PA/CORE/5/WORKSHEET/10.

19

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Subsidiary

Physics

ENERGY, WORK,
POWER &
EFFICIENCY
pg. 1
ENERGY, WORK, POWER AND EFFICIENCY
1. A student is asked to determine the output of a motor as it lifts an object. He
measures the height through which the object is raised, the time taken and the weight
of the object. To find the power he must calculate

2. A pigeon of mass 0.45 kg is flying with kinetic energy 58 J.

Its speed is
A 8.0 m s–1
B 11 m s–1
C 16 m s–1
D 22 m s–1
3. The graph shows how kinetic energy varies with distance for a train accelerating from
a station.

The quantity represented by the gradient of the graph is

A acceleration
B force
C power
D velocity
4. A car pulls a trailer of weight 2500 N with a force of 20 N for a distance of 8 km
along a horizontal road.
How much work is done by the car in pulling the trailer?
A 160 J
B 20 000 J
C 160 000 J
D 20 000 000 J

pg. 2
5. Which of the following units could be used for power?
A kg m s–2
B kg m2 s–2
C kg m2 s–3
D kg2 m2 s–3
6. Which of the following is not a unit of energy?
A N s–1
B kW h
CNm
DWs
7. Which of the following units is equivalent to the SI unit for energy?
A kg m s–2
B kW h
C N m–1
DWs

8. The gravitational field strength on Mars is 3.7 N kg–1.

A 5.0 kg object is raised through a height of 150 cm on Mars. The change in
gravitational potential energy is
A 19 J
B 28 J
C 49 J
D 74 J
9. A bowling ball of mass 7.0 kg is travelling at a speed of 4.0 m s–1.
The kinetic energy of the ball is
A 14 J
B 28 J
C 56 J
D 12 J
10. A stone is dropped from a bridge into a river.
Which graph correctly shows the variation of gravitational potential energy Ep with
kinetic energy Ek for the falling stone?

pg. 3
11.

12. An object of weight 7 N is raised from a height of 2 m to a height of 8 m.

The change in gravitational potential energy is
A 42 J
B 56 J
C 412 J
D 549 J

13. A car of mass 1400 kg is travelling at 25 m s–1.

The kinetic energy of the car is
A 17.5 kJ
B 35.0 kJ
C 438 kJ
D 875 kJ
14. A trolley rolls down a slope from rest. The trolley moves through a vertical height h
while rolling a distance s along the slope.

The maximum possible speed is given by

pg. 4
15. Which of the following is a vector quantity?
A kinetic energy
B mass
C power
D velocity
16. Which of these statements about work is not correct?
A For work to be done a force must always be applied.
B When work is done energy is transferred.
C Work done is the product of force and distance moved perpendicular to the force.
D Work done is a scalar quantity.

17. A pendulum consists of an 18 N weight attached to a piece of string. The weight is

released from the position shown in the diagram. The speed in m s–1 at the bottom of the
swing is given by

18. A pump is positioned at the bottom of a well and it pumps 15 kg of water 25 m to

the surface each minute.
The power of the pump is
A 6.3 W
B 61 W
C 3700 W
D 22 000 W

pg. 5
19. The coefficient of restitution of a ball is the ratio of its speed after it bounces to the
speed before it bounces.
The kinetic energy of a ball before it bounces is 3.3 J and the kinetic energy after it
bounces is 0.9 J.
The coefficient of restitution is calculated using

20. A ball is dropped and bounces three times before being caught. The following graph
shows how the gravitational potential energy Egrav of the ball varies with time t.

Ignore the effects of air resistance. Select the graph that correctly shows how the total
kinetic and potential energy Etotal of the ball varies with time.

pg. 6
21. A motor takes 10 minutes to lift a mass of 40 000 kg through a height of 5 m.
The minimum power of the motor in watts can be found using

22. A swimmer jumps from a diving platform into a swimming pool. The swimmer is
slowed to a stop by friction with the water.
The total work done by the water on the swimmer does not depend on
A the mass of the swimmer.
B the speed of the swimmer on entering the water.
C the depth of the swimming pool.
D the height of the diving platform.
23.

24. Which of the following is equivalent to the joule in terms of SI base units?

pg. 7
25. A wind turbine generates 550 W of electrical power for an average of 7 hours each
day.
What is the total energy, in MJ, generated each day?
A 0.23
B 14
C 230
D 14000
26. A ball of mass m falls through a height h to the ground.
What is the kinetic energy of the ball halfway to the ground?

27. A lift and its load have a combined mass of 650 kg. The lift moves the load upwards
through a vertical height of 140 m in 25 s.
What is the approximate value of the power developed?
A 900000 W
B 90000 W
C 40000 W
D 4000 W
28. Select the graph that correctly shows the variation of an object’s kinetic energy Ek
with its velocity v.

29. A block of mass m is placed on a bench and a horizontal force F is applied to the
block.
The block accelerates along the bench, travels a distance d in time t and reaches a
velocity v.
The work done by the force F on the block is
A Fd
B Ft
C Fv
D mgd

pg. 8
30. Two students, P and Q, of equal mass climb to the top of a mountain. They both
start their climb from the same vertical height.

Student P takes two hours to climb a shorter, steeper route. Student Q takes three hours
to climb a longer, less steep route.
Which row of the table correctly describes the gain in gravitational potential energy and
power developed by student P compared to student Q?

31. The unit for power is the watt.

Which of the following is equivalent to the watt?

32. A mass is fixed to one end of a metre rule, which is pivoted at the other end. The
mass and metre rule are held horizontally and released, as shown in the first diagram.
The mass moves to its final position, as shown in the second diagram.

Which of the following is the graph of gravitational potential energy Egrav of the mass
against vertical displacement for the motion of the mass?

pg. 9
33. Three spheres P, Q and R of the same mass are lifted from the ground and suspended
from a rigid support as shown.

The greatest change in gravitational potential energy is seen in sphere(s)

A P.
B P and Q.
C P and R.
D R.
34.

pg. 10
35. A toy car moved down a slope and 1.5 J of gravitational potential energy was
transferred.
The toy car gained 1.2 J of kinetic energy.
Which of the following could be used to calculate the work done against the frictional
forces acting on the toy car from the information above?

36.

A horse is pulling a canal boat using a rope at 12° to the direction of motion of the boat.
The tension in the rope is 1150 N.
(a) The canal boat is moving at a steady speed. Calculate the resistive force opposing
the boat’s forward motion.(2)
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Force = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Calculate the work done on the boat by the horse when the canal boat is towed
500 m along the canal.(2)

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Work = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

pg. 11
(c) Explain why using a longer rope could allow the horse to do the same work while
producing a lower tension in the rope.(2)
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(Total for Question 36 = 6 marks)

37. In 2008 a new energy scheme opened on the Scottish island of Eigg. The scheme uses
solar, hydroelectric and wind energy. There are also stand-by diesel generators.
(a) In a feasibility study, the following information was collected about one possible
hydroelectric site:
mean rate of water flow into turbine = 0.13 m3 s–1
change in height of water = 30 m.
(i) Show that the power available to the turbine is about 40 kW.
density of water = 1000 kg m–3(3)

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(ii) The study suggests a typical output for the turbine might be only 6 kW. Suggest
a reason for this inefficiency.(1)
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(b) Publicity for the scheme states:

pg. 12
(i) Calculate the maximum energy output from the solar energy system for a period
of six hours.(2)

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Maximum energy output = ...............................................................

(ii) Discuss the suitability of the output of the stand-by diesel generators.(2)

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(Total for Question 37 = 8 marks)

38. Champagne bottles are often opened by ‘firing’ the cork out of the bottle. The world
record for the horizontal distance travelled by a fired cork is 53 m.

The high pressure inside the bottle produces an average force of 150 N on the cork as it
leaves the bottle. This force acts on the cork over a distance of 2.5 × 10–2m.
(a) Show that the work done on the cork is about 4 J.(2)
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pg. 13
 (b) Calculate the maximum speed at which the cork could leave the bottle.
mass of cork = 7.5 × 10–3kg(2)
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Speed = ....................................................

(c) The cork is fired from ground level at an angle of 40° to the horizontal with a speed
of 32 m s–1.
(i) Show that the vertical component of the velocity is about 20 m s–1.(1)
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(ii) Calculate the horizontal distance travelled by the cork through the air.(5)

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Distance = ......................................................

(d) Suggest an explanation for the difference between your calculated value and the
world record distance.(2)

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(Total for Question 38 = 12 marks)

pg. 14
39. One account of the origin of the term horsepower is as follows.
In the eighteenth century, James Watt manufactured steam engines. He needed a way
to demonstrate the benefits of these compared to the horses they replaced. He did some
calculations based on horses walking in circles to turn a mill wheel.
Watt observed that a horse could turn the wheel 144 times in one hour. The horse
travelled in a circle of radius 3.7 m and exerted a force of 800 N.
(a) Show that the work done by the horse in turning the wheel through one revolution
was about 20 000 J.(3)

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(b) Calculate the average power of the horse in SI units.(3)

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Average power = ....................................................................................

(Total for Question 39 = 6 marks)

40. The photograph shows a model of ‘Warwolf’, a siege engine used in the thirteenth
century. It was used to attack castles by firing missiles from a sling.

pg. 15
To operate this model, coins are placed in the basket and a small projectile is placed in
the sling. When the basket is released, it falls quickly, swinging the lever arm up and
shooting the projectile from the sling.
(a) On one occasion the mass of coins placed in the basket is 0.41 kg. The basket falls
through a vertical distance of 7.0 cm.
Calculate the maximum amount of energy available to launch the projectile.(2)

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Energy = ......................................................................................................

(b) An energy conversion calculation predicts a projectile speed of 16 m s–1. The

projectile is observed to fly out of the sling at an angle of 40° to the horizontal.
Resolve this velocity into horizontal and vertical components.(3)

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Horizontal component = ...................................................................

Vertical component = ..........................................................................

(c) The predicted range is 27 m. When measured, the range is found to be only 8 m.
Air resistance and friction in the machine are possible reasons for the difference.
Without further calculation, explain another reason why the projectile does not go as
far as predicted.(2)

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(Total for Question 40 = 7 marks)

pg. 16
41. In a demonstration of energy transfer, a large pendulum is made by suspending a 7.0
kg bowling ball on a long piece of wire.
A student is invited to pull the ball back until it just touches her nose and then to
release it and stand perfectly still while waiting for the ball to return.

The following instructions are given:

(a) Explain this demonstration and the need for these instructions.(6)

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pg. 17
(b) The bowling ball is raised through a vertical distance of 1.5 m.
(i) Calculate the gravitational potential energy gained by the ball.(2)

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Gravitational potential energy = .............................................

(ii) Calculate the speed of the ball at the bottom of its swing.(2)

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Speed = ....................................................................................................

(Total for Question 41 = 10 marks)

42. The photograph shows someone using a vacuum cleaner.

pg. 18
(a) A force of 38 N is applied at an angle of 60° to the horizontal. The vacuum cleaner
moves across the floor at a constant speed.
Calculate the magnitude of the horizontal resistive force acting on the vacuum
cleaner.(2)

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Resistive force = ........................................................

(b) The room is 5.5 m long. The vacuum cleaner is pushed 20 times across the room to
clean the carpet.
Calculate the work done against the horizontal resistive force.(2)

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Work done = .......................................................

(c) Each 5.5 m length takes a time of 9.0 s.

Calculate the rate at which this work is done.(2)
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Rate of work done = ........................................................

(Total for Question 42 = 6 marks)

43. The photograph shows a wind turbine. Kinetic energy of the wind is transferred to
electrical energy by the turbine as the blades rotate.

pg. 19
(a) Explain why we can say that the wind is doing work on the blades.(2)

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(b) The area swept out by one blade, as it turns through 3600, is 6000 m2. Wind at a
speed of 9 m s–1 passes the turbine.
(i) Show that the volume of air passing through this area in 5 seconds is about
300 000 m3.(2)
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(ii) Calculate the mass of this air.

density of air = 1.2 kg m–3(2)

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Mass = ..................................................................

pg. 20
(iii) Calculate the kinetic energy of this mass of air.(2)

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Kinetic energy = ..................................................................

(iv) Betz’s law states that a turbine cannot usefully transfer more than 59% of the
kinetic energy of the wind.
Use this law to find the maximum power output of the wind turbine.(2)

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Maximum power = .................................................................

(c) Suggest a reason why it is not possible to usefully transfer 100% of the kinetic

energy of the wind.(1)

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(d) Suggest the limitations of using wind turbines to provide power.(2)

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(Total for Question 43 = 13 marks)

pg. 21
44. The ‘Stealth’ roller coaster at the Thorpe Park theme park is advertised as reaching
135 km hour–1 from rest in 2.3 seconds.
Most roller coasters are driven slowly up to the top of a slope at the start of the ride.
However the carriages on ‘Stealth’ are initially accelerated horizontally from rest at
ground level by a hydraulic launch system, before rising to the top of the first slope.
(a) (i) Calculate the average acceleration of the carriages.
135 km hour–1 = 37.5 m s–1(2)
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Average acceleration = ....................................................................

(ii) Calculate the minimum average power which must be developed by the launch
system.
mass of carriages and passengers = 10 000 kg(3)

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Minimum average power = .....................................................................

(iii) Suggest why the power in (ii) is a minimum value.(1)

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pg. 22
*(b) The force required to launch ‘Stealth’ is not always the same. The ride is monitored
and the data from preceding launches is used to calculate the required force.
If the mass of the passengers for a particular ride is significantly more than for
preceding launches, this can lead to ‘rollback’. This is when the carriages do not
quite reach the top of the first slope and return backwards to the start.
Explain why ‘rollback’ would occur in this situation.(3)

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(c) Suggest why roller coasters may have a greater acceleration when the lubricating oil
between the moving parts has had time to warm up.(2)

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(Total for Question 44 = 11 marks)

45. The picture shows a track for racing toy electric cars. A guide pin fits in a groove in
the track to keep the car on the track. A small electric motor in the car is controlled,
with a hand-controller, via contacts in the track.

pg. 23
A child places a car of mass 95 g on the track. She adjusts the controller to a power of
4.2 W so the car accelerates from rest for 0.40 s.
(a) (i) Show that the energy transferred by the motor in 0.40 s is about 2 J.(2)

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(ii) Calculate the speed of the car at 0.40 s.(2)

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Speed = ........................................................

(iii) Suggest why the actual speed of the car is less than the calculated speed.(1)

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(b) At high speed the guide pin may become disengaged from the groove.
Use Newton’s first law to explain why the car would then leave the track at a corner.(2)

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(Total for Question 45 = 7 marks)

pg. 24
46. Pile drivers have been used for centuries to push piles into the ground for use as
foundations of buildings and other structures. A large mass (the driver) is raised and then
dropped onto an object (the pile) which is pushed into the ground.
The picture shows the pile driver that was used to build a London bridge in the 17th
century.

(a) (i) The driver on the pile driver above had a mass of 810 kg and could be dropped a
maximum distance of 6.0 m onto the pile.
Show that the energy transferred from the driver is about 50 kJ.(2)

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(ii) In one instance, 40% of this energy is used usefully to drive in the pile. The pile
moves 0.20 m into the ground.
Determine the average resistive force acting on the pile as it moves through the
ground.(3)
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Average resistive force = .................................................................

pg. 25
47. One side of a mountain slopes at 35° to the horizontal and the other side at 25°.
A geologist needs to climb to the top to collect rock samples.
By discussing the work done and forces involved, explain which would be the easier side
to use to climb to the top.
vertical height of mountain = 365 m
mass of geologist = 85 kg(3)

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(Total for Question 47 = 3 marks)

48. (a) A moving walkway transports people horizontally over a short distance.

pg. 26
A child stands on a walkway that is moving at a constant speed of 1.9 m s-1. Halfway
along the walkway the child turns around and attempts to walk back towards the start of
the walkway at a steady speed of 1.9 m s-1.
Explain why the child will not reach the start of the walkway.(2)

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(b) Two floors in a building are connected by a stationary ramp at an angle of 15° to the
horizontal and also by a staircase at an angle of 45° to the horizontal.
(i) A child walks up the ramp at a steady speed of 1.9 m s–1, taking 25 s to reach the
next floor.
Show that the work done by the child is about 5 kJ.
mass of child = 45 kg(4)

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(ii) On another occasion, the child uses the staircase to reach the next floor in 12 s.
Calculate the power developed by the child as she uses the staircase.(2)

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Power developed = ..............................................................

(Total for Question 48 = 8 marks)

pg. 27
49. In a hydroelectric power station, water drops through a vertical height from a
reservoir turning a turbine. The turbine drives a generator to produce electricity. The
photograph shows part of the hydroelectric power station at the Hoover Dam in the
USA.

The reservoir contains fresh water.

(a) The total flow rate across all the turbines is 1060 m3 s-1.
(i) Show that the mass of water entering the turbines each second is about 1 × 106 kg.
density of fresh water = 997 kg m–3(2)

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(ii) On average the water will drop through a height of 185 m.

Show that the total power of the falling water before entering the turbines is about
2 GW.(2)

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pg. 28
(iii) The turbines convert 80% of the power of the falling water into electrical power.
Calculate the amount of electrical energy the Hoover Dam produces each year.(3)

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Electrical energy = ..............................................................

(iv) Suggest why not all of the power from the falling water is converted into
electrical power.(1)
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(b) Electrical energy could be produced in the same way using salt water. The viscosity
of salt water is greater than the viscosity of fresh water.
Explain, without further calculation, why the different viscosity of the water would
cause the power output using salt water to be less than the power output using fresh
water.(2)

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(Total for Question 49 = 10 marks)

pg. 29
50. A bungee jump consists of three main stages:
􀆔 free fall jump until the rope is straight
􀆔 deceleration as the bungee rope stretches
􀆔 upwards motion as the bungee rope contracts.

(a) Complete the table to describe the energy transfers of the bungee jumper. Ignore any
changes that could be due to air resistance.(2)

(b) A bungee jumper, of mass 54 kg, is going to jump from a platform that is 65 m above
the ground. For the jump to be safe, his height above the ground must never be less
than 10 m.
(i) Show that the maximum transfer of gravitational potential energy during a safe
jump is about 30 kJ.(2)
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pg. 30
(ii) Hence calculate the tension in the rope when the bungee jumper is 10 m above
the ground.
initial length of rope = 23 m(3)

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Tension = ........................................................................................
(Total for Question 50 = 7 marks)
51. The diagram shows a swimmer.

(a) The swimmer exerts an average horizontal backward force of 65 N on the water
during each stroke. The length of each stroke is 1.4 m.
(i) Show that the work done by the swimmer on the water during each stroke is
about 90 J.(2)

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pg. 31
(ii) The stroke rate of the swimmer is 55 strokes per minute. Calculate the power
developed by the swimmer’s arms.(2)

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Power = .......................................................................................

(b) An investigation was carried out on the drag forces acting on the swimmer.
The swimmer pushed off from the side of the pool with his arms straight ahead of
him and his velocity was measured as he glided through the water.
This was repeated with the swimmer’s arms at his sides.

A velocity-time graph was plotted for both glides.

pg. 32
*(i) Use the graph to describe and explain the motion of the swimmer when
performing Glide 1 and Glide 2.(4)

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pg. 33
52.

pg. 34
53.

pg. 35
54. A box of mass 5.0 kg is moved from the ground to a shelf at a height of 1.5 m.

A student is asked to calculate the energy transfer as the height is increased.

The student could use either of the following formulae.

(a) Explain how the two formulae are equivalent.(2)

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(b) Calculate the increase in gravitational potential energy of the box.(2)

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Increase in gravitational potential energy = .....................................................................

(Total for Question 54 = 4 marks)

pg. 36
55. The photograph shows a rower during a race. During each stroke the rower applies a
force to the end of each oar. The other end of each oar exerts a force on the water.

*(a) At the start of the race the boat is stationary.

Using Newton’s laws of motion, explain why the boat begins to move through the
water as the rower applies a force.(4)

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pg. 37
(b) The graph shows how the force applied to the boat varies with the distance moved
by the boat during one complete stroke.

(i) Use the graph to show that the work done on the boat during one stroke is about

500 J.(3)

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(ii) Hence calculate the average power developed.

average stroke rate = 24 strokes per minute(3)
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Average power = ............................................................................................

pg. 38
(c) The work done by the rower is greater than the kinetic energy gained by the rower
and the boat.
Suggest two reasons why.(2)

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(d) Suggest why the rower and the boat gain different amounts of kinetic energy during
each stroke.(1)
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(Total for Question 55 = 13 marks)

56. A wind turbine is used to generate electricity. When the wind speed is 10 m s−1, the
power input into the wind turbine is 3.2 kW.
Calculate the mass of air per second turning the turbine.(3)

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Mass of air per second turning the turbine = ................................................................

(Total for Question 56 = 3 marks)

pg. 39
57. A simple catapult consists of a rubber strip connected to two fixed points as shown. It
is used to launch a ball of mass m. When pulled back, the rubber strip extends by Δx
and has a tension T. When launched, the ball is given a velocity v.

(a) Describe, in terms of work done and energy transfers, what happens immediately
after the rubber strip is released to launch the ball.(4)

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(b) When the tension in the rubber strip is 3.5 N, the energy stored is 0.11 J.
Calculate the extension of the rubber strip.(2)

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Extension = .........................................................................................
(Total for Question 57 = 6 marks)

pg. 40
58. A spring is attached to a wall. A constant force of 15 N pushes a block of mass 0.40kg
along a frictionless surface, compressing the spring by 0.050 m, as shown.

(a) A student suggests that the work done on the block is ΔW = 15N×0.050m.
Explain why this suggestion is not correct.(2)

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(b) When the spring is compressed by 0.060 m the tension in the spring is 18 N.
The mass is held in this position and then released.
The block now moves along the frictionless surface, losing contact with the spring
once the spring has reached its original length.
Calculate the velocity of the block after it loses contact with the spring.(3)

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Velocity of the block = ................................................................

(Total for Question 58 = 5 marks)

pg. 41
59. Treadmills may be used in a gym. To increase the difficulty of the training, the
gradient of the treadmill can be increased.

Additional power = .......................................................

pg. 42
(b) Suggest why running on a treadmill is easier than running on a running track.(1)

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(Total for Question 59 = 5 marks)

60. A stationary exercise bicycle has the display shown.

The equivalent motion of the bicycle is displayed as a speed and a distance travelled.
(a) One of the quantities being displayed is expressed as ‘watts’.
State the name of this quantity.(1)

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(b) The bicycle provides a resistance force against the cyclist. The unit of this resistance
force is newtons. The unit of speed is km hours –1.
Show that the values displayed for the resistance force and the speed are consistent
with the value displayed as watts.(3)

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pg. 43
(c) The time on the display is given in minutes and the distance on the display is given in
kilometres.
Deduce whether the speed given on the display is instantaneous or an average.(4)

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(Total for Question 60 = 8 marks)

61. A student uses a friction-free trolley and a ramp to investigate motion.
The mass of the trolley is 0.10 kg. The student releases the trolley from rest so it moves
down the ramp and then continues along a horizontal surface.
The velocity-time graph for the motion of the trolley is shown.

(a) Show that the acceleration of the trolley on the ramp is about 4 m s–2.(2)
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pg. 44
(b) Calculate the angle of the ramp to the horizontal.(2)

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Angle = .....................................................

(c) Calculate the time it takes for the trolley to move a distance of 0.74 m.(3)

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Time = .....................................................

(d) At t = 0.70 s the trolley moves onto a piece of horizontal sponge. The trolley comes
to rest after moving through a further 0.25 m.
Calculate the average horizontal force exerted by the sponge on the trolley.(3)

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Average horizontal force = .....................................................

pg. 45
(e) Explain how the acceleration of the trolley down the ramp could be determined
experimentally using ICT.(4)

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(Total for Question 61 = 14 marks)

pg. 46
pg. 47