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Reduction Formulas

(1) This document lists several useful formulas for integrating trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions. (2) The formulas provide reduction formulas that express the integral of various trig functions in terms of integrals of lower powers of the same or related trig functions. (3) Nine specific reduction formulas are given for integrals involving cosines, sines, tangents, cotangents, secants, cosecants, and combinations of sines and cosines.

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570 views1 page

Reduction Formulas

(1) This document lists several useful formulas for integrating trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions. (2) The formulas provide reduction formulas that express the integral of various trig functions in terms of integrals of lower powers of the same or related trig functions. (3) Nine specific reduction formulas are given for integrals involving cosines, sines, tangents, cotangents, secants, cosecants, and combinations of sines and cosines.

Uploaded by

Godstime
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SOME USEFUL REDUCTION FORMULAS

MATH 1352

n−1
Z Z
1
(1) cos (x) dx = cosn−1 (x) sin(x) +
n
cosn−2 (x) dx
n n

n−1
Z Z
1
(2) n
sin (x) dx = − sinn−1 (x) cos(x) + sinn−2 (x) dx
n n

Z Z
n 1
(3) tan (x) dx = tann−1 (x) − tann−2 (x) dx
n−1

Z Z
n 1
(4) cot (x) dx = − cotn−1 (x) − cotn−2 (x) dx
n−1

n−2
Z Z
n 1
(5) sec (x) dx = secn−2 (x) tan(x) + secn−2 (x) dx
n−1 n−1

n−2
Z Z
n 1
(6) csc (x) dx = − cscn−2 (x) cot(x) + cscn−2 (x) dx
n−1 n−1

Z
(7) sinp (x) cosq (x) dx
q−1
Z
1
= sinp+1 (x) cosq−1 (x) + sinp (x) cosq−2 (x) dx
p+q p+q

(8)
p−1
Z
1
=− sinp−1 (x) cosq+1 (x) + sinp−2 (x) cosq (x) dx
p+q p+q

2n − 1
Z Z
1 1 x 1
(9) 2 2 n+1
dx = 2 2 2 n
+ dx
(a + x ) 2na (x + a ) 2na2 (x2 + a2 )n
1

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