SOURCES

 The Concept of Development Administration by

George F. Gant

 Managing Development in the Third World by Coralie

Bryant and Louise G. White

 Meaning and views of Development by Alan Thomas

 The Path to Human Development: Capitalism or

Socialism? by Prof. Michael A. Lebowitz
 The Concept of Development Administration by
George F. Gant

 Development Administration by R K Sapru

 Challenges in Public Administration from Developing

Nations by O. P. Dwivedi
The Meaning of Development
 Development implies increase in living standards, improved
health and well-being for all and the achievement of whatever is
regarded as general good for society at large.

 Development is used in three main senses a vision or measure of

a desirable society, a historical process of social change and
deliberate effort for improvement by development agencies.

 In Public Administration development is primarily concerned

with the structures of public organizations, fundamental rights
of the citizen, human resource development, service delivery,
and the collective interest of the people.
The Meaning of Development
Objectives of Development

1. Eradication of Poverty
2. Capacity Building
3. Equity
4. Empowerment
5. Sustainability
Capitalism & Development
 Capitalism can be characterized as a system of
production of goods and services for market exchange in
order to make profit.

 Development was viewed through industrialization

which is the process by which production in the
industrial sector become increasingly important
compared with agricultural production.

 Development in capitalism in immanent means it is

intrinsically dynamic, tends to build its own momentum
and develops from within.
Socialism & Development
 Socialism is a system in which production and
distribution of goods are controlled by government
rather than private enterprise.

 It views development as increase in human

potential and capabilities.

 Focus is on human potential rather than upon the

production of things.
 Rostow’s Five Stages of
Development
1. Traditional Society
2. Preconditions for Take off
3. Take Off
4. Drive to Maturity
5. High Mass Consumption

 Limitations of the model

The Role of People in Development
 People are target of development process, their well being is the
purpose

 People are not only target of development but also instrument of

it

 Development must be attractive, powerfully attractive to the

participants and desired by them

 In almost all countries the target of development is people by

assuring a level of sustenance acceptable to them and to increase
the choices they have for living their own lives up to their
optimum expression
 The Role of Institutions
 Institutions are the forms in which people organize their affairs in
relationship with each other
 An institution can be called as a system of action that comprehend the
structures and mechanisms which provide the capacity and support for
action in the form of agencies or organizations, for example, bureaus
or departments are institutions of this kind, as are schools, prisons,
hospitals, banks
 Accepted patterns of economic and social behavior are also embraced
by the term institution
 The availability and full utilization of highly trained and motivated
staff is the crucial factor of success in a new institution
 Institutionalization is the process by which systems of action acquire
capability and competence, public acceptance, operating resources and
the stability of a standard way of doing things
 Reform movements are an important and continuing influence in
institution building and institutionalization process
Components of an Institution
1. A clear definition of purpose, policy, program,
activity and method

2. Financial resources for continuing operations

3. Agency administration in terms of division of labor,

work structure, system of decision making etc
Relationship of Institutions
 Institutions, agencies and systems have an essential and a
complementary relationship with other institutions in a
larger system which embraces them all
 An institution is invariably responsible for providing a
product or a service upon which other institutions are
dependent
 Complete institutional success depends up on an
environment of well coordinated and thus effective
relationship among sister institutions, complementing
each other to their mutual advantage as they progress
towards a common program purpose
Development administration emerged in the
beginning of the 1960’s
The emerging problem is how to combine skills
which exist in developing countries.
The need for development administration has been
well recognized as a mean of implementing
policies and plans directed towards nation-
building and socio-economic progress.
Gant in 1966 saw development
administration as:
 “… that aspect of public administration in which the
focus of attention is on organizing and administering
public agencies in such a way as to stimulate and
facilitate defined programs of social and economic
progress…it has the purpose of making change
attractive and possible…to the population generally”
 Meaning of Development
Administration
 The primary objective of development administration
is to strengthen the administrative machinery which
would bring about socio-politico-economic
development. Thus:
“Development administration is the process of carrying
out development programs and projects in the direction
of nation-building and socio-economic progress
through a developed administrative organization.”
Elements of Development
Administration
 Planned And Coordinated Efforts
Development administration refers to organized
efforts to carry out activities
 Goal-oriented Administration
It is goal-oriented administration with emphasis on
achieving social and economic goals.
 Management Capacities
Creating and enhancing management capacities as a
means for achieving development goals.
Elements of Development
Administration (cont.)
 Progressivism
in political systems, it would mean greater participation
of the people in the development process
 Participation
Participation in the formulation, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of programs and projects
 Creativity and Innovativeness
Development administration lays stress upon the
adoption of new structure, procedure, policies, plans
and programs
Elements of Development
Administration (cont.)
 Responsiveness and Accountability
Development administration system requires highly
motivated personnel at all levels
 People-centered administration
It is essentially a people-centred administration
 Keeping in Touch with Social Realities
 Development administration is requires to keep in
touch with the realities, including grassroots situation,
local problems etc.
Problems in Development
Administration
Lack of experienced administrators as well as highly
developed technocrats in specialized fields, lack of
modern management techniques ,poor methods
adopted in policy making, planning and budgeting,
procedural delays, lack of sufficient discipline and
commitment to plans and program implementation
 The present nature of development differs greatly from
that seen early in 19th century or in the 1980’s.

 In the 19th century and up to World War I, national

development meant Economic Development

 This period is also marked by the philosophy of

individualism and Laissez-faire became the guiding
principle of industries.

 Economic activities were mainly performed by

individuals in a system of free competition and role of
state was restricted to the bare minimum.
The features of development before World War I were:
 Technological revolution
 Capitalism under a system of free enterprise
 Political democracy under a system of representative
government
 Bureaucratic form of organization
 Nationalism
 Materialistic and mechanistic culture with strong
individualistic, universalistic and mechanistic
orientation.

The emphasis on nationalism, economic development, and

capitalism resulted in mass scale poverty, economic
instability and unemployment.
After 1914 and before World War II significant events took
place like:
 World war I (1914-1919)
 The Russian revolution (1917)
 The high rates of inflation (1919-1921)
 The stock market crash of October 1929
 The Great Depression 1930s
 The increase in monopolistic tendencies
 And the rise of USSR.

These and other social and cultural changes combined

shook the foundation of 19the century individualism
because of the minimalistic role of government the
economic system failed to regulate itself.
 After World War II the independence of former
colonies has been one of the most important events to
mark.

 Most developing countries in Asia, the Middle East

and Africa came out of the colonial period, with a
strong belief in state dominated economic
development.

 By the 1960’s, states had become involved in virtually

every aspect of the economy.
 Development goals in the later part of the 1970s (1976-
1980) and the policies to be pursued to achieve those
goals have been reflected in the national development
plans of developing countries.
In their plans, the focus of policy was on such basis:
 the expansion and diversification of the production of
goods and services,
 an increase in employment
 improvement in income distribution
 elimination of extreme poverty
 increase in self reliance in carrying out development
tasks
 the mobilization of natural, human and financial
resources in the common cause of national building.
 The current crisis of development and administration
is precisely a consequence of the inability of the West
to incorporate the substance of other non-Western
developmental experiences into the prevailing
conceptual mould.

 In place of requiring developing nations to implement

blueprints any time when a new paradigm gets
manufactured, the time has come to focus and
concentrate on results instead of creating grand
visions.