ENS 161 – Statics of Rigid Bodies

LESSON 8:
INTERNAL FORCES
Part 1
 INTERNAL FORCES OF MEMBERS
 Internal forces are those forces and couple moments that are exerted on a
portion of a structure, by the rest of the structure. You would only see these
forces if you were to cut or section the structure and separate it into two
segments. When you draw the free body diagrams of each segment, the
internal forces would now serve as external forces acting on the segments.
GENERAL STRUCTURE:
F
a w

∙A ∙B ∙ ∙ ∙
C D E
a

FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF LEFT AND RIGHT SEGMENTS:

F
Ay w
MB MB
Ax ∙A B
∙ NB NB
∙B ∙ ∙ ∙
C D E
MA VB VB
 2D - INTERNAL FORCES
TWO-DIMENSIONAL INTERNAL FORCES:
1. Normal Force (N) – this is the internal force component that acts
perpendicular to the cross-section of the member. It is also called an axial
force.
2. Shear Force (V) – this is the internal force component that acts tangent to the
cross-section of the member.
3. Bending Moment (M) – this is the couple moment that tends to bend the
member.

Shear Force

Normal Force

Bending Moment
 2D - INTERNAL FORCES
SIGN CONVENTION FOR 2D INTERNAL FORCES:

POSITIVE INTERNAL FORCES AT A CUT

NEGATIVE INTERNAL FORCES AT A CUT

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
Tension Compression
NORMAL FORCES

Rotate clockwise Rotate Counter-Clockwise

SHEAR FORCES

Concave Up Concave Down

BENDING MOMENT
 3D - INTERNAL FORCES
THREE-DIMENSIONAL INTERNAL FORCES:
1. Normal Force (Ny) – this is the internal force component that acts
perpendicular to the cross-section of the member.
2. Shear Forces (Vx and Vz) – these are the internal force components that act
tangent to the cross-section of the member along their respective axis.
3. Bending Moment (Mx and Mz) – these are the internal couple moment
components that tends to bend the member along a plane that is
perpendicular to their respective axis.
4. Torsional or Twisting Moment (My) – this is the internal couple moment that
tends to rotate or twist the member cross-section about this particular axis.

Note that the internal force subscripts are based on the plane where the cross-
section cut is located. In the diagram the plane of the cross-section cut is a vertical
plane along the x-z hyperplane. Hence, the shear force components and the
bending moment components are directed along the x and z axes, while the
normal force and torsional moment are directed along the y axis.
 3D - INTERNAL FORCES
SIGN CONVENTION FOR 3D INTERNAL FORCES:
The positive directions of internal forces are based on the established x, y, z
coordinate system as shown below.

Bending Moment
Components
Mz
Normal Force

Vz Torsional Moment
Ny My

Vx
Mx
Shear Force Components
 PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
The method of sections can be used to determine the internal loadings on a cross-
section of a member using the following procedure:
1. Before a member is sectioned, it may first be necessary to determine its
support reactions by drawing the FBD of the entire structure and solving for
the unknown reactions.
F
Ay w

Ax ∙A ∙B ∙ ∙ ∙
C D E
MA

2. Pass an imaginary section through the member, perpendicular to its axis, at

the point where internal loadings are to be determined.
F
Ay w
a

Ax ∙A ∙B ∙ ∙ ∙
C D E
MA
a
 PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
3. After the section is made, draw the FBD of the section with the least number
of loads on it, and indicate the components of the internal force and couple
moment resultants (N, V, and M) at the cross-section acting in their positive
directions as established by the sign convention.
4. Take note to keep all the distributed loadings, external forces and couple
moments acting on the member in their exact locations in the FBD of the
segment chosen.

FBD of right segment:

F
w
MB

NB
∙B ∙ ∙ ∙
C D E
VB
 PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
5. Apply the equilibrium equations to the chosen segment. Take note to sum
moments at the cut section, so that the normal and shear forces would be
eliminated from the equation, and the bending moment can be solved
directly.
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑀𝐵 = 0
B is the location of the cutting section.

6. If the solution to the equilibrium equations yields a negative scalar, the sense
of the quantity is opposite to that shown in the free-body diagram.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE 1: SOLUTION:
Determine the normal force, shear Determine the support reactions.
force and bending moment acting just to FBD of the entire structure:
the left, point B, and just to the right,
point C, of the 6 kN force on the beam.

Dx
Ay Dy

+ ΣMD = 0:
0 = − Ay 9 m + 6 kN 6 m + 9 kN ∙ m
Ay = 5 kN = 5.00 kN

+ ΣFx = 0: 𝐷𝑥 = 0
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
+ ΣFy = 0: + ΣMB = 0:
0 = Ay − 6 kN + Dy 0 = MB − 5 kN 3 m
0 = 5 kN − 6 kN + Dy MB = 15 kN∙m = 15.0 kN∙m
𝐷𝑦 = 1 kN = 1.00 kN
Analyzing segment AC.
Analyzing segment AB. FBD of segment AC:
FBD of segment AB:

+ ΣFx = 0: 𝑁𝐵 = 0 + ΣFx = 0: 𝑁𝐶 = 0

+ ΣFy = 0: + ΣFy = 0:
0 = 5 kN − 𝑉𝐵 0 = 5 kN − 6 kN − 𝑉𝐶

𝑉𝐵 = 5 kN = 5.00 kN 𝑉𝐶 = − 1 kN = 1.00 kN
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
+ ΣMC = 0:
0 = MC − 5 kN 3 m
MC = 15 kN∙m = 15.0 kN∙m

Note that the moment arm for the 5 kN

force in both cases is approximately 3 m
since B and C are almost coincident.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION:
Determine the normal force, shear It is not necessary to find the support
force and bending moment at C of the reactions at A since segment CB of the beam
beam shown below. can be used to determine the internal
loadings at C.
The intensity 𝑤𝐶 of the triangular loading at
C is determined using similar triangles as
shown.

𝑤𝐶 1200 N/m
=
1.5 m 3m
1.5 m
𝑤𝐶 = 1200 N/m = 600 N/m
3m
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The distributed loading can be replaced by + ΣMC = 0:
an equivalent concentrated load acting at 1 N
the centroid of the triangular loading. 0 = − MC − 2 600 1.5 m 0.5 m
m

FBD of segment CB: MC = − 225 kN∙m = 225 kN∙m

+ ΣFx = 0: 0 = −𝑁𝐶
𝑁𝐶 = 0

+ ΣFy = 0:
1 N
0 = 𝑉𝐶 − 2 600 1.5 m
m

𝑉𝐶 = 450 N = 450 N
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE 3: SOLUTION:
Determine the normal force, shear By inspection, we can see that member CD is
force and bending moment at point B of a two force member. Therefore, we can solve
the two-member frame shown below. the support reactions at pin A (Ax and Ay) and
pin D (FCD) by analyzing member AC only.
The distributed loading is replaced by its
equivalent load acting at the centroid of the
rectangular loading.

FBD of member AC:

Ax

Ay FCD
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
+ ΣMA = 0: Passing an imaginary section perpendicular
3 to the member AC through point B yields
0 = − 400 lb 4 ft + 𝐹 8 ft segments AB and BC. Note that when
5 𝐶𝐷
drawing the FBD of each segment, it is
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 333.33 lb = 333 lb
important to keep the distributed loading
where it is until after the section. Only then
+ ΣFx = 0:
4
can it be replaced by a single equivalent
0 = −𝐴𝑥 + 5 𝐹𝐶𝐷 concentrated load.
4 FBD of segment AB:
0 = −𝐴𝑥 + 333.33 lb
5

𝐴𝑥 = 266.67 lb = 267 lb

+ ΣFy = 0:
3
0 = 𝐴𝑦 − 400 lb + 5 𝐹𝐶𝐷
3
0 = 𝐴𝑦 − 400 lb + 5 333.33 lb

𝐴𝑦 = 200 N = 200 N
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
FBD of segment BC: + ΣFy = 0:
3
0 = 𝑉𝐵 − 200 lb + 5 333.33 lb

𝑉𝐵 = 0

+ ΣMB = 0:
3
0 = −𝑀𝐵 − 200 lb 2 ft + 5 333.33 lb 4 ft
Apply the equations of equilibrium to 𝑀𝐵 = 400 lb∙ft = 400 lb∙ft
segment BC.

+ ΣFx = 0:
4
0 = − 𝑁𝐵 + 5 333.33 lb

𝑁𝐵 = 266.67 lb = 267 lb
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE 4: SOLUTION:
The uniform sign has a mass of 650 kg Note that the problem is in three dimensions.
and is supported on the fixed column. The wind load acts perpendicular to the
Design codes indicate that the expected surface of the sign.
maximum uniform wind loading that will It is not necessary to find the support
occur in the area where it is located is reactions of the column, since we can analyze
900 kPa. Determine the internal the upper segment produced by passing a
loadings at point A of the column. cutting section at point A of the column.
Since the problem is in three dimensions, we
will use vector analysis. The sign has a weight
of
𝑊 = 650 kg 9.81 m/s2 = 6376.5 N
𝑊 = 6.376 kN
The wind load is calculated as:
𝑃 = 900 kPa 6 m 2.5 m = 13.5 kN
Note that both the weight and wind load acts
at the centroid (G) of the sign.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
FBD of segment above point A: Equating the x, y, and z components:
𝐏 = −13.5 kN 𝐢
ΣFx = 0:
𝐖 = −6.376 kN k
0 = 𝐹𝐴𝑥 − 13.5 kN
𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 13.5 kN (x-component of Shear Force)

ΣFy = 0:
𝐏 𝐖
𝐹𝐴𝑦 = 0 (y-component of Shear Force)
𝐅𝐴 = 𝐹𝐴𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹𝐴𝑦 𝐣 + 𝐹𝐴𝑧 𝐤
ΣFz = 0:
0 = 𝐹𝐴𝑧 − 6.376 kN
𝐌𝐴 = 𝑀𝐴𝑥 𝐢 + 𝑀𝐴𝑦 𝐣 + 𝑀𝐴𝑧 𝐤
𝐹𝐴𝑧 = 6.38 kN (Normal or Axial Force)
ΣF = 0:
0 = 𝐅A + 𝐏 + 𝐖 Since the magnitude of 𝐹𝐴𝑥 and 𝐹𝐴𝑧 are
0 = 𝐹𝐴𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹𝐴𝑦 𝐣 + 𝐹𝐴𝑧 𝐤 + −13.5 kN i positive, therefore they act towards the
positive x and z axes, respectively.
+ −6.376 kN k
Solving for position vector r:
0 = 𝐹𝐴𝑥 − 13.5 kN 𝐢 + 𝐹𝐴𝑦 𝐣
r = 3j + 5.25k m
+ 𝐹𝐴𝑧 − 6.376 kN 𝐤
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
ΣMA = 0:
ΣMy = 0:
0 = 𝐌A + (r × P) + (r × W)
0 = 𝑀𝐴𝑦 − 70.875 kN ∙m
0 = 𝑀𝐴𝑥 𝐢 + 𝑀𝐴𝑦 𝐣 + 𝑀𝐴𝑧 𝐤
𝑀𝐴𝑦 = 70.875 kN∙m = 70.9 kNm
+ 3j + 5.25k m × −13.5 kN i
(y-component of Bending Moment)
+ 3j + 5.25k m × −6.376 kN k
0 = 𝑀𝐴𝑥 𝐢 + 𝑀𝐴𝑦 𝐣 + 𝑀𝐴𝑧 𝐤 ΣMz = 0:
+ − 40.5 −k − 70.875 j kN∙m 0 = 𝑀𝐴𝑧 + 40.5 kN∙m
+ −19.130 i kN∙m 𝑀𝐴𝑧 = − 40.5 kN∙m (Torsional Moment)
0 = 𝑀𝐴𝑥 − 19.130 kN∙m i
Since the magnitude of 𝑀𝐴𝑥 and 𝑀𝐴𝑦 are
+ 𝑀𝐴𝑦 − 70.875 kN∙m j
positive, therefore they act towards the
+ 𝑀𝐴𝑧 + 40.5 kN∙m k positive x and y axes, respectively.
Equating the x, y, and z components:
Since the magnitude of 𝑀𝐴𝑧 is negative,
ΣMx = 0: therefore it acts towards the negative z-axis.
0 = 𝑀𝐴𝑥 − 19.130 kN ∙m
𝑀𝐴𝑥 = 19.130 kN∙m = 19.1 kN∙m
(x-component of Bending Moment)
 BEAMS
 A beam is a structural member designed to support loads applied at various
points along its axis. In most cases, the loads are applied perpendicular to the
axis of the beam and will cause only shear and bending.
 Beams are usually long, straight, and prismatic (have the same cross-section
throughout its length). Examples of commonly used beam cross-sections are
rectangular and wide flange sections, commonly called I-beams or W-sections.

PRISMATIC BEAM
NON – PRISMATIC BEAM
The design of a beam includes the following steps:
1. Determine the variation of the internal shear force and bending moment at
each point along the axis of the beam, due to the applied loads. (ENS 161
Statics of Rigid Bodies)
2. Select the best suited cross section that will provide the most effective
resistance to bending stress, shear stress, and deflection produced by the
applied loads. (ENS 164 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies)
 BEAMS
COMMON TYPES OF BEAM LOADINGS:
1. Concentrated Load 4. Trapezoidal Distributed Load

2. Uniformly Distributed Load 5. Point Moment

3. Triangular Distributed Load

 BEAMS
CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS BASED ON SUPPORTS:
1. Simply Supported Beam 4. Continuous Beam

2. Cantilever Beam 5. Propped Cantilever Beam

3. Overhanging Beam 6. Fixed Beam

NOTE: Beam Nos. 4, 5 and 6 are statically

indeterminate beams.
 SHEAR AND MOMENT
DIAGRAMS OF BEAMS
 To design a beam, we need to know the variations in the internal shear 𝑉 and
bending moment 𝑀 for each point along the beam’s axis.
 These variations can be obtained by using method of sections. Therefore, we
section the beam at a distance 𝑥 from one end (usually the left end) of the
beam and apply the equations of equilibrium to the segment (usually the left
segment) having a length of 𝑥. Thus, we obtain 𝑉 and 𝑀 as a function of 𝑥.
 Note that 𝑉 and 𝑀 functions will be discontinuous at:
a. locations where distributed loading changes
b. Locations where concentrated loads are applied
c. Locations where couple moments are applied
 Therefore, separate V and M functions must be determined for each region of
the beam between two discontinuities.
 The graphical plot of the functions 𝑉 𝑥 and 𝑀 𝑥 are known as the shear
diagram and bending-moment diagram, respectively.
 SHEAR AND MOMENT
DIAGRAMS OF BEAMS
PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS:
The shear and bending moment diagrams will be constructed using the procedure:
1. Determine the reactions at the supports of the beam.
2. Find out the number of sets of equations needed to define shear force and
bending moment across the entire length of the beam. This corresponds to
the number of regions between two discontinuities due to loadings in the
beam.
3. For each region, section the beam at a distance 𝑥 from an end of the beam
(preferably from left end) and draw the free-body diagram of one of the
segments (preferably the left). Make sure that V and M are shown acting in
their positive sense as established by the sign convention.
 SHEAR AND MOMENT
DIAGRAMS OF BEAMS
4. Then, from the FBD for each region, write the equilibrium equations and solve
for shear and bending moment. V is obtained by summing forces
perpendicular to the beams axis while M is obtained by summing moments
about the cut(sectioned) end of the segment.
5. Plot the shear diagram (V versus x) and the bending moment diagram (M
versus x). If the computed values of the functions describing V and M are
positive, the values are plotted above the x-axis, whereas negative values are
plotted below the x-axis.
6. Generally, it is convenient to plot the shear and bending moment diagrams
below the FBD of the entire beam.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE 5: SOLUTION:
Given the beam loaded as shown, First, we solve the reactions at the supports of
write the V and M equations and draw the beam.
the V and M diagrams. FBD of entire beam:
P
P
Ax
A B A B
Ay 𝐿/2 𝐿/2 By
𝐿/2 𝐿/2

+ ΣFx = 0: 𝐴𝑥 = 0

+ ΣMA = 0: + ΣFy = 0:
𝐿 0 = 𝐴𝑦 − 𝑃 + 𝐵𝑦
0 = −𝑃 2
+ By L
𝑃 𝑃
𝐵𝑦 = 0 = 𝐴𝑦 − 𝑃 +
2 2
𝑃
𝐴𝑦 = 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Upon investigation, there are two regions For region 𝐿/2 < 𝑥 < 𝐿:
that require two sets of shear and bending
moment functions.
For region 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿/2:

+ ΣFy = 0:
+ ΣFy = 0: 𝑃
𝑃
0 = −𝑉 + 2 − 𝑃
0 = −𝑉 + 2 𝑃
𝑃
𝑉=− 2
𝑉= 2
+ ΣM = 0:
+ ΣM = 0: 𝑃 𝐿
𝑃 0 = M−2𝑥+𝑃 𝑥−2
0 = M−2𝑥
𝑃𝐿 𝑃
𝑃 M = −2𝑥
M = 𝑥 2
2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The equations for region 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿/2 indicates
that the shear force is constant (horizontal line)
while the bending moment is linear (1 degree
curve).
At 𝑥 = 0: At 𝑥 = 𝐿/2:
𝑃 𝑃
𝑉= 𝑉=
2 2
𝑃 𝑃 𝐿 𝑃𝐿
M = 0 =0 M = 2 2 =
2 4

The equations for region 𝐿/2 < 𝑥 < 𝐿 indicates 0

that the shear force is constant (horizontal line)
while the bending moment is linear (1 degree
curve).
At 𝑥 = 𝐿/2: At 𝑥 = 𝐿:
𝑃 𝑃
𝑉 = −2 𝑉 = −2
𝑃𝐿 𝑃 𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑃
M = − M = −2 𝐿 =0
2 2 2 2 0
𝑃𝐿
= 4
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE 6: SOLUTION:
Given the beam loaded as shown, First, we solve the reactions at the supports of
write the V and M equations and draw the beam.
the V and M diagrams. FBD of entire beam:
w
w
Ax
A B A B
Ay 𝐿 By
𝐿

+ ΣFx = 0: 𝐴𝑥 = 0

+ ΣMA = 0: + ΣFy = 0:
𝐿 0 = 𝐴𝑦 − 𝑤𝐿 + 𝐵𝑦
0 = −𝑤𝐿 2
+ By L
𝑤𝐿 𝑤𝐿
𝐵𝑦 = 0 = 𝐴𝑦 − 𝑤𝐿 +
2 2
𝑤𝐿
𝐴𝑦 = 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Upon investigation, only one region The equations for region 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿 indicates
required to express the shear force and that the shear force is linear (1 degree curve)
bending moment. while the bending moment is quadratic (2
For region 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿: degree curve).
At 𝑥 = 0: At 𝑥 = 𝐿:
𝑤𝐿 𝑤𝐿
𝑉= −𝑤 0 𝑉= −𝑤 𝐿
2 2
𝑤𝐿 𝑤𝐿
= = − 2
2
𝑤𝐿 𝑤 2 𝑤𝐿 𝑤 2
M = 0 − 0 M = 𝐿 − 𝐿
2 2 2 2
+ ΣFy = 0: =0 =0
𝑤𝐿 Note that the because the shear changes from
0 = −𝑉 + − 𝑤𝑥
2 positive to negative, therefore the shear
𝑤𝐿
𝑉= − 𝑤𝑥 diagram crosses the x-axis at some point along
2
the beam. Solve for 𝑥 using the shear equation
+ ΣM = 0: when 𝑉 = 0.
𝑤𝐿 𝑥 𝑤𝐿
0 = M− 𝑥+ 𝑤𝑥 𝑉= − 𝑤𝑥 Therefore:
2 2 2
𝑤𝐿 𝑤 𝑤𝐿 𝑤𝐿/2 𝐿
M = 𝑥 − 2 𝑥2 0 = 2 − 𝑤𝑥 𝑥= =2
2 𝑤
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
We determine the bending moment at this
point where 𝑉 = 0 , since this is where a
maximum or minimum bending moment will
occur.
𝐿
At 𝑥 = 2:
𝑤𝐿 𝑤 2
M = 𝑥 − 𝑥
2 2
𝑤𝐿 𝐿 𝑤 𝐿 2 𝑤𝐿2
M = − = 0
2 2 2 2 8

Note that when you draw the shear and

bending moment diagrams, indicate the degree
of the curves if they are greater than 1. The
curves of the bending moment diagram for this
beam are 2 degree curves as indicated.

0
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE 7: SOLUTION:
Given the beam loaded as shown, First, we solve the reactions at the supports of
write the V and M equations and draw the beam.
the V and M diagrams. FBD of entire beam:
10 kips
10 kips
6 kips/ft

3 kips/ft 3 kips/ft

3 kips/ft
A ∙ B Ax
∙
46 kips ∙ ft B
A 46 kips ∙ ft
2ft 6ft 2ft Ay By
2ft 6ft 2ft

+ ΣFx = 0: 𝐴𝑥 = 0
+ ΣMA = 0:
0 = −𝑤𝐿
𝐿
+ By L We subdivide the trapezoidal loading into a
2 uniform loading and a triangular loading.
𝑤𝐿
𝐵𝑦 = 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
+ ΣMA = 0: For region 0 ft < 𝑥 < 2 ft:
6
0 = −46 − 10 2 − 3 6 2+2
1 2
− 3 6 2+ 6 +𝐵𝑦 10
2 3
𝐵𝑦 = 21.0 kips
+ ΣFy = 0: + ΣM = 0:
+ ΣFy = 0:
0 = −𝑉 + 16 0 = M − 16 𝑥
1
0 = 𝐴𝑦 − 10 − 3 6 − 3 6 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑉 = 16 kips M = 16𝑥 kip∙ft
2
1
0 = 𝐴𝑦 − 10 − 3 6 − 2 3 6 + 21 For this region, the shear force is constant
(horizontal line) while the bending moment is
𝐴𝑦 = 16.0 kips
linear (1 degree curve).
Upon investigation, there are three At 𝑥 = 0 ft: At 𝑥 = 2 ft:
regions required to express the shear
force and bending moment accurately. 𝑉 = 16 kips 𝑉 = 16 kips
M = 16 0 = 0 M = 16 2
= 32 kip ∙ ft
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
For region 2 ft < 𝑥 < 8 ft: + ΣFy = 0:
0 = −𝑉 + 16 − 10 − 3 𝑥 − 2
1
−2 𝑤 − 3 𝑥 − 2
w
0 = −𝑉 + 16 − 10 − 3 𝑥 − 2
1 1
−2 3 + 2 𝑥 − 2 −3 𝑥−2
1 2
𝑉 =6−3 𝑥−2 −4 𝑥−2
1
We need to determine w in terms of x by ratio 𝑉 = 6 − 3𝑥 + 6 − 4 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
and proportion 1
𝑉 = 11 − 2𝑥 − 4 𝑥 2 kips
𝑤−3 6−3
=
𝑥−2 6
1
𝑤 = 3+ 𝑥−2
2
Next, we determine the shear and bending
moment equations. The trapezoidal loading is
divided into a uniform and triangular loading.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
+ ΣM = 0: For this region, the shear force is quadratic
𝑥−2 (2 degree curve) while the bending
0 = 𝑀 − 16𝑥 + 10 𝑥 − 2 + 3 𝑥 − 2 moment is cubic (3 degree curve).
2
1 𝑥−2 At 𝑥 = 2 ft:
+ 𝑤−3 𝑥−2 − 46
2 3
1 2
𝑥−2 𝑉 = 11 − 2 2 − 4 2 = 6 kips
0 = 𝑀 − 16𝑥 + 10 𝑥 − 2 + 3 𝑥 − 2 2 1
M = 60.67 + 11 2 − 2 2 − 12 2 3
1 1 𝑥−2
+2 3+ 𝑥−2 −3 𝑥−2 − 46
2 3
3
= 78 kip ∙ ft
2
0 = 𝑀 − 16𝑥 + 10 𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥−2
2 At 𝑥 = 8 ft:
1 3
+ 12 𝑥 − 2 − 46 𝑉 = 11 − 2 8 − 4 8
1 2
= −21 kips
3
0 = 𝑀 − 16𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 20 + 2 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 M = 60.67 + 11 8 − 8 2 1
− 12 8 3
1
+ 12 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 8 − 46 = 42 kip ∙ ft
1 Note that the because the shear changes
𝑀 = 60.67 + 11𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 12 𝑥 3 kip∙ft
from positive to negative, therefore the
shear diagram crosses the x-axis at some
point along the beam. Solve for 𝑥 using the
shear equation when 𝑉 = 0.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
1 For region 8 ft < 𝑥 < 10 ft:
𝑉 = 11 − 2𝑥 − 4 𝑥 2
1 Consider the right segment after sectioning
0 = 11 − 2𝑥 − 4 𝑥 2 but with 𝑥 still measured from the left end of
0 = 44 − 8𝑥 − 𝑥 2 beam.

Use calculator shift solve. Note that there are

two roots for this equation. Do not use the
negative root since it implies the location is
outside of the beam. Therefore, only consider
the positive root.
+ ΣFy = 0:
𝑥 = 3.745966692 = 3.75 ft
0 = 𝑉 + 21
At 𝑥 = 3.75 ft: 𝑉 = − 21 kips
2 1 3
M = 60.67 + 11 3.75 − 3.75 − 12 3.75
+ ΣM = 0:
= 83.5 kip ∙ ft
0 = − M + 21 10 − 𝑥
This corresponds to a maximum moment at
M = 210 − 21𝑥 kip∙ft
this region of the beam.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
For this region, the shear force is constant
(horizontal curve) while the bending
moment is linear (1 degree curve).
At 𝑥 = 8 ft:
𝑉 = −21 kips
M = 210 − 21 8 = 42 kip ∙ ft
At 𝑥 = 10 ft:
𝑉 = −21 kips
M = 210 − 21 10 = 0 0

We can now draw the shear and bending

moment diagrams. Remember to indicate
the degree of the curves in the diagrams.

0
 REFERENCE
 Hibbeler, R. C. (2009). Engineering Mechanics: Statics (12th
Edition). Prentice Hall.
THE END