CHAPTER ONE

1.0 AN OVERVIEW OF STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is an accepted skill-

training and acquiring programme, which forms part of the approved

minimum academic standards in the various degree programmes for all the

Nigerian universities. Bridging the gap existing between theory and practice

of engineering and technology, science, agriculture, management, and other

professional academic programmes in the Nigerian universities, SIWES aims at

exposing the university student to machines and equipments, therefore

adapting him to the professional work atmosphere, and getting him used to team

work spirit needed in industries and in organizations.

This scheme is a tripartite program, involving the student, the university,

and the industry (employer of labour). It is funded by the federal

government of Nigeria and jointly coordinated by the Industrial Training

Fund (ITF) and the National Universities Commission (NUC).

1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (SIWES)

Set up in 1973, according to the direction of the Federal Government of Nigeria,

SIWES mandates that every student in the higher institutions of learning go on a

training for a specified period of time in order to meet their university

requirements.

However, in 1971, prior to the formation of SIWES, the ITF was established with

its zonal offices ( branches ) all over the country. ITF solely funded the
programme (SIWES) from the time of establishment until in 1978, when it was
withdrawn from ITF by the federal government due to the ITF's financial
incapacity to keep the programme running.

In July 1985, ITF took over the scheme once again, but with the federal
government funding the programme.

The programme, SIWES, affords the students of tertiary institutions the

opportunity of gaining the right exposure and experience needed in handling

equipment and machinery that are not within the reach of the students while

in school. It makes the students appreciate the theories taught in class

through the applications of these theories in their various practical aspects in

various places of industrial attachments. (www.martinslibrary.com/siwes).

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The followings are some of the objectives of SIWES:

I. SIWES prepares students for the work situation they are likely to meet

after graduation.
II. It provides an avenue for students in the Nigerian universities to acquire

industrial skills and experience in their course of study.

III. It makes the transition from the university to the world of work easier

and less frustrating, and thus, enhance students' contacts for later job
Placements.

IV. SIWES enlists and strengthens employers’ involvement in the entire

educational process, particularly the process of preparing university graduates

for employments in industries.

V. It exposes students to various work methods and techniques, regarding the

handling equipment and machines that may not be available in the

universities.

1.4 IMPORTANCE OF SIWES

The followings are few among the various importance of SIWES:

I. SIWES affords the students of the opportunity to apply their theoretical

knowledge in real life situations.

II. It exposes the students to more practical work methods and techniques.

III. SIWES strengthens the link or cement the relationships between employers,

universities, and Industrial Training Fund (ITF).

IV. It also practically prepares the students for the labour market after

graduation, making them academically and technically employable.

V. SIWES, having helped the students acquired massive technical skills (hard
skills or soft skills or both), makes the students self-employed or even employers
of labour, especially when there is limited availability of labour.

1.5.0 RESPONSIBILITIES OF VARIOUS SIWES BODIES

1.5.1 Federal Government

I. The federal government provides adequate fund to the ITF through the federal
ministry of industries.

II. The federal government mandates all ministries, companies, and parastatals to
offer places of attachment for students in accordance with the provision of decree
number 47 of 1971 of Nigerian Constitution as amended in 1999

1.5.2 Industrial Training Fund

I. ITF formulates policies and guidelines on SIWES.

II. ITF organizes orientation programmes for the students prior to their training
at their individual places of attachment.

III. It accepts and process the master lists and the placements lists from the
institutions and from the supervising agencies.

IV. It carries out supervisions on the various students at their various places of
Industrial Attachment or Placement.

V. ITF also provide insurance during the students' industrial training.

VI. It disburses the student's allowance at the shortest possible time.

1.5.3 The Supervising Agencies

I. The approval of master and placement lists of students participating, or have

participated already, in the training, and then send it to the ITF.

II. They ensure that every SIWES unit of every institution is well funded.

III. It carries out the proper co-ordination of the SIWES units.

 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 AN OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING INSTITUTION

Faculty of Engineering Automobile Service Centre, University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Located in the University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Faculty of Engineering Automobile Service Centre
(FEASC), UNN, aims at exposing the engineering students to engineering practice, by creating a
new atmosphere of work under which the students apply their theoretical knowledge in
engineering. At the Faculty of Engineering Automobile Service Centre, vehicles of various
categories are fixed and repaired, and research works conducted.

Faculty of Engineering Automobile Service Centre has two arms --- the mechanic workshops
where vehicles are fixed and repaired and is located within the faculty of engineering
environment, and the Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering laboratory at Green House,
where various engineering researches and constructions of various kinds are carried out. And I
worked in the Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering laboratory, at Green House.
Fabrication unit.
2.2 ORGANOGRAM OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING INSTITUTION

Organogram of Faculty of Engineering Automobile Service Centre

1. FEASC BOARD: FEASC Board is the highest in hierarchy concerning the smooth-running and
management of the institution. (Note: FEASC: Faculty of Engineering Automobile Service
Centre)

2. DIRECTOR OF FEASC: He follows FEASC in the ranking. Saddled with the responsibility of
directing, managing, and coordinating the affairs of the whole Faculty of Engineering
Automobile Service Centre, the director of FEASC remains responsible to FEASC board, in
overseeing the affairs of FEASC.

3. ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT: Directly under the Director of FEASC, Electrical Department

oversees...

4. PARTS SALES DEPARTMENT: Also directly under the Director of FEASC, the Parts Sales
Department is in charge of the purchase and sales of all the machine parts and tools needed for
use in the Faculty of Engineering Automobile Service Centre for fixing and repairs of
automobiles and for other uses in the institutions.

5. AUTOMOBILE REPAIR DEPARTMENT: Also directly below the Director of the FEASC, is the
Automobile Repair Department. Its principal task is the diagnosis of mechanical faults and their
repairs in automobiles.

6. FABRICATION UNIT: Fabrication Unit, which is also under the Director of FEASC, carries out
the fabrication of parts, refurbishing, designs, and developments.

7. AUTO-ELECTRICAL REPAIRS: A sub-unit under the Electrical department, it specialises in the

repairs of electrical gadgets in the automobiles.

8. AUTO-PARTS SALES MANAGER: He is in charge of the purchase and sales of automobiles

parts.

2.3 MISSION OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING INSTITUTION

Faculty of Engineering Automobile Service Centre, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, has a mission
which include the followings:
1. Giving the university students an hands-on experience of what a practicing engineering is, as
distinguishable from the class room and laboratory experiences of theoretical and practical
concepts of engineering.

2. Creating an atmosphere of work, where the university students would simply get to become
acquainted with work pressure and used to proper working conditions.

3. At the Faculty of Engineering Automobile Service Centre, UNN, students observe very strictly,
among other things, the general workshop precautions such as the use of safety boots, the use
of over-all, etc. In doing so, the students are already equiped with the habit of protecting
themselves from hazards by observing the necessary precautions in any place of work they find
themselves.

4. To increase the desire of the engineering students in the area of work, the desire to love
engineering practice and learn whatever is required to become a fully-fledged engineer.

5. To help the engineering students to actually know and understand where and how to apply
the engineering knowledge obtained in the classrooms at work.

6. Faculty of Engineering Automobile Service Centre, UNN, gives the students the room and the
opportunity to see with their eyes and touch with their hands some of the machines, tools,
principles of operation, and concepts learnt in classrooms.

2.4 VISION OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING INSTITUTION

The vision of the Faculty of Engineering Service Centre could be captured in the followings:

1. It aims at making the students become practicing engineers.

2. It aims at transforming the theory-distorted mindsets of the engineering students.

3. It aims at, by gradual expansion in its accommodating power, the vulnerability of students to
the vast unemployment situation of the country.

4. By improving on itself and by being somewhat up-to-date in the use of both soft and hard
skills, FEASC aims at making its IT students professionally proficient and current in engineering
practice.

5. It aims at its own expansion, based on its accomadating and retaining capacities, inorder to
absorb as many students as could be found in the UNN's faculty of engineering. In doing so,
students could work there even on vacations, aside their normal, routine SIWES programme.

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AUTOMOBILE SERVICE CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA,
NSUKKA

Fabrication Unit

Before I started my training at the laboratory, my colleagues and I were introduced to the staff,
and then taken to the various laboratory departments or units such as the Welding unit, Metal
work, etc. And at first, we were taken to the Welding Unit. And for the first time, I was able to
see and observe the working principles of an Electric Arc Welding.

And after that, we were taken to the Metal Work Section, where we found different machines,
such as the guillotine, grinder, lathe machine, etc.

3.1 GENERAL WORKSHOP SAFETY

Second, the staff took their time in educating us on the precautions we ought to take on the
course of our training, which among others include the followings:

1. To make sure we keep the floor of our laboratory oil-free.

1.2 To ensure that we put on all the necessary protective wears we ought to put on, such as
helmet, goggles, overalls, safety boots.

3.. To ensure that the floor is free from iron chips and other dirts.

4. To carefully read the precautions written on any machine before using them if there is any.

3.2.0 TERMINOLOGIES

I learnt so many terminologies on the course of my SIWES. They are the names of machines,
names of operations, and names of engineering tools.

Spanner: The spanner is a hand-held equipment used in providing grip and in tightening or
loosening fasteners. It gives a mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects. The tool
is used in turning rotary fasteners like nuts and bolts

Work piece: The metal or project one is working on, using the available tools and equipment
and machines.
3.2.2.0 OPERATIONS

During the training, we performed various operations such as the followings

3.2.2.1 Bench work

Works such as the cutting of irons, centre punching, and the use of vice to hold a work piece.

Bench vice : Vise, also spelled Vice, device consisting of two parallel jaws for holding a
workpiece; one of the jaws is fixed and the other movable by a screw, a lever, or a cam. When
used for holding a workpiece during hand operations, such as filing, hammering, or sawing, the
vise may be permanently bolted to a bench.
Fig 1: Bench vice

This was used in holding the sheet metal which helped in cutting the marked measurement
used for the fitting work.

3.2.2.2 Drilling Operation

Drilling operation involves making of holes through different work pieces for one project or the
other.

3.2.2.3 Welding Operation

I, alongside my colleagues, and under the supervision of the staff, welded, i.e joining different
metals together, in the construction of different implements like a weeder, a ridger.etc.
3.2.2.4. Coupling and Dismounting of Machine Parts

I, together with my colleagues, coupled and dismounted various machine parts. And by doing
so, it exposed me to the real life work of machines.

3.2.3 Machines

During the training, I learnt how to identify various machines and tools in the laboratory. And I
also learnt, as taught by the staff, the uses of those machines and tools. Some of them include
the followings:

3.2.4 Electric Arc Welding Machine

The machine is used in welding operation. With this machine, for example, we welded the discs
used in the construction of a ridger, among others. In electric arc welding, we made use of
earth cable, earth clamp, and power source.

1. Earth Clamp: This is a tool or part of the electric Arc welding machine which through the
earth cable ensures that the electric circuit is closed between the welding power source and
the piece to be welded. Below are the diagrams of both the earth clamp and the power source
we used during the welding.

2. Electrode/ Filler Electrode/ Welding Piece: An electrode is primarily a coated metal wire.
SMAW or stick electrodes can be consumed by the welding fire, meaning they can become part
of the welded piece and are also referred to as a filler electrode or welding rod. TIG tungsten
electrodes are said to be non-consumable as they do not melt and become part of the weld,
requiring the use of a welding rod.

3. Power Source: The power source can be an AC or DC power source.

Fig 2: Welding clamp

Welding clamps are metal sheet or leg holders that temporarily hold two pieces of materials together
tightly.

This makes it easier for welders to run the arc and weld the pieces together without worrying about
movements in the sheets. The clamps enable you to weld pieces together in a tight alignment.
Fig 3: Power source

welding joins together two pieces of metal, glass, or thermoplastics with similar melting points
and compositions using fusion.

Abrasives

Adjustable wrench

Benders

Chipping hammers

Consumable electrodes

Cylinders with custom carts

Electrode holders
Hand file

Soapstone

Tungsten inert gas (TIG) consumables

Vice and vice grips

Welding clamps

Processes

Because welding is a metal forming technique, it goes hand-in-hand with sheet metal
fabrication, and each trade uses similar processes, like assembling and bending, to get the final
product.

it involves many different processes, including specialty techniques, which can involve:

 Die cutting

 Finishing

 Hydroforming

 Roll forming

 Shrinking

 Spinning

 Stamping

 Stretching

Protective wears:

1. flame-resistant pants

2. A sturdy, fitted, flame-resistant jacket

3. Coveralls or leather apron

 4. Heavy, non-slip working boots or steel toe boots

5. Thick leather working gloves

6. An auto-darkening helmet with the proper visor

7. Safety goggles

8. Hearing protection

9. Respirator or dust mask

Fig 4: Power Hacksaw

3.2.1.2 Power Hacksaw

Hacksaw, among other uses, is used in cutting solid iron. Therefore, Electric Hacksaw is
powered by electricity; it requires no manpower to operate.
A power hacksaw is a machine used to cut across materials like metal and bone. ... The power
hacksaw blades are used to cut through the material or object and are usually graded according
to the steel it is made of and the number of teeth that it has.

 We used this machine in cutting out a POP pipe which was used in a construction.

Working Of Power Hacksaw:

The machine vice has two jaws. One jaw is fixed and the second one is movable. There is a
threaded row that is connected with the movable jaw on one side and a handle on the other
side. When we rotate this handle, the movable jaw of the machine vice moves in forward and
backward direction over this threaded rod of the machine vice.

We can clamp any workpiece in this machine vice easily to use the movable jaw.

3.3.4 FITTING:

The term Fitting is related to the assembly of parts, after bringing the dimension or shape to the
required size or form, in order to secure the necessary fit. The operations required for the same
are usually carried out on a workbench, hence the work is done on the bench is called Fitting
work.

We were given a metal sheet with measurements which we measured and marked out before
having to cut them with a hacksaw on the bench vice.

Materials used:

 HammersTrysquare

 Scribers

 Calliper And hammer

 Hacksaw
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Must use the try square for perpendicularity.

2. Finishing off the job will be always with a smooth file.

3.4.1 Guillotine Machine

Guillotine machine is used in cutting metal sheets. A guillotine is a machine tool that cuts some
types of sheet metal. The workpiece is fixed in the machine tool and subsequently cut by
pressing a blade through the workpiece and into a die underneath. It works like a pair of
scissors which means a blade presses against it using a good amount of force.

How do you cut sheet metal with a guillotine?

Feed the metal between the blades and lower the lever in small or long drags to make a series
of short snips or longer cuts while continuing to manipulate the metal into place; this simple
technique allows almost any shape to be cut from sheet metal.
 Fig 5: A guillotine
machine

3.2.1.4 Pillar or Column Drilling Machine

Pillar or Column Drilling Machine is used in carrying drilling or drilling operation drilling, an
operation involving the making of holes through metal sheets..
In the drilling, we usually, produce a cylindrical hole inside the workpiece and remove the
material inside it. Here, the material is removed by the rotating edge of the cutting tool. And
that rotating edge is called a drill.

It is the operation of sizing and finishing a hole by means of a reamer having several cutting
edges.

PROBLEM FOUND

The most common drilling problems were the creation of doglegs and key seats, hole instability,
lost circulation, and excessive bottom hole temperatures.

and it occurs when a sharp change of direction is taken in the wellbore.

SOLUTION

The use of properly placed stabilizers, large diameter drill collars, and the proper weight applied
to the bit minimized the formation of doglegs.

Fig 6: A piller drilling machine

3.2.1.5 Other Terminologies

Lathe Machine: This machine is used in machining. The function of Lathe is to remove the
metal in the form of chips from a piece of work by mounting the same rigidly on a machine
spindle and revolving at the required speed and the cutting tool is fed against the work either
longitudinally or crosswise to make the work to the required shape and size.

A lathe machine tool consists of several parts like:

Headstock

Bed

Tailstock

Carriage

Saddle

Cross-slide

Compound rest

Toolpost

Apron

Lead Screw

Feed rod

Chuck

Main spindle

Leg

Ten-Scale Electrode: This is used for larger work piece.

3.4.0 AFRICAN BREADFRUIT DEHAULER

The machine comprised of a roller which cracks the hull, an oscillating cam follower which removes the
cracked hull through repeated shearing against a stationary wall, and an aspiration unit which sifts the
hull from the endosperm. A prototype was constructed and tested.

We found out that this dehauler wasn't functioning well because the belt was not moving freely so we
had to dismantle it, to be able to detect where the problem was coming from.

We were able to detect the problem and loosenedthe nuts that were so tight and also used machine oil
to add to some rusted parts for easy movement, then the belt was able to move freely.

Before we coupled the dehauler we also found out that not only does the dehauler removes the chaff, it
also grinds it which is an issue because it was made only to dehaul the breadfruit which meant that the
the primary dehauler chamber should be lossed a bit so that it does not have to crush the breadfruit.

Fig7: African breadfruit dehaul..

Slip rollers are the user-friendly equipment that helps roll gauge thickness mild steel metal in
minimum forming radius.

These easy-to-use rollers are equipped with precision turned, ground, and polished carbon
steel rolls, and cast iron side frames, which help ensure precise sheet metal rolling.

SHEET METAL (0.3mm – 5.9mm)

Sheet metal is any metal that is thicker than a foil, but thinner than plate. Is commonly used for
lighter construction that does not require robust durability. The machine that is perfect for
bending sheet metal, is called a slip roll.

Common Problem Roll Forming Machine is Lack of Lubrication. roll forming effect is dependent
on lack of lubrication.

Sometimes just a little bit of lubricant works wonders.

How to Use a Slip Roller Effectively

 Adjust the tension using the front knobs.

 Place the sheet metal to be formed between the rollers

 Rotate the handle gently, or activate the motor

 The flat sheet metal is now rolled!

Fig8: A slip rolling machine

 CUTTING A SHEET METAL WITH AN ELECTRIC HAND SAW MACHINE

It is a tool used for cutting wood that has a sharp round blade which is spun quickly by a motor.

Most circular saws come with 2 basic adjustments:

1. Cutting blade depth.

2 . Bevel angle.

Mechanical failures may have different symptoms, but they almost always include a strange
noise, such as whistling, scraping or clicking.

If the engine shaft does not rotate or rotates with jerks, it is the engine that has failed.
Disassemble it and check the bearings.

TWO WHEEL TRACTOR

Specializes in pulling any of numerous types of implements. The operator usually walks behind
it or rides the implement being towed.

We helped to weld the parts and the plough disc, we helped cut out the excess parts with the
use of an electric hand saw.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

We made mistakes in marking out the measurement for the fuel tank and later we were able to
correct the mistake.
RECOMMENDATION

I will like department of Agricultural and Bio-resources Engineering to work on the following in
the fabrication workshop;

Put in place all machines that are not functioning.

Provide a muster point incase of emergency.

Provide an alternative exit apart from the entry point.

Provide a fire extinguisher that actually works in case of a fire incident.

Replace all worn out parts in a machine.

References

Bentzley, Craig (2011). "Installing a Bench Vise" (PDF). Woodcraft Magazine (June/July): 50–53.

Haan, E. R. (October 1954), "Selecting and using a bench vise", Popular Mechanics, 102 (4):
233–235, ISSN 0032-4558