Effective Width Method

1. Preliminary Data
Span length ( lo) 20 m
width (b) 11.8 m
Thickness of Wearing coat 75 mm
Value of b/lo 0.59 m
width of wheel 0.86 m
Support Condition Simple Supported
Load 100 KN

2. Calculation of beff

lo

Value of α 1.94
Value of a 10 m
Valueof b1 1.01 m
beff 10.69 m

3. Calculations of moments
Benidng Moment 46.8 KNm

4. Calculation of Shear Force

Shear Force 4.68 KN
 α value for diffeent b/lo
b/lo
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2
α value for diffeent b/lo
Simple Supported Continuous
0.4 0.4
0.8 0.8
1.16 1.16
1.48 1.44
1.72 1.68
1.96 1.84
2.12 1.96
2.24 2.08
2.36 2.16
2.48 2.24
2.6 2.28
2.64 2.36
2.72 2.4
2.8 2.48
2.84 2.48
2.88 2.52
2.92 2.56
2.96 2.6
3 2.6
3 2.6
3 2.6
 Effective Width Method
1. Preliminary Data
Span length ( lo) 20 m
width (b) 11.8 m 70R
Thickness of Wearing coat 75 mm Class A
Value of b/lo 0.59 m
width of wheel 0.86 m
Support Condition Simple Supported
Spacing between wheels 1.93 m
Single Axle load 70R 20 Tonnes
200 KN
2. Calculation of beff

lo

Value of α 1.94
Value of a 10 m
Valueof b1 1.01 m
beff 10.69 m
beff/2 5.345 m
Resultant(Beff) 11.8 m
P/Beff 16.95 KN/m

3. Calculations of moments
Maximum Benidng Moment 84.7 KNm

4. Calculations of Shear Force

Maximum Shear Force 8.47 KN
 α value for diffeent b/lo Single Axle Load
b/lo Simple SupportedContinuous Classification load (t)
0.1 0.4 0.4 70R 20
0.2 0.8 0.8 Class A 11.4
0.3 1.16 1.16
0.4 1.48 1.44
0.5 1.72 1.68
0.6 1.96 1.84
0.7 2.12 1.96
0.8 2.24 2.08
0.9 2.36 2.16
1 2.48 2.24
1.1 2.6 2.28
1.2 2.64 2.36
1.3 2.72 2.4
1.4 2.8 2.48
1.5 2.84 2.48
1.6 2.88 2.52
1.7 2.92 2.56
1.8 2.96 2.6
1.9 3 2.6
2 3 2.6
 α value
b/lo
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
C 0.5
0.6
0.7
' 0.8
0.9
B 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Lo 1.7
1.8
1.9
2

lo

2 Placement of loads to get Maximum Absolute Bending Moment

200 200
`
a1 0.9 0.3 a2

lo

3 Effective Width Calculations

b 11.8 m a1 9.10 m
lo 20 m a2 9.7 m
lo/2 10 m width of wheel 0.86 m
S 1.2 m Thickness of wearing Coat 0.075 m
 s1 0.90 m b1 1.01 m
s2 0.30 m ( c/c Dist Between 2 wheels) 1.93 m
c 4.3 m
a For 1st Axle
ά depends upon b/lo ratio
b/lo 0.59
ά 1.94
beff1 10.63 m
beff1/2 5.32 m
Beff1 11.80 m
b For 2nd Axle
beff2 10.701 m
beff2/2 5.35 m
Beff2 11.80 m

4 Maximum Bending Moment Calculation

p1/Beff1= 16.95 p2/Beff2= 16.95
`
a1 0.9 0.3 a2

8
5
4.85

4.55

ILD

Max BM 159.32 KNm

5 Shear Calculations

200 200

a1 S

d
 lo

Effective Width Calculations

b 10 m a2 1.13 m
lo 3 m width of wheel 0.86 m
lo/2 1.5 m Thickness of wearing Coat 0.075 m
S 1.22 m b1 1.01 m
d 0.65 m ( c/c Dist Between 2 wheels) 1.93 m
a1 0.65 m
c 1.2 m
a For 1st Axle
ά depends upon b/lo ratio
b/lo 3.333333
ά 3
beff1 2.54
beff1/2 1.27 m
Beff1 4.83 m

b For 2nd Axle

beff2 3.1 m
beff2/2 1.56 m
Beff2 5.122 m

p1/Beff1= 41.4185866 p2/Beff2= 39.05068

a1 S

d
lo

s
0.78333333
0.442864
 0.21666667

Maximum Positive Shear 49.74 KN

 α value for diffeent b/lo
Simple Supported Continuous
0.4 0.4
0.8 0.8
1.16 1.16
1.48 1.44
1.72 1.68
1.96 1.84
2.12 1.96
2.24 2.08
2.36 2.16
2.48 2.24
2.6 2.28
2.64 2.36
2.72 2.4
2.8 2.48
2.84 2.48
2.88 2.52
2.92 2.56
2.96 2.6
3 2.6
3 2.6
 Westergaards Methods
Case-1 Determination of Moment at any point(x,y) due to application of load P1(-v,0) Case-2 Determin

Dimension of Slab
Span length (S) 3 m
Width 15 m
Wheel load (P1) 100 KN
Position of Wheel Load P1 from origin
X=V 1 m
Y 0 m
Location of load under consideration
X 0.4 m
Y 0.2 m
Calculation of Constant Parameters

A= 1.83

B= 0.917

Calculation of Bending Moments

Mx = 3.24 KNm

My = 3.08 KNm

Mxy = -0.54 KNm

 Westergaards Methods
Case-3 Determination of Moment due to load P2 @ load application of P1(-v,0) Case-4 Dete

Dimension of Slab
Span length (S) 3 m
Width 15 m
Thickness(h) 0.25 m
Wheel load (P2) 100 KN
Location of wheel load P2 From P1
X 1.22 m
Y 0 m
Calculation of Bending Moments

Mx=My 2.72 KNm

Note-When P1=P2=P with P1(-V,0) & P2((a-v),0)

Consider v=0.25a & (a-v)=0.75a

Case-5 Determinati

Wheel load (P) 100 KN

a 1.22 m
v 0.305 m
(a-v) 0.915 m
Calculation of Bending Moments

Mx = 37.46 KNm
My = 30.70 KNm
 Westergaards Methods
Case-2 Determination of Moment for P1(-v,0)immeddiately under the load

Dimension of Slab
Span length (S) 10 m
Width 7.5 m
Thickness(h) 0.5 m
Wheel load (P) 100 KN
Location of wheel load under consideration
X=V 1 m
Y 0 m
Note-Load P is distributed over an circular area of diamter c

Value of C should be less than 1.725 m

Assume Diameter of C 0.82 Okay

C1 = 0.77 m

Calculation of Bending Moments

Mx = 33.22 KNm

My = 26.46 KNm

Note -when load P1 at the centre of span @ v=0

Mox = 33.68 KNm

Moy = 26.92 KNm

 Westergaards Methods
Case-4 Determination of Moment due to two loads of different axle

Dimension of Slab
Span length (S) 10 m
Width 7.5 m
Thickness(h) 0.5 m
Wheel load (P3) 100 KN
Location of wheel load P3 From P1
X 0 m
Y 1.93 m
Calculation of Bending Moments
Note- Increment of moment at the application of load P1(0,0) by P3

Mx = 18.39 KNm

My = 4.00 KNm

Westergaards Methods
Case-5 Determination of Moment due to two loads of same axle @ conc. Load P1
Dimension of Slab
Span length (S) 3 m
Width 10 m
Thickness(h) 0.25 m
a 1.2 m
b 2 m
Wheel load (P3=P4=P) 150 KN
Calculation of Constant Parameters

A= 4.43

B3 = 3.12

B4 = 3.81

Calculation of Bending Moment

Mx = 9.01 KNm

My = -2.14 KNm

Mxy = -10.5934 KNm

 Piegeaud's Method for single load acting at centre

l
l
b U
b U B
V
B
L

Dimension of Slab
L 5 m
B 3 m
Thickness of Slab 250 mm
Wearing Coat Thickness (t) 50 mm
Vehicle Type 70R
Single Axle Load 200 KN
Axle load per wheel (w) 100 KN
Dimension of Wheel
b 0.86 m
l 0.61 m
Dispersed Dimension of Wheel
U 0.96 m
V 0.71 m
Data Required for moment coeff.
U/B 0.32
V/L 0.14
K=B/L 0.60
Moment Coefficent values are taken from charts for respective K values
m1 0.165
m2 0.13
Moment Calculation
Mb 18.45 KNm
Ml 15.48 KNm
 Piegeaud's Method for two loads
Case-1 Two load along X-axis

u u

v
v

X X L

B
Dimension of Slab
B 6 m
L 12 m
Thickness of Slab 250 mm
Wearing Coat Thickness (t) 50 mm
Vehicle Type 70R
Single Axle Load 200 KN
Axle load per wheel (w) 100 KN
Dimension of wheel
b 0.86 m
l 0.61 m
Dispersed Dimension of Wheel
U 0.96 m
V 0.71 m
Intensity of load (W) 146.7136 KN/m2
 1. Find Moments for area of dimension U1=2x(u+x) & V1=v

U1

X
V1

B
Dispersed Dimension of imaginary wheels
x 1.02 m
U1=2(u+x) 3.96 m
V1=v 0.71 m
Data Required for moment coeff.
U1/B 0.66
V1/L 0.06
K=B/L 0.50
Moment Coefficent values are taken from charts for respective K values
m1 0.3
m2 0.3
Moment Calculation
Ml1 34.5 KNm
Mb1 34.5 KNm

ents for area of dimension U2=2xX & V2=V

Dimension of Slab
B 6 m
L 12 m
 t 80 mm
Dimension of wheel
b 0.86 m
l 0.61 m
Dispersed Dimension of imaginary wheels

u2

v
2

V 0.77 m
U 1.02 m
X 0.455
U2=2x(X) 0.91 m
Wheel load(w) 200 KN
Data Required for moment coeff.
U2/B 0.15
V2/L 0.06
K=B/L 0.50
Vehicle type Axle load (KN) Axle load per wheel Vehicle Dimension
b l
70R 200 100 0.86 0.61
Class A 114 57 0.5 0.25
Class B 68 34 0.38 0.2

Piegeaud's Method for two loads

Case-2 Two load along Y-axis
 U

Y
L
Y

1. Find Moment for area of dimension U1=U & V1=2(Y+V)

Dimension of Slab
B 6 m
L 12 m
t 80 mm
Dimension of wheel
b 0.86 m
l 0.61 m
Dispersed Dimension of imaginary wheels

U1

V Y
1
L
Y
 V

B
V 0.77 m
U 1.02 m
Y 0.305 m
V1=2(V+Y) 2.15 m
U1=U 1.02 m
Wheel load(w) 100 KN
Data Required for moment coeff.
U1/B 0.17
V1/L 0.179167
K=B/L 0.5
Moment Coefficent values are taken from charts for respective K values
m1
m2
Moment Calculation
Ml1 KNm
Mb1 KNm

2.Find Moments for area of dimension U2=U& V2=2xY

Dispersed Dimension of imaginary wheels

U2

Y V
2 L
Y
 V

B
Y 10 m
V2= 2xY 20 m
U2=U 1.02 m
Wheel load(w) 100 KN
Data Required for moment coeff.
U2/B
V2/L
K=B/L
Moment Coefficent values are taken from charts for respective K values
m1
m2
Moment Calculation
Ml2 KNm
Mb2 KNm

3. Final moment
Ml=Ml1-Ml2 0
Mb =Mb1-Mb2 0
 Westergaads Method
Case-1 Moment at any point (x,y) due to load P1
Preliminary Dimensions

Span length (s) 4 m

Width 12 m
Wheel load (P1) 100 KN
V 0.4 m
Location of load under consideration
X 0.4
Y 0.2
Calculations

A 2.01

B 0.20

Mx 10.86 KNm

My 10.12 KNm

Mxy -1.54 KNm

 Case-3 Moment due to load P2 @ load application of P1
Preliminary Dimensions

Span length (s) 3 m

Width 10 m
Thickness (h) 0.5 m
Wheel load (P2) 100 KN
V 0 m
Location of wheel load P2 From P1
X 0.7 m
Y 0 m
Calculations

Mx 8.76 Knm
My 8.76 knm
Note- When P1=P2=P with P1(-V,0) & P2((a-v),0)
Consider v=0.25 a & (a-v)=0.75a

Wheel load (P) 200 KN

a 1.93 m
v 0.4825 m
(a-v) 1.4475 m

Mx 36.67 KNm

My 29.91 KNm
 Case-5 Moment due to two loads of same axle @ conc. Load P1
Preliminary Dimensions

Span length (s) 3 m

Width 10 m
Thickness (h) 0.25 m
a 1.2 m
b 2 m
Wheelload (P3=P4=P) 150 KN
Calculations

A 4.43

B3 3.12

B4 3.81

Mx 9.01 KNm

My -2.14 KNm

Mxy -10.59 KNm

 Westergaads Method
Case-2 Moment for P1(-v,0) immediately under load
Preliminary Dimensions

Note - Load P is distributed over an circular are of diamter c

Span length (s) 20 m
Width 11.8 m
Thickness (h) 1 m
Wheel load (P1) 100 KN
V 0.3 m
Location of wheel load under consideration
X=V 0.3 m
Y 0 m
Calculations

Value of C shouldbe less than 3.45 m

Assume Diameter C 0.82 m

C1 0.90 m

Mx 38.51 KNm

My 31.75 KNm
Note - when load P1 at the centre of span @ v=0

Mox 38.52 KNm

Moy 31.76 KNm

 Case-4 Moment due to two loads of different axle perpendicular to span
Preliminary Dimensions

Span length (s) 3 m

Width 10 m
Thickness (h) 75 m
Wheel load (p3) 100 KN
V 0 m
Location of wheel load P3 from P1
X=V 0 m
Y 1.93 m
Calculations
Note- Increment of moment at the application of load P1(0,0) by P3

Mx 17.62 KNm

My -12.74 KNm
 Single point load moment comparison
59
58.5
58
57.5

Bending Moment
57
56.5
58.23 58.51
56
55.5
55 55.82
54.5
54
Mesh-1 Mesh-2 Mesh-3
Mesh No. Maximum Single Axle Moment Comparison
94.6
94.5
94.4

Bending Moment
94.3
94.2
94.1
94
93.9
93.8
Bending Moment (KNm) 93.7
55.82 93.6
Mesh-1 Mesh-2 Mesh
58.23
Mesh
58.51

Mesh Bending Moment (KNm)

Mesh-1 93.93
Mesh-2 94.46
Mesh-3 94.11
70R Maximum Bogie Loadi
163
Mesh Bending Moment (KNm)
162
Mesh-1 161.22
Mesh-2 161.89 161
Bending Moment

Comparison of
Mesh-3 158.42 160
180
159 160
140
Bending Moment

Mesh Shear Force (KN) 158

120
Mesh-1 50 157 100
Mesh-2 50 80
156 60
Mesh-3 50 40
Mesh-1

20 Me
0
EWM

Single Point Load BM KNM MAXIM

 80

Bendin
60
40
20
0
EWM

Method Single Point Load MAXIMUM AXLE Bogie load

BM KNM BM KNM BM KNM
Single Point Load BM KNM MAXIM
EWM 46.8 84.7 156.71
Grillage Analysis 58.23 93.93 161.22
FEM 62.32 102.45 170.778 Bending M
500
450
Maximum bending moment 400
Method
(KNM) 350

Bending Moment
Single Maximu 70R 300
Pont m Axle Bogie 250
Load load load 200
150
Grillage
118.435 229.95 440 100
Analysis
50
FEM 118 210 420
0
Single Pont Load

Gr
Sh
90
Maximum shear force
Method 80
(KNM) 70
Single Maximu 70R 60
Pont m Axle Bogie 50

Shear Force
Load load load 40
30
Grillage
26.222 38 77.931 20
Analysis
10
FEM 34 42 82 0 Bending Mom
Single Pont Load
140
120
100
Bending Momnet

80
60
40
20

Maximum bending moment 0

Single Pont Load M
Method
(KNM)
Maxim
Single Maximu 70R
Pont m Axle Bogie EWM Grill
Load load load
EWM 38.7 66.7 115.72 Maximum Bending
180
160
140
 Maximum Bending
Grillage
43.85 71.858 125.21 180
Analysis
160
FEM 49.05 79.18 127.84 140
120

Bending Moment
100
80
Maximum bending moment 60
Mesh 40
(KNM)
20
Single Maximu 70R 0
Pont m Axle Bogie Single Pont Load M
Load load load Maxim
Mesh-1 55.82 93.94 161.22 Mesh-1
Mesh-2 58.23 94.46 161.89
Mesh-3 58.51 94.11 158.42

Maximum Bendi
Maximum Shear Force 70
Mesh
(KN) 60
Single Maximu 70R 50
Pont m Axle Bogie
Load load load 40

Mesh-1 32 28.29 51.45 30

Mesh-2 44.04 39.66 44.96 20

Mesh-3 43.66 46.67 63.66 10

0
Single Pont Load M
Ma

Mesh-1
 Shear force (KN)
Single Point L
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15 32
10
Moment Comparison 5
0
Mesh-1
Single Point load (100KN)
Mesh Shear Force (KN)
Mesh-1 32 Maximum S
Mesh-2 44.04
Mesh-3 43.66 50
45
40
Mesh Shear Force (KN) 35

Shear Force(KN)
Mesh-1 28.29 30
Mesh-2 Mesh-3
Mesh-2 39.66 25
Mesh
Mesh-3 46.67 20
15 28.29
10
Mesh Shear Force (KN) 5
Mesh-1 51.45 0
Mesh-1
Mesh-2 44.96
aximum Bogie Loading Moment Comparison Mesh-3 63.66

Comparison of Bending Moment 70R Maximum

70

60
Shear Force (KN)

50

40

30
Mesh-1 Mesh-2 Mesh-3 51.4
20
Mesh No.
10
EWM Grillage Analysis FEM 0
Mesh
Methods

e Point Load BM KNM MAXIMUM AXLE BM KNM Bogie load BM KNM

 30

Shear F
51.4
20

10
EWM Grillage Analysis FEM 0
Mesh
Methods

e Point Load BM KNM MAXIMUM AXLE BM KNM Bogie load BM KNM

Bending Moment Comparison

Single Pont Load Maximum Axle load 70R Bogie load

(KNM)
Maximum bending moment

Grillage Analysis FEM

Shear force Comparison
90
80
70
60
50
Shear Force

40
30
20
10
0 Bending Moment Comparison
Single Pont Load Maximum Axle load 70R Bogie load
(KNM)
Maximum shear force

Grillage Analysis FEM

Single Pont Load Maximum Axle load 70R Bogie load

(KNM)
Maximum bending moment

EWM Grillage Analysis FEM

Maximum Bending Moment Comparison

 Maximum Bending Moment Comparison

Single Pont Load Maximum Axle load 70R Bogie load

(KNM)
Maximum bending moment

Mesh-1 Mesh-2 Mesh-3

Maximum Bending Moment Comparison

Single Pont Load Maximum Axle load 70R Bogie load

(KN)
Maximum Shear Force

Mesh-1 Mesh-2 Mesh-3

Shear force (KN)

Single Point Load Shear Force Comparison

50
45
40
35
30
25
44.04 43.66
20
15 32
10
5
0
Mesh-1 Mesh-2 Mesh-3
(100KN)
Mesh No.

Maximum Single Axle shearforce Comparison

50
45
40
35
Shear Force(KN)

30
25
46.67
20 39.66
15 28.29
10
5
0
Mesh-1 Mesh-2 Mesh-3

Mesh No.

70R Maximum Bogie Load shear force Comparison

70

60
Shear Force (KN)

50

40

30 63.66
51.45
44.96
20

10

0
Mesh-1 Mesh-2 Mesh-3

Mesh No.
 30 63.66

Shear F
51.45
44.96
20

10

0
Mesh-1 Mesh-2 Mesh-3

Mesh No.