ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES
SUBMITTED BY:
GROUP-6

MUSKAN GUPTA(63)
JANVI SINGLA(47)
AAYUSH BAWA(60)
AVREEN KAUR(65)
DAMANPREET GILL(58)
THE RIGHTS OF
ANIMALS
 Animal Rights
It is a philosophical view that
animals have rights similar or the
same as humans. True animal
rights proponents believe that
humans do not have the right to
use the animals at all. Animal
rights proponents wish to ban all
use of animals by humans.
 How are animals viewed in industry?
For thousands of years people have used animals
for their use.

Fashion : Discoveries in technology have led to

the development of synthetic fibres, increased
production in other natural fibres which do not
require the killing of other animals.

Medical / Scientific research : The use of

animals for medical research has led to the
development of numerous vaccinations and cures
for diseases which have killed a millions of
people.
 How are animals used in industry?

Farming of animals : In the last 30 years, our

society has experienced a food revolution, which
has transformed the lives of more than half a
billion Australian farm animals who compromise
the meat, milk and egg producing machines
annually called on to satisfy our national
appetite. The interest of farm animals have been
largely disregarded in this relentless pursuit for
profit . Most animals in factory farms live a life of
confinement.
 Loss and Destruction of Natural Habitats
Many natural habitats for animals are being lost
through deforestation. Deforestation is the clearing
of forests by logging and / or burning and occurs in
many countries around the world for many reasons.

Forests are cleared for many different reasons

including trees or derived charcoal being used as
sold for fuel, growing crops and expansion of
communities who require more housing. This provide an income for many
families.
The removal of trees and destruction of these habitants has resulted in much
devastation including biodiversity loss, aridity and the extinction of many
species of animals.
 Conservationist / Activist
Many groups of conservationists and activists have taken up the cause of
defending the animal rights. Some of the best known include:
Green Peace : Probably the RSPCA - Royal Society
best known organization for the Prevention of
around the globe for Cruelty to Animals :
defending the rights of Organization that
animals that started in 1971 safeguards the way in
which people treat
animals in captivity.
WWF - World Wide Fund
for Nature : Protecting the PETA - People for the Ethical
wildlife around the globe Treatment of Animals:
and saving animals from American Organisation that
extinction. supports the universe declaration
of animal rights (1972)
 Equal considerations, not Equal Rights

We don’t discriminate between people on the basis of

intelligence or ability. So we should not discriminate against
animals because they are less intelligent or lack of certain
abilities.

We treat babies and the severely brain damaged better than we

treat animals, but we shouldn’t. Animals have just as much right
to consideration as babies. E.G. an adult ape is more aware,
more self-directing and has at least as much capacity for
suffer as a baby.
THE ETHICAL BASIS OF ENVIRONMENT
EDUCATION AND AWARENESS
 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT ETHICS
Environment ethics is a discipline in philosophy
that studies the moral relationship of human
being to , and also the value and moral status
of the environment and its non- human content.

BRANCHES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS :

It is splitted into three different schools of
disciplines
a. Anthropocentrism
b. Biocentrism
c. ecocentrism
 CHIPKO MOVEMENT
INTRODUCTION:
● It is primarily a forest conservation movement.
● It created a precedent for non- violent protest
started in india.
● It is seen as eco faminism movement in 1987 it
was awarded as the “RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
AWARD”
● It was started in 1970 aimed to protect
● trees.
● It was started in the northern himalyan
● segment e.g uttarakhand.
● The word “chipko” refer to “stick”or“hug”.
HISTORY OF CHIPKO MOVEMENT
THE FIRST CHIPKO MOVEMENT
● It was originated in rajasthan in 18th century.
● Bishnoi community living around the forest protested against the
king wish to cut down forest trees.
● Women and men hugged the trees to prevent the king’s men
from feeling down the earth many peoples lost their lives during
protest.
CAUSES OF CHIPKO MOVEMENT
● In uttarakhand during 20th century large scale deforestation
brought lot of hardships to common people
● Problem arose due to inefficient policies of the government
● Lack of environment and ecological awareness in the society.
 ● People gave up on keeping large livestock.
● Cause malnutrition among people.
● Heavy effect of ecological balance of the region.
● Poor condition of land
● Scarcity of drinking water.
● Government turned deafears to the people,s condition.
RISE OF CHIPKO MOVEMENT
● On march 26, 1974 in the absence of
Reni villages and dgss workers, lumber
Labour arrived by truckload to start logging
operation.
● Gaura devi, along with 27 of village women
Confronted the loggers
● Loggers threatened them but women held
Bravely and hugged the trees.
● Next day movement spread into neighbouring villages.
SPARKING OF THE MOVEMENT
● Chandi prasad bhatt
● Sunderlal bahuguna
● Sarla bahan from lakshmi ashram
● Women groups
● The uttarakhand sangharsh vahini(USV).
SUCCESS OF CHIPKO MOVEMENT
● The movement has spread to many states in the country.
● It stopped felling of trees in the western ghats and the vindhyas.
● Generate pressure for formulation of a natural resource policy.
● Achieved a major victory in 1980 with a 15 year ban on green
felling in the himalya forest.
● More than 100000 trees have been saved from excavation.
● Started protecting forest slopes and restoring bare ones.
● Afterward environmental awareness increased dramatically in
india.
● New method of forest farming have been developed, both to
conserve the forest and create employment.
● Villagers paid special attention in care of the trees and forest trees
are being used judiciously.
 THE CONSERVATION ETHIC AND
TRADITIONAL VALUE SYSTEMS OF
INDIA
INTRODUCTION
● Ethics is the study of good and bad, right and wrong.
● Ethical Standards – criteria that help differentiate right from wrong.
● Environmental Ethics - the study of ethical questions regarding human interactions
with the environment Environmental Ethics
● People with different Worldviews and Cultures may have different values and
hence, their actions toward the environment may differ.
● There are two possible types of ethicists:
1. Relativists - Ethics should and do vary with social context.
2. Universalists - Objective notions of right and wrong exist across all cultures and
situations.
ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANISATION IN INDIA
1. Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) :Largest NGO in the Indian
sub-continent engaged in nature conservation research since 1883;spreads
awareness about the need to protect the environment and sustainable use of
natural resources
2. Centre for Science & Environment (CSE): Environmental NGO specialising in
sustainable natural resource management; based in New Delhi; believes in
`knowledge-based activism' to cope with India's environmental threats --
ecological poverty, land degradation, toxic degradation etc
3. Wildlife Conservation Society -- India Program: India programme of the global
wildlife society that focuses on endangered mega fauna in protected reserves;
focuses on studying tigers, leopards, & their ungulate & primate prey species;
offers an MSc course in wildlife biology & conservation
PROBLEMS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

● Water and air pollution it is caused due to burning of fossil fuels , industries
etc.
● Depletion of natural resources-consumption of resources faster than it can be
replenished.
● Over population may lead to over consumption of resources.
● Soil erosion cause drought condition.
IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
● Industrial development cause soil, air and water pollution
● Global warming arises due to increase in harmful gases.
● Deforestation-over cutting of trees to meet the requirements of human being.
● Over consumption – excessive or unnecessary use of resources.
PROBLEMS CREATED BY HUMANS
● Slash and burn agriculture practice.
● Mining of fossil fuel and minerals.
● Over increase in population may lead to over use of resources.
● Global climate changes caused due to increase in harmful gases or chemicals
in environment
SOME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

● It causes pollution , overpopulation, Industrial and Household waste, acid rain

, etc.
● It causes climatic changes, ozone layer depletion , Genetic engineering,
deforestation etc.
● Some disastrous effects in the form of effect of health on humans, rise in sea
level etc.
● Depletion of Non-renewable resources, melting of glaciers, decreasing soil
fertility etc.
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
● Preserving resources for future generations.
● Resource consumption patterns and the need for equitable utilization.
● The ethical basis of environment education and awareness
● The conservation ethic and traditional value systems in India.
CLIMATE CHANGE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIMATE AND WEATHER
WEATHER IS: Limited area CLIMATE IS:Long term Wide
Can change rapidly Difficult to area Seasonal changes
predict Measured over long spans of
time
WEATHER is what’s
happening outside your CLIMATE is the average of
window right now. many years of weather
observation.
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
● Earth’s temperature depends on the balance between energy entering and leaving the
planet’s system.
● When incoming energy from the sun is absorbed by the Earth system, earth warms.
● When the sun’s energy is reflected back into space, earth avoids warming.
● When absorbed energy is released back into space, earth cools.
● Many factors both natural and human can cause changes in earth’s energy balance including
:-
1. Variations in the sun’s energy reaching earth
2. Changes in the reflectivity of earth’s atmosphere and surface
3. Changes in the greenhouse effect, which affects the amount of heat retained by earth’s
atmosphere.
THESE FACTORS HAVE CAUSED EARTH’S CLIMATE TO CHANGE MANY TIMES:

● Climate Change prior to the Industrial Revolution in the 1700 can be explained by natural
causes, such as changes in the solar energy, volcanic eruptions, and natural changes in the
greenhouse gas concentrations.
● Recent climate changes, however cannot be explained by natural causes alone as most
research indicate that natural causes do not explain most observed warming especially
warming since the mid-20th century.
● Humans are increasingly influencing the climate and the earth’s temperature by burning fossil
fuels, cutting down rainforests and farming livestock.
● These human activities release large amounts of CO2 (which is the primary greenhouse gas)
in addition to those naturally occurring in the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect
and global warming.
● Scientists have known that CO2 is one of the main greenhouse gases of importance to
Earth’s energy balance. Since CO2 is already in the atmosphere naturally, why are
EMISSIONS from human activity significant? Human activities have significantly disturbed the
natural carbon cycle by extracting long-buried fossil fuels and burning them for energy thus
releasing CO2 to the atmosphere.
CONSEQUENCES
• The sun’s radiation that strikes the Earth’s atmosphere in the form of light, Ultraviolet Radiation
(UV) and Infrared Radiation(IR).

• UV radiation has a shorter wavelength and a higher energy level than visible light, while IR
radiation has a longer wavelength and a weaker energy level.

• 30 percent of the radiation striking Earth's atmosphere immediately reflected back out to space by
clouds, ice, snow, sand and other reflective surfaces,

• The remaining 70 percent of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the oceans, the land and the
atmosphere. The oceans, land and atmosphere release heat in the form of IR thermal radiation,
which passes out of the atmosphere and into space.

• The exchange of incoming and outgoing radiation that warms the Earth is often referred to as the
greenhouse effect because a greenhouse works in much the same way.
• Incoming UV radiation easily passes through the glass walls of a greenhouse and is
absorbed by the plants and hard surfaces inside. Weaker IR radiation, however, has difficulty
passing through the glass walls and is trapped inside, thus warming the greenhouse.Increase
in sea level which results in flooding and erosion of coastal and low lying areas

• The two major causes of global sea-level rise are thermal expansion caused by warming of the
oceans (since water expands as it warms) and the loss of land-based ice, such as glaciers and ice
sheets, due to increased melting. - Extreme weather • flooding, forest fires, wildfires, droughts, heat
waves,Risk to human health • increase in number of heat-related and cold- related deaths - Risk for
wildlife extinction

• Loss of habitat and species - Imposes heavy cost on society and economy • agriculture, forestry,
fisheries, tourism, infrastructure
TO CONCLUDE
● the changes because of climate change, include:
● Atmosphere and sea-level pressure
● Wind fields
● Sea ice drift
● Melting ice coverings
● Change in precipitation patterns
● Changes in hydrology
● Change in ocean current
● Water mass distribution
● Carbon cycle altered
● Biological systems affected
● Arctic oscillation
GLOBAL WARMING
 WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING?
Global warming is a term used for the observed
century-scale rise in the average temperature of the
Earth's climate system and its related effects.
Scientists are more than 95% certain that nearly all
of global warming is caused by increasing
concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and
other human-caused emissions.
Within the earth's atmosphere, accumulating
greenhouse gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the gases
within the atmosphere that absorb and emit heat
radiation.
 UNDERSTANDING THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The "greenhouse effect" is the warming that
happens when certain gases in Earth's
atmosphere trap heat. These gases let in light but
keep heat from escaping, like the glass walls of a
greenhouse, hence the name.

Sunlight shines onto the Earth's surface, where

the energy is absorbed and then radiate back
into the atmosphere as heat. In the atmosphere,
greenhouse gas molecules trap some of the
heat, and the rest escapes into space. The more
greenhouse gases concentrate in the
atmosphere, the more heat gets locked up in the
molecules.
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING
Fossil fuels:The massive use of fossil fuels is obviously the first source of global
warming, as burning coal, oil and gas produces carbon dioxide - the most
important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere - as well as nitrous oxide.

Deforestation:The exploitation of forests has a major role in climate change.

Trees help regulate the climate by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. When
they are cut down, this positive effect is lost and the carbon stored in the trees is
released into the atmosphere.

Intensive farming:Another cause of global warming is intensive farming, not only

with the ever-increasing livestock, but also with plant protection products and
fertilizers. In fact, cattle and sheep produce large amounts of methane when
digesting their food, while fertilizers produce nitrous oxide emissions.
Waste disposal:Waste management methods like landfills and incineration
emit greenhouse and toxic gases - including methane - that are released into
the atmosphere, soil and waterways, contributing to the increase of the
greenhouse effect.

Mining:Modern life is highly dependent on the mining and metallurgical

industry. Metals and minerals are the raw materials used in the construction,
transportation and manufacturing of goods. From extraction to delivery, this
market accounts for 5% of all greenhouse gas emissions.

Over consumption:Finally, overconsumption also plays a major role in climate

change. In fact, it is responsible for the overexploitation of natural resources
and emissions from international freight transport, which both contribute to
global warming.
 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
● Temperatures: temperature extremes are setting new record highs and fewer days of
extreme cold
● Droughts: affecting farmland and habitat are becoming longer lasting – in many cases
lasting over 5 years and reducing river flows.
● Rainfall: In some areas rainfall has become less frequent but heavier and of longer
duration, while hail storms have become more severe, often with larger hail stones.
● Ice Melt: Disruption of overturning circulation traps warmer water on the seabed
causing the West Antarctic marine ice sheet to melt at its base, contributing to its
instability.
● Coastal Erosion: Rise in sea level, combined with other factors such as stronger
wind events and loss of natural barriers protecting the coastline
● Floods:Thermal expansion caused by ocean warming and loss of mass from ice
sheets and glaciers are the primary causes of sea level rise resulting in frequent floods.
 SOLUTIONS FOR GLOBAL WARMING
● Power your home with renewable energy:Choose a utility company that generates
at least half its power from wind or solar and has been certified by Green-e Energy.
● Invest in energy-efficient appliances.
● Reduce water waste:Saving water reduces carbon pollution, too. That's because it
takes a lot of energy to pump, heat, and treat your water.
● Buy better bulbs:LED light bulbs use up to 80 percent less energy than conventional
incandescents. They’re also cheaper in the long run.
● Drive a fuel-efficient vehicle:Gas-smart cars, such as hybrids and fully electric
vehicles, save fuel and money.
● Shrink your carbon profile:You can offset the carbon you produce by purchasing
carbon offsets, which represent clean power that you can add to the nation’s energy
grid in place of power from fossil fuels.
● Do not waste electricity:Always remember to turn off the lights as the electricity is
produced by burning fossil fuels.