LIMITS

LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS AS X APPROACHES A CONSTANT

5𝑥 2 −8𝑥−13
1. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2 −5

Solution:
Substitute 3 𝑡𝑜 𝑥:
5(3)2 − 8(3) − 13
=
(3)2 − 5
8
=
4
=𝟐

2. lim(8 − 3𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 )
𝑥→2

Solution:
Substitute 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑥:
= 8 − 3(2) + 12(4)2
= 𝟓𝟎

3𝑥 2 −𝑥−10
3. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −4

Solution:
0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0

But if factored first then;

 (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 + 5)
= lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
Substitute 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑥:
(3𝑥 + 5)
= lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥 + 2)
3(2) + 5
=
2+2
𝟏𝟏
=
𝟒

𝑥 2 −25
4. lim
𝑥→−5 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15

Solution:
0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 5)
= lim
𝑥→−5 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5)
(𝑥 − 5)
= lim
𝑥→−5 (𝑥 − 3)

Substitute −5 𝑡𝑜 𝑥:
((−5) − 5)
=
((−5) − 3)
−10
=
−8
𝟓
=
𝟒

𝑥 4 −81
5. = lim 2𝑥 2 −5𝑥−3
𝑥→3

Solution:
 0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0

Factor first, then substitute 3 𝑡𝑜 𝑥:

(𝑥 2 − 9)(𝑥 2 + 9)
= lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1)
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 + 9)
= lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1)
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 + 9)
= lim
𝑥→3 (2𝑥 + 1)
((3) + 3)((3)2 + 9)
=
(2(3) + 1)
𝟏𝟎𝟖
=
𝟕
1 1
+
𝑥 2
6. = lim 3
𝑥→−2 𝑥 +8

Solution:
0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0

𝑥+2
= lim 32𝑥
𝑥→−2 𝑥 + 8
𝑥+2 1
= lim ( 3 )
𝑥→−2 2𝑥 𝑥 +8
𝑥+2
= lim
𝑥→−2 2𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)
1
= lim 2
𝑥→−2 2𝑥(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4)
1
= lim 2
𝑥→−2 2(−2)((−2) − 2(−2) + 4)
 𝟏
=−
𝟒𝟖

3−√𝑥+5
7. lim
𝑥→4 𝑥−4

Solution:
0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0

Rationalize numerator first,

3 − √𝑥 + 5 3 + √𝑥 + 5
= lim ( )
𝑥→4 𝑥−4 3 + √𝑥 + 5
9 − (𝑥 + 5)
= lim
𝑥→4 (𝑥 − 4)(3 + √𝑥 + 5)
4−𝑥
= lim
𝑥→4 (𝑥 − 4)(3 + √𝑥 + 5)
−(𝑥 − 4)
= lim
𝑥→4 (𝑥 − 4)(3 + √𝑥 + 5)
−1
= lim
𝑥→4 (3 + √𝑥 + 5)

Substitute 3 𝑡𝑜 𝑥:
−1
=
(3 + √4 + 5)
𝟏
=−
𝟔

√𝑥−2
8. lim
𝑥→4 𝑥−4

Solution:
 0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0

Rationalize numerator first,

√𝑥 − 2 √𝑥 + 2
= lim ( )
𝑥→4 𝑥 − 4 √𝑥 + 2
𝑥−4
= lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 − 4(√𝑥 + 2)
1
= lim
𝑥→4 (√𝑥 + 2)

Substitute 4 𝑡𝑜 𝑥:
1
=
(√4 + 2)
𝟏
=
𝟒

√2𝑥+22−4
9. lim
𝑥→−3 𝑥+3

Solution:
0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0

Rationalize numerator first,

√2𝑥 + 22 − 4 (√2𝑥 + 22 + 4)
= lim
𝑥→−3 𝑥+3 (√2𝑥 + 22 + 4)
2𝑥 + 22 − 16
= lim
𝑥→−3 (𝑥 + 3)(√2𝑥 + 22 + 4)
2(𝑥 + 3)
= lim
𝑥→−3 (𝑥 + 3)(√2𝑥 + 22 + 4)
 2
=
√2𝑥 + 22 + 4
2
=
8
𝟏
=
𝟒
𝑥−27
10. lim 1
𝑥→27 𝑥 3 −3

Solution:
0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0

Factor first;
1
(𝑥 3 )3 − 33
= lim 1
𝑥→27
𝑥3 − 3
1 1 1
(𝑥 3 − 3)((𝑥 3 )2 + 3𝑥 3 + 9)
= lim 1
𝑥→27
𝑥3 − 3
1 1
= lim (𝑥 3 )2 + 3𝑥 3 + 9
𝑥→27

Substitute 27 𝑡𝑜 𝑥:
1 1
= ((27)3 )2 + 3(27)3 + 9
= 𝟐𝟕
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

6+4𝑥
1. lim 𝐴𝑛𝑠. −∞
𝑥→−3 𝑥 2 +1
3
𝐴𝑛𝑠. − 𝑥 4 −5𝑥−3
5 6. lim
𝑥→0 2−√𝑥 2 +4

1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. +∞
𝑥 3 −1
2. lim 1
𝑥→1 𝑥 4 −1 𝑥 3 −1
7. lim (𝑥−1)2
4 𝑥→1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
3

sin(5𝑥) tan 2𝑥
3. lim 8. lim𝜋 𝜋
𝑥→0 3𝑥 𝑥→ 𝑥−
2 2
5 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 2
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
3
𝑥
cos(2𝑥)−1 9. lim 3−√𝑥+9
4. lim 𝑥→0
𝑥→0 cos 𝑥−1 𝐴𝑛𝑠. −6
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 4
(6+𝑥)2 −36
𝑥 3 −7𝑥 10. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
5. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥3 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 12
 LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS AS X APPROACHES INFINITY

100
1. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 +5

Solution:
100
= =0
∞

(The numerator is always 100 and the denominator 𝑥 2 + 5

approaches ∞ as x approaches ∞, so that the resulting
fraction approaches 0)

7
2. lim
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 3 −20

Solution:
7
= =0
−∞

(The numerator is always 7 and the denominator 𝑥 3 − 7

approaches −∞ as x approaches −∞, so that the resulting
fraction approaches 0)

3. lim (3𝑥 3 − 1000 𝑥 2 )

𝑥→∞
 Solution:
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: ∞ − ∞ = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚

lim 𝑥 2 (3𝑥 − 1000)

𝑥→∞

= (∞)(∞)
=∞

4. lim (𝑥 4 + 5 𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑥→−∞

Solution:
=∞+∞
=∞

5. lim (𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 10)
𝑥→∞

Solution:
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 "∞
− ∞"

= lim (𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1) + (𝑥 − 10))
𝑥→∞
= (∞)(∞) − ∞
=∞

6. lim 4𝑥 7 − 18𝑥 3 + 9
𝑥→∞

Solution:
= ∞ − ∞ = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒

Separating the polynomial:

 18 9
= lim [𝑥 7 (4 − + )]
𝑥→∞ 𝑥3 𝑥7
= (∞)(4)
=∞

3
7. lim √𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
𝑥→∞

Solution:
= ∞ − ∞ = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒

Separating the polynomial:

1 12
= lim [𝑥 2 ( 5 + − 2)]
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑥3
= (∞)(−2)
= −∞

8−4𝑥 2
8. lim
𝑥→∞ 9𝑥 2 +5𝑥

Solution:
∞
= − = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
∞

After factoring;
8
𝑥 2 ( 2 − 4)
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 2 5
𝑥 (9 + 𝑥)
8
( 2 − 4)
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 5
(9 + 𝑥)
0−4
=
9+0
 𝟒
=−
𝟗

3𝑥 7 −4𝑥 2 +1
9. lim
𝑥→∞ 5−10𝑥 2

Solution:
∞−∞
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
∞

After factoring,
1
𝑥 2 (3𝑥 5 − 4 + )
= lim 𝑥2
𝑥→∞ 5
𝑥2 (
− 10)
𝑥2
1
(3𝑥 5 − 4 + 2 )
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 5
( 2 − 10)
𝑥
∞−4+0
=
0 − 10
∞
=
−10
= −∞

20𝑥 4 −7𝑥 3
10. lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥+9𝑥 2 +5𝑥 4

Solution:
∞−∞
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
∞

After factoring,
7
𝑥 4 (20 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→∞ 2 9
𝑥4 ( 3 + 2 + 5)
𝑥 𝑥
 7
(20 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→∞ 2 9
( 3 + 2 + 5)
𝑥 𝑥
20 − 0 20
= = =𝟒
0+0+5 4
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

𝑥+7
1. lim
𝑥→−∞ 3𝑥+5
1 6. lim (𝑥 − √𝑥 2 + 7)
𝑥→∞
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
3 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 0

7𝑥 2 +𝑥−100
2. lim 7. lim (𝑥 − √𝑥 2 + 7)
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2 −5𝑥 𝑥→−∞
7 𝐴𝑛𝑠. −∞
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2
𝑥 3 −2𝑥+11
8. lim
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+7 𝑥→∞ 3−6𝑥 5
3. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 3 +10𝑥−4 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 0
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 0
√7+9𝑥 2
7𝑥 2 +𝑥+11
9. lim
𝑥→∞ 1−2𝑥
4. lim
𝑥→−∞ 4−𝑥 3
𝐴𝑛𝑠. ∞ 𝐴𝑛𝑠. −
2

𝑥 3 +7𝑥 8+𝑥−4𝑥 2
5. lim √4𝑥 3 +5 10. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ √6+𝑥 2 +7𝑥 4
1 4
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝐴𝑛𝑠. −
2 √7
 DETERMINING LIMITS USING L’HOPITAL’S RULES

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
lim = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑥)

𝑥−2
1. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −4

Solution:
2−2
=
(2)2 − 4
0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0

Note: Differentiate top and bottom separately.

1−0
= lim
𝑥→2 2𝑥 − 0
1
=
2(2)
𝟏
=
𝟒

2𝑥+7
2. lim
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 2 −5
 Solution:
∞
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
∞

Apply l’Hopital’s Rule,

2+0
= lim
𝑥→∞ 6𝑥 − 0
1 1
= =
3𝑥 ∞
=𝟎

𝑥 2 −1
3. lim 𝑥 2 +3𝑋−4
𝑥→1

Solution:
0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0

Apply l’Hopital’s Rule,

2𝑥 − 0
= lim
𝑥→1 2𝑥 + 3 − 0
2(1)
= lim
𝑥→1 2(1) + 3
𝟐
=
𝟓

𝑥−4
4. lim
𝑥→4 √𝑥−2

Solution:
0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0

Apply l’Hopital’s Rule,

 1−0
= lim
𝑥→1 1 −1/2
2 (𝑥) −0
= lim 2√𝑥
𝑥→1
= 2√4 = 𝟒
sin 𝑥
5. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

Solution:
0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0

Apply l’Hopital’s Rule,

cos 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 1
= cos 0
=𝟏

𝑥 2 +3𝑥−10
6. lim
𝑥→∞ 7𝑥 2 −5𝑥+4

Solution:
∞
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
∞

Apply l’Hopital’s Rule,

2𝑥 + 3 − 0
= lim
𝑥→∞ 14𝑥 − 5 + 0

∞
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
∞
So, it needs another application of the rule

2
= lim
𝑥→∞ 14
 𝟏
=
𝟕

(ln 𝑥)2
7. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 2𝑥

Solution:
∞
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
∞

Apply l’Hopital’s Rule,

1
2 (ln 𝑥) (𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑒 2𝑥
∞
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
∞

Apply l’Hopital’s Rule,

1
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ (𝑥)2𝑒 2𝑥 + (1)𝑒 2𝑥
1 1
= lim ( )
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥
1
= lim 2 2𝑥
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
1
= 2 2(∞)
2(∞) 𝑒 + (∞)𝑒 2(∞)
1
=
∞+∞
1
=
∞
=𝟎
8. lim 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑥→0

Solution:
= 0(∞) = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒

After manipulating the form algebraically, we get

ln 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 1
𝑥

Apply l’Hopital’s Rule,

1
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 1
− 2
𝑥
1 𝑥2
= lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥 −1
= lim (−𝑥)
𝑥→0
=𝟎

9. lim 𝑥 (ln 𝑥)2

𝑥→0

Solution:
= 0(∞) = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒

After manipulating algebraically,

 (ln 𝑥)2
= lim
𝑥→0 1
𝑥
∞
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
∞

Apply l’Hopital’s Rule,

1
2 (ln 𝑥) 𝑥
= lim 1
𝑥→0 − 2
𝑥
−∞
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
−∞

Applying the rule again,

1
2 (𝑥 )
= lim 1
𝑥→0
𝑥2
= lim 2𝑥
𝑥→0
= 2(0)
=𝟎

10. lim ln 𝑥 (tan 𝑥)

𝑥→0

Solution:
= (−∞)(0) = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒

1 cos 𝑥
Note: cot 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
 ln 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 1
tan 𝑥
ln 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 cot 𝑥

−∞
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
∞

Apply l’Hopital’s Rule,

1
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥

1
Recall that csc 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
1
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 −1/𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥 −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= lim −
𝑥→0 𝑥
0
= = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
0

Apply l’Hopital’s Rule,

−2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 1
= (−2) sin 0 cos 0
= −2(0)(1)
=𝟎
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

𝑥 3 −1
1. lim (𝑥−1)2
𝑥→1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 3

3𝑥 −2𝑥
2. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 −𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. ln 2 − ln 3

1 1
−
3. lim 𝑥𝑥2 −9
3
𝑥→3
1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. −
54
𝑥 tan 𝑥
4. lim
𝑥→0 sin 3𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 0

3𝑥 −2𝑥
5. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 −𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. ln 2 − ln 3

arcsin 4𝑥
6. lim arctan 5𝑥
𝑥→0
 4
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
5

sin 𝑥 2
7. lim 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑥→0
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 1

𝑥2𝑒 𝑥
8. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 1

2
𝑒 −1/𝑥
9. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 0

𝑒 3𝑥
10. lim
𝑥→∞ 5𝑥+200
𝐴𝑛𝑠. ∞

3+ln 𝑥
11. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 +7
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 0

3𝑥+2𝑥
12. lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥+3𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 0

2
𝑒 𝑥+
𝑥
13. lim 5
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 1

14. lim (√𝑥 2 + 1 − √𝑥 + 1)

𝑥→∞
𝐴𝑛𝑠. ∞
 3 𝑥
15. lim (1 + 𝑥) = 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑒 3
𝑥→∞

DERIVATIVES

Differential calculus – a branch of mathematics concerned chiefly

with the study of the rate of change of functions with respect to
their variables especially through the use of derivatives and
differentials.
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) then the derivative is defined to be;
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

DERIVATIVES OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
❖ =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑢𝑣𝑤) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
❖ = 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢𝑤 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑤 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑(𝑢/𝑣) 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 −𝑢𝑑𝑥
❖ = 𝑣2
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢
❖ = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑 √𝑢
❖ = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑢
𝑘
𝑑( ) 𝑘𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑥
❖ 𝑣
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

POWER RULE

1. 𝑦 = 6𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 + 4

Solution:
𝑦 ′ = (6)(3)𝑥 3−1 − 9(1) + 0
𝒚′ = 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗

2. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 2 + 13𝑡

Solution:
𝑦 ′ = (4)(2)𝑥 4−1 − (10)(2)𝑥 2−1 + 13(1)
𝒚′ = 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑

3. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 −7 + 9𝑥

Solution:
𝑦 = (7)(4)𝑥 7−1 − (−7)3𝑥 −7−1 + 9(1)
𝒚′ = 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟔 + 𝟐𝟏𝒙−𝟖 + 𝟗
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥 −4 − 9𝑥 −3 + 8𝑥 −2 + 12

Solution:
𝑦 = (−4)𝑥 −4−1 − (−3)9𝑥 −3−1 + (−2)(8)𝑥 −2−1 + 0
𝒚′ = −𝟒𝒙−𝟓 + 𝟐𝟕𝒙−𝟒 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙−𝟑

3 4
5. 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 8 √𝑥 − 2 √𝑥

Solution:
1 1 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 4

𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟖 −𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑
𝒚′ = 𝒙 𝟐+ 𝒙 𝟑− 𝒙 𝟒
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
1 1 1
6. 𝑦 = 10(𝑥 3 )5 − (𝑥 7 )2 + 6(𝑥 8 )3 − 3

Solution:
3 7 8
𝑦 = 10𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 3 − 3
3 2 7 5 8 5
𝑦 ′ = 10 ( ) 𝑥 −5 − 𝑥 2 + 6 ( ) 𝑥 3
5 2 3
𝟐 𝟕 𝟓 𝟓
𝒚′ = 𝟔𝒙−𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟑
𝟐

4 1 8
7. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 6𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5

Solution:
𝑥 −3
−1
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − + 8𝑥 −5
6
(−3)𝑥 −3−1
𝑦 = (−1)4𝑥 −1−1 − + (−5)8𝑥 −5−1
6
′ −𝟐
𝒙−𝟒
𝒚 = −𝟒𝒙 + − 𝟒𝟎𝒙−𝟔
𝟐
 6 1 1
8. 𝑦 = √𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 10

Solution:
3 1 1
𝑦 = 6𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 −4 − 𝑥 −10
8 3
3 −5 1 1
𝑦′ = 6 (− ) 𝑥 2 + (−4)𝑥 −5 − (−10)𝑥 −11
2 8 3
𝟓 𝟏 𝟏𝟎
𝒚′ = −𝟗𝒙−𝟐 − 𝒙−𝟓 + 𝒙−𝟏𝟏
𝟐 𝟑

9. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)(2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
𝑦 = (3)𝑥 3−1 − (2)2𝑥 2−1 − 8(1)
𝒚′ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟖

4𝑥 3 −7𝑥+8
10. 𝑦 = 𝑥

Solution:
4𝑥 3 7𝑥 8
𝑦= − +
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 7 + 8𝑥 −1
𝑦 = (2)4𝑥 2−1 − (0) + (−1)8𝑥 −1−1
𝒚′ = 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟖𝒙−𝟐
 PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULE

11. 𝑦 = (4𝑥 2 − 𝑥)(𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 12)

Solution:
𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 12
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
𝑣 = 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 8𝑥 − 1

𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 12)( 8𝑥 − 1) + (4𝑥 2 − 𝑥)(𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2

+ 12)
𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
′ 𝟒

3
12. 𝑦 = (1 + √𝑥 3 )(𝑥 −3 − 2 √𝑥)

Solution:
𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = 1 + √𝑥 3
 3
𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥2
3 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 2
2
3
𝑣 = 𝑥 −3 − 2 √𝑥
1
𝑣 = 𝑥 −3 − 2𝑥 3
2 2
𝑑𝑣 = −3𝑥 −4 − 𝑥 −3
3
3 2 1
2 3 1
𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )( −3𝑥 −4 − 3 𝑥 −3 ) + (𝑥 −3 − 2𝑥 3 )( 2 𝑥 2 )
′

𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓
𝒚′ = −𝟑𝒙−𝟒 − 𝒙−𝟐 − 𝒙−𝟐
𝟐 𝟑

13. 𝑦 = (1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 )(5𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )

Solution:
𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = 5𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑢 = 5 + 16𝑥 − 3𝑥 2

𝑣 = 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 = 2 + 6𝑥

𝑦 ′ = (5𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )(2 + 6𝑥) + (1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 )(5

+ 16𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 )
𝒚′ = 𝟓 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟒

6𝑥 2
14. 𝑦 = 2−𝑥

Solution:
𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = 6𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 = 12𝑥
 𝑣 = 2−𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = −1

′
(2 − 𝑥)(12𝑥) − 6𝑥 2 (−1)
𝑦 =
(2 − 𝑥)2
′
𝟐𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐
𝒚 =
(𝟐 − 𝒙)𝟐

3𝑥+𝑥 4
15. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 +1

Solution:
𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 4
𝑑𝑢 = 3 + 4𝑥 3

𝑣 = 2𝑥 2 + 1
𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑥

(2𝑥 2 + 1)(3 + 4𝑥 3 ) − (3𝑥 + 𝑥 4 )(4𝑥)

𝑦′ =
(2𝑥 2 + 1)2
𝟒𝒙𝟓 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑
𝒚′ =
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐

√𝑥+2𝑥
16. 𝑦 = 7𝑥−4𝑥 2

Solution:
𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = √𝑥 + 2𝑥
 𝑢 = 𝑥1/2 + 2𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 −2 + 2
2

𝑣 = 7𝑥 − 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 = 7 − 8𝑥

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( 𝒙−𝟐 + 𝟐) (𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 ) − (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙) (𝟕 − 𝟖𝒙)
𝟐
𝒚′ =
(𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 )𝟐

(𝑥 2 −1)3
17. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +1

Solution:
𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = (𝑥 2 − 1)3
𝑑𝑢 = (3)(𝑥 2 − 1)2 (2𝑥)

𝑣 = 𝑥2 + 1
𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑥

(𝑥 2 + 1)(3)(𝑥 2 − 1)2 (2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 − 1)3 (2𝑥)

𝑦′ =
(𝑥 2 + 1)2
2𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)2 [3(𝑥 2 + 1) − (𝑥 2 − 1)]
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 2 + 1)2
2𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)2 (3𝑥 2 + 3 − 𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 2 + 1)2
2𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)2 2(𝑥 2 + 2)
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 2 + 1)2
𝟒𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐)
𝒚′ =
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐
 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥
18. 𝑦 = 𝑥+2

Solution:
𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥
∗ 𝑑(𝑎𝑏) = 𝑎𝑑𝑏 + 𝑏𝑑𝑎
𝑎 = 𝑥3
𝑏 = ln 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + (3𝑥 2 )(ln 𝑥)
𝑥
𝑣 =𝑥+2
𝑑𝑣 = 1

1
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 3 𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 ) ln 𝑥) − 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 (1)
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 + 2)2
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 ln 𝑥) − 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 + 2)2
(𝑥 + 2)𝑥 2 (1 + 3 ln 𝑥) − 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 + 2)2
 𝑥 2 ((𝑥 + 2)(1 + 3 ln 𝑥) − 𝑥 ln 𝑥)
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 + 2)2
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 3𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 2 + 6 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 ln 𝑥)
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 + 2)2
𝒙𝟐 (𝟐𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟔 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝒚′ =
(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐

19. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 log 𝑥

Solution:
Using triple product rule and chain rule.
𝐷{𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑥)}
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)ℎ(𝑥)
+ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)ℎ′(𝑥)

𝑦 ′ = (1)𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 log 𝑥 + 𝑥(2) cot 𝑥 (−𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥) log 𝑥

1
+ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 ( log 𝑒)
𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 log 𝑥 − 2𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 log 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 log 𝑒

20. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)3 𝑒 −𝑥

Solution:
Using triple product rule and chain rule:
𝑦 ′ = (2𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (3)(1 − 𝑥)2 (−1)𝑒 −𝑥
+ 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)3 𝑒 −𝑥 (1)
 Factoring common terms:
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)2 𝑒 −𝑥 [2(1 − 𝑥) − 3𝑥 − 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)]
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)2 𝑒 −𝑥 [2 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ]
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)2 𝑒 −𝑥 [𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2]

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 − 1)(5𝑥 + 2)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 20𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 70𝑥 + 9

2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 −2 (4 + 3𝑥 −3 )
′
15 + 8𝑥 3
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 = −
𝑥6

3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 (1 + 3 ln 𝑥)

3
4. 𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 tan 𝑥
1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 (2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 3 tan 𝑥)

5. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 10𝑥 + cos(2𝑥)

6. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (7 − √𝑥)
 𝑒 𝑥 (−1 + 14√𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 )
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
2√𝑥

7𝑥 2
7. 𝑦 = 4𝑒 𝑥 −𝑥
7𝑥(8𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
(4𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥)2

1+ln 𝑥
8. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −ln 𝑥
′
1 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 ln 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 =
𝑥(𝑥 2 − ln 𝑥)2

4𝑥 3 −7𝑥
9. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 +2
20𝑥 4 + 59𝑥 2 − 14
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
(5𝑥 2 + 2)2

4 sin 𝑥
10. 𝑦 = 2𝑥+cos 𝑥
8𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 8 sin 𝑥 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
(2𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2

2
11. 𝑦 = 7𝑥𝑒 𝑥
2
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 7𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 2 + 1)

12. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 8)4 sec(3𝑥)

𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 + 8)3 sec(3𝑥)(3(𝑥 + 8) tan(3𝑥) + 4)

13. 𝑦 = 23𝑥+1 ln(5𝑥 − 11)

23𝑥+1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = (5) + 23𝑥+1 (ln 2)(3) ln(5𝑥 − 11)
5𝑥 − 11
 2
14. 𝑦 = 𝑥+1
2
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = −
(𝑥 + 1)2

𝑥2
15. 𝑦 = 3𝑥−1
𝑥(3𝑥 − 2)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
(3𝑥 − 1)2

DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑(sin 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(cos 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = − sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(tan 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(cot 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(sec 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = − sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(csc 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

1. 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥 − 6 sec 𝑥 + 3
 Solution:
𝒚′ = −𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟔 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

2. 𝑦 = 10 tan 𝑥 − 2 cot 𝑥

Solution:
𝒚′ = 𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙

3. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

Solution:
Recalling trigonometric identities:
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1
𝑦=1
𝒚′ = 𝟎

4. 𝑦 = cot 𝑥 cos 𝑥

Solution:
cos 𝑥
𝑦= (cos 𝑥)
sin 𝑥
(cos 𝑥)2
𝑦=
sin 𝑥

𝑢 = (cos 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑢 = 2(cos 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥)

𝑣 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥

sin 𝑥 (2)(cos 𝑥) (− sin 𝑥) − (cos 𝑥)2 (cos 𝑥)

𝑦′ =
(sin 𝑥)2
 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟑
𝒚′ = −
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟐

5. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥

Solution:

𝑢 = sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑣 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)(sec 𝑥) + tan 𝑥(sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥)

𝒚′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙

6. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥

Solution:

𝑑(𝑥 2 sin 𝑥)
𝑢 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥(2𝑥) + 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥)

𝒚′ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

7. 𝑦 = 6 + 4√𝑥 csc 𝑥

Solution:
 1 1
𝑦 ′ = 4 ( ) 𝑥 −2 csc 𝑥 + 4√𝑥(− csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥)
2
𝟏
𝒚′ = 𝟐𝒙−𝟐 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 − 𝟒√𝒙 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙

1
8. 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥−4 cos 𝑥

Solution:
(0)(2 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥) − (1)(2 cos 𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥)
𝑦′ =
(2 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥)2
−𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒚′ =
(𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟐

csc 𝑥
9. 𝑦 =
sin(4𝑥)

Solution:
Using Quotient Rule:

𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = csc 𝑥
𝑣 = sin(4𝑥)

sin(4𝑥)(− cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥) − csc 𝑥 (cos 4𝑥)(4)

𝑦′ =
(sin(4𝑥))2
𝟐
𝟒(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙) + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒙)
𝒚′ =
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟒𝒙)𝟐

𝑥+tan 𝑥
10. 𝑦 = 1+csc 𝑥

Solution:
 (1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)(1 + csc 𝑥) − (𝑥 + tan 𝑥)(− csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥)
𝑦′ =
(1 + csc 𝑥)2
(𝟏 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙) + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)
𝒚′ =
(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙)𝟐

11. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝜋𝑥)

Solution:
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 sec( 𝜋𝑥)(sec(𝜋𝑥) tan(𝜋𝑥))(𝜋) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝜋𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝜋𝑥) tan(𝜋𝑥)(𝜋) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝜋𝑥)
𝒚′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 (𝝅𝒙)(𝟐𝝅𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝝅𝒙) + 𝟏)

12. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (tan 3𝑥)

Solution:

Using chain rule:

𝑦 ′ = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (tan 3𝑥) (−𝑠𝑖𝑛(tan 3𝑥))(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥)(3)
𝒚′ = −𝟗 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝒙) (𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝒙))(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟑𝒙)

13. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥

Solution:

Use identities to simplify the function:

1 2 sin 𝑥
𝑦=( ) ( )
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝑦=
(cos 𝑥)3
(cos 𝑥)3 (cos 𝑥) − (sin 𝑥)(3) (cos 𝑥)2 (− sin 𝑥)
𝑦′ =
((cos 𝑥)3 )2
 𝟏 + 𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐
𝒚′ =
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟒

14. 𝑦 = sin(cos 𝑥)

Solution:

Using Chain Rule:

𝑦 ′ = cos(cos 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥)
𝒚′ = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)

tan(4𝑥) sin 𝑥
15. 𝑦 = (sec 𝑥)2

Solution:
tan(4𝑥) sin 𝑥
𝑦=
1 2
(cos 𝑥 )
𝑦 = tan(4𝑥) sin 𝑥(cos 𝑥)2

Using product rule:

𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = (cos 𝑥)2
𝑣 = tan(4𝑥) sin 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = (cos 𝑥)2 ((sec 4𝑥)2 (sin 𝑥) + (tan 4𝑥) (cos 𝑥))

+ (tan(4𝑥) sin 𝑥)(2)(cos 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥)
Simplify the expression:
𝒚′ =
𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟒𝒙)(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟑 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟒𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙)
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙)𝟐

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 3 cos 𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥

𝑥 2 cos 𝑥
2. 𝑦 =
cot 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥

3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 tan 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 (𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 3 tan 𝑥)

cos 𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 1+sin 𝑥
−(1 + sin 𝑥)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
(1 + sin 𝑥)2

5. 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 cos 𝑥
 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 2 cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 sin 𝑥

6. 𝑦 = csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = − csc 𝑥( 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥)

tan 2𝑥
7. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 − cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
cos(2𝑥)2 sin(𝑥)2

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
8. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥

9. 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 2 cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥

10. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥

11. 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = − sin 2𝑥

12. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 (sin 𝑥)

𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

sin 3𝑥
13. 𝑦 = 4+5 cos 2𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
12 cos 3𝑥 + 15 cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 10 sin 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝑦′ =
(4 + 5 cos 2𝑥)2

14. 𝑦 = sec(sin 𝑥)2

 2 sin(sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
cos(sin 𝑥)3

sin 𝑥
15. 𝑦 = cot (cos 2𝑥)
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
sin 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 2
csc (cos 2𝑥) cos 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 2 csc (cos 2𝑥 ) sin 𝑥 sin 2𝑥
𝑦′ = −
cos(2𝑥)2

DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHM FUNCTIONS

𝑑(𝑎𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑒 𝑢 ) 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
❖ = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑣
𝑑(𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
❖ = 𝑣𝑢𝑣−1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢𝑣 ln 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(log𝑎 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢⁄𝑑𝑥
❖ = log 𝑎 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(ln 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢⁄𝑑𝑥
❖ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑(log10 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢⁄𝑑𝑥
❖ = log10 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

*Note: log10 𝑒 = 0.43429

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥

Solution:
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝒚′ = (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒆𝒙

2. 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥 − 8𝑥

Solution:
𝒚′ = 𝟐𝒆𝒙 − 𝟖𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝟖

3. 𝑦 = 4 log 3 𝑥 − ln 𝑥

Solution:
𝟒 𝟏
𝒚′ = −
𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝟑 𝒙

4. 𝑦 = 3𝑤 log 𝑤

Solution:
𝟑𝒘
𝒚′ = 𝟑𝒘 𝐥𝐧 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒘 +
𝒘 𝐥𝐧 𝟏𝟎

5. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 5 log 9 𝑥

Solution:
𝟓
𝒚′ = 𝟒𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝟒 −
𝒘 𝐥𝐧 𝟗
6. 𝑦 = 𝑧 5 − 𝑒 𝑧 ln 𝑧

Solution:
𝒆𝒛
𝒚′ = 𝟓𝒛𝟒 − 𝒆𝒛 𝐥𝐧 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟓 −
𝒛
𝑥
7. 𝑦 = 1−𝑒 𝑥

Solution:
′
(1)(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑦(−𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑦 =
(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝟏 − 𝒆 + 𝒚𝒆𝒙
𝒙
𝒚′ =
(𝟏 − 𝒆𝒙 )𝟐

1+5𝑡
8. 𝑦 = ln 𝑡

Solution:
1
5 ln 𝑡 − (1 + 5𝑡) ( 𝑡 )
𝑦′ =
(ln 𝑡)2
𝟏
𝟓 𝐥𝐧 𝒕 − 𝒕 − 𝟓
𝒚′ =
(𝐥𝐧 𝒕)𝟐

9. 𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑥 + 10𝑥 3 ln 𝑥

Solution:
1
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑒 𝑥 + 30𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 + 10𝑥 3 ( )
𝑥
𝒚′ = 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐
 5𝑒 𝑥
10. 𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑥 +1

Solution:
(3𝑒 𝑥 + 1)(5𝑒 𝑥 ) − 5𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑦′ =
(3𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2
′
15𝑒 + 5𝑒 𝑥 − 15𝑒 2𝑥
2𝑥
𝑦 =
(3𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2
𝟓𝒆𝒙
𝒚′ =
(𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)

𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 (𝑒 −1) 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ln 𝑥)

1
3. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 + 5)𝑥
1
′
(3𝑥 2 + 5)(𝑥−1) (6𝑥 2 − (3𝑥 2 + 5) ln(3𝑥 2 + 5))
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 =
𝑥2
3
4. 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥) 𝑥
3 −1)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = (sin 𝑥)(𝑥 (𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 ln(sin 𝑥))
 𝑥
5. 𝑦 = 7𝑥 (cos 𝑥) 2
7 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. ( ) (cos 𝑥)(2−1) (2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥))
2

√𝑥 2
6. 𝑦 = √𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
1 (√𝑥−1) 𝑥 2 3
𝐴𝑛𝑠. ( ) √𝑥 𝑒 (1 + ln(√𝑥) + 4 𝑥 2 )
2

7. 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 (sec 𝑥)3𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠.

𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 (ln 𝑥−1) (sec 𝑥)3𝑥 (2 ln 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 + 3𝑥 ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥))

2
8. 𝑦 = 𝑒 cos 𝑥
2
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = −2𝑥𝑒 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2

9. 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 2𝑥 (ln 𝑥 + 1)

3𝑥 2 +1
10. 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 = (6𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 −𝑥
′
DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑(arcsin 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢/𝑑𝑥
❖ = √1−𝑢2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(arccos 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢/𝑑𝑥
❖ = − √1−𝑢2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(arctan 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢/𝑑𝑥
❖ =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢2
𝑑(arccot 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢/𝑑𝑥
❖ = − 1+𝑢2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(arcsec 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢/𝑑𝑥
❖ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 −1
𝑑(arccsc 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢/𝑑𝑥
❖ =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 −1
1. 𝑦 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 − 10 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

Solution:
𝟒 𝟏𝟎
𝒚′ = −
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏+𝒙𝟐

2. 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑧 + 6 arccos 𝑧

Solution:
𝟔
𝒚′ = −𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒛 −
√𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐

3. 𝑦 = arccsc 𝑡 − 4 arccot 𝑡

Solution:
𝟏 𝟒
𝒚′ = − +
𝒕√𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 +𝟏

4. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 6 − arcsec 𝑥

Solution:
𝟏
𝒚′ = 𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟓 −
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

𝑤2
5. 𝑦 = cos 𝑤 + 2𝑤 arctan 𝑤 + 1+𝑤2

Solution:
 1+𝑥
2
− 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
′ √1 − 𝑥
𝑦 =
(1 + 𝑥)2
′
𝟏 + 𝒙 − √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒚 =
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐

6. 𝑦 = sin(arcsec 5𝑥)

Solution:

1
𝑦 ′ = cos( arcsec 5𝑥) (5)
1
(5𝑥)2 √1 −
(5𝑥)2
( )
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟓𝒙)
𝒚′ =
𝒙√𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

𝑥 2 +1
7. 𝑦 = arctan (sin ( ))
𝑥

Solution:
𝑦′
1 𝑥2 + 1 2𝑥(𝑥) − (𝑥 2 + 1)
= 2 cos ( )( )
𝑥2 + 1 𝑥 𝑥2
1 + (sin ( 𝑥 ))
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒙 ) (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)
𝒚′ = 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝒙 )

8. 𝑦 = arccos(√1 − 4𝑥)

Solution:
 𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = √1 − 4𝑥
1 1
𝑦′ = − ( ) (−4)
2√1 − 4𝑥
√1 − (√1 − 4𝑥)2
𝟏
𝒚′ =
√𝒙−𝟒𝒙𝟐

arcsin 4𝑥
9. 𝑦 = sin(𝑥)2

Solution:
Using Quotient Rule:

𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = arcsin 4𝑥
𝑣 = sin(𝑥)2

1
4 sin(𝑥)2 − arcsin(4𝑥)2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
√1 − (4𝑥)2
𝑦′ =
(sin(𝑥)2 )2
1
sin 𝑥 ( 4 sin 𝑥 − arcsin(4𝑥)2 cos 𝑥)
′
√1 − (4𝑥)2
𝑦 =
sin(𝑥)4

4 sin 𝑥 − 2arcsin(4𝑥) (√1 − 16𝑥 2 )cos 𝑥

sin 𝑥 ( 2
)
√1 − 16𝑥
𝑦′ =
sin(𝑥)4

𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙(√𝟏 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

𝒚′ =
(√𝟏 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙)𝟑
 1
10. 𝑦 = arctan 4𝑥

Solution:
1 ′ 𝑢′
Use this: (𝑢) = − 𝑢2

𝑑
(arctan 4𝑥)
𝑦 ′
= 𝑑𝑥
arctan(4𝑥)2
1
(4)
1 + (4𝑥)2
𝑦′ =
arctan(4𝑥)2
4
𝑦′ =
arctan(4𝑥)2 (1 + 16𝑥 2 )
𝟒
𝒚′ =
𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟒𝒙) + 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 (𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟒𝒙)𝟐 )
𝟐

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. 𝑦 = tan(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑒 4𝑥 ))
4𝑒 −4𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = −
√1 − 𝑒 8𝑥

2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 20 arctan 𝑥
𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥19 (20 arctan 𝑥 + )
1 + 𝑥2

3. 𝑦 = arctan √𝑥
1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 2 𝑥(1+𝑥)
√
 𝑥2
4. 𝑦 = arcsin (1−𝑥 2 )
2𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
√1 − 2𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 )

5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 arcsin 𝑥
𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 ( + 2 arcsin 𝑥)
√1 − 𝑥 2

1+arctan 𝑥
6. 𝑦 = 2−3 arctan 𝑥
5
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
(1 + 𝑥 2 )(2 − 3 arctan 𝑥)2

7. 𝑦 = arcsec 𝑥 arccsc 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = (arccsc 𝑥 − arcsec 𝑥)/|𝑥|√𝑥 2 − 1

8. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 10 arccot 𝑥
2(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
1 + 𝑥2

9. 𝑦 = 𝑥 arctan 𝑥
ln 𝑥 arctan 𝑥 arctan 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = ( + )𝑥
1 + 𝑥2 𝑥

10. 𝑦 = 3log7 (arcsin 𝑦)

ln 3
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = (3log7 (arcsin 𝑦) )
ln 7 √1 − 𝑦 2 (arcsin 𝑦)
 DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑(sin ℎ𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = cos ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(cos ℎ𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = sin ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(tan ℎ𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(cot ℎ𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(sec 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = − sec ℎ𝑢 tan ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(csc 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
❖ = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 5 cosh 𝑥

Solution:
𝒚′ = 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙

sinh 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥+1

Solution:
(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙
𝒚′ =
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐

3. 𝑦 = sinh 𝑥 + 2 cosh 𝑥 − sech 𝑥

Solution:
𝒚′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒙

4. 𝑦 = tan 𝑡 + 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑡

Solution:
𝒚′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉 𝒕 − 𝒕𝟐 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒕

𝑧+1
5. 𝑦 = tanh 𝑧

Solution:
′
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒛 − (𝒛 + 𝟏)𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒛
𝒚 =
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝟐 𝒛
 6. 𝑦 = cosh(sin 5𝑥)

Solution:
𝑦 ′ = sinh(sin 5𝑥) cos 5𝑥 (5)
𝒚′ = 𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒙

tanh 4𝑥
7. 𝑦 = arcsin(𝑥)2

Solution:
Using Quotient Rule:

𝐼𝑓;
𝑢 = tanh 4𝑥
𝑣 = arcsin(𝑥)2
1 1
arcsin(𝑥)2 ( ) (4) − tanh 4𝑥 (2) arcsin 𝑥 ( )
cosh(4𝑥)2 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦′ =
(arcsin(𝑥)2 )2

Factor out arcsin 𝑥;

4 arcsin 𝑥 2 tanh 4𝑥
arcsin 𝑥 ( 2− )
cosh(4𝑥) √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦′ =
arcsin(𝑥)4
4 arcsin 𝑥 2 sinh 4𝑥
cosh(4𝑥) 2−
cosh 4𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦′ =
arcsin(𝑥)3

Use a common denominator:

4 arcsin 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 − 2 cosh 4𝑥 sinh 4𝑥
cosh(4𝑥)2 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦′ =
arcsin(𝑥)3
 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 = sinh 2𝑥
4 arcsin 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 − sinh 8𝑥
cosh(4𝑥)2 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦′ =
arcsin(𝑥)3

′
𝟒 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟖𝒙
𝒚 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟒𝒙)𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙)𝟑

8. 𝑦 = arcsin(sinh 2𝑥)

Solution:

Using chain rule:

1
𝑦′ = (cosh 2𝑥)(2)
√1 − sinh(2𝑥)2
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝒙
𝒚′ =
√𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝟐𝒙)𝟐

𝑥2
9. 𝑦 = cosh (𝑥+1)

Solution:

Using chain rule and quotient rule:

 𝑥2 2𝑥(𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = sinh ( )( )
𝑥+1 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = sinh ( )( )
𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 (𝒙 + 𝟏) (𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 (𝒙 + 𝟏) (𝒙)
𝒚′ =
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐

𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
10. 𝑦 = tanh 𝑥

Solution:
Use Quotient Rule:
1
tanh 𝑥 (2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥) − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 ( )
′ cosh(𝑥)2
𝑦 =
tanh(𝑥)2

𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
2𝑥 tanh 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 −
cosh(𝑥)2
𝑦′ =
tanh(𝑥)2

𝑦′
sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
2𝑥 cosh(𝑥)2 sin 𝑥 + cosh(𝑥)2 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
cosh(𝑥)2
=
tanh(𝑥)2
 𝟐𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒚′ =
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒙)𝟐

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1
1. 𝑦 = coth 𝑥
1
𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 (𝑥)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
𝑥2

2. 𝑦 = cosh(arcsin(𝑥 2 ln 𝑥))
𝑥(2 ln 𝑥 + 1) sinh(arcsin(𝑥 2 ln 𝑥))
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
√1 − 𝑥 4 𝑙𝑛 2 𝑥

3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥)𝑥 sinh 𝑥

4. 𝑦 = sec(sinh 𝑥)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = sec(sinh 𝑥) tan(sinh 𝑥) cosh 𝑥
 5. 𝑦 = cosh(5 ln 𝑥)
5 sinh(5 ln 𝑥)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
𝑥

6. 𝑦 = 𝑥10 tanh 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 9 (10 tanh 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥)

𝑥 2 +sin 4𝑥
7. 𝑦 = cosh(𝑥 2 )
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑦′
2𝑥 cosh(𝑥 2 ) + 4 cosh(𝑥 2 ) cos 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 sinh(𝑥 2 ) − 2𝑥 sinh(𝑥 2 ) sin 4𝑥
=
cosh(𝑥 2 )2

sinh 4𝑥
8. 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
2 cosh 4𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − sinh 4𝑥 cos 2𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
cos(𝑥)2 sin(𝑥)2

9. 𝑦 = cos(5𝑥 sinh 𝑥)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = − sin(5𝑥 sinh 𝑥) (5 sinh 𝑥 + 5𝑥 cosh 𝑥)

cos 𝑥
10. 𝑦 = sinh (sec 2𝑥)
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = − cosh ( ) cos 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2 cosh ( ) cos 𝑥 sin 2𝑥
sec 2𝑥 sec 2𝑥
 CHAIN RULE

𝐼𝑓 𝐹(𝑥) = (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑔′ (𝑥)

The chain rule applied to some specific functions.

𝑑
1. ( [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 ) = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. ( 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) ) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
3. (𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑 ′ (𝑥)
4. (𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]) = 𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
5. (𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑓(𝑥)]) = −𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
6. (𝑡𝑎𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 [𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑
7. (𝑠𝑒𝑐[𝑓(𝑥)]) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐[𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑡𝑎𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
8. (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1[𝑓(𝑥)]) =
𝑑𝑥 1+[𝑓(𝑥)]2

1. 𝑦 = (6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥)4

Solution:
𝒚′ = 𝟒(𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙)𝟑 (𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕)

2. 𝑦 = (4𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 + 2)−2

Solution:
𝒚′ = −𝟐(𝟒𝒕𝟐 − 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟐)−𝟑 (𝟖𝒕 − 𝟑)

3
3. 𝑦 = √1 − 8𝑧

Solution:
1
𝑦 = (1 − 8𝑧)3
1 2
𝑦 ′ = (1 − 8𝑧)−3 (−8)
3
𝟖 𝟐
𝒚′ = − (𝟏 − 𝟖𝒛)−𝟑
𝟑

4. 𝑦 = csc(7𝑤)

Solution:
𝒚′ = −𝟕𝐜𝐬 𝐜(𝟕𝒘)𝐜𝐨 𝐭(𝟕𝒘)

5. 𝑦 = 2 sin(3𝑥 + tan 𝑥)
 Solution:
𝒚′ = 𝟐(𝟑 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙)

6. 𝑦 = tan(4 + 10𝑢)

Solution:
𝒚′ = 𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 (𝟒 + 𝟏𝟎𝒖)

7
7. 𝑦 = 5 + 𝑒 4𝑡+𝑡

Solution:
𝟕
𝒚′ = (𝟒 + 𝟕𝒕𝟔 )𝒆𝟒𝒕+𝒕

8. 𝑦 = 𝑒 1−cos 𝑥

Solution:
𝒚′ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒆𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

9. 𝑦 = 21−6𝑧

Solution:
𝒚′ = −𝟔(𝟐𝟏−𝟔𝒛 ) 𝐥𝐧 𝟐

10. 𝑦 = arctan(3𝑡 − 1)

Solution:
𝟑
𝒚′ =
(𝟑𝒕 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏

11. 𝑦 = ln(1 − 5𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 )
 Solution:
1
𝑦′ = 2 3
(−10𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 )
1−5𝑦 + 𝑦
′
−𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐
𝒚 =
𝟏−𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑

12. 𝑦 = ln(sin 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)

Solution:
1
𝑦′ = (cot 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥)
sin 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
′
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒚 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙

13. 𝑦 = sin(𝑧 6 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑧

Solution:
∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑧 = (sin 𝑧)6
𝒚′ = 𝟔𝒛𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒛𝟔 ) + 𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓 𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒛

14. 𝑦 = √7𝑤 + 𝑒 −𝑤

Solution:
1
𝑦 = (7𝑤)2 + 𝑒 −𝑤
1 1
𝑦 ′ = (7)(7𝑤)−2 − 𝑒 −𝑤
2
𝟕 𝟏
𝒚′ = (𝟕𝒘)−𝟐 − 𝒆−𝒘
𝟐

15. 𝑦 = 3𝑧 7 − sin(𝑧 2 + 6)
 Solution:
𝒚′ = 𝟐𝟏𝒛𝟔 − 𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒛𝟐 + 𝟔)

16. 𝑦 = ln(sin 𝑥) − (𝑥 4 − 3𝑥)10

Solution:
cos 𝑥
𝑦′ = − 10(4𝑥 3 − 3)(𝑥 4 − 3𝑥)9
sin 𝑥
𝒚′ = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎(𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑)(𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙)𝟗

17. 𝑦 = 𝑡 6 √5𝑡 2 − 𝑡

Solution:
1
𝑦 = 𝑡 6 (5𝑡 2 − 𝑡)2
1 1 1
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑡 5 (5𝑡 2 − 𝑡)2 + (5𝑡 2 − 𝑡)−2 (10𝑡 − 1)
2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚′ = 𝟔𝒕𝟓 (𝟓𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕)𝟐 + 𝒕𝟔 ( ) (𝟓𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕)−𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝒕 − 𝟏)
𝟐

18. 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 ln(𝑡 5 )

Solution:
5𝑡 4
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑡 ln(𝑡 5 ) + 𝑡 2 ( 5 )
𝑡
′ 𝟓
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒕 𝐥𝐧(𝒕 ) + 𝟓𝒕
 19. 𝑦 = cos(3𝑤) sec(1 − 𝑤)

Solution:
𝑦 ′ = − sin(3𝑤)(3) sec(1 − 𝑤)
+ cos(3𝑤) sec(1 − 𝑤) tan(1 − 𝑤)(−1)
′
𝒚 = −𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒘) 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟏 − 𝒘)
− 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒘) 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟏 − 𝒘) 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟏 − 𝒘)

sin(3𝑡)
20. 𝑦 = 1+𝑡 2

Solution:
3 cos(3𝑡) (1 + 𝑡 2 ) − sin(3𝑡)(2𝑡)
𝑦′ =
(1 + 𝑡 2 )2
′
𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒕) (𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 ) − 𝟐𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒕)
𝒚 =
(𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 )𝟐

1+𝑒 −2𝑥
21. 𝑦 = 𝑥+tan 12𝑥

Solution:
−𝟐𝒆−𝟐𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟐𝒙) − (𝟏 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 )(𝟏 + 𝟏𝟐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 (𝟏𝟐𝒙))
𝒚′ =
(𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟐𝒙)𝟐

22. 𝑦 = cos(𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 )

Solution:
𝒚′ = −(𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 )

23. 𝑦 = √5𝑥 + tan 4𝑥

 Solution:
1
𝑦 = (5𝑥 + tan 4𝑥)2
1 1 𝑑
𝑦 ′ = (5𝑥 + tan 4𝑥)−2 (5𝑥 + tan 4𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑦 ′ = (5𝑥 + tan 4𝑥)−2 (5 + 4𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 4𝑥)
2

24. 𝑦 = (𝑒 −6𝑡 + sin(2 − 𝑡))3

Solution:
𝑑 −6𝑡
𝑦 ′ = 3(𝑒 −6𝑡 + sin(2 − 𝑡))2 (𝑒 + sin (2 − 𝑡))
𝑑𝑡
𝒚′ = 𝟑(𝒆−𝟔𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐 − 𝒕))𝟐 (−𝟔𝒆−𝟔𝒕 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐 − 𝒕))

25. 𝑦 = (ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − arctan 6𝑥)10

Solution:
𝑑
𝑦 ′ = 10(ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − arctan 6𝑥)9 (ln(𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
− arctan 6𝑥)
𝟐𝒙
𝒚′ = 𝟏𝟎(𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝒙)𝟗 ( 𝟐
𝒙 +𝟏
𝟔
− )
𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏

26. 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 (𝑧 2 + 1)

Solution:
∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 = (tan 𝑥)4
 𝑑
𝑦′ = 4𝑡𝑎𝑛3 (𝑧 2 + 1) (tan(𝑧 2 + 1))
𝑑𝑥
𝑦′ = 4𝑡𝑎𝑛3 (𝑧 2 + 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑧 2 + 1)(2𝑧)
𝒚′ = 𝟖𝒛𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 (𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 (𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏)

3
27. 𝑦 = ( √12𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥)−1

Solution:
3 𝑑
−2 1
𝑦 ′ = −( √12𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥) ((12𝑥)3 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
−2 1 2
𝑦 ′ = −( √12𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥) ( )(12𝑥)−3 (12)
3

3
𝑑
+ 2 sin 3𝑥 (sin 3𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
−𝟐 𝟐
𝒚′ = −( √𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟑𝒙) (𝟒𝒙)−𝟑 + 𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙)
𝟑

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 1)2
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 6(3𝑥 +1)

2. 𝑦 = √13𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8
26𝑥 − 5
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
2√13𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8

3. 𝑦 = (1 − 4𝑥 + 7𝑥 5 )30
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 30(35𝑥 4 − 4)(1 − 4𝑥 + 7𝑥 5 )29

1
4. 𝑦 = (4𝑥 + 𝑥 −5 )3
 4𝑥 6 − 5
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 2
3𝑥 8/3 (4𝑥 6 + 1)3

8𝑥−𝑥 6 −4
5. 𝑦 = ( ) 5
𝑥3
3
′
4𝑥 5 (16 + 3𝑥 5 )
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 = 9
5(8 − 𝑥 5 )5

6. 𝑦 = sin(5𝑥)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 5 cos(5𝑥)

2
7. 𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 +7𝑥−13
2
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = (10𝑥 + 7)𝑒 5𝑥 +7𝑥−13

8. 𝑦 = 2cot 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = −2cot 𝑥 (ln 2)(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥)

9. 𝑦 = 3 tan √𝑥
3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 √𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
2√𝑥

10. 𝑦 = ln(17 − 𝑥)
1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
𝑥 − 17

11. 𝑦 = log(4 + cos 𝑥)

−(log 𝑒)(sin 𝑥)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
4 + cos 𝑥

12. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 3 )
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = −6𝑥 2 cos(𝑥 3 ) sin(𝑥 3 )
 1
13. 𝑦 = (5) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −4 (4 + 𝑥 3 )
12
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = (− ) 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −4 (4 + 𝑥 3 ) tan(4 + 𝑥 3 )
5

14. 𝑦 = ln(𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 (3𝑥 4 ))

𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = −60𝑥 3 tan (3𝑥 4 )

15. 𝑦 = √sin (7𝑥 + ln(5𝑥))

(7𝑥 + 1) cos(7𝑥 + ln(5𝑥))
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
2𝑥√sin (7𝑥 + ln(5𝑥))

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

Find 𝑦′ if 𝑒 2𝑥−9𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = sin 𝑦 + 11𝑥. Remember 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥)

here, so products/quotients of 𝑥 and 𝑦 will use the
product/quotient rule and derivatives of 𝑦 will use the chain rule.
The “trick” is to differentiate as normal and every time you
differentiate a 𝑦 you tack on a 𝑦′ (from the chain rule). After
differentiating solve for 𝑦 ′ .

𝑒 2𝑥−9𝑦 (2 − 9𝑦 ′ ) + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 ′ = cos 𝑦 𝑦′ + 11
2𝑒 2𝑥−9𝑦 −9𝑦′𝑒 2𝑥−9𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 ′ = cos 𝑦 𝑦′ + 11
 11 − 2𝑒 2𝑥−9𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑦′ =
2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 9𝑒 2𝑥−9𝑦 − cos 𝑦

𝑥
1. =1
𝑦3

Solution:
𝑥𝑦 −3 = 1
If 𝑢 = 𝑦 −3 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑥; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑦 −3 − 3𝑥𝑦 −4 𝑦 ′ = 0
𝒚−𝟑 𝒚
𝒚′ = =
𝟑𝒙𝒚−𝟒 𝟑𝒙

2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 = 4

Solution:
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ = 0
𝟐𝒙
𝒚′ = − 𝟐
𝟑𝒚

3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2

Solution:
2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝒙
𝒚′ = −
𝒚

4. (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1
 Solution:
2(𝑥 − 𝑦)(1 − 𝑦 ′ ) = 1 + 𝑦 ′
2(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ ) = 1 + 𝑦 ′
2(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑦 ′ = 1 + 𝑦 ′
−2(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′ = 1 − 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)

𝑦 ′ [−2(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 1] = 1 − 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)
1 − 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑦′ =
−2(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 1
𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒚′ =
𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏

5. 2𝑦 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 6

Solution:
6𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ + 8𝑥 − 𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 5
(6𝑦 2 − 1)𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 5 − 8𝑥
𝟔𝒙𝟓 − 𝟖𝒙
𝒚′ =
𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏

6. 7𝑦 2 + sin 3𝑥 = 12 − 𝑦 4

Solution:
14𝑦𝑦 ′ + 3 cos 3𝑥 = −4𝑦 3 𝑦 ′
(14𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 )𝑦 ′ = −3 cos 3𝑥
𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙
𝒚′ = −
𝟏𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒𝒚𝟑
7. 𝑒 𝑥 − sin 𝑦 = 𝑥

Solution:
𝑒 𝑥 − cos 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 1
1 − 𝑒𝑥
𝑦′ =
− cos 𝑦
𝒚 = (𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒚
′

8. 4𝑥 2 𝑦 7 − 2𝑥 = 𝑥 5 + 4𝑦 3

Solution:
8𝑥𝑦 7 + 28𝑥 2 𝑦 6 𝑦 ′ − 2 = 5𝑥 4 + 12𝑦 2 𝑦 ′
8𝑥𝑦 7 − 5𝑥 4 − 2 = (12𝑦 2 − 28𝑥 2 𝑦 6 )𝑦 ′
′
𝟖𝒙𝒚𝟕 − 𝟓𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐
𝒚 =
𝟏𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟔

2
9. cos(𝑥 2 + 2𝑦) + 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = 1

Solution:
2 2
−(2𝑥 + 2𝑦 ′ ) sin(𝑥 2 + 2𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = 0
2 2
−2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2𝑦) − 2𝑦 ′ sin(𝑥 2 + 2𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑥𝑒 𝑦
=0
𝑦2
(2𝑦𝑥𝑒 − 2 sin( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦))𝑦′
2
= 0 + 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2𝑦) − 𝑒 𝑦
𝟐
′
𝟐𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚) − 𝒆𝒚
𝒚 = 𝟐
𝟐𝒚𝒙𝒆𝒚 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧( 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚)

10. tan( 𝑥 2 𝑦 4 = 3𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )

Solution:
(2𝑥𝑦 4 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑦 ′ ) sec(𝑥 2 𝑦 4 ) = 3 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′
 2
(2𝑥𝑦 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 ) + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑦 ′𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 ) = 3 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ ′
2
(4𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑦 ′𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 ) − 2𝑦)𝑦 ′ = 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 )
𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟒 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟒 )
𝒚′ = 𝟐 𝟑 ′𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝟒𝒙 𝒚 𝒚 (𝒙 𝒚 ) − 𝟐𝒚

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 4
′
−𝑥 2
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 = 2
𝑦

2. 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 4 = 4 + 2𝑥
2 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 2
𝑥 + 4𝑦 3

3. 𝑦 = sin(3𝑥 + 4𝑦)
3 cos(3𝑥 + 4𝑦)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
1 − 4 cos(3𝑥 + 4𝑦)
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 3 𝑥 2
′
2𝑥𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 =
1 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦

5. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 5𝑦
′
4𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 =
𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑒 5𝑦

6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 = cos(2𝑥 + 2𝑦)

cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − sin(2𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
sin(2𝑥 + 2𝑦) − cos 𝑦 sin 𝑦

7. 𝑥 = 3 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
𝑦

𝑥−𝑦 3
8. =𝑥+2
𝑦+𝑥 2
1 − 𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ =
3𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 2

𝑦 𝑥
9. + 𝑦3 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 4
𝑥3
5𝑥 4 𝑦 7 − 4𝑥 3
′
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 =
4𝑦 3 − 7𝑥 5 𝑦 6

10. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )3 = 8𝑥 2 𝑦 2
′
16𝑥𝑦 2 − 6𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 =
6𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 − 16𝑥 2 𝑦
 DIFFERENTIALS

Differential – the product of the derivative of a function of one

variable by the increment of the independent variable.

5
1. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 what is the approximate change in 𝑦 when 𝑥
changes from 4 to 4.01.
 Given:
5
𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑥=4
𝑑𝑥 = 0.01
Required:
𝑑𝑦
Solution:
5 3
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
5 3
𝑑𝑦 = (4)2 (0.01)
2
𝑑𝑦 = 0.20

2. If ℎ = 65𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, what is the approximate change in h

when θ changes from 60° 𝑡𝑜 60° 03’.

Given:
ℎ = 65 tan 𝜃
𝜃 = 60°
3
𝑑𝜃 = = 0.05°
60°
Required:
𝑑ℎ
Solution:
𝑑ℎ = 65𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑑ℎ = 65𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 60°(0.05°) ( )
180°
𝑑ℎ = 0.227
 3. Using the differentials, determine the appropriate increase
in the volume of a sphere if the radius increases from 5 cm
to 5.05 cm.
Given:
𝑟 = 5𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑟 = 05.0 𝑐𝑚
Required:
𝑑𝑉
Solution:
4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
4
𝑑𝑉 = 𝜋(3)𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
3
𝑑𝑉 = 4𝜋(5)2 (0.05)
𝑑𝑉 = 15.71 𝑐𝑢. 𝑐𝑚

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. Using differentials, determine the appropriate increase in

the surface area of a sphere if the radius increases from 4
cm to 4.05 cm.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑑𝑆 = 5.03 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚

2. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 4/3 what is the appropriate change in y when x

changes from 8 to 8.01.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑑𝑦 = 0.027
 3. A diameter of a sphere can be measured with a maximum
error of 0.2 cm. Find the corresponding error in the
volume of a sphere whose diameter is 90 cm.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑑𝑉 = 2,544.69 𝑐𝑢. 𝑐𝑚

4. The radius of a circle can be measured with an allowable

error of 0.01 cm. Determine the corresponding error in
area of a circle with a diameter of 75 cm.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑑𝐴 = 2.36 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚

5. The allowable error in the measurement of the edge of a

cubical box is one mm. What is the volume of a cubical box
whose edge is 90 cm.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑑𝑉 = 2,430 𝑐𝑢. 𝑐𝑚

6. The allowable error in the measurement of the radius of a

sphere is 1 mm. Find the corresponding error in the
surface area of a sphere whose radius is 60 cm.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑑𝑆 = 151 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚
7. The edge of a cubical box can be measured with an
allowable error of 2 mm. What is the corresponding error
in the total surface area of the cubical box whose edge is
one meter?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑑𝑆 = 240 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚

Formulas to consider:
1. Volume of a sphere
4 3
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟
3
2. Volume of a cubical box
𝑉 = 𝑎3
 3. Surface area of sphere
𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
4. Surface area of cubical box
𝑆 = 6𝑎2
5. Area of a circle
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

SLOPE OF CURVES

Slope of a curve – the slope of the line tangent to a plane curve at

a point.

1. Find the slope of the curve 𝑦 = (1 − 2𝑥)3 at (1, −1)

 Solution:
𝑦 ′ = 3(1 − 2𝑥)2 (−2)
𝑦 ′ = (−6)(1 − 2(1))2
𝒚′ = −𝟔

(1−5𝑥)6 1
2. Determine the slope of the curve 𝑦 = at (0, 3)
3

Solution:
6(1 − 5𝑥)5 (−5)
𝑦′ =
3
5
′
6(1 − 5(0)) (−5)
𝑦 =
3
𝒚′ = −𝟏𝟎

3. What is the slope of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)3 at (1,8).

Solution:
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 (3)(𝑥 + 1)2 (1) + (𝑥 + 1)3 (2𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)2 (1) + 2𝑥(𝑥 + 1)3
𝑦 ′ = 3(1)2 ((1) + 1)2 (1) + 2(1)((1) + 1)3
𝒚′ = 𝟐𝟖

4. At what point does the curve 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0 have a

slope of -2?

Solution:
2𝑥 − 2 + 𝑦 ′ = 0
 2𝑥 − 2 + (−2) = 0
2𝑥 − 4 = 0
𝒙=𝟐

5. What is the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥 at

the point where 𝑥 = 0?

𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 4𝑥 (4)
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 4(0) (4)
𝒚′ = 𝟎

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. What is the slope of the curve 𝑦 = 6(4 + 𝑥)1/2 at (0,12)?

𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 3/2

2
(1−2𝑥 2 )
2. Determine the slope of the curve 𝑦 = at (1,1).
𝑥
′
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 = 3

3. At what point does the curve 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 have a

slope of 1?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. At point (1,4)
4. At what point does the curve 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 have a
slope of 18?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. At point (3,0)

5. At what point does the curve 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 have a

slope of 2?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. At point (0,0)

6. At what point does the curve 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 have a

slope of 3?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. At point (2, 2/3)

7. Determine the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 2 ln 𝑥

at the point where 𝑥 = 1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦′ = 2

8. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = ln(2𝑥) at

the point where 𝑥 = 2.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 1/2

9. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑥 at (0,3).

𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 6

10. What is the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 3 ln(3𝑥)

at the point where abscissa is 1?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 ′ = 3
 POINT OF INFLECTION

Point of inflection – a point on a curve that separates an arc

concave upward from one concave downward and vice versa.
1. Find the point of inflection of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 −
𝑥 + 12

Solution:
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 1
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 12 = 0
𝑥=2
𝑦 = (2)3 − 6(2)2 − (2) + 12
𝑦 = −6

The point of inflection is at (𝟐, −𝟔).

6𝑥 2 −𝑥 3 +5
2. Find the point of inflection of the curve 𝑦 = 7

Solution:
12𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
𝑦′ =
7
12 − 6𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = =0
7
𝑥=2
6(2)2 − (2)3 + 5
𝑦=
7
𝑦=3

The point of inflection is at (𝟐, 𝟑).

3. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 and its point of inflection is at (2,8),

what is the value of “b”?

Solution:
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏 = 0
 (6𝑎)(2) + 2𝑏 = 0
𝑏 = −6𝑎
8 = 𝑎(2)3 + 𝑏(2)2
8 = 8𝑎 + 4𝑏
𝑏 = 2 − 2𝑎

Equating for “b”,

−6𝑎 = 2 − 2𝑎
1
𝑎=−
2
1
𝑏 = −(6) (− )
2
𝑏=3

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 and its point of inflection is at

(2,4), what is the value of “a”?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑎 = −1/4

2. Locate the point of inflection of the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 −

12𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 35
𝐴𝑛𝑠. Point of inflection is (2, −3).
 MAXIMA-MINIMA

Maximum – the highest number or amount that is possible or

allowed.
Minimum – the lowest number or amount that is possible or
allowed.
In solving a problem under maxima/minima, the following steps
are to be considered:
1. Draw a figure when necessary.
2. Identify what/which to maximize or minimize.
3. Formulate equation.
4. Reduce to one variable.
5. Differentiate using formulas.
6. Equate to zero.
Note: When the first derivative (slope) is equated to zero, it
results to either maximum point or minimum point.

𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 0

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 0

At maximum point,
𝑦′ = 0
𝑦′′ is negative (concave down)
At minimum point,
𝑦′ = 0
𝑦′′ is positive (concave up)
At point of inflection,
𝑦 ′′ = 0
Where 𝑦′ and 𝑦 ′′ are the first and second derivatives respectively

1. What is the maximum value of 𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥?

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
1
𝑥2 =
3
𝑥 = 0.577
𝑦 = (0.577)3 − 0.577
𝒚 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟓

2. What is the maximum value of 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥?

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥
𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 − 8 = 0
8
𝑥3 = = 2
4
𝑥 = 1.26
𝑦 = (1.26)4 − 8(1.26)
𝒚 = −𝟕. 𝟓𝟔
3. What is the maximum value of 𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥 6 − 12𝑥

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 6 − 12𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 5 − 12 = 0
12
𝑥5 = =2
6
𝑥 = 1.149
𝑦 = (1.149)6 − 12(1.149)
𝒚 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟗

4. The sum of two numbers is 𝑆. What is the minimum value

of their squares?

Solution:
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑆 − 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑃 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑃 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑆 − 𝑥)2
𝑃′ = 2𝑥 − 2(𝑆 − 𝑥)(−1) = 0
2𝑥 = 2(𝑆 − 𝑥)
𝑥 =𝑆−𝑥
2𝑥 = 𝑆
𝑆
𝑥=
2
𝑆 𝑆
𝑆−𝑥 =𝑆− =
2 2
𝑆 2 𝑆 2
𝑃 =( ) +( )
2 2
 𝑺𝟐
𝑷=
𝟐

5. The sum of two numbers is K. The product of one by the

square of the other is to be a maximum. What is one of
the numbers?

Solution:
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐾 − 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃 = 𝑥(𝐾 − 𝑥)2
𝑃 = 𝑥[2(𝐾 − 𝑥)(−1)] + (𝐾 − 𝑥)2 (1) = 0
2𝑥 = 𝐾 − 𝑥
3𝑥 = 𝐾
𝑲
𝒙 = = 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝟑
𝐾 𝟐
𝐾 − 𝑥 = 𝐾 − = 𝒌 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
3 𝟑

6. The sum of two numbers is K. The product of one by the

cube of the other is to be a maximum. What is one of the
numbers?

Solution:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐾 − 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑃 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑃 = 𝑥(𝐾 − 𝑥)3
 𝑃 = 𝑥[3(𝐾 − 𝑥)2 (−1)] + (𝐾 − 𝑥)3 (1) = 0
3𝑥 = 𝐾 − 𝑥
4𝑥 = 𝐾
𝑲
𝒙 = = 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝟒
𝐾 𝟑
𝐾 − 𝑥 = 𝐾 − = 𝒌 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
4 𝟒

7. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 12 m. Find one of the

legs if the area is maximum.

Solution:
(12)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 144
2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑥
𝑦′ = −
𝑦
𝑥𝑦
𝐴=
2
𝑑𝐴 1
= [𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦(1)] = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥𝑦 ′ 𝑦
=−
2 2
 𝑦
𝑦′ = −
𝑥

𝑦 𝑥
− =−
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥=𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 144
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = 144
2𝑥 2 = 144
144
𝑥2 =
2
𝒙 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟗 𝒎

8. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 14 m. Find its

perimeter if its area is a maximum.

Solution:
 (14)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (14)2
2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑥
𝑦′ = −
𝑦
𝑥𝑦
𝐴=
2
𝑑𝐴 1
= [𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦(1)] = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥𝑦 ′ 𝑦
=−
2 2
′
𝑦
𝑦 =−
𝑥

𝑦 𝑥
− =−
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥=𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (14)2
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = (14)2
2𝑥 2 = (14)2
𝑥 = 9.9 𝑚
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟗. 𝟗 + 𝟗. 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟖 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
9. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 15 m. Find its
maximum area.

Solution:
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (15)2
2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑥
𝑦′ = −
𝑦
𝑥𝑦
𝐴=
2
𝑑𝐴 1
= [𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦(1)] = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥𝑦 ′ 𝑦
=−
2 2
′
𝑦
𝑦 =−
𝑥

𝑦 𝑥
− =−
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥=𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (15)2
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = (15)2
2𝑥 2 = (15)2
𝑥 = 10.61 𝑚
𝒙𝒚 (𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟏)(𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟏)
𝑨= = = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑 𝒔𝒒. 𝒎
𝟐 𝟐
10. A rectangular lot having an area of 5,000 m2 is to be
fenced on 3 sides. Find the least amount of fencing
needed.

Solution:
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦
5000 = 𝑥𝑦
 5000
𝑦=
𝑥
𝑃 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
5000
𝑃 = 2𝑥 +
𝑥
5000
𝑃′ = 2 − 2 = 0
𝑥
2𝑥 2 = 5000
𝑥 = 50𝑚
𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎

11. A rectangular lot having an area of 5,000 m2 is to be

fenced on the sides. To have the least amount of fencing,
what should be the ratio of its length to its width?

Solution:
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦
5000 = 𝑥𝑦
5000
𝑦=
𝑥
𝑃 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
5000
𝑃 = 2𝑥 +
𝑥
5000
𝑃′ = 2 − 2 = 0
𝑥
2𝑥 2 = 5000
𝑥 = 50𝑚
 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒐 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 = 𝟐: 𝟏

12. What is the shape of the rectangle of given area that has
the longest diagonal?

Solution:
𝐿2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2𝐿𝐿′ = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
2𝑥 = −2𝑦𝑦 ′
𝑥
𝑦′ = −
𝑦
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝐴
= 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑦′ = −
𝑥
Equating for 𝑦 ′ :
𝑥 𝑦
− =−
𝑦 𝑥
2 2
𝑥 =𝑦
𝒙=𝒚
𝑨 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒙 = 𝒚
13. What is the area in square meter of the rectangle of
maximum perimeter inscribed in a circle having a diameter
of 10m?
 Solution:
𝐷2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2𝐷𝐷′ = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′
2𝑥 = −2𝑦𝑦 ′
𝑥
𝑦′ = −
𝑦
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝐴
= 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑦′ = −
𝑥

Equating for 𝑦 ′ :
𝑥 𝑦
− =−
𝑦 𝑥
2 2
𝑥 =𝑦
𝑥=𝑦
(10)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
(10)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
(10)2 = 2𝑥 2
𝑥 2 = 50
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒔𝒒. 𝒎

14. An open cylindrical tank was built with minimum surface

area. Find the ratio of its length to its radius?
Solution:
𝑆 = 𝜋(2𝑟ℎ + 𝑟 2 )
𝑑𝑆
= 𝜋[2𝑟ℎ′ + ℎ(2) + 2𝑟] = 0
𝑑𝑟
2𝑟ℎ′ + 2ℎ + 2𝑟 = 0
ℎ − 𝑟 −(ℎ + 𝑟)
ℎ′ = − =
𝑟 𝑟
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑉 ′ = 𝜋[𝑟 2 ℎ + ℎ(2𝑟)] = 0
2ℎ
ℎ′ = −
𝑟

Equating for ℎ′ :
2ℎ (ℎ + 𝑟)
− =−
𝑟 𝑟
ℎ=𝑟
𝒉 𝒓
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = = = 𝟏
𝒓 𝒓
15. Determine the ratio of the height to radius of a closed
cylindrical tank of a given surface area to have maximum
volume.

Solution:
𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑆 = 2𝜋(𝑟ℎ + 𝑟 2 )
𝑑𝑆
= 2𝜋[𝑟ℎ′ + ℎ + 2𝑟] = 0
𝑑𝑟
ℎ − 2𝑟 −(ℎ + 2𝑟)
ℎ′ = − =
𝑟 𝑟
2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
𝑉 ′ = 𝜋[𝑟 2 ℎ + ℎ(2𝑟)] = 0
2ℎ
ℎ′ = −
𝑟

Equating for ℎ′ :
2ℎ (ℎ + 2𝑟)
− =−
𝑟 𝑟
ℎ = 2𝑟
𝒉 𝟐𝒓
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = = =𝟐
𝒓 𝒓
16. A closed cylindrical container was cut out 169.6 m2 of
materials. Determine the radius of the vessel to have a
maximum volume.

Solution:
𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2
169.6 = 2𝜋(𝑟ℎ + 𝑟 2 )
𝑑𝑆
= 2𝜋[𝑟ℎ′ + ℎ + 2𝑟] = 0
𝑑𝑟
ℎ − 2𝑟 −(ℎ + 2𝑟)
ℎ′ = − =
𝑟 𝑟
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑉 ′ = 𝜋[𝑟 2 ℎ + ℎ(2𝑟)] = 0
2ℎ
ℎ′ = −
𝑟

Equating for ℎ′ :
2ℎ (ℎ + 2𝑟)
− =−
𝑟 𝑟
ℎ = 2𝑟

169.6 = 2𝜋(𝑟(2𝑟) + 𝑟 2 )
169.6
3𝑟 2 =
2𝜋
𝑟 =3𝑚

17. A closed cylindrical tank has a capacity of 402 m3 and

minimum surface area. It is painted with anti-rust with a
 spreading capacity of 67 m2 per gallon. How many gallons
of paint is used?

Solution:
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
402 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
0 = 𝜋[𝑟 2 ℎ′ + ℎ(2𝑟)]
2ℎ
ℎ′ = −
𝑟
𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑆 = 2𝜋(𝑟ℎ + 𝑟 2 )
𝑑𝑆
= 2𝜋[𝑟ℎ′ + ℎ + 2𝑟] = 0
𝑑𝑟
ℎ − 2𝑟 −(ℎ + 2𝑟)
ℎ′ = − =
𝑟 𝑟

Equating for ℎ′ :
2ℎ (ℎ + 2𝑟)
− =−
𝑟 𝑟
ℎ = 2𝑟

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
402 = 𝜋𝑟 2 (2𝑟) = 2𝜋𝑟 3
𝑟 =4𝑚

ℎ = 2𝑟 = 8𝑚
𝑆 = 2𝜋(4(8) + (4)2 ) = 301.59 𝑚2
𝟑𝟎𝟏. 𝟓𝟗 𝒎𝟐
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒔 = = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝟔𝟕 𝒎𝟐 /𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒏

18. A box with open top and square base is to be constructed

using the maximum amount of material. If the volume is to
be 32 cu. m, what should be the height of the box in
 meters?

Solution:
𝑉 = 𝑥2𝑦
32 = 𝑥 2 𝑦
0 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦(2𝑥)
2𝑦
𝑦′ = −
𝑥
𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑆
= 2𝑥 + 4[𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦(1)] = 0
𝑑𝑥
4𝑥𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 0
−(4𝑦 + 2𝑥) −(2𝑦 + 𝑥)
𝑦′ = =
4𝑥 2𝑥

Equating for 𝑦′:

−(2𝑦 + 𝑥) 2𝑦
=−
2𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 = 2𝑦
32 = (2𝑦)2 𝑦
𝑦3 = 8
𝒚=𝟐𝒎

19. A wall 3 m high is 2.44 m away from a building. What is the

length in meters of the shortest ladder that can reach the
building with one end resting on the ground outside the
wall?

Solution:
3
sin 𝜃 =
𝑥
𝑥 = 3 csc 𝜃
2.44
cos 𝜃 =
𝑦
𝑦 = 2.44 sec 𝜃
𝐿 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 csc 𝜃 + 2.44 sec 𝜃

𝐿′ = (3)(− csc 𝜃 cot 𝜃) + (2.44)(sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃) = 0

3 csc 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = 2.44 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃

 3 cos 𝜃 2.44 sin 𝜃
=
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃

3𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 = 2.44𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 3
3
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2.44

3
𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 𝜃 =
2.44
3 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = √
2.44

3 3
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 √ = 46.97°
2.44

𝐿 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 csc 46.97° + 2.44 sec 46.97°

𝑳 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟖 𝒎

20. A 3 m statue stands on top of a 4 m pedestal whose base is

on a level ground. How far should a man stand from the
base such that the angle subtended by the statue at the
eyes of the man would be maximum. The man’s eyes are
4.92 feet above the ground.
 3
tan ∝ =
2.44

2.5
∝= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥

5.5
tan 𝛽 =
𝑥

5.5
𝛽 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
5.5 2.5
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥 𝑥

5.5 2.5
𝑑𝜃 − − 2
= 𝑥2 𝑥
2− =0
𝑑𝑥 5.5 2.5 2
1+( 𝑥 ) 1+( 𝑥 )

5.5 2.5
=
𝑥 2 + 30.25 𝑥 2 + 6.25

5.5𝑥 2 + 30.375 = 2.5𝑥 2 + 75.625

3𝑥 2 = 41.25
𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟕 𝒎
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. The sum of two numbers is S. What is the maximum value

of the sum of their cubes?
𝑆3
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 4

2. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 20 m. If the area is

maximum, what is its perimeter?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 48.3 𝑚

3. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 20 cm. What is the

maximum possible area of the triangle in sq. cm?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝐴 = 100 𝑐𝑚2

4. A closed cylindrical tank was built with minimum surface

area. Determine the ratio of its altitude to its radius.
ℎ
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = =2
𝑟

5. A closed cylindrical tank has a capacity of 50.27 m3.

Determine the radius of the tank such that the amount of
material used to make the tank is minimum.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑟 = 2 𝑚

6. What is the biggest volume in cu. m of the biggest closed

cylindrical tank that can be made out of 125.5 sq. m of
steel sheet?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑉 = 108 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
7. What is the least amount of tin sheet, in sq. inches, that
can be made into a closed cylindrical can having a volume
of 108 cu. inches?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑆 = 125.50 𝑚2

8. A box having a square base and open top is to be made

with the least amount of material. What should be the
edge in meters if the volume is to be 32 cu. m?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = 4 𝑚

9. What is the height of the biggest box with open top and
square base that can be made out of 48 sq. ft of
cardboard? Compute also the base edge. Compute also
the volume in cu. ft.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = 4 𝑓𝑡, 𝑦 = 2 𝑓𝑡, 𝑉 = 32 𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡

10. Find the nearest distance from the point (16, 0) to the
parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑑 = 13.85 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

11. The total cost of producing a certain product is 𝐶 = 30𝑥 −

0.02𝑥 2 + 500 where x = no. of units produced. Find the
value of x for minimum cost.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = 750

12. A factory has an hourly production of 𝑥 = 30𝑡 + 6𝑡 2 −

𝑡 3 units, where t = no. of hours from start of work. After
how many hour will the production rate be maximum?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑡 = 5.74 ℎ𝑟𝑠
13. A factory has an hourly production of 𝑥 = 30𝑡 + 6𝑡 2 −
𝑡 3 units, where t = no. of hours from start of work. After
how many hours will the production rate be maximum?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑡 = 5.74 ℎ𝑟𝑠

14. A cable is to be run from a power plant on one side of a

river 900 m wide to a factory on the other side 3 km away
upstream. The cost of running the cable overland is P4 per
meter while the cost under water is P5 per meter.
a. What is the length of the cable overland which is most
economical?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 1800 𝑚
b. What is the length of the cable under water that is
most economical?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 1500 𝑚
c. Find the minimum cost of running the cable from the
plant to the factory.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑃14,700
d. What total length of the cable must be run at most
economical cost?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 3,300 𝑚

15. In triangle ABC, AC = 4.25 cm, AB = 9.61 cm, and BC = 8.62

cm. A rectangle is inscribed in it such that its shorter side is
on the 4.25 cm side of the triangle.
Find the length of the rectangle if the area is
maximum. 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 4.31 𝑐𝑚
a. Determine the width of the rectangle if its area is
maximum.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 2.125 𝑐𝑚
Determine the maximum area of the rectangle.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 9.16 𝑐𝑚2
 MARGINAL PROFITS

1. A product is sold at P420 per unit. The unit cost of

production is (50 + 𝑥) where x is the number of units
sold. Find the marginal profit at a sales level of 50 units.

Solution:
𝑃 = 420𝑥 − (50 + 𝑥)𝑥
𝑃 = 420𝑥 − 50𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑃
= 420 − 50 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑃
= 420 − 50 − 2(50)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕

2. The total profit “P” in million pesos is a function of the

number of units “x” produced such that 𝑃 = 100(𝑥 +
1)1/2 − 4𝑥. Find the marginal profit in million pesos at a
production of 100 units.

Solution:
1
𝑃 = 100(𝑥 + 1)2 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑃 1 1
= 100 ( ) (𝑥 + 1)−2 (1) − 4
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑃 50
= −4
𝑑𝑥 √100 + 1
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕
3. The profit derived from selling” x” units of a certain
product is 𝑃 = 0.003𝑥 2 + 10𝑥. Find the marginal profit
for a production of 50 units.

Solution:
𝑃 = 0.003𝑥 2 + 10𝑥
𝑑𝑃
= (2)(0.003)𝑥 + 10
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑃
= (2)(0.003)(50) + 10
𝑑𝑥
= 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕

4. The profit from producing a certain product is 𝑃 = 30𝑥 −

𝑥 2 − 200 where x = no. of product units produced per
month. What level of production will yield a zero-marginal
profit?
Solution:
𝑃 = 30𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 200
𝑑𝑃
= 30 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓

5. A certain commodity is produced and sold at P200 per

unit. The cost of production is (80 + 𝑥) pesos per unit
where x = no. of units produced. Determine the marginal
profit in pesos for a production of 40 units.
Solution:
𝑃 = 200𝑥 − (80 + 𝑥)𝑥
𝑑𝑃
= 200 − 80 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑃
= 120 − (2)(40)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. The profit in selling “x” units of a certain manufactured

product is 𝑃 = 0.05𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 in pesos. Find the marginal
profit in pesos for a production of 100 units.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 20 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡

2. The profit in selling “x” units of a certain manufactured

products is 𝑃 = 0.002𝑥 2 + 1.5𝑥 in million pesos. Find the
marginal profit in million pesos for a production of 10
units.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 1.4 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
 TIME RATES

Time rate – a value that results from dividing the change in a

function of a variable by the change in time

1. Oil flows into a vertical cylindrical tank at 500 cubic

centimeters per second. The oil level rises at 0.15 cm/s.
Determine the diameter of the tank in cm.
 Solution:

𝜋𝐷2 ℎ
𝑉=
4
𝑑𝑉 𝜋 2 𝑑ℎ
= 𝐷 ( )
𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
4 4(500)
𝐷 = √ 𝑑𝑡 = √
𝑑ℎ 𝜋(0.15)
𝜋
𝑑𝑡
= 𝟔𝟓. 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎

2. Water flows at the rate of 2000 cu.cm/s into a vertical tank

120 cm and 6 m high. How fast is the water level rising in
cm/s?
 Solution:

𝜋𝐷2 ℎ
𝑉=
4
𝑑𝑉 𝜋 2 𝑑ℎ
= 𝐷 ( )
𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑉
𝑑ℎ 4 𝑑𝑡 4(2000)
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝜋𝐷2 𝜋(120)2
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟕 𝒄𝒎/𝒔

3. The water level is rising at the rate of 0.2 cm/s in a vertical

cylindrical tank, 100 cm in diameter. What is the rate of
inflow in cu.cm/s?
 Solution:

𝜋𝐷2 ℎ
𝑉=
4
𝑑𝑉 𝜋 2 𝑑ℎ
= 𝐷 ( )
𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑉 𝜋
= (100)2 (0.2)
𝑑𝑡 4
= 𝟏, 𝟓𝟕𝟎. 𝟖 𝒄𝒖. 𝒄𝒎/𝒔

4. Water is flowing into a conical vessel at a constant rate of

4 cu.cm/s. The diameter at the top is 10 cm and the
altitude is 18 cm. At what rate in cm/s is the water level
rising when the water is 12 cm deep?

Solution:

By proportion:
5 𝑥
=
18 ℎ
 5ℎ
𝑥=
18
𝜋𝑥 2 ℎ
𝑉=
3
25𝜋ℎ3
𝑉=
3(18)2
𝑑𝑉 25𝜋(3)ℎ2 𝑑ℎ
= ( )
𝑑𝑡 3(18)2 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑑𝑉
𝑑ℎ (18) 𝑑𝑡 (18)2 (4)
= =
𝑑𝑡 25𝜋ℎ2 25𝜋(12)2
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎/𝒔

At what depth will the water be rising at the rate of 0.115

cm/s?

𝑑𝑉
(18)2 2
ℎ=√ 𝑑𝑡 = √ (18) (4)
𝑑ℎ 25𝜋(0.115)
25𝜋
𝑑𝑡
= 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 𝒄𝒎

5. The angle between the sides of a triangle 8 cm and 12 cm

long is changing, causing the area to change at a constant
rate of 45 sq.m/min. What rate in rad/min, is the angle
changing when the angle is 30 deg.?
 Solution:

𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
𝐴=
2
(8)(12) sin 𝜃
𝐴=
2
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝜃
= 48 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑡 45
= =
𝑑𝑡 48 cos 𝜃 48 cos 30
𝑑𝑒𝑔
= 1.08
𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒊𝒏.

6. Each side of an equilateral triangle is changing at a

constant rate of 30 cm/min. Find the length of each side at
the time the area is changing at the rate of 100 cm2/min.

Solution:

𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
𝐴=
2
 𝑥 2 sin 60
𝐴=
2

𝐴 = 0.433𝑥 2
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑥
= (2)(0.433)𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 100
𝑥= =
𝑑𝑥 (2)(0.433)(30)
(2)(0.433)
𝑑𝑡
𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟓 𝒄𝒎

7. How fast is the area of a circle when the radius in 10 cm if

the radius is changing at the rate of 2 mm/s?

Solution:
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
= 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
= 2𝜋(10)(0.2)
𝑑𝑡
= 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔

8. How fast is the volume of a sphere changing when the

radius is 20 cm if the radius is changing at the rate of one
mm/s?

Solution:

4 3
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟
3
𝑑𝑉 4 𝑑𝑟
= (3) ( ) 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑉 4
= 3 ( ) 𝜋(20)2 (0.1)
𝑑𝑡 3
= 𝟓𝟎𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
9. How fast is the surface area of a sphere changing when the
radius is 25 cm if the radius is changing at the rate of one
mm/s?

Solution:
𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑟
= (2)(4𝜋)𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆
= (2)(4𝜋)(25)(0.1)
𝑑𝑡
= 𝟔𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔

10. A cone with an altitude of 25 cm has its base radius

changing at the rate of one mm/s. How fast is its volume
changing when the radius is 14 cm?

Solution:

𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑉=
3
𝜋𝑟 2 (25)
𝑉=
3
𝑑𝑉 25 𝑑𝑟
= (2) ( 𝜋) 𝑟
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑉 25
= (2) ( 𝜋) (14)(0.1)
𝑑𝑡 3
= 𝟕𝟑. 𝟑𝟗 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
11. How fast is the volume of a cube changing when the edge
is 15 cm if the edge is changing at the rate of 2 mm/s?

Solution:

𝑉 = 𝑥3
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
= 3(15)2 (0.2)
𝑑𝑡
= 𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

12. How fast is the surface area of a cube changing when the
edge is 30 cm if the edge is changing at the rate of 3
mm/s?

Solution:

𝑆 = 6𝑥 2
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑥
= (2)(6𝑥)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆
= (12)(30)(0.3)
𝑑𝑡
= 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔
13. A cone with an altitude of 40 cm has its base radius
changing at the rate of 2 mm/s. How fast is its lateral area
changing when the radius is 60 cm?

Solution:

𝐿2 = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2
𝐿 = √𝑟 2 + (40)2

𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟𝐿
𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟√𝑟 2 + (40)2
𝑑𝑆 1 1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
= 𝜋 [𝑟 ( ) (𝑟 2 + (40)2 )−2 (2𝑟) + √𝑟 2 + (40)2 ]
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑆 𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑟
= 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜋𝑟√𝑟 2 + (40)2
𝑑𝑡 √𝑟 2 + (40)2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆 𝜋(60)2 (0.2)
= + 𝜋(60)√(60)2 + (40)2 (0.2)
𝑑𝑡 √(60)2 + (40)2
= 𝟕𝟔. 𝟔𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔
14. A man 1.8 m tall walks away from a lamp post 4 m high at
a speed of 1.5 m/s. How fast in m/s does his shadow
lengthen in m/s? How much does the end of his shadow
move with respect to the lamp post?

Solution:

𝑥 𝑦
=
2.2 1.8
1.8𝑥
𝑦=
2.2
𝑑𝑦 1.8 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑡 1.2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 1.8(1.5) 𝑚
= = 1.23
𝑑𝑡 1.2 𝑠

𝑆 𝑥
=
4 2.2
4𝑥
𝑆=
2.2
𝑑𝑆 4 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑡 2.2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆 4(1.5)
= = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
𝑑𝑡 2.2

Alternate Solution:
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= + = 1.5 + 1.23 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
15. A lady 1.65 m tall walks towards a lamp post 2.65 m high
at a speed of 1.5 m/s. How fast does her shadow shorten
in m/s? How fast does the end of her shadow move with
respect to the lamp post?

Solution:

By proportion:
𝑥 𝑦
=
1.0 1.65
𝑦 = 1.65𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 1.65
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑚
= (1.65)(1.5) = 2.475
𝑑𝑡 𝑠
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= + = 1.5 + 2.475 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟕𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
16. The upper end of a 3 m pipe leans against a vertical wall,
while the lower end is on a level concrete pavement
extending to the wall. The lower end slides away at a
constant rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is the upper end moving
down on the wall in cm/s when the lower end is 2 m away
from the wall?

Solution:

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =(3)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑡 𝑦 𝑑𝑡

When 𝑥 = 2 𝑚,
𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥 2 = √9 − (2)2 = 2.24 𝑚
𝑑𝑦 2
= −( ) (2) = −𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝑑𝑡 2.24
17. A man on a wharf pulls in a rope to which a boat is
attached at the rate of 2 m/s. The wharf is 3 m above the
water level. Find the speed of the boat when there is 7 m
of rope out. Find the acceleration of the boat when there
is still 7 m of rope outs.

Solution:

𝑅2 = 𝑥 2 + 9
𝑑𝑅 𝑑𝑥
2𝑅 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑅 𝑑𝑅
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑡

When 𝑅 = 7 𝑚,
𝑥 = √𝑅 2 − 9 = √(7)2 − 9 = 6.32 𝑚
𝑑𝑥 7 𝑚
=( ) (2) = 2.22
𝑑𝑡 6.32 𝑠
𝑑𝑥 𝑅 𝑑𝑅
𝑉𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑅 𝑅
𝑉𝑥 = (2) = 2
𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑅 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑅
𝑎𝑥 =
𝑑𝑉𝑥
= 2[ 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ] = 2 [(6.32)(2) − (7)(2.22)]
𝑑𝑡 𝑥2 (6.32)2
 𝒂𝒙 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

18. At noon, a car starts westward at 30 kph. At 2:00 P.M.

another goes northward and from the same point at 45
kph. How fast in kph are the two cars separating at 4:00
P.M.?

Solution:

𝑆 2 = (30𝑡)2 + [(45)(𝑡 − 2)]2

𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝑆 = (2)(900)𝑡 + (45)2 (2)(𝑡 − 2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆 900𝑡 + (45)2 (𝑡 − 2)
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑆

When 𝑡 = 4 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠,
𝑆 = √[(30)(4)]2 + [(45)(4 − 2)]2 = 150 𝑘𝑚
𝑑𝑆 900(4) + (45)2 (4 − 2)
= = 𝟓𝟏 𝒌𝒑𝒉
𝑑𝑡 150
19. The first train started eastward at 40 mph. One hour later,
the second train starts southwards at 60 mph. How fast in
mph are the two trains separating 2 hours after the start
of the second train?

Solution:

𝑆 2 = (40𝑡)2 + [(60)(𝑡 − 1)]2

𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝑆 = (2)(40)2 𝑡 + (60)2 (2)(𝑡 − 2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆 1600𝑡 + 3600(𝑡 − 1)
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑆

When 𝑡 = 3 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠,
𝑆 = √[(40)(3)]2 + [(60)(3 − 1)]2
𝑺 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟕𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔
20. A balloon leaves the ground 18 m from an observer and
rises vertically at 1.25 m/s. How fast in m/s is the balloon
receding from the observer after 8 sec.?

Solution:

𝑆 2 = (18)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑦
2𝑆 = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑆 𝑑𝑡

When 𝑦 = (1.25)(8) = 1.25 𝑚,

𝑆 = √(18)2 + (10)2 = 20.59 𝑚
𝑑𝑆 (10)(1.25)
=
𝑑𝑡 20.59
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. A conical vessel has diameter of 2 m at the top and a

height of 6 m. Water flows into it at a constant rate of 0.5
cu.m/min. At what rate in m/min is the water level rising
when the water is one meter deep?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 73.5 𝑚/ 𝑚𝑖𝑛

2. Water flows into a conical vessel at a constant rate of Q

cu. cm/sec. The vessel has a height of 18 cm and a
diameter of 10 cm at the top. When the water is 12 cm
deep, the water level is rising at the rate of 0.115 cm/sec.
Find the value of Q.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 4.014 𝑐𝑢. 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

3. Water flows into a conical vessel at a constant rate of 0.5

cu.m/min. The vessel has a height of 6 m and a top
diameter of 2 m. At what depth will the water level be
rising at the rate of 7.73 m/min?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 1 𝑚

4. Each side of an equilateral triangle is changing at a

constant rate of 22 cm/min. How fast in cm2/min is the
area changing when one side is 14 cm long?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 266.7 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛

5. How fast is the circumference of a circle changing if the

radius is changing at the rate of 3 mm/s?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 1.88 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
6. A cone with an altitude of 50 cm has its base radius
changing at the rate of 3 mm/s. How fast is its lateral area
changing when the radius is 20 cm?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 57.81 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚/𝑠

7. A worker 1.5 m walks toward a lamp post 3.05 m high at a

speed of 1.05 m/s. How fast does his shadow shorten in
m/s?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 1.016 𝑚/𝑠

8. A 15 ft. ladder leans against a vertical wall. If the upper

end starts sliding downward at the rate of 4 fps, how fast
in fps does the lower end move horizontally when it is 12
ft. from the wall?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 3 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

9. A 15 ft. ladder leans against a vertical wall. If the lower end

starts sliding horizontally at the rate of 2 fps, how fast in
fps is the upper end going down when it is 9 ft. above the
wall?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. −2.67 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

10. An observer on the ground is 12 m away from the foot of

the tower 40 m high. A stone is dropped from the top of
the tower. How fast in m/s is the distance between the
stone and the observer changing after one second?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. −9.3 𝑚/𝑠
11. As a small boat passes under a bridge at a speed of 2.5
m/s, a man walks across the bridge directly above it at a
speed of 1.2 m/s. The water is 6 m below the bridge. How
fast in m/s are the man and the boat separating after 4
seconds?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 2.44 𝑚/𝑠

12. As a boat passes under a bridge at a speed of 3 m/s, a cart

crosses the bridge directly above the water at a speed of
1.5 m/s. The water is 9 m below the bridge. After how
many seconds will the boat and the cart be separating at
the rate of 2.93 seconds?
Ans. t = 4.81 seconds

13. At 4:00 P.M. boat A left the pier in the direction of 𝑁45°𝐸
at 26 mph. At 4:30 P.M. boat B left the same pier in the
direction 𝑆30°𝐸 at 32 mph. How fast were they separating
at 5:00 P.M. in mph?
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 38.25 𝑚𝑝ℎ

14. A particle moves along the curve 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦. When x = 2, the

x-component of the velocity is changing at 3 mm/s. Find
the corresponding rate of change of the y-component of
the velocity in mm/sec.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 3𝑚𝑚 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

15. The motion of a particle is defined by the parametric

equations: 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 and 𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 . Determine its velocity
when t = 2.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 14.42