV, per phase rating is 230.94 kV)
6. RL element representing a load (R=121.13 Ohms, L=0.24 H)-1 No.
7. C element representing the series capacitor
8. Powergui block

THEORY
Series compensation is defined as the insertion of reactive power elements into
transmission lines. Series compensation is a well-established technology that is
primarily used to reduce transfer reactance, most notably in bulk transmission
corridors. The result is a significant increase in the transient and voltage
stability in transmission systems. It provides the following benefits
 Reduces line voltage drops
 Limits load-dependent voltage drops
 Influences load flow in parallel transmission lines
 Increases transfer capability
 Reduces transmission angle
 Increases system stability
Fixed series compensation has long been the preferred solution for optimizing
performance in very large bulk transmission corridors. Installing a capacitive
reactance in series in a long (typically more than 200 km) transmission line
reduces both the angular deviation and the voltage drop, which increases the
load ability and stability of the line. Since the current through the transmission
linedirectly "drives" the MVAR output from the capacitor, the compensation
concept is "self-regulating”, and this straightforward principle ensures that
series compensation is an extremely cost effective solution. Series compensation
provides increased transient (angular) stability of a power corridor and
increased voltage stability of the grid. It also improves the voltage profile along
the power corridor and optimizes power sharing between parallel circuits.
Series compensation principle
In a transmission system, the maximum active power transferable over a certain
power line is inversely proportional to the series reactance of the line. Thus, by
compensating the series reactance to a certain degree, using a series capacitor,
an electrically shorter line is realized and higher active power transfer is
achieved. Since the series capacitor is self-regulated, i.e. its output is directly
(without control) proportional to the line current itself, it will also partly
balance the voltage drop caused by the transfer reactance. Consequently, the
voltage stability of the transmission system is increased.
Phasor diagram
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. Circuit diagram

PROCEDURE-
1.Build a SIMULINK model as shown in Circuit diagram.
2. Run the simulation without connecting a series capacitor. Note down the
power, current, and voltages.
3. Connect a series capacitor so as to provide approximately 10 %
compensation, simulate and note down the readings.
5. Increase the degree of compensation in steps of 10 %, simulate and tabulate
the results for each scenario. Go up to 50 % compensation.
6. Calculate voltage increase at receiving end.
7. Plot graph Compensation vs voltage, power.