Reference Calculation Output

CONTENTS Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 LOAD COMBINATION AND LOAD CASES 2
3.0 LOADS 8
4.0 BEARING CAPACITY CALCULATION 11
5.0 ANALYSIS FOR SUBMERGE CONDITION 20
6.0 DESIGN OF TOP SLAB 21
7.0 DESIGN OF WALL 28
8.0 DESIGN OF WINGWALL 32
9.0 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION 37
10.0 CONCLUTION 45
Reference Calculation Output

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This design report contains the typical design calculations for top slab ,
walls , foundation and wingwalls of Bridge 403 located at Chainage
4+426 of Northern rehabilitation project.

DESIGN INFORMATION

Characteristic strength of concrete, fcu = 30 N/mm2

Characteristic strength of reinforcement, fy = 460 N/mm2
Thickness of top slab = 400 mm
Thickness of side walls = 450 mm
Thickness of wingwalls = 400 mm
Thickness of foundation = 400 mm
Severe environment condition, for driving rain
Nominal cover = 50 mm

REFERENCES

BS 54500 part II
BS 54500 part IV
BD 28/87
Foundation Design and analysis - Bowels
Reference Calculation Output

2.0 LOAD COMBINATION AND LOAD CASES

GENERAL

Bridge 403 was analyzed by applying spring constant at foundation for live loads and dead loads.
Then check the differential settlement for foundation and re-analyzed for above loads with
settlement of 10 mm as a load case to get the severe condition.

Load cases

Dead loads of the structure

Super imposed loads ( wearing surface)
HA live loads
HB live loads
Braking Force
HA Surcharge pressure
HB Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure

Finite element model is developed using software package SAP 2000 inorder
to carry out the analysis.
Reference Calculation Output

FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

Structure is modeled using software package Sap 2000. Consider the total structure
for the analysis. Apply soil spring for foundation .

Reinforcement design was done at Ultimate Limit State and Geotechnical capacity
analysis was done at Serviceability Limit State. Consider load combination 1 for the
vertical loads effect and combination 4 for the horizontal loads effect.

2.1 LOAD FACTORS

LOAD COMBINATION 1
SLS ULS

Dead loads of the structure 1.00 1.15

Super imposed loads ( wearing surface) 1.20 1.75
HA live loads 1.20 1.50
HB live loads 1.10 1.30
HA Surcharge pressure 1.00 1.50
HB Surcharge pressure 1.00 1.50
Soil Pressure 1.00 1.50

LOAD COMBINATION 4
SLS ULS

Dead loads of the structure 1.00 1.15

Super imposed loads ( wearing surface) 1.20 1.75
HA live loads 1.00 1.25
HB live loads 1.00 1.10
Breaking Force 1.00 1.25
HA Surcharge pressure 1.00 1.50
HB Surcharge pressure 1.00 1.50
Soil Pressure 1.00 1.50
Reference Calculation Output

2.2 ALTERNATIVE LOAD COMBINATIONS USED FOR ANALYSIS

COMBINATION 1.1.1

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HA UDL
KEL at mid of span 1
HA Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure

COMBINATION 1.1.2

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HA UDL
KEL at left wall edge of span 1
HA Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure

COMBINATION 1.1.3

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HA UDL
KEL at right wall edge of span 1
HA Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure

COMBINATION 1.1.4

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HA UDL
KEL at mid of span 2
HA Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure

COMBINATION 1.2.1

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HB at mid of span 1
HB Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure
` Calculation Output

COMBINATION 1.2.2

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HB at left wall edge of span1
HBSurcharge pressure
Soil Pressure

COMBINATION 1.2.3

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HB at right wall edge of span1
HB Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure

COMBINATION 1.2.4

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HB at mid of span 2
HB Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure

COMBINATION 4.1.1

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HA UDL
KEL at mid of span 1
HA Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure
Traction Force

COMBINATION 4.1.2

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HA UDL
KEL at left wall edge of span 1
HA Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure
Traction Force
` Calculation Output

COMBINATION 4.1.3

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HA UDL
KEL at right wall edge of span 1
HA Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure
Traction Force

COMBINATION 4.1.4

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HA UDL
KEL at mid of span 2
HA Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure
Traction Force

COMBINATION 4.2.1

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HB at mid of span 1
HB Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure
Traction Force

COMBINATION 4.2.2

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HB at left wall edge of span1
HB Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure
Traction Force

COMBINATION 4.2.3

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HB at right wall -edge of span1
HB Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure
Traction Force
` Calculation Output

COMBINATION 4.2.4

Dead loads
Dead and superimposed dead loads from superstructure
HB at mid of span2
HB Surcharge pressure
Soil Pressure
Traction Force
Reference Calculation Output
3.0 LOADS

LIVE LOADS
HA Loads

HA UDL = 30 kN/m
KEL = 120 kN

Carriage way width = 8.2 m

Number of notional lanes = 3
Notional lane width = 2.733 m

Apply HA udl with kel for notional lanes 1 &2 and 1/3 HA udl with KEL for lane 3
to get the more severe condition.

HB +HA LOADS

Number of HB units per wheel = 30

Load for one unit = 2.5
Total load per one wheel = 75 kN

1.8 6 1.8
HB vehicle
HB vehicle is straddled for lanes 1&2 and apply HA UDL for lane 3.

Secondary live loads

Traction Force = 8x(Loaded Length)+200

Approximate length of the bridge = 13.2 m

Total traction force = 306 kN

Traction Force per one wall = 76.4 kN

EARTH PRESSURE

2
Soil pressure 4x19x0.333 = 25.3 kN/m

HA surcharge pressure 10x0.333 = 3.3 kN/m2

HB surcharge pressure 12.5x0.333 = 4.2 kN/m2

WATER PRESSURE

Pore water pressure 2x9.81 = 19.6 kN/m2

Reference Calculation Output

3.1 LOAD INPUT

HA UDL = 30 kN/m
Notional lane width = 2.733 m
2
Pressure due to HA loads 30/2.733 = 11.0 kN/m
2
Hence , area pressure for one shell element = 11.0 kN/m

1/3 HA UDL = 10 kN/m

Area pressure for one shell element 10/2.733 = 3.66 kN/m

KEL = 120 kN
Pressure due to KEL 120/2.733 = 43.9 kN/m
Width of the shell element of the model = 0.5 m
Nodal loads for nodes of the shell elements due to KEL = 22 kN

Loading arrangement of KEL

KEL AT EDGE OF THE WALL AT SPAN 1

KEL AT MID OF SPAN 1

KEL AT EDGE OF THE WALL SPAN 2

Reference Calculation Output

KEL AT MID OF SPAN 2

HB LOADS

Load per one wheel = 75 kN

Hence , nodal loads for nodes of the shell elements = 75 kN

Loading arrangement of HB vehicle

4
1
8
0
0
0
0

a
a
p
p
rp
o
xo
.x
(
(

)
).

HB AT EDGE OF THE WALL AT SPAN 1

HB AT MID OF SPAN 1

HB AT EDGE OF THE WALL SPAN 2

` Calculation Output

HB AT MID OF SPAN 2

Traction Force

Traction force for one wall = 76.4 kN

Width of the notional lane = 2.73 m
Traction force per 1m = 28
Width of the shell element = 0.5 m
Point loads for nodes of the shell element = 14 kN
Apply the loads for horizontal direction.

EARTH PRESSURE

Soil pressure at top of the wall = 0 kN/m2

2
Soil pressure at bottom of the wall = 25.3 kN/m
Apply the loads as triangular pressure for shell elements to horizontal
4
1
8
0
0
0
0

a
a
p
p
rp
o
xo
.x
(
(

)
).

direction.

HA Surcharge = 3.3
HB Surcharge = 4.2

Apply the surcharge pressure for shell elements of the model to same
direction in soil pressure and traction force.

2
= 19.6 kN/m
Pore water pressure

SUPERIMPOSED DEAD LOADS

2
Loads due to wearing surface 22.6x0.05 = 1.13 kN/m
Apply the loads as a pressure load to downward direction.
Reference Calculation Output

4.0 ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE- CALCULATION

4.1 DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESURE AT RIGHT SIDE OF BRIDGE

Allowble bearing capasity is calculated adopting the Correlation given in

th
Section 4-3; Foundation Analysis and Design - 5 Edition; JE Bowels,
which was developed by Vesic Formula.

BH 01
N'70 = NxCN

SPT "N"
Depth
95 . 76
from As of CN = N'70
Z
EGL BH18
1.0 22 2.2 49
2.0 12 1.6 19 FOUNDATION SOFFIT LEVEL
3.0 12 1.3 16
4.0 13 1.1 15
5.0 36 1.0 36
6.0 36 0.9 33
7.0 41 0.8 35
4
1
8
0
0
0
0

a
a
p
p
rp
o
xo
.x
(
(

)
).

N'70 = 19

eq.3-5 For founding layer with a value of 50 for SPT N.

Section 3-8
of Bowel F = 18 xN ' 70  15
F = 18 x 19 + 15
F = 34 o

f = 34 degree
 Reference Calculation Output

Section 4-3
Foundation
Analysis
and Design
Bowels

qult =(cNcscdcicgcbc+qNqsqdqiqgqbq+.5BNsdigb)

Density of water w = 9.81 kN/m3

Density of Overlying soil 1 = 19 kN/m3
2 =
Effective Density of Underlying soil 9 kN/m3

Proposed Ground level = 0.00 MSL

Base level of foundation = -2.00 MSL
Groundwater table = 0.00 MSL
Foundation depth D = 2.0 m
Effective Pressure at Foundation Level
q' = 18.4 kN/m2

Friction Angle of shearing resistance

f = 34 degree
Apparent Cohesion c = 5.00 kN/m2

Inclination of Ground b = 0.0 degree

Width of the foundation B = 2.350 m ( consider the effective width for one wall)
Length of the Foundation L = 10.20 m

k = D/B = 0.85 (D/B≤1)

= tan-1(D/B) = 0.71 (D/B>1) 0.785

Vertical Load V = 887 kN

Horizontal Load HB = 512 kN Loads calculations are given at the end.
HL = 0 kN

k-3 of this Doc Eccentricity eB = 0.000 m

eL = 0.000 m due to symmetric of the structure

B' = B-2eB = 2.35 m

L' = L-2eL = 10.2 m
Af = B'xL' = 24 m2
mB = (2+B/L)/(1+B/L) = 1.8
61.76
Bearing Capacity ptanf 2
Nq = e tan (45+f/2) = 27.77 27.77
coefficients Nc = (Nq-1)cotf = 40.41 8.01
N = 2(Nq+1)tanf = 38.10
Reference Calculation Output

Shape Factors Sc = 1.0+(Nq/Nc)x(B/L) = 1.16

Sq = 1.0+(B/L)xtanf = 1.15
S = 1.0 - 0.4x(B/L) = 0.91

Depth Factors dc = 1.0+0.4k = 1.34

dq = 1.0+2tanfxk(1-sinf)2 = 1.23
dy = = 1.00

Inclination Factors ic = iq-(1-iq)/(Nq-1) = 0.28

iq = (1-HB/(V+AfxC/tanf))m = 0.31
iy = (1-HB/(V+AfxC/tanf))m+1 = 0.16

Ultimate Bearing Capacity

qult =(cNcscdcicgcbc+qNqsqdqiqgqbq+.5BNsdigb)

= 88.1 + 221.3 + 59.7 = 369

allowable capacity, qa = qult / 3

= 123 kN/m2 `

* Calculation of vertical and horizontal loads for geotechnical analysis.

Loads from superstructure will apply to the foundation through the wall.
So ,consider the effective width of the foundation at side wall for calculation.

Consider the permenant loads to calculate the bearing capacity of the

foundation.
Weight of the top slab = 0.4x10.2x2.35x25
= 240 kN
Weight of the foundation = 0.4x10.2x2.35x25
= 240 kN
Weight of the walls = 10.2x4x0.4x25
= 408 kN

Total weight V = 887 kN

Soil Pressure = 19x4x0.33

= 25 kN

Force due to soil pressure HB = 25x0.5x4x10.2

= 512 kN
4
1
8
0
0
0
0

a
a
p
p
rp
o
o
x
.x
(
(

)
).
 4
1
8
0
0
0
0

a
a
p
p
rp
o
xo
.x
(
(

)
).
Reference Calculation Output

4.0 ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE- CALCULATION

4.1 DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESURE AT RIGHT SIDE OF BRIDGE

Allowble bearing capasity is calculated adopting the Correlation given in

th
Section 4-3; Foundation Analysis and Design - 5 Edition; JE Bowels,
which was developed by Vesic Formula.

BH 02
N'70 = NxCN

SPT "N"
Depth
95 . 76
from As of CN = N'70
Z
EGL BH18
1.0 10 2.2 22
2.0 10 1.6 16 FOUNDATION SOFFIT LEVEL
3.0 10 1.3 13
4.0 16 1.1 18
5.0 16 1.0 16
6.0 20 0.9 18
7.0 60 0.8 51
4
1
8
0
0
0
0

a
a
p
p
rp
o
xo
.x
(
(

)
).

N'70 = 16

eq.3-5 For founding layer with a value of 50 for SPT N.

Section 3-8
of Bowel F = 18 xN ' 70  15
F = 18 x 16 + 15
F = 32 o

f = 32 degree
 Reference Calculation Output

Section 4-3
Foundation
Analysis
and Design
Bowels

qult =(cNcscdcicgcbc+qNqsqdqiqgqbq+.5BNsdigb)

Density of water w = 9.81 kN/m3

Density of Overlying soil 1 = 19 kN/m3
2 =
Effective Density of Underlying soil 9 kN/m3

Proposed Ground level = 0.00 MSL

Base level of foundation = -2.00 MSL
Groundwater table = 0.00 MSL
Foundation depth D = 2.0 m
Effective Pressure at Foundation Level
q' = 18.4 kN/m2

Friction Angle of shearing resistance

f = 32 degree
Apparent Cohesion c = 5.00 kN/m2

Inclination of Ground b = 0.0 degree

Width of the foundation B = 2.350 m ( consider the effective width for one wall)
Length of the Foundation L = 10.20 m

k = D/B = 0.85 (D/B≤1)

= tan-1(D/B) = 0.71 (D/B>1) 0.785

Vertical Load V = 887 kN

Horizontal Load HB = 512 kN Loads calculations are given at the end.
HL = 0 kN

k-3 of this Doc Eccentricity eB = 0.000 m

eL = 0.000 m due to symmetric of the structure

B' = B-2eB = 2.35 m

L' = L-2eL = 10.2 m
Af = B'xL' = 24 m2
mB = (2+B/L)/(1+B/L) = 1.8
60.95
Bearing Capacity ptanf 2
Nq = e tan (45+f/2) = 22.92 22.92
coefficients Nc = (Nq-1)cotf = 35.21 7.069
N = 2(Nq+1)tanf = 29.78
Reference Calculation Output

Shape Factors Sc = 1.0+(Nq/Nc)x(B/L) = 1.15

Sq = 1.0+(B/L)xtanf = 1.14
S = 1.0 - 0.4x(B/L) = 0.91

Depth Factors dc = 1.0+0.4k = 1.34

dq = 1.0+2tanfxk(1-sinf)2 = 1.24
dy = = 1.00

Inclination Factors ic = iq-(1-iq)/(Nq-1) = 0.28

iq = (1-HB/(V+AfxC/tanf))m = 0.31
iy = (1-HB/(V+AfxC/tanf))m+1 = 0.16

Ultimate Bearing Capacity

qult =(cNcscdcicgcbc+qNqsqdqiqgqbq+.5BNsdigb)

= 76.2 + 185.8 + 48.0 = 310

allowable capacity, qa = qult / 3

= 103 kN/m2 `

* Calculation of vertical and horizontal loads for geotechnical analysis.

Loads from superstructure will apply to the foundation through the wall.
So ,consider the effective width of the foundation at side wall for calculation.

Consider the permenant loads to calculate the bearing capacity of the

foundation.
Weight of the top slab = 0.4x10.2x2.35x25
= 240 kN
Weight of the foundation = 0.4x10.2x2.35x25
= 240 kN
Weight of the walls = 10.2x4x0.4x25
= 408 kN

Total weight V = 887 kN

Soil Pressure = 19x4x0.33

= 25 kN

Force due to soil pressure HB = 25x0.5x4x10.2

= 512 kN
Reference Calculation Output
l
4.3 BOUNDRY CONDITIONS FOR FOUNDATION

Bearing capacity of the foundation for BH 01 = 123 kN/m2 ( For 25 mm

settlement)
Hence spring constant 123x40x2.5 = 12303 kN/m2

Bearing capacity of the foundation for BH 02 = 103 kN/m2 ( For 25 mm

settlement)
Hence spring constant 103x40x2.5 = 10335 kN/m2

Apply the spring values from BH 01 and BH 02 for all over the structure .

Model was analyzed for HA +HB live loads with dead loads.
Reference Calculation Output

4.4 SETTLEMENT CONTOURED FOR FOUNDATION

Settlement at foundation due to full loading condition.

Consider the alternative loading pattern to get the maximum settlement difference.

According to the contoured output , settlement at left side = 7.8 mm

Settlement at right side = 4.2 mm

Therefore settlement difference between two sides = 3.6 mm

Allowble differential settlement = 10 mm
Hence ok.
Maximum reation at single spring = 12.8 kN

Effective area of the spring = 0.15 m2

Applied stress for foundation = 85 kN/m2

According to the calculation , bearing capacity was 123 kN/m2 and 103 kN/m2

Hence structure is at safe side for total settlement.

Reference Calculation Output

5.0 ANALYSIS FOR SUBMERGE CONDITION.

Consider only dead loads of the structure to check the stability against upthurst force.

Weight of the foundation 11.2x0.4x10.2x25 = 1142 kN

Weight of the top slab 10.45x0.4x10.2x25 = 1066 kN

Weight of the walls 3x10.2x4.0x0.45x25 = 1377 kN

Weight of wingwall 2x11.5x0.4x25 = 262 kN

Total vertical loads = 3847 kN

Height of the water level from foundation bottom = 2.0 m

Water pressure 9.81x2.0 = 20 kN/m2
Surface area 11.2x10.2 = 114 m2

Upthrust force 0.5x20x114 = 1121 kN

Total vertical loads > Upthrust force

Reference Calculation Output
6.0 DESIGN OF TOP SLAB
Re- analyzed the structure with 10 mm displacement of wall bottom level and consider the output
results for structural design.

Sagging moment Hogging moment

Slab Thickness = 400 mm

Diametre of main reinforcement = 16 mm
Diametre of secondary(horizontal) reinforcement = 12 mm
compressive strength of concrete , fcu = 30 N/mm2
Moment from model = 95 kNm/m

f3 = 1.1
Design bending moment = 105 kNm/m

RDA Bridge Assume severe environment condition, for driving rain

Design Cover = 50 mm Cover
Manual:1997 = 50 mm
Effective depth, d = 400-50-16/2 = 342 mm
d = 342 mm
2
k = M / (bd fcu)
= 105x106 / (1000x3422x30) = 0.03 < 0.156
BS 5400 M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1
Part 4: 1990 z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5 from these two equations
5.3.2.3
z = 0.5d [1+ (1-5M/fcubd2)1/2 ]
6 2 1/2
z = 0.5d [1+ (1-5x105x10 /30x1000x342 ) ]
= 0.961 d
z = 0.961 d (Z>0.95d)

z = 325 mm

Main reinforcement
equation 1 As = M / 0.87fyz
= 105x106 / 0.87x460x325 = 804 mm2/m As req =
804 mm2/m

Direct Tension = 40 kN
3
Required reinforcement = 40x10 /(0.87x460) = 100 mm2/m
Total reinforcement = 804+100 = 904 mm2/m

Use T 16 @ 150 ( As = 1340 mm2 ) As pro =

Hence o.k
1340 mm2/m
BS 5400 Check for minimum reinforcement required for slab
Part 4: 1990 100As / bad = 100x1340/(1000x342) = 0.39 > 0.15 Main reinforcement
5.8.4.1 Hence o.k T 16 @ 150
Reference Calculation Output
DESIGN OF SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT

BS 5400: Minimum area of secondary reinforcement

Part 4: 1990 = 0.12 btd / 100
5.8.4.2 = (0.12x1000x342)/100
= 410 mm2

Use T 12 @ 125 (As pro = 905 mm2 ) Use

Hence O.K T 12 @ 125

DESIGN FOR HOGGING MOMENT

Slab Thickness = 400 mm

Diametre of main reinforcement = 20 mm
Diametre of secondary(horizontal) reinforcement = 12 mm
compressive strength of concrete , fcu = 30 N/mm2

Moment from model = 120 kNm/m

f3 = 1.1
Design bending moment = 132 kNm/m

RDA Bridge Assume severe environment condition, for driving rain

Design Cover = 50 mm Cover
Manual:1997 = 50 mm
Effective depth, d = 400-50-20/2 = 340 mm
d = 340 mm
2
k = M / (bd fcu)
= 132x106 / (1000x3402x30) = 0.04 < 0.75

BS 5400 M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1

Part 4: 1990 z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5 from these two equations
5.3.2.3
z = 0.5d [1+ (1-5M/fcubd2)1/2 ]
6 2 1/2
z = 0.5d [1+ (1-5x132x10 /30x1000x390 ) ]
= 0.950 d
z = 0.950 d (Z>0.95d)

z = 323 mm

Main reinforcement
equation 1 As = M / 0.87fyz
= 132x106 / 0.87x460x323 = 1021 mm2/m As req =
1021 mm2/m
Direct Tension = 40 kN
3
Required reinforcement = 40x10 /(0.87x460) = 100 mm2/m
Total reinforcement = 1021+100 = 1121 mm2/m
Use T 20 @ 150 ( As = 2094 mm2 )
Hence o.k As pro =
2094 mm2/m
BS 5400 Check for minimum reinforcement required for slab
Part 4: 1990 100As / bad = 100x2094/(1000x340) = 0.62 > 0.15 Main reinforcement
5.8.4.1 T 20 @ 150
Hence o.k
Reference Calculation Output
(b) DESIGN OF SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT

BS 5400: Minimum area of secondary reinforcement

Part 4: 1990 = 0.12 btd / 100
5.8.4.2 = (0.12x1000x390)/100
= 410 mm2

Use T 12 @ 125 (As pro = 905 mm2 ) Use

Hence O.K T 12 @ 125
(c) DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Shear force from model = 150 kN/m

f3 = 1.1
Design shear force , V = 165 kN/m
Effective depth, d = 342 mm

BS 5400: Design shear stress, v = V/bd

Part 4: 1990 = 165x103/(1000x342)
5.3.3.1 = 0.48 N/mm2 v =
1/2
equation 8 0.75X(fcu)1/2 = 0.75x(30) = 4.11 N/mm2 0.48 N/mm2
1/2 2
Design shear stress, v = 0.48 < 0.75x(fcu) or 4.75 N/mm
Hence O.K
For uniaxial shear
= (0.27/m)(100As/bwd) (fcu) xs
1/3 1/3
BS 5400: Allow. shear resistance
Part 4: 1990 ,xsvc
5.3.3.2 Where, depth ratio, xs = (500/d)1/4
= (500/342)1/4
= 1.10 or 0.7 (greater value)

xsvc = (0.27/1.25)x(100x1340/1000x342)1/3x(30)1/3x1.1

= 0.54 > v = 0.48 N/mm2

Hence shear reinforcement is not required

Early thermal cracking for reinforcement arrangement for top slab

BD 28/87 As - reinforcement for early thermal cracking

5.1 Ac - Area of effective concrete
fy - Characteristic strength of reinforcement
fct - tensil strenght of immature concrete 0.12(fcu)0.7
fcu - characteristic cube strength of concrete

0.7
As = (fct/fy)*Ac fct = 0.12(30)
= 1.3
BD 28/87 Ac = 1000x225
2
5.2 = 225000 mm As = 635 mm2 for thermal cracking
Reference Calculation Output
DESIGN FOR CRACK WIDTH AND CHECK STRESS AT SERVICEABILITY
LIMIT STATE - SAGGING MOMENT

BS 5400 Consider load case 1

Part 4
5.8.8.2
eq : 24 Design crack width = 3acr€m
1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

As Provided = 1340 mm2/m

r = As/bd
b = 1000 mm d = 342 mm

r = 0.0039

2
Es = 200 kN/mm Ec = 14 kN/mm2

αe = Es/Ec
αe = 14.3

1/2
dc/d = αer [(12/aer) -1]
Depth of concrete in
compression dc = 96.9 mm

z = d-dc/3
= 310 mm

Check for stress levels

Bending moment at
serviceability limit state (Ms) = 70 kNm/m

sc = 2Ms/bzdc
BS 5400 sc = 4.7 N/mm2 < sa = 15 N/mm2
Part 4 Hence ok
Table 2
sse = Ms/zAs
2
= 169 N/mm < ss = 345 N/mm2
Hence ok

BS 5400 em = e1-Δe
5.8.8.2 Δe = {(3.8).bt.h.(a'-dc)/(es.As.(h-dc)}.{(1-Mq/Mg).10-9}
eq : 25
e1 = My1/EcIc M = 70 kNm

Ic = bd3{1/3(dc/d)3+αeAs/bd(1-dc/d)2)
9 4
1.45 x 10 mm
y1 = 303 mm
-3
e1 = 1.043 x 10
es = Mys/EcIc
-3
= 0.843 x 10
Reference Calculation Output
Mq = 45 kNm Mg = 25 kNm

-3
Δe = -1.2 x 10 < 0
Hence em = e1
-3
= 1.04 x 10

Use r/f T 16 @ 150

BS 5400
Part 4 a1 = 75 mm
eq : 24 d' = 58 mm
2 2 1/2
acr = (d' +a' ) - 16/2
acr = 87 mm

Design crack width = 3acr€m

1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

= 0.22 mm < 0.25 mm

Hence ok
Reference Calculation Output
DESIGN FOR CRACK WIDTH AND CHECK STRESS AT SERVICEABILITY
LIMIT STATE - HOGGING MOMENT

BS 5400 Consider load case 1

Part 4
5.8.8.2
eq : 24 Design crack width = 3acr€m
1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

As Provided = 2094 mm2/m

r = As/bd
b = 1000 mm d = 340 mm

r = 0.0062

2
Es = 200 kN/mm Ec = 14 kN/mm2

αe = Es/Ec
αe = 14.3

1/2
dc/d = αer [(12/aer) -1]
Depth of concrete in
compression dc = 116 mm

z = d-dc/3
= 301 mm

Check for stress levels

Bending moment at
serviceability limit state (Ms) = 95 kNm/m

sc = 2Ms/bzdc
BS 5400 sc = 5.4 N/mm2 < sa = 15 N/mm2
Part 4 Hence ok
Table 2
sse = Ms/zAs
2
= 150 N/mm < ss = 345 N/mm2
Hence ok

BS 5400 em = e1-Δe
5.8.8.2 Δe = {(3.8).bt.h.(a'-dc)/(es.As.(h-dc)}.{(1-Mq/Mg).10-9}
eq : 25
e1 = My1/EcIc M = 95 kNm

Ic = bd3{1/3(dc/d)3+αeAs/bd(1-dc/d)2)
9 4
2.02 x 10 mm
y1 = 284 mm
-3
e1 = 0.95 x 10
es = Mys/EcIc
-3
= 0.752 x 10
Reference Calculation Output
Mq = 65 kNm Mg = 30 kNm

-3
Δe = -1.27 x 10 < 0
Hence em = e1
= 0.95 x 10 -3

Use r/f T 20 @ 150

BS 5400
Part 4 a1 = 75 mm
eq : 24 d' = 60 mm
2 2 1/2
acr = (d' +a' ) - 20/2
acr = 86 mm

Design crack width = 3acr€m

1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

= 0.20 mm < 0.25 mm

Hence ok

Early thermal cracking for reinforcement arrangement for top slab

BD 28/87 As - reinforcement for early thermal cracking

5.1 Ac - Area of effective concrete
fy - Characteristic strength of reinforcement
fct - tensil strenght of immature concrete 0.12(fcu)0.7
fcu - characteristic cube strength of concrete

0.7
As = (fct/fy)*Ac fct = 0.12(30)
= 1.3
BD 28/87 Ac = 1000x225
2
5.2 = 225000 mm As = 635 mm2/m for thermal cracking

` = 2094 mm2/m
Reference Calculation Output
7.0 DESIGN OF WALL

DESIGN FOR BENDING

Ultimate axial load = 145 kN/m

0.1fcubd = 1026 kN/m
> Axial load

Hence design as a cantilever wall

Slab Thickness = 450 mm

Diametre of main reinforcement = 16 mm
Diametre of secondary(horizontal) reinforcement = 12 mm
compressive strength of concrete , fcu = 30 N/mm2

Moment from model = 100 kNm/m

f3 = 1.1
Design bending moment = 110 kNm/m

RDA Bridge Assume severe environment condition, for driving rain

Design Cover = 50 mm Cover
Manual:1997 = 50 mm
Effective depth, d = 450-50-12-16/2 = 380 mm
d = 380 mm
2
k = M / (bd fcu)
= 110x106 / (1000x3802x30) = 0.03 > 0.156

BS 5400 M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1

Part 4: 1990 z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5 from these two equations
5.3.2.3
z = 0.5d [1+ (1-5M/fcubd2)1/2 ]
6 2 1/2
z = 0.5d [1+ (1-5x110x10 /30x1000x380 ) ]
= 0.967 d
z = 0.950 d (Z>0.95d)

z = 361 mm
 Main reinforcement
equation 1 As = M / 0.87fyz
= 110x106 / 0.87x460x361 = 761 mm2/m As req =
761 mm2/m
Use T 16 @ 150 ( As = 1340 mm2 ) As pro =
1340 mm2/m
Hence o.k

BS 5400 Check for minimum reinforcement required for slab

Part 4: 1990 100As / bad = 100x1340/(1000x380) = 0.20 > 0.15 Main reinforcement
5.8.4.1 T 16 @ 150
Hence o.k

DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Shear force from model = 105 kN/m

f3 = 1.1
Design shear force , V = 116 kN/m
Effective depth, d = 380 mm

BS 5400: Design shear stress, v = V/bd

Part 4: 1990 = 116x103/(1000x380)
5.3.3.1 = 0.28 N/mm2 v =
1/2
equation 8 0.75X(fcu)1/2 = 0.75x(30) = 4.11 N/mm2 0.28 N/mm2
1/2 2
Design shear stress, v = 0.28 < 0.75x(fcu) or 4.75 N/mm
Hence O.K
For uniaxial shear
= (0.27/m)(100As/bwd) (fcu) xs
1/3 1/3
BS 5400: Allow. shear resistance
Part 4: 1990 ,xsvc
5.3.3.2 Where, depth ratio, xs = (500/d)1/4
= (500/380)1/4
= 1.07 or 0.7 (greater value)

xsvc = (0.27/1.25)x(100x1340/1000x380)1/3x(30)1/3x1.07

= 0.51 > v = 0.28 N/mm2

Hence shear reinforcement is not required

Reference Calculation Output
DESIGN FOR CRACK WIDTH AND CHECK STRESS AT SERVICEABILITY
LIMIT STATE - MOMENT AT BOTTOM OF THE WALL

BS 5400 Consider load case 1

Part 4
5.8.8.2
eq : 24 Design crack width = 3acr€m
1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

As Provided = 1340 mm2/m

r = As/bd
b = 1000 mm d = 380 mm

r = 0.0035

2
Es = 200 kN/mm Ec = 14 kN/mm2

αe = Es/Ec
αe = 14.3

1/2
dc/d = αer [(12/aer) -1]
Depth of concrete in
compression dc = 103 mm

z = d-dc/3
= 346 mm

Check for stress levels

Bending moment at
serviceability limit state (Ms) = 75 kNm/m

sc = 2Ms/bzdc
BS 5400 sc = 4.2 N/mm2 < sa = 15 N/mm2
Part 4 Hence ok
Table 2
sse = Ms/zAs
2
= 162 N/mm < ss = 345 N/mm2
Hence ok

BS 5400 em = e1-Δe
5.8.8.2 Δe = {(3.8).bt.h.(a'-dc)/(es.As.(h-dc)}.{(1-Mq/Mg).10-9}
eq : 25
e1 = My1/EcIc M = 75 kNm

Ic = bd3{1/3(dc/d)3+αeAs/bd(1-dc/d)2)
9 4
1.83 x 10 mm
y1 = 347 mm
-3
e1 = 1.014 x 10
es = Mys/EcIc
-3
= 0.809 x 10
Reference Calculation Output
Mq = 25 kNm Mg = 50 kNm

-3
Δe = 0.788 x 10
em = e1 - Δe
= 0.23 x 10 -3

Use r/f T 16 @ 150

BS 5400
Part 4 a1 = 75 mm
eq : 24 d' = 70 mm
2 2 1/2
acr = (d' +a' ) - 16
acr = 95 mm

Design crack width = 3acr€m

1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

= 0.05 mm < 0.25 mm

Hence ok
Reference Calculation Output

8.0 DESIGN OF THE WING WALL

Wing wall is cantileverd to the side wall of the culvert. Therefore wingwall is designed
for cantilever action and main reinforcement will be provided for horizontal direction.

DESIGN FOR BENDING

Thickness of the wingwall = 400 mm

Diametre of main reinforcement = 16 mm
Diametre of secondary(horizontal) reinforcement = 12 mm
compressive strength of concrete , fcu = 30 N/mm2

Moment from model = 90 kNm/m

f3 = 1.1
Design bending moment = 99 kNm/m

RDA Bridge Assume severe environment condition, for driving rain

Design Cover = 50 mm Cover
Manual:1997 = 50 mm
Effective depth, d = 400-50-16/2 = 342 mm
d = 342 mm
2
k = M / (bd fcu)
= 99x106 / (1000x3422x30) = 0.03 > 0.156

BS 5400 M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1

Part 4: 1990 z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5 from these two equations
5.3.2.3

z = 0.5d [1+ (1-5M/fcubd2)1/2 ]

6 2 1/2
z = 0.5d [1+ (1-5x105x10 /30x1000x342 ) ]
= 0.963 d
z = 0.950 d (Z>0.95d)

z = 325 mm
 Main reinforcement
equation 1 As = M / 0.87fyz
= 99x106 / 0.87x460x325 = 761 mm2/m As req =
761 mm2/m
Direct Tension = 45 kN
3
Required reinforcement = 45x10 /(0.87x460) = 112 mm2/m
Total reinforcement = 761+112 = 874 mm2/m
Use T 16 @ 150 ( As = 1340 mm2 ) As pro =
1340 mm2/m
Hence o.k
BS 5400 Check for minimum reinforcement required for slab
Part 4: 1990 100As / bad = 100x1340/(1000x342) = 0.39 > 0.15 Main reinforcement
5.8.4.1 T 16 @ 150
Hence o.k

DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Shear force from model = 50 kN/m

f3 = 1.1
Design shear force = 55 kN/m
Effective depth, d = 342 mm

BS 5400: Design shear stress, v = V/bd

Part 4: 1990 = 55x103/(1000x342)
5.3.3.1 = 0.15 N/mm2 v =
1/2 1/2 2
equation 8 0.75X(fcu) = 0.75x(30) = 4.11 N/mm 0.15 N/mm2
1/2 2
Design shear stress, v = 0.15 < 0.75x(fcu) or 4.75 N/mm
Hence O.K

For uniaxial shear

= (0.27/m)(100As/bwd) (fcu) xs
1/3 1/3
BS 5400: Allow. shear resistance
Part 4: 1990 ,xsvc
5.3.3.2 Where, depth ratio, xs = (500/d)1/4
= (500/342)1/4
= 1.10 or 0.7 (greater value)
 xsvc = (0.27/1.25)x(100x1340/1000x342)1/3x(30)1/3x1.10

= 0.54 > v = 0.15 N/mm2

Hence shear reinforcement is not required

Note- Horizontal Reinforcement for side wall is provided as T16@150 due to

cantilever action of the wingwall.

(b) DESIGN OF SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT

BS 5400: Minimum area of secondary reinforcement

Part 4: 1990 = 0.12 btd / 100
5.8.4.2 = (0.12x1000x342)/100
= 410 mm2

Use T 12 @ 150 (As pro = 754 mm2 ) Use

Hence O.K T 12 @ 150

Early thermal cracking for reinforcement arrangement for wing wall

BD 28/87 As - reinforcement for early thermal cracking

5.1 Ac - Area of effective concrete
fy - Characteristic strength of reinforcement
fct - tensil strenght of immature concrete 0.12(fcu)0.7
fcu - characteristic cube strength of concrete

0.7
As = (fct/fy)*Ac fct = 0.12x(30)
= 1.3
BD 28/87 Ac = 1000x200
2
5.2 = 200000 mm As = 564 mm2 for thermal cracking

As provided > As required for thermal cracking

Hence ok.
Reference Calculation Output
DESIGN FOR CRACK WIDTH AND CHECK STRESS AT SERVICEABILITY
LIMIT STATE - WINGWALL

BS 5400 Consider load case 1

Part 4
5.8.8.2
eq : 24 Design crack width = 3acr€m
1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

As Provided = 1340 mm2/m

r = As/bd
b = 1000 mm d = 342 mm

r = 0.0039

2
Es = 200 kN/mm Ec = 14 kN/mm2

αe = Es/Ec
αe = 14.3

1/2
dc/d = αer [(12/aer) -1]
Depth of concrete in
compression dc = 96.9 mm

z = d-dc/3
= 310 mm

Check for stress levels

Bending moment at
serviceability limit state (Ms) = 65 kNm/m

sc = 2Ms/bzdc
BS 5400 sc = 4.3 N/mm2 < sa = 15 N/mm2
Part 4 Hence ok
Table 2
sse = Ms/zAs
2
= 157 N/mm < ss = 345 N/mm2
Hence ok

BS 5400 em = e1-Δe
5.8.8.2 Δe = {(3.8).bt.h.(a'-dc)/(es.As.(h-dc)}.{(1-Mq/Mg).10-9}
eq : 25
e1 = My1/EcIc M = 65 kNm

Ic = bd3{1/3(dc/d)3+αeAs/bd(1-dc/d)2)
9 4
1.45 x 10 mm
y1 = 303 mm
-3
e1 = 0.968 x 10
es = Mys/EcIc
-3
= 0.783 x 10
Reference Calculation Output
Mq = 25 kNm Mg = 40 kNm

-3
Δe = 0.543 x 10
em = e1 - Δe
= 0.42 x 10 -3

` Use r/f T 16 @ 150

BS 5400
Part 4 a1 = 75 mm
eq : 24 d' = 58 mm
2 2 1/2
acr = (d' +a' ) - 16
acr = 87 mm

Design crack width = 3acr€m

1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

= 0.09 mm < 0.25 mm

Hence ok
4
1
8
0
0
0
0

a
a
p
p
rp
o
o
x
.x
(
(

)
).
 4
1
8
0
0
0
0

a
a
p
p
rp
o
xo
.x
(
(

)
).
Reference Calculation Output
l
9.0 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION

Foundation was analyzed by applying springs in order to represent the soil

elastic behaviour for the complete finite element model.

DESIGN FOR HOGGING MOMENT - AT EDGE OF THE WALL

Thickness of the foundation = 400 mm

Diametre of main reinforcement = 20 mm
Diametre of secondary(horizontal) reinforcement = 12 mm
compressive strength of concrete , fcu = 30 N/mm2

Moment from the model = 130 kNm/m

f3 = 1.1
Design bending moment = 143 kNm/m

RDA Bridge Assume severe environment condition, for driving rain

Design Cover = 50 mm Cover
Manual:1997 = 50 mm
Effective depth, d = 400-50-20/2 = 340 mm
d = 340 mm

2
k = M / (bd fcu)
= 143x106 / (1000x3402x30) = 0.041 < 0.156

BS 5400 M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1

Part 4: 1990 z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5 from these two equations
5.3.2.3
z = 0.5d [1+ (1-5M/fcubd2)1/2 ]
6 2 1/2
z = 0.5d [1+ (1-5x143x10 /30x1000x340 ) ]
= 0.945 d
z = 0.945 d (Z>0.95d)

z = 321 mm
Reference Calculation Output

Main reinforcement
equation 1 As = M / 0.87fyz
= 143x106 / 0.87x460x321 = 1112 mm2/m As req =
Direct Tension = 120 kN 1112 mm2/m
3
Required reinforcement = 120x10 /(0.87x460) = 300 mm2/m
Total reinforcement = 1112+300 = 1411 mm2/m

Use T 20 @ 150 ( As = 2094 mm2 ) As pro =

Hence o.k 2094 mm2/m
BS 5400 Check for minimum reinforcement required for slab
Part 4: 1990 100As / bad = 100x2094/(1000x390) = 0.33 > 0.15 Main reinforcement
5.8.4.1 T 20 @ 150
Hence o.k
DESIGN FOR SAGGING MOMENT

Thickness of the foundation = 400 mm

Diametre of main reinforcement = 16 mm
Diametre of secondary(horizontal) reinforcement = 12 mm
compressive strength of concrete , fcu = 30 N/mm2

Moment from model = 80 kNm/m

f3 = 1.1
= 88 kNm/m

RDA Bridge Assume severe environment condition, for driving rain

Design Cover = 50 mm Cover
Manual:1997 = 50 mm
Effective depth, d = 400-50-16/2 = 342 mm
d = 342 mm

2
k = M / (bd fcu)
= 88x106 / (1000x3422x30) = 0.023 > 0.156
Reference Calculation Output

BS 5400 M = (0.87fy)Asz equation 1

Part 4: 1990 z = (1 - 1.1fyAs/ fcubd) d equation 5 from these two equations
5.3.2.3
z = 0.5d [1+ (1-5M/fcubd2)1/2 ]
6 2 1/2
z = 0.5d [1+ (1-5x88x10 /30x1000x342 ) ]
= 0.971 d
z = 0.950 d (Z>0.95d)

z = 325 mm
Main reinforcement
equation 1 As = M / 0.87fyz
= 88x106 / 0.87x460x342 = 677 mm2/m As req =
Direct Tension = 120 kN 677 mm2/m
3
Required reinforcement = 120x10 /(0.87x460) = 300 mm2/m
Total reinforcement = 677+300 = 977 mm2/m

Use T 16 @ 150 ( As = 1340 mm2 ) As pro =

Hence o.k

BS 5400 Check for minimum reinforcement required for slab

Part 4: 1990 100As / bad = 100x1340/(1000x342) = 0.39 > 0.15 Main reinforcement
5.8.4.1 T 16 @ 150
Hence o.k

(b) DESIGN OF SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT

BS 5400: Minimum area of secondary reinforcement

Part 4: 1990 = 0.12 btd / 100
5.8.4.2 = (0.12x1000x390)/100
= 410 mm2

Use T 12 @ 125 (As pro = 905 mm2 ) Use

Hence O.K T 12 @ 125

STRESS OF THE FOUNDATION AT SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

Reaction of the joint of shell elemnts in finite element analysis

from SAP 2000 = 12.8 kN

Effective area of the joint = 0.15 m2

Therefore , resultant stress for foundation = 85 kN/m2

< 123 kN/m2 or 103 kN/m2
allowable bearing capacity.
Hence ok.
 DESIGN FOR SHEAR

DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Shear force from the model = 100 kN/m

f3 = 1.1
Design shear force, V design = 110 kN/m
Effective depth, d = 342 mm

BS 5400: Design shear stress, v = V/bd

Part 4: 1990 = 110x103/(1000x342)
5.3.3.1 = 0.32 N/mm2 v =
1/2 1/2 2
equation 8 0.75X(fcu) = 0.75x(30) = 4.11 N/mm 0.32 N/mm2
1/2 2
Design shear stress, v = 0.32 < 0.75x(fcu) or 4.75 N/mm
Hence O.K
For uniaxial shear
= (0.27/m)(100As/bwd) (fcu) xs
1/3 1/3
BS 5400: Allow. shear resistance
Part 4: 1990 ,xsvc
5.3.3.2 Where, depth ratio, xs = (500/d)1/4
= (500/342)1/4
= 1.10 or 0.7 (greater value)

xsvc = (0.27/1.25)x(100x1340/1000x342)1/3x(30)1/3x1.1

= 0.54 > v = 0.32 N/mm2

Hence shear reinforcement is not required

Early thermal cracking for reinforcement arrangement for top slab

BD 28/87 As - reinforcement for early thermal cracking

5.1 Ac - Area of effective concrete
fy - Characteristic strength of reinforcement
fct - tensil strenght of immature concrete 0.12(fcu)0.7
fcu - characteristic cube strength of concrete

0.7
As = (fct/fy)*Ac fct = 0.12(30)
= 1.3
BD 28/87 Ac = 1000x225
2
5.2 = 225000 mm As = 635 mm2 for thermal cracking
Reference Calculation Output
DESIGN FOR CRACK WIDTH AND CHECK STRESS AT SERVICEABILITY
LIMIT STATE - Foundation hogging moment at wall edge

BS 5400 Consider load case 1

Part 4
5.8.8.2
eq : 24 Design crack width = 3acr€m
1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

As Provided = 2094 mm2/m

r = As/bd
b = 1000 mm d = 340 mm

r = 0.0062

2
Es = 200 kN/mm Ec = 14 kN/mm2

αe = Es/Ec
αe = 14.3

1/2
dc/d = αer [(12/aer) -1]
Depth of concrete in
compression dc = 116 mm

z = d-dc/3
= 301 mm

Check for stress levels

Bending moment at
serviceability limit state (Ms) = 100 kNm/m

sc = 2Ms/bzdc
BS 5400 sc = 5.7 N/mm2 < sa = 15 N/mm2
Part 4 Hence ok
Table 2
sse = Ms/zAs
2
= 158 N/mm < ss = 345 N/mm2
Hence ok

BS 5400 em = e1-Δe
5.8.8.2 Δe = {(3.8).bt.h.(a'-dc)/(es.As.(h-dc)}.{(1-Mq/Mg).10-9}
eq : 25
e1 = My1/EcIc M = 100 kNm

Ic = bd3{1/3(dc/d)3+αeAs/bd(1-dc/d)2)
9 4
2.02 x 10 mm
y1 = 284 mm
-3
e1 = 1.004 x 10
es = Mys/EcIc
-3
= 0.792 x 10
Reference Calculation Output
Mq = 70 kNm Mg = 30 kNm

-3
Δe = -1.37 x 10
em = e1 - Δe
= 1.00 x 10 -3

Use r/f T 20 @ 150

BS 5400
Part 4 a1 = 75 mm
eq : 24 d' = 60 mm
2 2 1/2
acr = (d' +a' ) - 20/2
acr = 86 mm

Design crack width = 3acr€m

1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

= 0.21 mm < 0.25 mm

Hence ok
Reference Calculation Output
DESIGN FOR CRACK WIDTH AND CHECK STRESS AT SERVICEABILITY
LIMIT STATE - Foundation sagging moment

BS 5400 Consider load case 1

Part 4
5.8.8.2
eq : 24 Design crack width = 3acr€m
1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

As Provided = 1340 mm2/m

r = As/bd
b = 1000 mm d = 342 mm

r = 0.0039

2
Es = 200 kN/mm Ec = 14 kN/mm2

αe = Es/Ec
αe = 14.3

1/2
dc/d = αer [(12/aer) -1]
Depth of concrete in
compression dc = 96.9 mm

z = d-dc/3
= 310 mm

Check for stress levels

Bending moment at
serviceability limit state (Ms) = 60 kNm/m

sc = 2Ms/bzdc
BS 5400 sc = 4.0 N/mm2 < sa = 15 N/mm2
Part 4 Hence ok
Table 2
sse = Ms/zAs
2
= 145 N/mm < ss = 345 N/mm2
Hence ok

BS 5400 em = e1-Δe
5.8.8.2 Δe = {(3.8).bt.h.(a'-dc)/(es.As.(h-dc)}.{(1-Mq/Mg).10-9}
eq : 25
e1 = My1/EcIc M = 60 kNm

Ic = bd3{1/3(dc/d)3+αeAs/bd(1-dc/d)2)
9 4
1.45 x 10 mm
y1 = 303 mm
-3
e1 = 0.894 x 10
es = Mys/EcIc
-3
= 0.723 x 10
Reference Calculation Output
Mq = 40 kNm Mg = 20 kNm

-3
Δe = -1.77 x 10 < 0
em = e1 - Δe
= 0.89 x 10 -3

Use r/f T 16 @ 150

BS 5400
Part 4 a1 = 75 mm
eq : 24 d' = 58 mm
2 2 1/2
acr = (d' +a' ) - 8
acr = 87 mm

Design crack width = 3acr€m

1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)

= 0.19 mm < 0.25 mm

Hence ok
10.0 CONCLUTION

Soil under the foundation should be replaced by gravel from 2 m below the foundation
bottom level.