LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE UNIT 3: CONSTITUTIONAL Law er ereeeeeereeeeeeeeeeeeenereeenee een In this unit, students will be able to acquire: Knowledge: - Vocabulary: terms related to the constitutional law in terms of human rights and elections Grammar: Preposition at law (about human rights and citizen’s fundamental rights) and use of Norminal clauses ~ Legal background: definitions of human rights; human rights in constitution of some asean countries and elections Skills: Translation: Suitable expressions in the target language using nominal clauses - Interpretation: Memorizing in Interpreting GRAMMAR NOTES: NOMINAL CLAUSES Definition A nominal clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun. A nominal clause is often part of an independent clause, where it can be a subject, an object, or a complement. Examples Why he committed that offence is still mysterious to the investigators. (Nominal clause functions as subject of the sentence) He was convicted life imprisonment and held in the prison which is located in Orange County. (Nominal clause functions as compliment) Parliament is the supreme law-making body. This means that it has complete sovereignty to make or unmake any law that it wishes to. (Nominal clause functions as object) Classification There are three kinds of nominal clauses: 1. That clauses are made from statements and are introduced by the subordinator that. 30LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE Itis necessary that all citizens comply with the new regulations. 2. If'whether clauses are formed from yes/ no questions and are introduced by the subordinator whether/if. Eg: 3. Question clauses, which begin with a question words, such as who, what, where, when or how, also are known as wh clauses. Eg: PART 1: TRANSLATION 43 SECTION 1. ENGLISH — VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION Task 1. Base on the context, analyze and answer the questions below. ” ‘A. The constitution regarded as the first constitution of the Philippines was (1) introduced in 1897 - the period when majority of countries in Southeast Asia in particular and in the large Asia in general were (2) under the rule of feudalism. This reflects a positive impact of the legal culture of Spain and America on the Philippine constitutional history. © Identify the subject of the predicate “were under the rule of feudalism”. What does the word “This” refer to? Read the following translated sentence and choose the most suitable Vietnamese equivalents for the words/ phrases in bold. Ban Hién phdp dugc xem la Hién phdp dau tién ctia Philippines (1)......... néim 1897, trong giai dogn ma phin lén cée quéc gia Dong Nam A néi riéng va Chau A néi chung cén (2) .... ché dé phong kién. Diéu nay phan énh su anh hung tich cue ctia vn héa phdp by Tay Ban Nha va Hoa Kj déi v6i lich ste ldp hién ctia quéc gia nay 1. A. gidi thigu 2. A. theo quy tde cia B. dua ra B. chiu sy théng trj cua C.ra doi C. dudi luat 1é cla 31LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE B. The 1897 Constitution (1) recognized certain rights such as: freedom of religion, freedom of association, right to education, freedom of press, right to have a nationality, right to property, ete. That was the 1935 Constitution in which the term “Bill of Rights” was officially recognized. This (2) strongly affirms rights of citizens to have their inherent human dignity protected by the constitutional commitment from the State. ® Identify the subject of the reduced clause “protected by the constitutional commitment from the State”, ° What does the word “This” refer to? © Read the following translated sentence and choose the most suitable Vietnamese equivalents for the words/phrases in bold. Hién phap 1897 (1)..........cée quyén nhue: quyén te do tén gido, quyén lap héi, quyén gido duc, quyén te do béo chi, quyén quéc tich, quyén vé tai san, vv. Dén Hién phép 1935 thugt ngit ‘Tuyen ngén Nhén quyén' da chinh thite (1). Q).. thong qua nhiing cam két mang tinh hién dinh ma nha nube Phdi tén trong. . trong Hién phdp, --. quyén ctia céng dan duge bio vé nhiing pham gié von c6 ctia con nguéi 1. A.céng nhén 2. A. xée dinh manh me B. nhén ra B. khiing dinh chéc chin C. danh gia C. khang dinh manh me C. The Constitution derives from the philosophy of natural law considering Constitution as the social contract through which the people (2) grant powers for the state, The fundamental rights stated in the Constitution are not “the gift” from the State but the (2) inherent rights of the people. ° Hdentify the subject of the reduced clause “considering Constitution as the social contract through which the people grant powers for the state”, © Read the following translated sentence and choose the most suitable Vietnamese equivalents for the words/phrases in bold. Hién phdp Singapore xudt phat tit triét 1 vé phdp ludt tue nhién xem Hién Phép la hop dong xa héi thong qua dé nhén dén ()..... +. cho nha nude. Cae quyén co ban ctia 32LEGAL TRANSL. TION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE cong dan trong Hién phdp khéng phdi la "qua tang" cia nha nuée trao cho nhdn dan, ma la (2).... ctia nhan dan. 1. A. tang quyén 2. A.quyén cé hitu B. trao quyén B. quyén ty nhién vn c6 C. cp quyén Iye C. quyén hién nhién Task 2. Identify the mistake(s) in the Vietnamese translation of the following sentences and revise them, 1. Like constitutions of other countries in the region such as Indonesia, Malaysia and, Philippines, the Constitution of Singapore regards the state as people born and founded by the members of society to serve themselves. Hién phép Singapore cing gidng nhue m6t sé nude trong khu vec nh Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipines coi nha muéc sinh ra sau con nguai va do tat cd thanh vién trong xa h6i Idp ra dé phuc vu chinh minh, nén nha nude e6 chike nang phue vu. 2, In Vietnam, Western Constitutionalism appeared in the early twentieth century through social movements and political orientation, for example the movement of spreading “Tan Thu” from the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. O Viet Nam, chi nghia hop hién phwong Tay hign dai da xudt hién tie nhiing nam dau thé ky XX thong qua cdc sue dich chuyén xa h6i efing nhue dink wong chinh tri (vi du doc va truyén ba tie wong Tan the cuéi thé ky XIX ddu thé ky XX). 3. These international instruments play the role of foundations based on which Vietnam has comprehensively approached political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights in an increasingly harmonious relation among them while not neglecting any right. Trén co sé dé, chinh séch va phdp ludt Viét Nam da va dang tiép cdin mét cach toan dién tét ed cée quyén con ngudi vé chinh tri, dan su, kinh té, van hod, xa hoi trong mét méi twong quan ngay cang hai hod, khong xem nhe quyén nao. Task 3. Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese. Pay greater attention to the nominal clauses. 33LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE 1. Human rights are a universal value that mankind has gained by undergoing , long-term and difficult struggle to build up and to be generally accepted. 2. It is true that an early draft of the Constitution vested the power ‘to make war’ in Congress, and this language was changed during the editing process to the power “to declare war’. 3. Whether the reserved emergency presidential authority to ‘repel sudden attacks’ should be (1) limited to actual attacks on United States territory or (2) ‘functionally’ extended to other situations where a clear danger to our national security has developed so unexpectedly is heatedly debated. 4. Who has the power to enact, amend or repeal laws is provided in the Constitution. 5. States that ratify human rights treaties commit themselves to respecting those rights and ensuring that their domestic law is compatible with international legislation. 34LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE 6. That Vietnam joined the Convention on civil rights, politics, and Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1982 affected the process of institutionalization of the contents of this Convention into the 1992 Constitution. 7. Being a British colony in the past, the Constitution of Singapore was influenced by the philosophy of a democratic constitution and Common Law. However, Singapore is a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and multi-religious country, which has been influenced by the great cultures of China, India and Malaysia; thus the Constitution is the intersection of Western democratic and Eastern cultural values. 35SECTION 2: VIETNAMESE- ENGLISH TRANSLATION LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE Task 1. Complete the table below by finding the English equivalents to Vietnamese terms on human rights and citizen’s fundalmental rights. Pay attention to the Prepositions used in each expression. Quyén theo luat dinh — Quyen duge hoc hanh Quyén lao déng/ c6 vige lim — | Quyén song Quyén ur do ngén lean Quyén ty do bao chi Quyén lp hoi Quyén tigp cn thong tin Quyén héi hop RIGHT Quyén biéu tinh Quyén c6 ché & hop phap Quyén ty do tin nguéng va ton gido Quyén cé cudc séng riéng tr Quyén ty quyét Luat bau cit dai biéu quéc hoi va dai biéu hoi déng nhan dan Luat tai nguyén, moi trudng bién va hai dao Luat ngan sach nha nude Luft an toan, vé sinh lao dong Luat kiém toan nha nuée Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham phép luat Luat t6 chite chinh quyén dia LAW 36LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE. { phuong Luat 6 chite chinh phi Luat nghia vu quan sr Luat mat tran tS quéc Viet Nam Luat bao hiem xa hdi Luat c&n cude cong dan Luat hai quan Luat phong chéng bao lye gia dinh Luat phong chong thign tai Cong uée vé quyén dan sy, chinh Céng uée vé quyén kinh té, van hoa, xa hdi Céng ude ve xod bé moi hinh |} CONVENTION thie phan biét ching toc Cong ude vé xoa bd moi hinh thire phan biét d6i xir voi phu nt Céng we vé quyén cia ngudi khuyét tat ‘Céng ude chéng tra tan Task 2. Complete each translation below with suitable phrases/ expressions. 1. M6t trong nhimg diém méi quan trong ciia Hién phap Viét Nam 2013 1a nhamg quy djnh vé quyén con ngudi vA quyén cong dan, trong dé diéu 19 quy dinh “Moi ngudi cé quyén séng. Tinh mang con ngudi duge phap luat bao ho. Khéng ai bij tude doat tinh mang trai luat.” of the Vietnamese Constitution 2013 is whereby article 19 stipulates that “Every one 37LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACT LEM vasseee. No one shall be illegaly has the right to live. Human life «+++ deprived of his or her life” 2.V6 thé ché nha nude, hién phap nim 2013 eo ban ké thira m6 hinh nha nue tong cdc ban hién phap truée d6 nhung quy dinh 10 rang hon ve ; uc nha nuée duge théng nhét va phan chia cho cée co quan nha nuée dé thu higy quyén lap phap, hanh phap va tw phap. the document basically inherits the State organisation mode, but better explains the principle that State powers are in the exercise of nguyén tac ma 6 dé quyéy mentioned in the old version, unified 3. Hién phép 2013 14 mot bude tién méi, thé hign rd hon nguyén tie cia Dang, tr twéng chit tich Hd Chi Minh vé van dé dan chi, chit quyén con ngwdi va nha murée phap tri, méi quan hé gitta nha nude va céng dan, The Constitution (2013) represented a new, fundamental step forward, reflecting more sean Ol Clearly ssereeeessrsees oe the relationship between the state and the citizens 4.Hién phap 2013 cia Vigt Nam ghi nh§n ede quyén nhu: quyén bat kha xam pha vé than thé, dugc phap luat bao hé vé sire khoé, danh dy va nhan phdm; quyén bit Ay pe kha xam pham vé di séng rigng tu, bi mat ci nhin va bi mat gia dinh; quyét bi mt thur tin, dign thogi, dign tin va cdc hinh thitc trao d&i théng tin riéng tu Khe." The 2013 Constitution ...... SUCH S..0. and the legal protection of his or her life, health, honor and dignidi or eee { and familial secrecy; vv and other forms of exchange of perso information. 5. Hién phap 2013 quy dinh ro ring v8 chite nim co ché hoat dng cia céc eo quan nha née The 2013 Constitution has clear provisions on, ® nhigm vy va quyén han coe ™LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE well as On s+. LO Task 3. Translate the following sentences from Vietnamese into English using nominal clauses if necessary. LHién phap 14 dgo luat g6c cia quéc gia, c6 nghia la dgo luat quy dinh nhimg van 4é co ban nhat vé co cdu chinh tri, kinh té, xa hgi cita quéc gia 6. php ciia quéc gia thuéng mang tinh én dinh lau dai. Tuy nhién né van c6 thé bj thay déi néu didu kién kinh té- chinh tri xa hdi c6 nhing thay déi co ban. ® 3. Vuong Quée Anh khéng c6 hién phap thanh van, do dé m9t s6 quéc gia trén thé gidi cho ring Vuong Quéc Anh khéng cé hién phap. 4, Nha nude 1a mgt co ché théng qua dé ¥ chi cia céng ching duge thé hign va duge thye thi. 5. Trong cdc ban hién phap nim 1959 va 1980, quyén co ban cia cong dan khong duge coi 1a cdc quyén tyr nhién va cdc quyén duge nha nude trao ting béi chi nghia lap hién cia Cac Mac va Lénin khéng coi céng quyén la doi tong bi han ché bdi hién phip. ® 39LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTIcg 6. Khac v6i Hién phap 1980, Hién phap 1992 da thira nhan quyén ty do kinh doanh, ty do sé hiru cita céng dan, khang dinh viée xay dung nén kinh thé thi trong dinh husng XHCN. (' 7. Vé nguyén tic, nha nude phap tri 1a & d6 cha quyén con ngudi duge dé cao; céc ti chite, co quan nha nude duge trao quyén thy hién quyén nha nuéc do nhan dan, va ti chit, hoat d6ng trén nguyén téc dan chi. 8. Quyén cng din duge ghi nhin trong hién phap Vigt Nam, trong d6 chi r8 quyén céng khong tach roi nghia vu cia céng din. Mét trong nhtng quydn dé la céng din 6 quyén tham gia quan IY nha nude va xa hdi, tham gia thao lugn va kién nghj véi co quan nha nude vé céc vin dé cia ca so, dia phuong va cd nude. 9.Quyén cia phy not duge hién phép quy din va duge cu thé hos trong ede twat cv thé Kendo nhu Iugt binh dang Big, 1uat phong chéng bao lye gia dink, Iudt bao hiém x8 Hi lugt hon nhén va gia dinh, va bé lugt lao dong, " 40LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE 10. Cho dén nay, Vigt Nam da gia nhp hau hét cac Cong use quéc té chi chét vé quyén con ngudi, trong dé c6 Céng uée vé quyén dan sy, chinh tri; Cong uée vé quyén kinh té, van hoa, xa hoi; Céng ude vé xod bo moi hinh thitc phan bigt ching tc; Céng ude vé xoa bé moi hinh thire phan biét déi xi voi phy nit; Cong uée quyén tré em; Céng ude vé quyén ciia ngudi khuyét tat; Cong uée chéng tra tan; da phé chuan (2) 17 Céng ude cia Té chire Lao dong quéc té (ILO). 41TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE PART 2: INTERPRETING ®) LESSON 3. MEMORIZING A. NOTES TO STUDENTS SHORT- TERM AND LONG- TERM MEMORY Memory can be of two types: short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). STM is able to retain and recall the information for just a brief period of time because it does not create the neural mechanisms that would be needed for a subsequent storage. On the contrary, LTM occurs once you have created the neural pathways for storing, so the information that you hear can be stored from minutes to months or even years’ span. Gile then emphasizes the difficulties and efforts involved in interpreting tasks and strategies needed to overcome them, based on interpreting failure observation, After that, he proposes his Effort Models (lesson 2) for interpreting, which are “designed to help the interpreters understand these difficulties of interpreting and select appropriate strategies and tactics", Short - term memory appears in the FIRST phrase and becomes pre-condition for the SECOND phase of consecutive interpreting: In the first phase of Consecutive Interpreting, the interpreter encodes and then stores the information. In the second phase of Gile's Model, the interpreter starts to retrieve information and decode it into the target language. According Gile's Effort Model (a Processing Capacity Account), short-term memory is an essential part in the process of interpreting. It is believed that interpreting is an STM-centered activity, which includes encoding of information from the source language, storing of information, retrieval of information, and decoding of information into the target language. B. PRACTICE Activity 1: Comprehensive listening 1. Ask students to listen an audiotape/ teacher's speech without taking notes, There is no pause or stop during listening Process in order to attract concentration of listeners to encode information and summarise the content after.LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE 2. After playing the tape, ask students to say what they can remember based on criteria 3. Ask some students to retell the case in the source language Activity 2: Word performance: 20-word list” 1. In this activity, students are asked to memorize a list of 20 words without taking notes in two minutes. 2. A list of 20 words will appear on the screen. After 2 minutes, the list disappears, 3. Students then try to recall as many words as possible from their memory on a piece of paper. 4. When they finish, students report the number of words that they recall successfillly. 5. Teacher gives feedback on students’ performance 43TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE UNIT 4: CRIMINAL Lay i, LEGAL In this unit, students will be able to acquire: Knowledge: - Vocabulary: terms related to the International Criminal Courts; types of crimes and Vietnamese Penal Code - Grammar: Passive Voice - Legal background: the roles of International Criminal Courts and changes in the Penal Code of Vietnam Skills: - Translation: Suitable expressions using passive voice in the target language - Interpretation: Memorizing in Interpreting GRAMMAR NOTES As a general rule, active voice is preferred because it meets two of the most important requirements of legal writing: clarity and conciseness. Active voice is clearer because it focuses the reader's attention on the "doer of the action"; it is also more concise simply because it usually involves fewer words. Nonetheless, there are certain situations in which passive sentences are useful. When you wish to obscure the subject of a sentence For example: Judge Gunther admitted the hearsay evidence over trial counsel's objection.” Yet, if you are appearing before Judge Gunther on a motion to reconsider his erroneous ruling, it may be advantageous to be less aggressive in your phrasing. A passive version of the same allegation would be, “The hearsay evidence was admitted over trial counsel's objection.” Using the passive voice decreases the likelihood that Judge Gunther will feel personally attacked You may also find passive voice useful when you do not know who performed a particular action. The sentence, “A shot was fired,” allows you to include the critical detail of a shot being fired, even if you don’t know who fired it, You may use passive voice with a multi-part subject. If the subject of the sentence is so long or complex that the reader will be long delayed in reaching the verb, then the writer may choose to place the verb before the subject, 44LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE E.g: The statutory interpretation we have chosen is mandated by the committee reports, the floor debates, the presidential statement, and the administrative agency's interpretive guidance. In most cases, sentences in the English passive voice can be translated into Vietnames and vice versa. In English, passivity is usually employed when the agent of the action is either unknown or two obivious. This is not always the case in Vietnamese. Therefore, a passive sentence in English sometimes should be translated into an active sentence in Vietnamese and vice versa. Although the two words “dugce” and “bi” usually constitute essential parts of a Vietnamese passive sentence, it is important to note that not all sentences with ““ duge” and “bj” represent passivity, and when translated into English, it is impossible to use the passive voice. For example “bi thi trugt, bi nga” are different from “bi phat”; similarly “ dugc nhan phan thuéng” is different from “ duge khen nggi”. Moreover, there are sentences in Vietnamese that appear to be of active voice “ di chyp anh”, “di cit téc”, ete., but when translated into English, they often take a passive structure, such as “have something done”. Conversey, there are sentences that contain “bj” or “dugc” but should not be translated into a passive sentence in English. For example: Ba Ay bj nga rét dau = she had a bad fall. ? (Nguyén Thanh Van (2016). Bién dich nang cao. ULIS) PART 1: TRANSLATION 4 SECTION 1. ENGLISH- VIETNAMESE TRANSLATING Task 1, Find the most suitable Vietnamese equivalents for the parts in bold in each of the following translation. 1. On 17 July 1998, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (“the Rome Statute” - establishing the International Criminal Court was adopted by 120 states. Among other things, it sets out the crimes falling within the jurisdiction of the ICC, the rules of procedure and the mechanisms for States to cooperate with the ICC, ® 45LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACT Cg EG. is Vaio ngay 17 thang 7 ndim 1998, ww a . ctia toa an hinh swe qué i trong dé quy dinh ro rang nhiing t6i pham nao « dé cae quéc gia thanh vien phoi hop vai toa. thi tuc 16 tung va 2. The Intemational Criminal Court (ICC), whieh is located in The Hague in tf ‘ort for prosecution of genocide, war crimes, ang Netherlands, is the court of last res¢ crimes against humanity. ° FONG trey Téa an hinh sw quéc té ... Hague, Phan Lan, .. 16 cdc t6i de nh .. 3. In fact, the national criminal justice systems are not replaced; rather, are complemented by the International Criminal Court. When a State becomes a party to the Rome Statute, it agrees to submit itself to the jurisdiction of the ICC with o respect to the crimes enumerated in the Statute. Thue é, Khi m6t quéc gia tham gia ki két hiép dinh Rome, c6 nghia la quéc gia dé ding § cia toad dn hinh sw quéc té doi vei nhiing ti ..trong quy ché. 4. Criminal law determines the acts committing or omitting of which by persons shall be regarded as crimes “) (hoan thien tieng anh chuyen nganh luat) Ludt hinh sy quy dinh ..... & bj coi la pham toi 5. A person who is charged with a criminal offense shall be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to a legally established procedure and the sentence of the court takes legal effect. cho dén khi duge ching minh theo trinh tne ludt dinh vio ban Gn ket ti cia Toa dn dé co higu luc Phap ludt, 6. Whether a case is considered to bear the characteristics of a criminal cast is significant in that this will determine the Procedural rules to be i applied. 46LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE mang dau hiéu cia vu én hinh su hay khong cé ¥ nghia quan trong 6 cho diéu nay quyét dinh thi: tuc t6 tung can dp dung. 7. Under the common law of England, a distinction is made between “felony” and “misdemeanor” for various purposes and in different contexts. Theo common law ctia Anh, vi nhitng muc dich va trong nhitng hodn canh khdc nhau, Task 2. Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese in as a natural way as possible. L.The ICC may exercise its jurisdiction in situations where the alleged perpetrator is a national of a State Party or where the crime was committed in the territory of a State Party. 2. It can investigate and, where warranted, prosecute and try individuals only if the State concerned does not, cannot or is unwilling genuinely to do so. This is known as the principle of complementarity, under which priority is given to national systems. 3. Any individual who is alleged to have committed crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC may be brought before the ICC. 4. No one is exempt from prosecution because of his or her current functions or 47LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING Pracy., id at the time the crimes concerneg Wen because of the position he or she heli committed. 5. The ICC is a permanent and independent body whose mission is to investiga prosecute and try individuals who are accused of committing the most serio crimes of concem to the international community as a whole, namely the crime ¢ genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression. 6. According to the Rome Statute, “genocide” means any of the following acts which are committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. 7. “War crimes” include grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflict and i conflicts “not of an international character” which is listed in the Rome Statute, whe" they are committed as part of a plan or policy or ona large scale. 48LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE 8. A crime may be regarded as a public wrong: but conduct which is harmful to the public is not necessarily criminal ® 9. An accused person, however guilty he may be, and even though he may have been sane at the time the act charged, may not be tried, sentenced, or punished while presently insane. °) 10. “ A crime is an act which is committed or omitted in violation of the public ding or commanding it”. 49LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTIcg SECTION 2, VIETNAMESE ~ ENGLISH TRANSLATION Task 1. Find the English equivalents for the following Vietnamese words/phrases, a ] Vietnamese Co higu hue Thay déi dang ké Xr phat hinh sw/ ché tai hinh sw Chiu tréch nhigm hinh sr Phap nhan thyong mai Bude cham ditt hoae c6 thoi han dinh chi Huy déng vin Kinh doanh trai phép Bj xtr phat hanh chinh Hanh vi pham t6i lién quan dén tham nhiing M6i giéi héi 16 Ti gian lan trong kinh doanh bao hiém Phat tién Toi pham héa/ hinh sy hoa Cé y pham tdi Su kién bat ngo Tinh huéng cap thiét Phong vé chinh ding Thoi higu Che gidu tdi pham Cam dam nhiém chite vy Task 2. Identify the mistake(s) and revise them in the following translation of the 10 given sentences. 1. Theo bé Iudt hinh sy 2015, cde hinh phat ap dung d6i véi phap nhan cha yéu la phat tién, bude chdm dift hogc dinh chi cé thai han hoat d6ng kinh doanh, cdm tién hanh 50LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE mot s6 hoat déng kinh doanh nhat dinh va cim huy déng vén trong khoang théi gian tir 1 dén 3 nam. According to the 2015 Penal Code, the penalties, which applies to legal persons are mainly monetary fines, forcible termination or suspension of business, ban from conducting certain business activities and ban from raising capital, for one to three years. 2. Trir phi mét hoat dng kinh doanh vi pham m6t trong cae hanh vi pham tdi ey thé lign quan dén kinh doanh duge quy dinh trong B6 luat Hinh sy (nhu tron thué, gian lan bao hiém xa héi, giao dich néi gidn, vv), cdc vi pham phap luét khdc trong inh vue kinh doanh cé thé sé chi bj xi phat hanh chinh. Unless a business activity violates one of the specific business offences of the Penal Code (such as tax evasion, fraud in social insurance, insider trading, etc.), other legal violence in the business areas will likely lead to administrative sanctions only. 3. Tuy nhién, déi véi cdc t6 chic tin dung va chi nhanh ngan hang nuée ngoai, cing véi cdc td chire khéc, hanh vi tién hanh hoat dong ngén hang ho%c hoat dong kinh doanh khi chua duge co quan c6 thim quyén cho phép sé phai chju tréch nhigm hinh su theo Diéu 206. However, for credit institutions and branches of foreign banks, among others, the act of conducting operations or business activities without the approval or necessary licenses from competent authorities is subject to criminal liability due to Art. 206. 4. BO luat Hinh sy méi mé réng viée 4p dung ché tai hinh sy adi v6i mét s6 hanh vi pham t6i lién quan dén tham nhiing d6i véi nhimg ngudi lam vige trong linh vye tu. Cae hanh vi d6 bao gdm: (i) tham 6, (ii) nhan héi 16, (iii) dua héi 16, va (iv) méi gidi hdi 16. 51LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE The New Penal Code extends certain corruption-related offences will be applied with people working in the private sector. These offences are (i) embezzlement, (ji receiving bribe, (iii) giving bribe, and (iv) bribery brokerage. 5. Déi véi hanh vi dua héi 16, nhimg hanh vi dira héi 16 cho cng chitc nude ngodi, cong chite cia céc t8 chire quée té céng cling duge t6i pham héa trong bé luat hinh sy méi. With giving bribe, the act of giving bribe to foreign officials and officials of public international organisations also criminalises in the New Penal Code. Task 3. Translate the following sentences/ paragraphs into English. Pay attention to the use of passive voice. 1. Viéc phan loai t6i pham durge quy djnh trong hién phdp va cdc dao lat. 2. Vige che dau ké pham t6i bj coi la t6i pham 3. BO ludt hinh sur méi cé higu Iye tir ngay O1 thng 7 nam 2016 va thay thé BO luat hinh sy cd duge ban hanh nam 1999 va sira d6i nim 2009. 4. Néu nhu trudc day chi cé c nhan 1a d6i tugng bj xir phat hinh su theo B6 luat hinh sy ci, thi Bé lujt Hinh sy moi da dem dén sy thay déi cin ban trong phap luat hinh su ciia Vigt Nam. 1? 4 Theo quy dinh cia b6 lugt hinh sy méi (2016), Phdp nhan thong mai cé thé phai chju trach nhiém hinh sy vé mét sé loai toi pham nhat dinh. “?) 52LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE 6. Hanh vi pham t6i "kinh doanh trai phép" con gay tranh cai cudi cling da durge loai bé khoi B6 luat Hinh sy 2015." 7. Diém 2, diéu 8 b6 luat hinh su 2009 quy dinh can ctr vao tinh chat va mire dé nguy hiém cho xa hi ciia hanh vi duge quy dinh trong BO ludt nay, thanh toi pham it nghiém trong, toi pham nghiém trong, tGi pham rat nghiém trong va ti pham dic bigt nghiém trong. 8, Ngudi pham tdi duge mign trich nhigm hinh sy, néu khi tién hanh digu tra, truy t6 hoac xét xit, do chuyén bién cia tinh hinh ma hanh vi pham t6i hoc ngudi pham tdi (ay khéng con nguy hiém cho xa h9i ntta, (Diéu 25-BLHS1999) 9, Ngudi sir dung lao dng khéng déng bao hiém xa hdi va bao hiém y té cho ngudi lao déng c6 thé bj bude t9i "én bao hiém xa hdi, bao hiém y té va thanh toan bao hiém that nghiép cho ngudi lao dong" (Diéu 216- BLHS 2015). 10. Bé luat Hinh sy méi quy dinh mot s6 loai toi pham méi nhu gian Hin trong kinh doanh bao hiém, bao hiém y té va bao hiém x hi. Vi dy, nhiing ngudi sit dung thong 53LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE tin sai Igch dé tir chi tra tién bao hiém c6 thé bj buge ti "gian in trong kinh doanh, bao hiém" (Digu 213). Ngoai ra, nhing ngudi giri thong tin sai sy that dé di thém quyén Igi bio hiém c6 thé bj bude tdi "gian Ian bo hiém xa hoi" hay "gian lan bio hiém y té" (Didu 214 va 215). 54LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE [Part 2: INTERPRETING “) LESSON 4: MEMORIZING (Cont.) A. NOTES TO STUDENTS Memorization Techniques for Consecutive Interpreting 1. How do you remember? Are you a visual or a verbal learner, neither, or both? If you forget something you have heard, try to understand what prevented you from storing or retrieving the information. 2.Your short-term memory capacity is normally limited to between five and nine bits of information (units of memory), and your ability to recall depends on how well you can organize what you have heard by finding patterns. Have someone read a series of seven unrelated numbers to you. As soon as you are able to repeat the series accurately, try to repeat it backwards. To do this, you must be able to retain the series in your short-term memory. 3. Increase your analytical skills by reading a newspaper or magazine. After finishing each story, try to summarize what you read in a single sentence. Do this in all your working languages. 4. Try exercise 3 after listening to a news report or a radio or television talk show. Summarize the main idea in a single sentence. 5. For the exercises below, have someone read a newspaper or magazine article into a recorder or record talk or interview programs from the radio or television. Limit yourself to nontechnical material. Do not record the news because the newscaster reads from a prepared script. Record increasingly longer texts as your skills improve. You will only repeat the information you hear in the same language and will not interpret it. a. Listen to the passage without taking notes and try to repeat as much as possible. b. Listen to the passage and write down key words to help you remember the content. Then repeat as much information as possible. Compare the results you achieved with and without notes. Which worked best for you? c. As you listen to the passage, try to condense it into a few meaningful units. Organize the information into groups. For example, if a person were to list the schools 55LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE she had attended and the subjects she studied, you could group the schools by location and the subjects studied by topic. Numbers can be grouped the way people recite Phone or social security numbers, in groups of two, three, or four numbers, rather than as a string of unrelated numbers. Please note that when interpreting testimony you should maintain the speaker’s work sequence as spoken, except to accommodate the syntax of the target language. 4. Do not allow your opinions to color your rendition of a speaker's words, even if you have strong opinions about the subject matter. Pay close attention to your reaction to the text while listening and maintain the same level of language (register) as the speaker. Note that improving your listening and memory skills is an ongoing and lifelong endeavor. As you gain experience and confidence, your skills will improve. (Source: http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/skillbuildingexercises.pdf) Activity 1: Chunking "7 Text 1 1. The instructor/teacher either reads or plays a recording of a short text of 50- about 100 words 2. Trainees/ students should not be allowed to take any notes 3. The instructor/teacher ask students to chunk them into meaning pieces of information/ facts. Students have one minute to memorize the information . 4, Try to recall orally and repeat the information to friends ‘Activity 2: Object listing with arrangement Text 2: White- collar crime 1. The instructor/teacher either reads or plays a recording of a text of about 100 words 2. Trainees/ students should not be allowed to take any notes | The instructor/teacher ask students to arrange and retell items in the given category. Activity 3: Retelling in source language- Categorization 56LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE Text 3: The ICC 1. The instructor/teacher either reads or plays a recording of a text of about 200 words 2. Trainees/ students should not be allowed to take any notes 3. Students/ trainees retell the text in the same language to the largest possible extent Notes: Notice the students that the technique concentrates on grouping items of the same properties to help interpreters find out the link/ relation between items and the logical order or sequences, which are needed to remember easier. 57(RANSLATION AND INTERPRE: TING PRACTICg | LEGALT unit 5: COMPANY Lay In this unit, students will be able to acqu Knowledge: - Vocabulary: terms related to regulations on enterprises = Grammar: use of participle clauses i = Legal background: types of enterprises/ companies under Vietnamese law on enterprises i Skills: | - Translation: Suitable expressions using participle clauses in the target - Interpretation: Note- taking skills in interpreting PART 1: TRANSLATING 4 language | GRAMMAR NOTES: PARTICLE CLAUSES | Using participle clauses is an economical and efficient way to express | information. In translating, we can use participle clauses when the verb in the main | clause has the same subject to replace a relative pronoun. i Statutes passed (which are passed) by the US congress demarcate clearly the boundaries of legal and illegal conduct. 1 Litigants facing (who face) unfavorable precedent, or case law, try (0 distinguish the objectives of their particular case from those that produced the earlier decisions. ' Participle clausesa are also used to join two sentences sharing the same subject and act as an adverbial phrase. Reading the contract carefully, the parties sign it. Forming participle clauses Participle a i be formed with the present participle (-ing form of the See eae He (third form of the verb), Participle clauses with past participl have a passive meaning. If we wish to emphasize the one acti participle (having + past participle) Sn before another then we can se a perf Having been presented by a senior barrister, the accused was found innocent. 58LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE Participle clauses give information about conditions, reasons, results or time. For example: Condition (in place of an if- condition) Investigated carefully, the case was much more complex. Reasons (in place of words such as “so” or “therefore, thus”) Being a young offender, he was tried summarily, that is, without a jury, in a Youth Court, a branch in the Magistrates’ Court. Results (in place of words such as “because” or “as a result”) Reoffending the young offender was sent to the prison. Time (in place of words such as “when; while or as soon as”) Investigating the thief, the police found out that he committed another offence. SECTION 1. ENGLISH- VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION Task 1. Find the Vietnamese equivalents for the English words/phrases. English Vietnamese landmark agreement global trade trade facilitation share certificate net profit technical barriers to trade state- owned enterprises small and medium sized enterprises competitiveness and inclusiveness non-commercial assistance trade remedies electronic commerce dispute settlement free trade agreement charter capital 59commitment z= Task 2. Use either present or past participle form of th Ji @) blanks, then translate the sentences into Vietnamese. ec suggested verbs to fill in the will be given a company number, also (know) | 1. The new company | | +-Constant | | | asa registered number, (remain) throughout its life in spite of any change of names. 2. New shares (creat) .. .by the company are allotted to shareholders, who are members of the company, and hold share certificates. to each share 3. Dividend means an amount of net profit (distribute) in cash or in the form of other assets from the remaining profits of a joint stock company after fulfilling its financial obligations. 4, Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a landmark 21%-century agreement, (sel) ~--at new standard for global trade while taking up next-generation issues. 60LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE 5. The TPP includes 30 chapters (cover) ...., -trade and trade-related issues, (begin) with trade in goods and (continue) -- through customs and trade facilitation; 6. In addition to updating traditional approaches to issues (cover) -by Previous free trade agreements (FTAs), the TPP incorporates new and emerging trade issues and cross-cutting issues. 7. These include issues (relate) to the Internet and the digital economy, the participation of state-owned enterprises in international trade and investment, the ability of small businesses to take advantage of trade agreements, and other topics. 8. Charter capital means the total value of assets (pay’ in or (commit) ..to be paid in by the members upon establishment of a limited liability company or partnership; means the total par value of shares (sell) or (register) ...to be purchased at the time of establishment of a joint stock company.) 61LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE 9. Parties agree to provide their courts with jurisdiction over commercial activities of foreign SOEs in their territory, and to ensure that administrative bodies (regulate) ....both SOEs and private companies do so in an impartial manner. 10. The Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprise chapter includes commitments by each TPP Party to create a user-friendly websites targeted at small- and medium-sized enterprise users to provide easily accessible information on the TPP and ways that ...description of the small firms can take advantage of, (include) .. provisions of TPP relevant to small- and medium-sized enterprises; regulations and procedures (concern) .. ..intellectual property rights; foreign investment regulations; business registration procedures; employment regulations; and taxation information. 62LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE SECTION 2: VIETNAMESE - ENGLISH TRANSLATION Task 1. Find the English equivalents for the Vietnamese words/phrases below. Vietnamese English Loai hinh doanh nghiép Nganh céng nghiép trong diém Nén kinh té thi truong Thiéu hut vé tai chinh Luat dau tw Luat doanh nghiép Gidy phép dau tw Doanh nghiép lién doanh Céng ty cé phan Céng ty tréch nhiém hiu han Céng ty trach nhiém hiu han mot | .. thanh vién Doanh nghiép tr nhan Céng ty hgp danh Thanh vién hgp danh Thanh vién gop von Doanh nghiép nha nuée Kinh té thj trong Minh bach va higu qua 86 vén gop Cé phan phé thong Cé phan uu dai Task 2. Identify the mistake(s) in the English translation of the following sentences and revise it. 63LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE |. Lugt dau tr va tuat doanh nghiép Viét Nam nhim hinh thinh khung phdp ly 16 ring diéu chinh cae hoat ding kinh doanh & Viét Nam. The Investment Law and the Law on Enterprises (“Enterprise Law") intends to build a clear legal regulating for business in Vietnam. 2. Luat dau tr digu chinh hoat dng dau tu 6 Viét Nam nhu thi tuc dé duge phé duyét dau tu, nhang linh vue duge phép hodc khéng dugc phép dau tu cing nhu cac co ché thie day dau tur 4p dung cho ca nha dau tu trong va ngoai nuée. The Investment Law regulates investments in Vietnam include procedures for investment approving, sectors where investment is allowed or prohibited, and investment incentives apply to both foreign and domestic investors. 3. Luat doanh nghiép ban hanh nam 2005, sita déi nim 2014 diéu chinh sur thanh lap, cach thite t6 chic, quan ly va thi tye giai thé cia Jogi hinh doanh nghiép theo quy dinh cia phap luat Viét Nam. The Enterprise Law enacting in 2005 and amending in 2014 governs the settings, management and insolvency of types of business enterprises in Vietnamese law. 4. Dé gidi quyét nhig khé khan, vuéng méc; thu hut cdc nha dau tu nude ngoai va chuyén sang nén kinh té thi trudng, trong nhing nim gan day Viét Nam da ban hanh tuong déi nhiéu luat trong céc linh vue khéc nhau, dp dung cho ca cae nha dau tu trong va ngoai nude. Vie nay cho thay duge su chuyén minh sang méi trudng kinh doanh minh bach va higu qua. Dealt with such difficulties and attracted foreign investment and move to a market economy, in recent years, Vietnam has enacted an extremely broad range of new laws, applying to both foreign and domestic business showed, over time, the movement of the country towards a business environment of transparency and efficiency. 5. Dé tién hanh chién loc dau tu, mot nha dau tw nude ngoai c6 thé théng qua loai hinh lién doanh chia sé vén dau tu va Igi nhuan. Di theo bit ki hinh thie nao, nha dau tur cn phai thanh Ip mot trong céc Logi hinh doanh nghiép theo quy dinh cia phap Iuat Vigt Nam va cé gidy phép dau tu ciia chinh phi Viét Nam. 64LEGAL TRANSLATION AND PI NTERPRETISG PRACTICE out an investment strategy, a foreign investor may do s0 through a joirt venture shared capital and profi To carry ts. In elther case, the investor must form one Of the nities stipulating under Vietnamese law and obtain from the government an “Investment Certificate" upon the Sormation of the entity. business e1 Task 3. Translate the following sentences into English. Use participle clauses to express the information in an economical and efficient way. 1. Chuong DNNN ctia higp dinh TPP diéu chinh nhimg DNNN chi yéu tham gia vao cdc hoat dng thuong mai. 2. Méi mét quéc gia cé cdc quy dinh khae nhau vé diu tu nude ngoai, dac biét trong nhig linh vyc hay nganh céng nghiép trong diém duge cho la c6 vai tro mang tim chién luge quéc gia. 2. Vigt Nam dang trong giai doan chuyén minh tir nén kin té do “nha nude kiém soat” sang nén kinh té thj truong do “nha nude gidm sat”. Do vay, cdc nha dau tu sé gp phai nhimg vin dé lién quan dén co sé ha tng, thiéu hut vé tai chinh va phép ly, bé may nha nuéc quan liéu, hay thm chi trong vige thué nhan cng c6 trinh 49. 3. Tét ca cde thanh vién cia higp dinh TPP déu cé doanh nghigp thude sé hou nha ‘Auéc (DNNN)- doanh nghiégp déng vai trd cung cdp dich vy cong va cdc hoat déng khdc, dng thai cdc thanh vin TPP déu nhdn thdy Igi ich cia vide théng nhdt mot + dong khung khé quy dinh lién quan dén cic DNND. 65LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE 4. Cac thanh vién TPP déng ¥ sé khéng tao ra nhimg anh huéng tiéu cue déi véi Ioi ich cla céc thanh vién TPP khéc khi cung cap hé tre phi thong mai cho cdc DNNN, hay lam t6n hai dén nganh cong nghiép trong nude cia thanh vin khdc thong qua vige cung cap cdc hé trg phi thuong mai cho DNNN san xuat va ban hang héa trén lanh thé cia DNNN khic dé. 5. Higp dinh TPP quy dinh vé viéc Uy ban Doanh nghiép vira va nhé duge thanh lap va duoc tién hanh hop dinh ky dé ra soat mite d6 hé trg cia Higp dinh TPP cho cae doanh nghiép vira va nhé, can nhic cdc cach thire dé nang cao hon nita nhimg lgi ich clia Higp dinh, déng thoi giém sat cac hoat dong hop tac hoge nang cao nang lye dé hd ttg cho doanh nghiép vira va nhé théng qua tr vin xudt khdu, hd trg, dao tao cho doanh nghiép vira va nh6; chia sé théng tin; cdp vin thuong mai va cac hoat déng kha. "6. Cé phiéu 1a chimg chi do c6ng ty cé phan phat hanh, bat toan ghi sd hoae dit ligu dign tir xéc nh§n quyén sé hiru mét hoe mot $6 cd phan ciia cong ty dé,LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE 7. Theo luat doanh nghigp, céng ty cd phan 1a loai hinh doanh nghiép cé thé ban c6 phan, gdm ca c6 phan phd théng va cd phin wu dai ra dai ching. Cé dong chi chiu trach nhiém vé cdc khoan ng va nghia vu tai sin khdc cia doanh nghiép trong pham vi s6 vén da g6p vio doanh nghigp. Ngoai vige phat hanh cé phiéu, cong ty ¢6 phan cd thé phat hanh cc loai ching khoan khae nhur trai phiéu, tréi phiéu chuyén déi va, va cae loai trai phiéu khéc theo quy dinh cia phap ludt va diéu Ié cng ty. 8. Céng ty trich nhiém hau han mét thanh vign 1a doanh nghigp do mt t6 chire hod mot cd nhan kim chi sé hiru (sau day goi la cha sé hitu edng ty); chii sé hia céng ty chiu trach nhiém vé cae khodn ng va nghia vy tai sin khée ciia cng ty trong pham vi sé vén diéu 1é cia céng ty. Theo quy dinh ciia Luat doanh nghiép 2005 céng ty trich nhiém hau han 1 thanh vién khong duge phép gidm vin diéu 1é, tuy nhién luat doanh nghiép 2014 céng ty tréch nhigm hiu han 1 thinh vién duge quyén giam vén diéu 1 trong mot sé trudng hgp nhat dinh. 9. Cong ty hgp danh 1a doanh nghigp, trong 46 phai c6 it nhdt 02 thanh vin la cho sé hau chung eiia céng ty durge goi la thanh vién hgp danb, cing nhaw kinh doanh duéi mt tén chung. Ngoai cde thanh vién hop danh, cOng ty ¢6 the Ca thém thanh vién gop vén. Theo quy dinh, thanh vign hop danh va thanh vién g6p vén phai gop di va ding 67LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE han sé vén nhu da cam két. Thanh vién hop danh khong gop du va ding han s0 von dy cam két gay thiét hai cho céng ty phai chiu trach nhiém bdi thudng thigt hai cho cng ty. 10. Luat doanh nghi nude nim 100% vin diéu 16, (trong khi dé theo quy dinh cia ludt doanh nghiép 2005 2014 quy dinh doanh nghiép nha nude la doanh nghiép do nha doanh nghiép nha nude 1a doanh nghiép c6 hon 50% vén diéu 1é do nha nude nam gitt), déng thoi cing dua ra yéu cau cy thé lién quan dén h6i déng thanh vién, chit tich hOi déng thanh vién, téng giam déc va cdc vi tri inh dao khdc ciia doanh nghiép nha nu6c, 68LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE PART 2: INTERPRETING “) a [ | LESSON 5. NOTE- TAKING- WHAT TO NOTE © NOTES TO STUDENTS. According to Jones (2002, p.39), note-taking is part of the whole process of consecutive interpreting including: understanding, analysis and re-expression, and if these activities “are not done correctly, the best notes in the world will not make a good interpreter”. The process of note-taking is not a simple one. In order to make notes become an aid to enhance consecutive interpreting, the interpreter must answer the three basic questions as follows: (i) what to note; (ii) how to note; and (iii) when to note. UNDERSTANDING |———*) Whatis the speaker talking about? y ANALYZING -—| ‘What to note? I How to note? I When to note? NOTES RE-EXPRESSION ar —_—————— t expected to be complete or organized exactly the same way as in Notes are not the original speech. Instead they are expected to provide the cues necessary to remember the information in the speech. Notes can be compared to the skeleton 69LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE Outline of the speech shaped with main ideas and the links between them. 1. Note the main ideas not every word Whenever taking notes the interpreter must concentrate on the major idea and how this can be noted clearly and simply. 2. The Links The second thing the interpreter should consider to take notes is the links between ideas. The connections between individual ideas determine the overall meaning of the speech. Thus it is necessary for the interpreter to realize and render the such links. The ways in which ideas may be linked together are (i) the logical consequence which is expressed clearly with words such as consequently, as a result, accordingly or therefore; (ii) the logical cause which can be recognized with the words because, due to, as, ot since; and (iii) opposition which often goes with but, yet, however or nevertheless (Jones, 2002, p.28-29). Hardly does the interpreter get confused, if he or she notes links systematically. Thanks to logical connections, the interpreter can follow every movement and direction change made by the speaker without any difficulty 3. Noncontextualized Information O Numbers, proper names, lists of things and terminologies are some in the group of the elements that cannot be recalled on the basis of analytical and logical thinking in a given context. Unlike “main ideas” which have strongly impressed themselves on the interpreter’s mind in the form of either specific images or general concepts and tightly linked with each other, most of these elements are not tagged with any kind of mental images and they independently stand on their own, Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that numbers, proper names, lists of things and terminologies most deserve to be the priority of the interpreter’s note-taking, 4. Verb tenses It is also important to note down tenses of verbs. That means “when noting verbs, interpreters should thus take care to note the tense correctly, and if appropriate the mode, in particular conditional” (Jones (2002, p.42)). The modes and tenses of verbs have decisive influence on the meaning of a sentence. 70LEGAL TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING PRACTICE B. Practice Activity: Key words” 1. Teacher is going to play a tape/ deliver a speech on the topic types of business organization. Students are asked to use only key words to take notes of the speech they will listen to. 2. Students will then compare the notes of key words. 3. One student interprets based on his/her notes of key words after comparing with friends 4. Teacher and friends’ feedback and evaluations. 71