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Sci8 q4 Module3 Week 3

The document provides information about Mendelian genetics and inheritance of traits. It discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his discovery of the fundamental principles of heredity, including the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. It defines dominant and recessive traits, and explains how genotypes and phenotypes are determined using a Punnett square. The summary is: [1] Mendel's experiments with pea plants led to the discovery of the basic principles of heredity, including dominance of one trait over another. [2] A Punnett square can predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. [3] Dominant traits will be expressed over recessive traits in

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Jene kristel Manabat
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3K views

Sci8 q4 Module3 Week 3

The document provides information about Mendelian genetics and inheritance of traits. It discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his discovery of the fundamental principles of heredity, including the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. It defines dominant and recessive traits, and explains how genotypes and phenotypes are determined using a Punnett square. The summary is: [1] Mendel's experiments with pea plants led to the discovery of the basic principles of heredity, including dominance of one trait over another. [2] A Punnett square can predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. [3] Dominant traits will be expressed over recessive traits in

Uploaded by

Jene kristel Manabat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCIENCE8--Quarter 4 - Module 3 Phenotypic

Expressions of Traits
What’s In
Activity 1: Divergent Thinking Web
Directions: Outline your previous knowledge about the topic given below.

Topic: How does meiosis and gametogenesis significantly maintain the


chromosome number?

What I Need to Know


After going through this lesson, you should be able to predict phenotypic expressions of traits
following simple patterns of inheritance.
What is it?
The passing of traits from parents to children is the study of Genetics. In sexual reproduction and
genetics, a trait describes the physical feature (blue eyes). In traits there are dominant traits a trait
that always shows and can cover the other allele. It is represented by a Capital letter e.g. brown eye:
B. Moreover, for a recessive trait. When a trait is recessive, an individual must have two copies of
two alleles to express the trait. It is represented by lowercase letter e.g. blue (b)
eyes.

1
Gregor Mendel did study the changes in traits of pea plants. He developed the
fundamental laws of heredity. He used to study genetics in garden peas (Pisum sativum) as they
are easily planted and their pollination is easily managed. He controlled pollination by
manually extracting pollen between plants. He developed true-breeding plants by self- pollination.
He is known as the father of genetics.
Fun Fact: Mendel originally wanted to breed mice, but wasn't allowed to because it was
considered scandalous.

MENDELIAN PRINCIPLES
1. LAW OF DOMINANCE
States that “the dominant trait dominates or prevents the expression of the recessive trait.”

Mendel conducted an experiment, allowing the true-breeding plants to cross fertilize. The pure
plants were the parents or P1 generation while the offspring of the P1 cross are the first filial
generation or F1 generation. Mendel noted that for each trait he studied, one of these will be
dominant and will be expressed if it is present and mask the recessive trait. According to
Mendel, if the organism inherits two of the same gene, the genotype is homozygous (TT or tt). If
it inherits two different genes, it is heterozygous ( Tt ).
For instance, when Mendel crossed pure tall pea plant with a pure short pea plant, all offspring
manifest the tall phenotype with genotype Tt. Refer to the table below.

Refer to the table for the list of dominant traits and recessive traits as results of the crosses pure
pea plants.

Activity 1.1 Try This Out


A. Determine whether the following genotype is homozygous or heterozygous
1. PP - 2. Tt - 3. rr -
B. Determine the possible phenotype for each given genotype. Yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y)
1. YY -
2. Yy -
3. yy-
2
2. LAW OF SEGREGATION
States that “during gamete formation, members of the gene pair or alleles
separate
Every individual organism contains two alleles for each trait, and that these alleles segregate
(separate) during meiosis such that each gamete contains only one of the alleles. An offspring thus
receives a pair of alleles for a trait by inheriting homologous chromosomes from the parent
organisms: one allele for each trait from each parent. Hence, according to the law, two members
of a gene pair segregate from each other during meiosis; each gamete has an equal probability of
obtaining either member of the gene. 7

For example, a pea plant ,with green pod, has the genotype GG is crossed to a pea plant with
yellow pod with genotype gg. What are the possible gametes?

Activity 1.2

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT


States that “the expression of one particular trait does not affect the expression of
another trait.”
Mendel continued his experiments by crossbreeding two hybrid plants of the F1 generation,
which become P2 generation. He wanted to determine if the trait for seed color would influence
the trait for seed shape.

3
Mendel found that the dominant trait of one kind did not mask the expression of the recessive trait
of another kind. This means that, the seed color, for instance, does not have any connection with
the seed shape of the pea plant.

4
What’s More

Suppose your father has curly hair and your mother has
straight hair. You are the only child and inherited curly hair from
your father. Your parents are expecting a second child. What
are the chances that the second child would have curly or
straight hair?

The Punnett Square


It is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is
named after Reginald Punnett, the person who devised it. The vertical column lists the gametes
from the female parent while the horizontal column has the gametes of the male.

5
Activity 2: Work This Out

What I Can Do
Activity 6: Design Your Own (DYO)
Direction: "Tracing Phenotypic Traits. How a trait is passed down from family members? Traits
such as hair color, nose shape, skin color etc. You observe your family or neighbor and construct
Probability Test and Punnett Squares to show your data.
Summary

Genes are the hereditary unit of life. The physical characteristics of an individual from
subsequent interaction with genes and environment are its phenotype. Dominance is greater
influence by one of a pair of alleles that affect the same inherited character. The genes that
are masked by the dominant trait from the parents is called the phenotype. To tell how often
events will happen can be gauge using a probability test. Moreover, to predict the phenotypes
and the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment can be determined through
Punnett Square diagram. In a homologous chromosomes homozygous gene is in identical
alleles. It is denoted by two capital letters (XX) for a dominant trait, and two lowercase letters
(xx) for a recessive trait. Having inherited different forms of a particular gene from each parent
refers to heterozygous. At the same place on a chromosome, an allele is the two or more
alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation.

ASSESSMENT (POST TEST)


DIRECTIONS: Read the statements carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer.
Use the diagram to answer questions 1 to 6.

1.In the above diagram, what is the dominant trait?


a. black eyes b. brown eyes c. both a and b d. none of the above
2. In the above diagram, what is the recessive trait?
a. black eyes b. brown eyes c. both a and b d. none of the above

3. Assuming that both parents are homozygous, why would all of the F1
generation have brown eyes?
a. because brown-eye is a recessive trait
b. because brown-eye is a dominant trait
c. because both parents passed on the recessive trait
d. all of the above

4. In the diagram, what accounts for the black eyes in the F2 generation?
a. The F1 generation parents are homozygous brown-eyes
b. The black eyes allele is dominant over brown eyes allele
c. Heterozygous parents will produce 1 homozygous recessive offspring
d. all of the above.
5. What is the chance of having a child with black eyes if both parents are
heterozygous for the trait? ( Brown eyes is dominant over black eyes)
a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%
6. What would it mean if the allele for black eyes is represented as “b” ?
a. black eyes is dominant trait
b. black eyes is a recessive trait
c. it is both dominant and recessive
d. it is not transmitted
e.
Refer to the boxes below to answer questions 7 to 10.

D- with dimples
d- without dimples

7. Which of the boxes correspond to offspring with dimples?


a. 1 and 2 b. 3 and 4 c. 1,2 and 3 d. 2,3 and 4

8. Which of the boxes correspond to offspring with heterozygous genotype?


a. 1 and 2 b. 2 and 3 c. 3 and 4 d. 1 and 4

9. Which of the boxes correspond to offspring without dimples?


a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

10. What are the chances that their children will have dimples?
a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 10

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