AKKINENI NAGESWARA RAO COLLEGE:: GUDIVADA DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS III B.Sc. PHYSICS Practical Manual SEMESTER PATTERN UNDER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM Semester-V Practical paper-V :: Electricity, Magnetism& Electronics Practical paper-VI:: Modern Physics ORDINARY CONDUCTOR SUPERO R LV eon (100) (10) ToD G0) ony i =) ron Name NOT AND_-NAND | _OR NOR XNOR Alg. 4 4B a ae | ae | Symbol ADSy SS => 4 Met e+ [D> | SD- | SD | SD- | SD- | Y re | A(X [eax a ax] a ajx{oalx [a atx o ajx | tae | te ofe |e oft |o oo |o oft) o ofe o oft rfo jo rfojorlafotaforo}o ifr o slo} vofo 1 ofs}ioafa ofa oft 4 fof raf fa afefa aa da vie fa cfo la afa Logie gatesAKKINENI NAGESWARA RAO COLLEG! DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS V-Semester--III B.Sc Practicals’ List:: Practical Paper V: Electricity, Magnetism & Electronics 1. Figure of merit of a moving coil galvonometer. . LCR cireuit series/parallel resonance, Q factor. ~ Determination of ac-frequency ~sonometer. .~ Verification of Kirchoff’s laws and maximum power transfer theorem. 5. Field along the axis of a cireular coil carrying current. 6. PN Junetion Diode Characteristics 7. Zener Diode Characteristics ~ 8 9, GUDIVADA Transistor CE Characteristics- Determination of hybrid parameters . Logie Gates- OR,AND,NOT and NAND gates. Verification of Truth Tables..- 10. Verification of De Morgan’s Theorems. 7 Practical Paper VI: Modern Physics 1. e/m ofan electron by Thomson method. 2. Determination of Planck's Constant (photocell), [pessiee Aa 3. Verification of inverse square law of light using | of Spectral | 1° a | photovoltaic cell. Line ‘4° 4. Study of absorption of a-rays. Red | 62343 5. Study of absorption of B-rays, | Yellow1_| 5790.6 | 6. Determination of Range of f-particles. Yellow Il_[ $769.6 7. Determination of M & H. ~ Green _| $460.7 8. Analysis of powder X-ray diffraction pattern to determine | Bluish | ggse 4 properties of crystals, erent 9. Energy gap of a semiconductor using junction diode.” | grave) | 49164 10, Energy gap of a semiconductor using thermistor. ~ Blue | 43584 11. AC impedance and power factor of LR circuit. ~ Violet! | 4078.1 12. Carey-foster bridge Violet Il_ | 4046.5 13. Bridge rectifier -filter circuits 14, Full and Half adder logic circuits ~ Phy sodium Lamp Wave Length D,=5890 A° D,=5896 A° 2. Grating Surface 15000 L.P.I 1 inch =2.54 cm No. of lines per em=15000/2.54 3. Refractive Index of (I) Glass= 1.50 (2) Water= 1.33 4. Wavelengths of Mereury Spectrum value of one main scale division _\mm 0.1mm = 0.01Cm Leastcount Vernier Caliper ‘No of divisions on vernier SCREWGAUGE DistancemovednPitclScale Noofrotationmaddby HeadScale PitchofScrew lnm ‘Noof HeadScaleDivisions 100 PitelnfScrew= LeastCount=SYMBOLS OF ComPoWENTS : +4, We | (29) —, | \ t fF } } a EY | N@ ke 3 gattery | cae cae PLUG ee ov x | 4 cArker roa, = | RESTS TANCE INducTANCE | RHEOSTAT a | erm re [Re | A VARTABLE cnpnerna) VARTASLE RESISTANCE VARIABLE TNDUCTAME ReSTeTANtE BOX ee els ac peg eae . 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Erxomple N-P-N TRANSISTER Boras and rece que eRe 3° Bend Fivatgguevalee GBR IS Sovalue 1gc0 ohms eorewn Colour code aD Blak -0 teete Remessbsr AND Goete Been - 1 Lt, Gen a Req —2 % 2 QO SG ty Orenge 3 OF Bje BF _ Yellow —4 ia Ss wl Green —5 fa ue — & NANO Gate | we 3= KRISHNA UNIVERSITY PHYSICS SYLLABUS Paper V: Electricity, Magnetism& Electronics (For Maths Combinations) V Semester Work load: 60 hrs per semester 4 hrshveek ‘UNIT-I (12 hrs) 1. Electrie field intensity and potenti Gauss’s law statement and its proof: Electric field intensity due to Uniformly charged sphere. Electrical potential ~ equipotential surfaces- potential due to i) a point charge, ii) uniformly charged sphere. 2. Dielectrics: Electric dipolemoment and molecular polarizability- Electric displacement D, electric polarization P ~ relation between D, E and P- Dielectric constant and susceptibility. UNIT-II (12 hrs) 3. Electric and magnetic fields Biot-Savart’s law, explanation and calculation of B due to long straight wire, a circular current loop and solenoid 4. Electromagnetic induction Faraday’s law-Lenz’s law- Self and mutual inductance, coefficient of coupling, calculation of self inductance of a long solenoid, energy stored in magnetic field. UNIT-III (12 hrs) 5. Alternating currents and electromagnetic waves Alternating current - Relation between current and voltage in LR and CR circuits,vector diagrams, LCR series and parallel resonant circuit, Q factor, power in ac circuits. 6. Maxwell’s equations Idea of displacement current - Maxwell's equations (integral and differential forms) (no derivation), Maxwell's wave equation (with derivation). UNIT-IY (12 hrs) 7. Basic electronics: PN juction diode, Zener diode, 1-V characteristics, PNP and NPN transistors, CB, CE and CC configurations ~ Relation betweena, and y - transistor (CE) characteristics - Determination of hybrid parameters. 8. Digital electronics Number systems - Conversion of binary to decimal system and vice versa.Binary addition and subtraction (1's and 2's complement methods).Laws of Boolean algebra - De Morgan’s laws-statement and proof, Basic logic gates, NAND and NOR as universal gates, exclusive- OR gate, Half adder and Full adder.REFERENCE BOOKS BSc Physics, Vol.3, Telugu Akademy, Hyderabad. Electricity and Magnetism, D.N. Vasudeva. S. Chand & Co. Electricity, Magnetism with Electronics, K.K. Tewari, R.Chand& Co., Principles of Electronics, V.K. Mehta, S.Chand& Co., Digital Principles and Applications, A.P. Malvino and D.P.Leach, Me GrawHill Edition. vRepe Practical Paper V:Electricity, Magnetism & Electronies Work load: 30 hrs 2 hrs/week. Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded 1. Figure of merit of a moving coil galvonometer. +2. LCR circuit series/parallel resonance, Q factor. 3. Determination of ac-frequeney ~sonometer. 4. Verification of Kirchoff’s laws and maximum power transfer theorem. 5. Field along the axis of a circular coil carrying current. «/” ~6. PN Junction Diode Characteristics 7. Zener Diode Characteristics 8. Transistor CE Characteristics- Determination of hybrid parameters ~ 9. Logic Gates- ORAND,NOT and NAND gates. Verification of Truth Tables, 10. Verification of De Morgan's Theorems. Suggested student activities Student seminars, group discus using virtual lab mis, assignments, field trips, study project and experimentation Examples Seminars ~ A topic from any of the Units is given to the student and asked to give a brief seminar presentation. Group discussion - A topic from one of the units is given to a group of students and asked to discuss and debate on it. Assignment - Few problems may be given to the students from the different units and asked them to solve, Field trip - Visit to Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota / Thermal and hydroelectric power stations / Science Centres, any other such visit etc. Study project ~ Web based study of different satellites and applications. Domain skills:Logical derivation, experimentation, problem solving, data collection and analysis, measurement skill*** Documental evidence is to be maintained for the above activities.(5003PHY15-A) B.Sc. DEGREE (CBCS) EXAMINATION, OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2018. (Examination at the end of Fifth Semester) Part Il — Compulsory Paper ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND ELECTRONICS (Regulation 2015-2016) Time : Three hours Maximum : 75 marks SECTION A — (5 x 10 = 50 marks) Answer FIVE questions. 1. (a) State and prove Gauss theorem in electrostatics. Bd NtogG MH RrPoerQn SQ), DIrSos0é. Or (b) Define D, E, P and obtain relation between them. D, E, P off Dig av nds Somossoo% Oey. 2 (a) Calculate magnetic field B due to long straight wire carrying current. BRYD BDA OK four DeogS SiroDs He oaon,08 [devs Aor. Or (b) Explain the terms self inductance and mutual inductance. Prove that M=/Z,L, where the symbols have their usual meanings gio (heer, eStySs (aver eo Screws D580%>a. M = DL, 0d c88Sn0 WS Sore eSn9 aiSpe Dros. 3. (@) Explain LCR parallel resonance circuit with necessary theory. LOR SSS CAINS SodSni HeTOw Sirsorr D580. Or () Derive Maxwell's equations, STEPS Shoseros aenyGossn. 4. (a) Explain hybrid parameters of a CE transistor. CE prang6 wd), 2206 Swarm IS60HS0. Or10. ll. fae (b) What is a P-N junction diode? Discuss its working. PN n0¥5 GAPE wish? Od Sd S80 S8y0508. (a) State and prove De Morgan's theorem. BArES Sqpowaow NgHod DErDowsv9. Or (b) Show that NAND and NOR gates are universal gates. NAND S809 NOR D408 oyWsn00 SrHS0. SECTION B— (3 x 5 = 16 marks) Answer any THREE questions. Write a short note on equipotential surface. Bdrbo PBQAS soso (G02 osneby grains. Explain Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction. Deirgatoan,08 (HIerS* HIG Deivsrsvo¥ DSB0d06. Explain displacement current. POWs DengSi DSGo\HSv. Deduce the relation among a, # and y a, f SBai» 7 © Sov Sonoda raeysn. Explain the working of half adder. ef So8oD Sodais ogrssinrs BSEoHS0. SECTION C — (2x 5= 10 marks) Answer any TWO questions. What is the electric potential at the surface of nucleus of gold? The radius of the nucleus is 66x10" m. The atomic number of gold is 79. worPosay Soyssiw Goin SF OtoyF aogaod Iow? Coss ayy 6.6x10 m. worrssw SeSrren Sows 79. A solenoid of length 100 cm had 1000 turns wound on it. Calculate the magnetic field at the middle point of its axis when a current of 2 amp is passed through it 28 MOWOE 100 Wo.do. Sts), 1000 Srey 8 2 wodaty DéiogS WairdyoS. ord exop BoHs Body SY waiiry,o8 Sera Melosoa. 2 (5003PHY15-A)1; 4. 16, Calculate the resonant frequency of an LCR series circuit with L=5mH, C=0.1uF, R=100kQ. L=5mH, C=0.14F, R=100kQ Ko G3 LCR Seatiin Bus}, exowres Sasso 2087 In a transistor, the base current is 0.08 mA and emitter current is 9.6 mA. Then find (a) Ic, (b) @ and (c) B aS erMybS* BS Garrdn 0.08 mA Aco Iavw6 jarrdo 9.6 mA eawsd (a) Ic, (b) @ S28ais (c) Bf o%D SHEE. Convert binary number (110111), to decimal number, (110111), 56 Somgty Gro Somyr Sreysw. 3 (6003PHY15-A)(5003PHY15-A) B.Sc. DEGREE (CBCS) EXAMINATION, OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2017. (Examination at the end of Fifth Semester) Part II — Compulsory Paper ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND ELECTRONICS (Regulation 2015-16) ‘Time : Three hours Maximum : 75 marks SECTION A — (6 x 10 = 50 marks) Answer FIVE questions. 1. (a) Derive an expression for electric potential due to a uniformly charged sphere when the point is outside the sphere D868 GE GrOsTVS.- A'WSo Avs, otyF sHgeddH Shesseiv cnepso BOSH A Wn walrt SAL. + Or (b) Define D, B, P and obtain relation between them. D, E, P 0 D809 aN ands Somososy TreIkyS0. 2 (a) Calculate Magnetic induction due to a circular current loop using Biot-Savart’s Law. wdirh-SrG OAS AIDMAOD MoryS rir OSs Siig Sos. Hd ean 08 (D8eaw Tmeyso. Or (b) Derive an expression for self inductance of a long solenoid. DAES DOME Boos, Ngcivoidtes Meas ShoSeasnis Traezs. 3. (@)_ Explain LCR series resonance circuit with necessary theory. LCR iedSoctoo Gas, eposunisy SaSvorr DS80SHsn. Or (b), Obtain Maxwell's wave equation. SIBBS Boo SSeS TaLyEn.10. (a) Explain input and output characteristics of PNP transistor. PNP UrMx6 Boos}, N53 Svan NYsv edokeros Ser». Or (b) Describe the construction and working of PN junction diode. PN SoB6ErE Doyersin So6atn SdSaivo Dorsswy Serv. (a) State and prove De Morgan's theorem. SdrqS dcQowAwAy Dg209 DMSoB» Or (b) Explain working of NAND and NOR gates. NAND 080i NOR orgiisn0e0 5d Scio DGavm Borsa. SECTION B — (3 x 5 = 15 marks) Answer any THREE questions. Explain equipotential surfaces. BEowo BIQALS Goiswe 060d 2560s». State and explain Bio-Savart’s Law. naireS-awf Awan BOD 2560s», Derive an expression for power in AC circuit. Dsr08d ddsog8 Socios autos SdosSeasiwisy THyOe. : Explain working of half addder. SZSosoD Satatn ogrisww Seopa». What are hybrid parameters explain? 2PIOE Sorarsi.e HMM D560. 2 (6003PHY15-A)ll. 12. 13, 14, 15. SECTION C— (2x 5= 10 marks) Answer any TWO questions. ‘A sphere charged to 80 1 is placed in air. Find the electric field intensity at a point 20cm from the centre of the sphere. Radius often sphere R = 10cm. 80 UC edt» Ko ak ef¥Sn OS® GoSad5B w Avs Sods S204 20em Brtsnd Ko ad Doty SY Déiosb Gs Svan SAMDSv. Ysa TyPYo 10cm. ‘An infinitely long conductor carrier a current of 100 mA. Find the magnetic field at a point 10 em away from it. eos aod Ko TEPLOS* 100 mA dtoy5 (Sariro 4B. SH Hood 10 cm Brod" ecard ‘Qyerose SHAS. If C = 1yf, L= 0.01 H and negligible resistance are connected in series, calculate resonant frequency? C=1 uf, L= 0.01 H S28cin Cd6Hy5 O5°%Gan Ko TPS FAS dor ear wires Bn Ssh Soo. Ina transistor #= 45, the change in the voltage across 5 K@ resistor which is connected in collector circuit is 5V. Find the change in base current. eS erMQOS® DsbelSocrod* P= 45, S035 5 KN AB SoDSIe DBQASS® Sd) Sor SV. Cond, OPS STIS Shy Sopa B8,0%508. (84.6)10 Ja. 3 (5003PHY15-A)General instructions to be followed while performing the Electrical and Electronics experiments 1. First, a circuit diagram of the electrical connections should be drawn. 2.The ends of the connecting wires should be cleaned well by means of sand paper 3.While making connections the wires should be wound just half round the terminals and also must be made tight. 4.The plugs should be removed while making connections. 5.ln the resistance boxes, all plugs must be inserted tightly to avoid spurious resistance, which effect the result. 6.Before inse ing the plugs in the keys, the circuit should be thoroughly checked to ensure that the connections are properly made or not. 7.1f a sensitive galvanometer is used in the experiment, then a high resistance should be connected in series with the galvanometer or a low resistance should be connected in parallel to it in order to protect the galvanometer from damage. 8.While connecting an ammeter (or) voltmeter in the circuit their positive terminals should be connected to the higher potential points of the circuit.{In general an ammeter in connecting in series mode and an voltmeter in parallel mode in a circuit.) 9. Whil be removed first.Then to be inserted in other holes,otherwise cell will be short circuited 10. WI revers ing direction of current using a plug type commutator, both plugs should wheather we are circuit set it in proper mode using multimeter measuring A.C currents or D.C currents and also range we are measuring. 11. After the observations are over , plug off the keys, otherwise continuous flow of current in the circuit will heat the circuit elements FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS Permittivity of free space(&)=8.9x10™-colomb nm z + e ~*~ = 9x10" newton ~ meter? |Coulomb? Permeability of free space (jto) = 4x x 10” henery/meter, Newtofiamp™ Tweber/meter” = I newton/amp-meter, | weber/meter” = 10° gauss Specific Charge of electron (elm; 1.758 x 10" col/ks Charge of electron = 1.6 x to" Coulomb; Radius of electron=5.29 x 10 7 | Mass of electron =9.1x10"" kg: Rest mass of electron 0.511 Mev: Mass na Proton=1.79x10 "ke | Rydberg constant.Ra=1.097 x 10m": Ava adro ‘Number=6.022 x 10k mol; | Universal Gravitational Constant(G)=6.673x 10 Nm” kg™ Universal Gas Constant(R)= 8.314x10°J k" mol” ;Planck’s Constant(h)=6.626x10'Js.4.315x10™eVs Planck’s Constant(h/2)=.054x10""Js, 6.582x10" eVs; Bohr magneton(tia)= 9.274xI our Nuclear magneton(jss)= 5.050x10™ JT "Boltzmann Constant(K=Ry/N)= 138x107 Jk", 8.6210" eVK: Stefann Constant(G)=5.669x 10" Wm7K*; Compton wave length(2 )=2.43x 10m Energy KT for T=273°K=0.024 eV:1 electron volt=1.6x10" “joulk Tatomie mass unit(a.m.u,)=931.5 MeV; | MeV=1.6x10 joule;1 kg= 8.988x10" joule, 1.097x10™ electron masses |gl L-CR CIRCUIT ¢ S (Series & Parallel) . ~ fimi— To Sludy the frequency Acsponse Chara ctorictich 6 a L-e-R eries amd povrallel atkencmee citeuih omd to determine the Atsonance frequency amd Quality fader Forrnulae ee eee oF $ 2m Yee 2) Os ys and Q> fo. Here Ata Fe-Fy ‘ eve As bomere fy 2 Resmeames freqacnyy = roi doy — i pease the nesistov (ohm) = indurrome dh the coil Chenty ) = Copadtance dh tre Condenser C faract ) Dt = Bowel width d Desonast xh (From por) Fit ~ tower & upper bal power faqwenae? « ‘An Jeera] we fae LL = 100708 pee L (a then fo = 5-034 Kip C = 0 -O1MF Series Circuit scons | ParaltEL Circuit Ce) mn —_||- Wi) || Ser ice Veamnt ae age 7 Pe gow) 45 || a ©) dt yey : gp ee [> sty re] Frag] eure Cito jor 2 oy ori cat ere | 3 3ky 2 Gp@ynn |) yes "Ley = | 5 KR (2 TNR, Ve | © 6k 3 Bke | \} ren 4 Hen t }, 8 Sky 5 5a, 8 9] 7 Key |! | toKu,) 6 bly pegatay | folvoxay | a jes) eer yay \8 Bry! } [ee 3 poe we, ig) em, | tay | ER | a PE lie Lowe: | |3 } jee | vor | et | Precaution '?” NA fixed amplitude. ob the inpak siqnel Brould be applied to-tre cacuit or the Aclevech vals Mb LComd Rakai post fe 2) The mgurvolkoge apeliedto te cucit Ahould be checked stall prequenata « Ootuter- Seria tac We Panabled fo= Wy ;Coleeded fy> Hg.AKKINENI NAGESWARA RAO COLLEGE:: GUDIVADA ALL DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS L-C-R CIRCUIT ‘Aim: - To study the frequency response characteristics of L-C-R series and parallel resonant circuit and then t0 determine the resonance frequency and quality factor. “Apparatus: - A single generator (1-10 KHz), a standard capacitor (0.01,F), an inductor of inductance 100mH, two standard resistances of 50 and 100 ohm, a digital multimeter, FORMULA: - Theoretical formulas: 1 2nVLC itance of resistor; L= inductance of the coil = 100ml;C= capacitance of capacitor = Experimental formula: Resonance frequency of L-C-R Circuit is fy (from graph). Band width of the resonant circuit Af fifi (from graph) Resonance frequency of L-C-R Cireuit is f He Quality factor ofthe circuit is Q = O1ne Clyro he ceitis Q= Cra, Ts Ace af es Re el pou cy Caen a ees ox cabaute conn La Slt LCR recone, te volage Ce ee arte bat macho an th pence il bs ini pall Cee a ences emlads nl bo anim bathe core wil be minum sd iapeane x aimum ran LAC Series cou A col of wif ndotaeeL (100mH) a ness of expcy C(O, « Reseda fC fare cheek diammacr A (O20mA) afb comet (a ses wih th ipl ene OS 0) dgut Sesh on algal grea, Aust to Requeney kab of ll ca ny fof Ge AC Signal | ite Adjust heamplods of tie mp signal fo + aan oe de inp volage Then note te cont inte eeu shown by te os feat 1 of ee ipa gal convert see (II, eepng he pt a ee eae cence Thon te event nese ito th begin. erode eee re a re goa elec te spe of ie rerance, Tis wil apn when Ce ee ey teal te he cau Bepoaey of ho crete, mamnce oo, THs Fee re nae da pak rate ete seonance Ponnsy Gy Al the rescence Se ee ee a eee Caldas lose om teat er Te res frueny ad ten ths cat trvgh he cat geal doetes. Ne he See end ate cathe periment by invader values of Ki te eco te tane Sa Rees soba Woot! ioe eaperinet. The here vaso se tego ie quy nse Q canbe cleus sng the rl caer ay a ee Sor Sout and orsttace 1000) ae ob comes a eee a cat seston ate Agu’ a conde of he copes C1 Ne rae nie heen conbiatons oFR and L. Tht eal scaled UCR pal resonance ee ela cnera adj he Regpne ob oft sgal generator tthe Meueney Foe ee en a oupltus ofthc apa sigal ta coment aus by meas often eee eer ine ilamnets A fexeae he fequeny°f often Sigal eta Vi Th i ie en dete ply ete seni td cies minal soe PL scone reais tain yur ale tne rvranc teey fA the ae essa anh ans miimun. Ain eens eso the aaa ee segue) fie caret godly ices Note he cherie he in a a ech eieeat vue at & Inte cil forthe sane valve of, Cand Oe Te et iighoa ts expen. The resus aque fant te ally faa om be eld using te free Tea teal tad experimen rales of he resonance frequency fy and the quality factor Q are to be compared. GRAPH: - Draw a graph with the frequency f on the X-axis and the eurrent I on the Y-axis. A sharp See ee ere tis tigre wl be sane. Fos euphoric ind the enn NS AS A nt toma is Reger calle este womans one fy + 0.7071 I draw a line parallel to X-axis. This line euts the eu to Y-axis, which meet the X-axis at the two points corres frequencies, on either side of the resonance frequency fo. An and then notes the resonance frequency at the minimum posit PRECATUTIONS: - 1)An amplitude of the input signal sh L, C and R at different frequencies. 2) The input voltage frequencies RESULT: - The theoretical and experimental values of th calculated and compared. They are found to be equal From the graph, find the value of- No. | Parameter i [Theoretical ol 0.7071, . Mark the value of 0.707115 on the Y-axis. From the value of {ve at two points, From two points draw lines paralle! nding to frequencies fj and f; called the half power ther graph is drawn for the parallel resonance circuit tion, The model graph is shown in the figure. uld be applied to the circuit for the selected values of applied to the circuit should be checked at all the resonance frequency fy and the quality factor Q are jalue | Experimental value Resonance frequency (fp) in Hz ‘Quality factor Q Iore | A.C FREQUENCY - SONOME TE a ‘A aw : a we Reoey ; Aim:- To determine the frequenty 4a csepaly (dom Sseey Voring a Sonometer Fownue.— fo a. = =T & Lr Chg = trequenty AC Cupply # = Hrequenuy & the vibrations FSorometer (aire 7 = Tension apphed to tre Senometer wire 2 = Mq dynes Ma mass Kespencled to the wetg te homger a ace eleratton duc Ce 2 atocm|seé” L fenstn 4, the viby gent (lsup) of the wire m™m = leanear dewaity ce Ssnometer Wile = Wye qnen - Vo = VYacdkiou ob wire (screoguege fe eusi by oJ oj} materi ob wire (fortron ¢= 18 4mhe2) fov byan f = 3. Sqmn)eo) (Mars Tendo! Qo renating Lengin Mean’ k Eger T=" trays Clana) gram (Lena) L lee iF 2 mgm dyna enero Deer ges oa 1 500 qn 12 1deoqw | | 3 15004 r | Abe 2 500 | | | n= +r owe ft emee a ve wer “To find nection, sd ee et ee ie Zero ever = Zero Covyedion = ener aU Sle Neg eee gee ear] & sho PS RI SR euse [bape | | oO faa % | j | | 5 | | | | sont Abs wire. Should nolo ach wagut ee in Pre coustions: BR Bene Bou ee nse tiverghauband face fiom Kinks Detar, atAKKINENI NAGESWARA RAO COLLEGE: GUDIVADA G&S Expt numbe: 7/IT DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS raed Dt DETERMINATION OF AC FREQUENCY- SONOMETER ee ‘Aim: - To determine the frequency of A.C. supply using a sonometer. ‘Apparatus: - An electromagnet which works on 6V AC, Step down transformer, Sonometer with iron wire with weight hanger, a scale and a screw gauge. Formula: - Frequency of AC supply f ud |—He Frequency of the vibrations of sonometer wire a length of the vibrating segment of the wire ‘T= tension applied to the sonometer wire = Mg, here. M= mass suspended to the weight hanger g= acceleration due to gravity (980em/see m= linear density of the wire =nr"p here r= radius of the wire " p= density of the wire (for Iron p=7.8gm/em’, for Brass p=8.5gm/cm’) Principle: - When alternating current flows through the coil of an electromagnet. The strength of the magnet becomes maximum twice in each cycle of A.C. A cylindrical electromagnet (with A.C. supply) placed perpendicular to the length of a stretched horizontal sonometer wire pulls the wire with a frequeney double the frequeney of A.C. Description: - A sonometer consists of a hollow rectangular wooden box of about |2Sem long and cm width. Two wedge shaped wooden bridges with metallic edges projecting up wards are placed on the top of the box. An iron wire of uniform cross section is stretched parallel to the length of the bbox which passes over the two bridges. One end of the iron wire is fastened to a peg at one end of the sounding box and the other end of the iron wire passes over a smooth frictionless pulley and carries a ‘weight hanger. By placing a suitable load on the weight hanger, tension can be produced in the wire, ‘A meter scale is fixed parallel to the length of the box at the top to measure the length of the vibrating segment of the wire (resonating length) between the bridges. Hole are provided on one side of the box through which the energy of vibration is communicated to the external air which intensifies the sound note produced on the top of the box. A cylindrical electromagnet which is supported by means of a retort stand is kept perpendicular to the length of the wire (Fe). The A.C. supply mains (source of the alternating current) whose frequency to be determined is connected to the primary of a step-down transformer of 230volt and the secondary is connected to the electromagnet. Procedure:- The frequency of the given wire in this experiment is found by using rider method. The apparatus is arranged as shown in the figure above. A mass of $00grams is attached to the weight hanger. The electromagnet is kept just above the wire in between, the bridges. A paper rider is kept at the mid point of the wire (ie. in between the bridges). Slowly the distance between the bridges is increased so that the paper rider flutters violently and falls. This is the resonance position. Then the distance between the two bridges is measured (I). The load is increased in steps of S00gm. Weight up to totally 2500gm and in each case the resonating length is determined. The producer is repeated and the resonating length (Iz) is measured, while the load is decreasing. Segment is tabulated for each Where is calculated, The linear density reading the tension is T and ~~. js calculated. The average of of material of sonometer wire is obtained by the using screw gauge (for radius of wire) and known value of density of material of wire, Obtained the values are averagt m are substitute in the given formula. Finally we get frequency of A.C. supply Precautions: - 1) The wire should be uniform throughout and free from kinks. 2) The poles of the electromagnet should not touch the wire during vibration. 3) The tension applied should be with in the elastic limit of the material of the wire, 4) The diameter of the sonometer wire should be determined at various points. % Result: - The frequency of A.C. supply =......seeeess Hz YW. M Mohana TawKTRCHHOFF's LAWS Aim i- To Verify Kirchot{/s Laws + Kiv cobs Laws» ) ischols Current Law (KeLp:= ‘thealge brate Aum 8 currents meeting atthe qumction % Zero =tzo . (OT) the dum dh Currents enteringtne qundion ip eqpal to the hum dh te Cwrrenls Jeaning tne Tundion 4 Aprhyay to Tundinn "B F Sum Currents entensy judi’ = MaDe ts leowuing Jumution B t = bik D> Worcvelf's Volkage Law a ae ‘ pol < Cive)ie Tn ony cleted circuit ealgebyatc ham ih the prectasinte cunneuk Oma aeHiatonnte 4 Cath part dy the cLEE ty eqyial to the toted Cent Hote Cote Rare "= @Y) the at feats ieee Aue potential drops bn any elated meth fy eqpal to algtbvore rom de ent mn The Crud crcnit © Apples to tue cleked crest @ & ABEF > Nth V di ACDEF > wew VV (becaun strere NO mbeaole (> Veover =0 i Ris samp ee fewer a) A— SM SES Ae Kee Gt=t | pt Vi Kev KVL Vervg=v VitVe Va -Vz20 ae I lent tthe Te o 4s © ney en ; Boxer Ahauld bern sodacve te 2) “The Connery Wires Auould F ye Here Vyas Vy oneataresEuaie, Piaiteh mubhinetgs 2 De ank so teratn ane Ste —_ Rie wee. vill a vy te | Ve iy PS Yee) Kirche voltow Lan fo meth | t Mh Vetin Vets oft Colt ayy Catis SES pV WSbhay Veovaso. ae ee | Raa LY Views tb Aaeredta.n Gand Ki adsl Utes low \erts To00 | 2) eee dAKKINENI NAGESWARA RAO COLLEGE: : GUDIVADA Expt number: DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, Dt CATION OF KIRCHOFF’S LAWS Aim:- To verify Kirchof’s laws. ‘Apparatus:- Battery or battery eliminator, | to 10,0082 dial resistance boxes (3) multimeter. ‘Theory:- Kirchof’s laws are used in the analysis of complicated circuits. They can be written as follows: L.Kirchoff’s current law:The algebraic sum of currents meeting at a junction is zero or the sum of ‘currents approaching a junction is equal to the sum of currents flowing away from the junction, 2. Kirchoff’s voltage law:The algebraic sum of the products of currents and resistances in a closed circuit is equal to the algebraic sum of electromotive forces in the closed circuit. In this experiment Kirchoff's laws are verified fora T net work in D.C. They hold good in A.C circuits also. Procedure:- 6V dry cell box or 6V battery eliminator may be used in this experiment. Ri, Ra, and Ry are dial resistance boxes in the range 1-10,0000. They are connected as shown in the figure as T net work. A resistance of 2,000 may be used in R) and Rs. The resistance in Rs is increased from 1,002 to 9,000. The potential differences across Rj, Rz and Rs are measured with a multimeter for each value of Rs. They are denoted by V), V2 and Vs. Currents in Ri, Re and Rs are V/Ry, V2/Raand VyRsare denoted by I),l2 and b. According to Kirchof?’s first law the sum of currents approaching a junction is equal to the sum of currents flowing away from the junetion. i.. 1=lr+ls (1) According to Kirchoff’s second law The algebraic sum of the products of currents and resistances in a closed circuit is equal to the algebraic sum of electromotive forces in the closed circuit. i.e. (1) From the closed loop ABEFA , 11R+1R: ie, VitV2eV. « (2) Again from the closed loop BCDEB, 1:R2-bRs=0 ie, V2rV -3) (3) Similarly from the closed loop ACDFA, I) +1:R2=V ie, VitVeV (4) By proving equations (1),(2).(3) and (4) experimentally ,Kirchof?"s laws are veri At the T junction it should be shown that I;=I:+1 to verify Kirchoff's first law. To verify the second law for the closed loops in the circuit should be shown that V=V\+V and V>-Vs VytV2 fance boxes should be non inductive type. 2.The connecting wires should be short in length and straight, - Kirchof?’s laws are verified. oy RNM PrasadMAGNETIC FIELD ALONG THE AXIS OF A CURRENT CARRYING CIRCULAR COIL Aim : To determine the field of induction at several points on the axis of a circular coil carrying current using Stewart and gee’s type of Galvanometer Apparatus: Stewart and gee’s galvanometer, battery eliminator, ammeter, commutator, theostat, plug key, scale, connecting wires. apis LV WV OW pe! ey BE Formula: (1) 2G? +a? =. \oQeaet he Where B = The magnetic induction at any point on the axis of the coil i = current “i” amperes flows through a circular coil n= number of turns of the circular coil a= radius of the circular coil and x = the distance from the centre of the coil (2) F=H tand 2 Where H= the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field angle of deflection of the magnetic needle due to the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field(H) Circuit Diagram Graph: A graph is drawn with tan @ along y-axis and distance x fromthe an centre of the coil along x axis, T graph = shows the variation of magnetic field on the axis of a circular coil with distance. It is symmetrical about y-axis and the magnetic field is maximum at the centre of the coil. — Wea Eat —> Dietance xem.) Detain in Delon in E} eastside (OE) ©) tiles Bad se Je]= [eyo fe -le}ee] 4] é 4 : o}o: ale ler] ag i? +a y i f42 | 2 2 z els 4 T [2 2 {4 3 6 4 |s 6 |io 7 12 Precautions: 1. Galvanometer should not be disturbed after making primary adjustments, 2, The deflection should be observed without parallax. 3. From objects should be kept away from the coil. . Result: The field of induction at several points on the axis of a circular coil carrying current is determined using Stewart and gee’s type of Galvanometer.JO MAGNETIC FIELD ALONG THE AXIS OF A CURRENT CARRYING CIRCULAR COIL Aim : To determine the field of induction at several points on the axis of a circular coil carrying current using Stewart and gee’s type of Galvanometer Apparatus: Stewart and gee’s galvanometer, battery eliminator, ammeter, commutator, rheostat, plug key, scale, connecting wires, Description: Stewart and Gee galvanometer is shown in the figurel. its construction resembles that of galvanometer and deflection magnetometer. It consists of a circular coil ina vertical plane fixed to a horizontal bench at its middle point. The ends of the coil are connected to blinding screws. A magnetic compass box is arranged such that it can be slided along a horizontal scale passing through the centre of the coil. The compass box consists of a short magnetic needle and a long aluminium pointer attached at its mid point perpendicular to it and they are pivoted at the centre of a horizontal circular scale graduated in diagrams. The circular scale consists of four quadrants each of which measures angles from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. A plane mirror is provided below the pointer so that the deflections can be observed with out parallax. Theory: When current of ‘i * amperes flows through a circular coil of ‘n * turns , each of radius ‘a * then the magnetic induction B at any point ‘p’ on the axis of the coil is, pa wg nla GO given by & 2 yr = a mn ict ‘5 YL Where x is the distance of the art en fe De of the coil when the coil is placed in the magnetic meridian the direction of the magnetic field will be perpendicular to the direction of the horizontal components of the earth field say *B.’ when the deflection , magnetic metal placed at any part on the axis of the coil. Such that the centre of the magnetic needle lies exactly on the axis of the coil, such that the centre of the ‘magnetic needle exactly lies on the axis of the coil then the needle is acted upon by the two fields “B’ and ‘Be’ which are at right angles to one another. The needle deflects obeying the tangent law B=B, tand Q B. is horizontal component of earth magnetic field , the intensity of the field at any part is calculated by equation-(2) and verified by equation-(1). Procedure: The circuit is constructed as shown in figure below. The primary adjustments of the instrument are ee made. The coil of the instrument is a set along the magnetic meridian. ™m(-) The aluminium pointer is made to * Rh read Odegrees-Odegrees with no current. The ends of the coil are connected to the commutator and through it to the battery rheostat and ammeter. When the circuit is closed with plug key, current flows through the circular coil. A magnetic field is produced ‘along the axis of the coil. The magnetic needle in the compass is subjected to the horizontal component earth's 1magnetic (H) and magnetic field(F) due to the circular coil carrying current. Those two magnetic fields are acting at right angles to each other. The magnetic needle is deflected through an angle theta from the direction of (H) the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field. Then we get the equation B= B. tand or F = H tan0 ~ @ The current in the circuit is adjusted such that the deflection lies between 30 and 60 degrees using rheostat. The compass box is displaced by 5 em or 10 em along the horizontal seal and the deflection of he needle is measured at every distance by reading both ends of the pointer. Let the readings be 0; and 0, . the readings 03 and 0, are observed after reversing the direction of current, the experiment is repeated for points on the other side of the coil. If @ is the observe of the four deflection readings , tan @ is proportional to F. Graph: A graph is drawn with tan @ along, Y yeaxis and distance x from the centre of the coil along x axis. It is shown in fig. oO this graph shows the variation of magnetic Jie 1 I oo | field on the axis of a circular coil with ' distance. It is symmetrical about y axis *' “Wea ec and the magnetic field is maximum at the centre of the coil Distance x (om.) Pe Deflection inthe Deflection in | mametometer when onthe | magnetometer in west side g £] eastside (Op) wv) le slelole lelalelolelelale\ieul “| é 5 ‘ 2,¢ x| di 2427/4] 4 a] 8 Be yé 4 1 [2 2 [4 3 |6 4 |e 6 |10 7 | Precautions: 1. Galvanometer should not be disturbed after making primary adjustments. 2. The deflection should be observed without parallax. 3. From objects should be kept away from the coil Result: The field of induction at several points on the axis of a circular coil carrying current is determined using Stewart and gee’s type of Galvanometer.CHARACTERISTICS OF A JUNCTION D. Aim'- To draw the characteristicCurves (V-I ques Semicenductey Junction diode The Symmbel for 2PM Tunclim chode = DK, ER Fovward Bias | When an external Voltese in applied | Ho o PN Junction iy Auch o cliredion hed “ur Camecls Ihe potential baviier amet permits Ihe Current plewis calle ed a Fotward bie ‘ —4 Positive potential 4 (ren p[n fa applied tp P-Sicls | —+|1=-—_ | oh ——— gf | ertoeet | tla oa I+ Zo) Drv (0-10) i “A Volley COV Ter 2 4% Nvols Tea s! 10 3 ri os 3) yy 3 ys _<— Voller S20 | ois Ve 130 tas f q HO fz oops / 0 4 leche / Reve vies jwieo | \3 \ o | i S wes | | | is 0 | : ‘ curred lows Lathe ash + € mel No Correar floss ortne CLLasth . wary Aevice vabdun eff ors @ low revstame Lohew su and bi a ld nesistame path and hen AA PN JUndion 9 etwand bias has : Tn AQUertt bios, U hes highseratona pal Reverse Bias hen am external Volloe t oppled sto a PN JUmdion in Such a ctirection “that UP increares the Petential bomier then it called as Revert bias _ r 1 Negative: aaa pin ea, potdael lee | capbede Poa L — |;>— A en Z ea Se a) xz Bv ew —- al) i 2 "e Vouer * Cuvee ovens 8197 3 Vv Lyk nore » ve 2 US te 7 S Voitogi > ar ‘ 7 k G ieee RUA PN qumdion liccle 4 one. paced Pehanes Lites an ima&ulabstionen rover biaxed “us Ue Combe uacd a A0ck pier te fa convert alkernating Gwe eh soto Aine d Os arn Pree saat ey he Wty edd Stats @ ste ae OiAKKINENI NAGESWARA RAO COLLEGE: GUDIVADA Expt numbe:8/I1T DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS Di CHARACTERISICS OF A JUNCTION DIODE ‘Aim, To draw the characteristic curves ofthe given semi conductor junetion d APPARATUS: - Battery (2V), a semiconductor junction diode kit, Millimeter (0-S0mA), miro ammeter (0- ‘SQuA), Volimeter and connecting wires. BRINCIPLE® - When a postve potential is applied tothe P-side ofa P-N junction diode (wth respec tothe N-sie) the Be att be forward bised On the other had, when a negative potential fs applied tothe Psie ofa P-N junction diode the dade f sid tobe Reverse based SMEORY: "P-N junction diode isa two terminal devise consisting of P-N junction formed ether in Ge or Si sem Se EE rateral, When a P-spe materials inimately joined io Neype, a PoN junction is formed. Therefore. PAN Janction formed frm a picce of semiconductor by dffsing Ptype material o one hal side and Netype material 0 ‘ier half side. The plane dividing the two znesf known a jun ‘When a P-N junction fs formed potential baer willbe developed across the junction due to difsion of majority Lines in ath side, Nom, when he Junction is forvad-biased the aor} charge casesoles on P side and electrons GHW id il be repelled bythe respective voltages applied. Aer overcoming the penal bare, there wil be a ow ‘STeharge carriers (majority charge crirs) across the juneton, Ths, nally the current increases very showy il the Celtage across the diode enosses cern val: tis aed the tresold voltage or cut in volage. This is of abut 02V Toraumanum diode and 0.7V for silicon diode. There after, the dode eure inereaes in an exponential manner even for avery smal increase in ode vllage. For reverse bas the current will be vey smal inthe arr of mio amperes Pr umeat sonst wth bas, The majority charge carson each side willbe now ataced by te respective vollages {foe reverse curen ise to minority charge carirs on either side. For special cases, at very high reverse bias (ereakdown voltage) the current sudenly increases in he reverse i. DESCRIPTION: «The semiconductor juntion diode is typically BY 127 type. Iisa double silicon power diode in a plastic package. This diode is connected to the battery via ammeter in proper way. The voltmeter is ‘connected across the junction diode. This arrangement is shown in the figure. In the forward bias we use a mill; ammeter since the resistance is less and the expected curent is large. A micro ammeter is used in the reverse bias because the resistance wil be large and hence the reverse current will be very smal PROCEDURE: - Diode Testing: - The positive terminal of the probe of mulimeter is connected 10 one terminal of the diode. ‘The negative terminal ofthe probe of multimeter is connected tothe second terminal of the diode, If the multimeter shows a low resistance reading, then obviously the positive terminal of the probe is corresponding tothe P-side (anode) ofthe junction diode, Ifthe multimeter show a high resistance reading, then obviously the postive terminal of the probe corresponds to the N-side (cathode) of the junction. This, should be ensured first so as to be definite about forward or reverse biasing and accordingly using a nilliammeter ora miro ammeter. Forward biased: - When an external voltage is applied to P-N junction in sucha direction that it cancels the potential barrier and permits the current flow is called a forward biased, Connections are made as shown in figure. The P-N junction diode is connected in series with the battery via a milli ammeter. The P-side, which is the anode of the semiconductor diode, should be connected to the positive terminal of the voltage supply for forward bias, The voltmeter is connected in parallel with the diode. The Collage supply i switched on and the input voltage i slowly increased from zero to 7V in convenient steps {imay be of O.2V each time) withthe help ofthe battery probe. At each step the input voltage is measured with the voltmeter and the diode current is measured with the milli ammter, The readings are tabulated in the table. Reverse biased: - When an external voltage is applied to P-N junction in such a direction that it inereases the potential barrier then is called as reverse bias. Connections are made as shown in figure, The difference now is thatthe P-sie ofthe semiconductor diode is now connected to the negative terminal ofthe battery and (instead of the milli ammeter) we connect a micro ammeter in series. This is because inthe case ofthe junction diode the reverse cutent is very small. The same procedure of noting the input voltage and the corresponding diode current is followed just as in the case of forward bias and readings are tabulated in the table. ‘We conclude that when the P-N junction diode is forward bas, it as a low resistance path and hence current flows in the circuit, On the other hand, when i is reverse bias, it has high resistance path and no current flows in the circuit. Thus, P-N junction diode is one way devise which offers a low resistance when forward biased and behaves like an insulator when reverse biased. Thus, it can be used as a rectifier ie. for converting alteratng current into direct current. GRAPH: © On the same graph set both the forvard bias readings and reverse bias readings are pled. Volage V is eae eX axis wih pstve for forward bias and negative far everse bis. Forward bis current in mA is ploted on posive ¥ axis. Reverse diode current in wA i plated on negative Y ais PRECAUTIONS: - 1) Currents should not be sent continuously over a long period of time. 2) The voltage is to be increased slowly. The input voltage should never be excessively large. Such a voltage gives rise to high diode current which will damage the diode. My RESULT:-The characteristic curves for junction diode is drown. YUM. M, Mofana Raw