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Lesson 9 - Curvature and Refraction, Measuring Vertical Distances

This document outlines the topics that will be covered in a surveying fundamentals course. The topics include balancing traverses, area computation, curvature and refraction, leveling, stadia theory, sources of error in stadia work, and stadia interval factor. It provides details on curvature and refraction, including their effects on leveling work and sight distances. It also includes 4 examples problems applying the concepts of curvature and refraction. Finally, it lists 5 YouTube videos about measuring vertical distances with leveling instruments.

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John Andrei Porras
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245 views

Lesson 9 - Curvature and Refraction, Measuring Vertical Distances

This document outlines the topics that will be covered in a surveying fundamentals course. The topics include balancing traverses, area computation, curvature and refraction, leveling, stadia theory, sources of error in stadia work, and stadia interval factor. It provides details on curvature and refraction, including their effects on leveling work and sight distances. It also includes 4 examples problems applying the concepts of curvature and refraction. Finally, it lists 5 YouTube videos about measuring vertical distances with leveling instruments.

Uploaded by

John Andrei Porras
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUNDAMENTALS

OF SURVEYING
CE010

E.G. Escondo
COURSE TOPICS (MIDTERMS)
I. Balancing the traverse
II. Area Computation
III. Curvature and Refraction; Elevation Determination
IV. Leveling
V. The Stadia Theory; Measurement by Stadia for Horizontal Distance
VI. Measurement by Stadia for Inclined Distance; Sources of Error in
Stadia Work
VII.Stadia Interval Factor
CURVATURE AND REFRACTION
CURVATURE AND REFRACTION
The effects of earth curvature and atmospheric refraction are taken into account in
leveling work since the measurements are made in vertical planes and these effects
all occur in the same plane.

Due to the earth’s curvature, a horizontal line departs from a level line by 0.0785m in
one kilometer, varying as the square of the length of the line. This expression for
earth curvature is based on the mean radius of the earth which is about 6371 km.
CURVATURE AND REFRACTION

The combination of the earth’s curvature and atmospheric refraction causes the
telescope’s line of sight to vary from a level line by approximately 0.0785 minus
0.0110 or 0.0675m in one kilometer, varying as the square of the sight distance in
kilometers. This may be represented by a mathematical equation as follows

h’ = 0.0675 K²

where h’ is the departure of a telescope line of sight from a level line (in meters) and
K is the length of the line of sight (in kilometers). The value 0.0675 is called the
coefficient of refraction. Its value actually varies to a certain degree for different
elevations, but is taken with an average value of 0.0675.
CURVATURE AND REFRACTION
EXAMPLE 1
Determine the combined effects of the earth’s curvature and
atmospheric refraction on sight distances of 60, 90, 120, 150, and
500 meters.
EXAMPLE 2

A man on shore standing close to the sea’s water edge looks out
toward the direction of the sea. If his eyes measure 1.72m above sea
level, determine how far out to sea is his visible horizon.
EXAMPLE 3
A woman standing on a beach can just see the top of a lighthouse
24.140km away. If her eye height above sea level is 1.738m, determine
the height of the lighthouse above sea level.
EXAMPLE 4
Determine how far out to sea a boat will be when a light on its mast
60 meters above the water disappears from the sight of a man on
shore whose eye level is 1.583m above the water.
MEASURING VERTICAL DISTANCES

Leveling Part 1 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNRZPHLwC7k

Leveling Part 2 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m52vUijOypE

Leveling Part 3 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xtcu3YGS4g4

Leveling Part 4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WRnDsfdah0

Leveling Part 5 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00FuUMqs9Lk

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