Lesson 2 MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE, ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
Lesson 2 MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE, ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
OF SURVEYING
CE010
E.G. Escondo
COURSE TOPICS (PRELIM)
I. Introduction to the Course
II. Types of Surveying
III. Measurement of Distance, Errors in measurement
IV. Pacing
V. Measurement of Directions and Angles
VI. Bearing and Azimuth
VII.Magnetic Declination
Measurement of Distance,
Errors in Measurement
MODERN-DAY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
1. Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) Instruments
Direct measurement of distances
and their directions can be obtained
by using electronic instruments that
rely on propagation, reflection and
reception of either light waves or
radio waves.
They may be broadly classified into
three types:
a. Infrared wave instruments
b. Light wave instruments
c. Microwave instruments
DISTOMAT DI 1000 Geodimeter
Image Source: https://theconstructor.org/surveying/modern-
surveying-instruments-uses/16/
MODERN-DAY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
2. Automatic Level
An automatic level is a special
leveling instrument used in
surveying which contains an optical
compensator which maintains line
of sight or line of collimation even
though instrument is slightly tilted.
Wild NAK2 Automatic Level
Image Source: https://theconstructor.org/surveying/modern-
surveying-instruments-uses/16/
MODERN-DAY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
3. Total Station
Total Station is a lightweight,
compact and fully integrated
electronic instrument combining the
capability of an EDM and an
angular measuring instrument such
as wild theodolite.
Total Station can perform the
following functions:
•Distance measurement
•Angular measurement
•Data processing
•Digital display of point details Image Source: https://theconstructor.org/surveying/modern-
surveying-instruments-uses/16/
•Storing data is an electronic field
book
TOTAL STATION
The important features of total station are,
1.Keyboard-control – all the functions are controlled by operating key board.
2.Digital panel – the panel displays the values of distance, angle, height and the coordinates of the
observed point, where the reflector (target) is kept.
3.Remote height object – the heights of some inaccessible objects such as towers can be read
directly. The microprocessor provided in the instrument applies the correction for earth’s curvature
and mean refraction, automatically.
4.Traversing program – the coordinates of the reflector and the angle or bearing on the reflector
can be stored and can be recalled for next set up of instrument.
5.Setting out for distance direction and height -whenever a particular direction and horizontal
distance is to be entered for the purpose of locating the point on the ground using a target, then the
instrument displays the angle through which the theodolite has to be turned and the distance by
which the reflector should move.
MODERN-DAY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
4. Global Positioning System (GPS)
Global Positioning System (GPS) is
developed by U.S. Defense
department and is called
Navigational System with Time and
Ranging Global Positioning System
(NAVSTAR GPS) or simply GPS.
For this purpose U.S. Air Force has
stationed 24 satellites at an altitude
of 20200 km above the earth’s
surface. The satellites have been
positioned in such a way, at least Image Source: https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/gps/en/
four satellites will be visible from
any point on earth.
MEASUREMENTS
A measurement is the process of determining the extent, size or dimensions of
a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard. In surveying,
measurements may be made directly or indirectly:
2. Indirect Measurements. When it is not possible to apply a measuring
instrument directly to a quantity to be measured an indirect measurement is
made. The observed value is determined by its relationship to some other
known values.
MEASUREMENTS
In this course, we will mainly use the meter or international unit of
linear measure (SI Unit).
1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters
1 meter (m) = 1,000 millimeters
1 millimeter (mm) = 1,000 micrometers
1 micrometer (um) = 1,000 millimicrometers
1 millimicrometers (mu) = 1,000 million micrometers
1 meter (m) = 10 decimeters
1 decimeter (dm) = 10 centimeters
1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters
MISTAKES
Mistakes are inaccuracies in measurements which occur because
some aspect of a surveying operation is performed by the surveyor with
carelessness, inattention, poor judgement, and improper execution.
Mistakes are also caused by a misunderstanding of the problem,
inexperience, or indifference of the surveyor.
Mistakes are not classified as errors because they usually are so large
in magnitude when compared to errors.
ERRORS
In surveying, errors in measurements are either systematic or
accidental.
1.Systematic Errors. This type of error is one which will always have the
same sign and magnitude as long as field conditions remain constant and
unchanged. For instance, in making a measurement with a 30-m tape
which is 5cm too short, the same error is made each time the tape is used.
2. Natural Errors
3. Personal Errors
ACCURACY AND PRECISION
Accuracy and precision are two terms which are constantly used in surveying.
MOST PROBABLE VALUE
Most probable value refers to a quantity which, based on available data, has more
chances of being correct than has any other.
Is defined as the difference between any measured value of a quantity and its most probable
value:
v = x - mpv
PROBABLE ERROR
Is a quantity which, when added to and subtracted from the mpv, defines a range within
which there is a 50 percent chance that the true value of the measured quantity lies
inside (or outside) the limit thus set.
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF ERRORS
1. Summation of Errors
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF ERRORS
2. Product of Errors
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
a. Most probable value of the measured length
b. Probable error of a single measurement and probable error of the mean
c. Final expression for the most probable length
d. Relative precision of the measurement
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
1st Set of Measurements = 1201.50±0.02m
2nd Set of Measurements = 1201.45±0.04m
3rd Set of Measurements = 1201.62±0.05m
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS