(1) Connectors, Prepositions and Word Orders

although / even though/ though + clause

despite + phrase
in spite of + phrase the minister of education phrase
besides It is me clause
beside
because/as/since + clause
because of /due to + phrase
so that
so
Examples:
A.( although, in spite of, despite….)
1.In spite of his illness, Andi went to school
1. Although Andi felt ill, he went to school.
3. Despite his illness, Andi went to school.
B ( because, because of. )
1. Because she was ill, she stayed at home
2. Because of her illness, she stayed at home.
C. so (unexpected result) / so that ( intended purpose )
1. The bus was overcrowded so I took a taxi
2. I took the front seat so that I could see more clearly.
D. (besides, beside…..)
1. Besides our dog, we have two cats and a canary
2. We sat beside the teacher.
E. Paired Conjunctions
both………and …….(as well as) …….
either……..or ……….
Neither……nor ……..
not only …..but also ……….
not……but …… (not is not conjunction)
Examples :
 She speaks both English and Spanish at home.
 Checks are not only safer but also more convenient.
 The school color is not blue but red.
 Either Sue or Mark has the book
 The movie was neither amusing nor interesting.
 PREPOSITIONS
Between ( only two ) and Among ( more than two ) diantara
 She is sitting between Andi and Rudi.
 She is sitting among some students.
Place – In, On, At
In On At In
Country Street Number a park
State Street Corner a room
Province Coast a building
County River
City a ship / train
a plane

Time – In, On, At

- In – Year/Month On – Day/Date At -Time
 We go to the mosque at 11.30 0n Friday.
 She was born in December 1999. on December 19
 We live in Jakarta.
 He lives on Tenth Street

Time Limit – From…..To…..

 I lived in Jakarta from 1980 to 1990.
But and Except ( kecuali )
 All the students but Mary were present yesterday.
 All the students except Mary were present yesterday.

Word Order
I : Incorrect
C: Correct
I : The natural disaster caused much damage property
C : The natural disaster caused much property damage.
I : Ronald Jackson was entirely almost unknown to the people of his own time
C : Ronald Jackson was almost entirely unknown to the people of his own time
I : The class economy in most airlines is almost similar to the first class.
C : The economy class in most airlines is almost similar to the first class.
 Note: In Indonesian (D M Diterangkan Menerangkan) buku baru
In English ( M D Menerangkan Diterangkan) new books
Pattern: S + V + (O / Complement) Statement
 I went to Jakarta ( S + V )
 I like apples ( S + V + O )
 I am a student ( S + V + C )
(WH) + Auxiliary + S + ……..? Questions
 What do you like?
 Are you ill?
Auxiliary (is, am, are, were, was, do, does, did, has, have, can, may, could, etc)
 Dependent Clauses (Anak Kalimat) must be in Statement Order and has a connector

Adjective Clauses

Dependent Clauses Adverb Clauses

Noun Clauses

 Main Clauses ( Induk Kalimat) has no connector

Were you watching TV when your father came home?

MC DC

(3) Connectors, Preposition and Word Orders

1, _______recent times, the discipline of biology has expanded rapidly into a variety of subdisciplines
A, It is since
B. When
C. Since it is
D. In

2. Malaria, which can be fatal if left untreated, is transmitted by the female, ______by the male,
mosquito.
A. not
B. however
C. despite
D. instead

3, _______ his life, Eugene O’Neill was regarded as the foremost American dramatist.
A, It was the time of
B. While
C. During
D. By the time of

4. Franchising offers many advantages to small business owners _______problematic.

A, however it is
B. even though it is
C. despite its
 D. it is

5, In practice, setting up a chain of command in a business can be a very complicated task, ______ it
involves the interaction of real human beings.
A, because of
B. how
C. as
D. due to

6, Copper tubing is the preferred choice of plumbers _______ noncorrosive

A, since it is
B. because of
C. it is
D. insofar as

7, _______ growing awareness of social ills, Edna Saint Vincent Millay wrote increasingly more
somber poetry during her last years.
A, A
B. Because her
C. When a
D. Due to her

8. ________ young, Eugene O’Neill traveled with his father’s theatrical company, and the stage was
an important part of his life.
A. When was he
B. He was
C. Was he
D. When he was

9. Moderate exercise is not the only behavioral adaptation necessary to promote physical fitness,
______ it is a contributing factor.
A. however
B. though
C. despite
D. nevertheless

10, . ______ the light rain, the baseball game will not be cancelled unless the other team concedes.
A. Despite of C. In spite
B. Despite in D. Despite

11. We moved to the front row _____ we could hear and see better.
A. so as C. such
B. so that D. such that

12. We were both pleased ______honored to be guests of the president.

A. also C. alike
B. and D. as

13.Karen’s home ______ on a busy downtown street.

A. small, is an apartment
B. a small apartment is
C. an apartment is small
D. is a small apartment
14, Carpenters _____ to build cabinets.
A. woodworking, a variety of useful tools
B. use of a variety of woodworking tools
C. a variety of woodworking tools use
D. use a variety of woodworking tools

15, People’s attitudes and daily lifestyles are influenced by _____

A. they see and hear what on television
B. on television what they see and hear
C. they see and hear on television what
D. what they see and hear on television

16. Benny Goodman was equally talented as both a jazz performer as well as a classical musician.
A B C D

17. Amelia Earhart, the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, disappeared on June 1937 while
A B C
attempting to fly around the world.
D
18. Kangaroos use their long and powerful tails for balance themselves when sitting upright or
A B C D
jumping.

19. A vast quantity of radioactive material is made when does a hydrogen bomb
A B C D

20. Emotionally stable people seem to have about the same number of nightmares as highly anxiously
A B C D
individuals.

COMPARATIVE DEGREES OF ADJECTIVE AND ADVERBS

Positive Comparative Superlative

tall taller tallest

good better best
Adjective
expensive more expensive most expensive

Positive Comparative Superlative

 hard harder hardest
Adverb slowly more slowly most slowly
well better best

V1 (s / es ),

V2
V has/have/had + V3
is / am / was / were
modal + V1

I. POSITIVE
S1 + V + As + Adjective/Adverb + As + S2
 Andi is as tall as Rudi ( Adjective )
 She is as beautiful as her sister. ( Adjective )
 Andi runs as fast as Rudi ( Adverb )
 My father drives as carefully as my uncle. ( Adverb )

II. COMPARATIVE
S1 + V + Adjective / Adverb + er + Than + S2
More + Adjective / Adverb
 Toni is shorter than Rudi ( Adjective )
 This book is more expensive than that one. ( Adjective )
 The flowers in my garden are more beautiful than those in your gardens
(Adjective / in formal written English kata yang dibandingkan harus diulang
degan kata ganti)
 Andi studies harder than Rudi ( Adverb )
 Andi studies more seriously than Rudi. ( Adverb )

III. SUPERLATIVE
S + V + The + Adjective / Adverb + est
 Most + Adjective / Adverb
 An essay test is the most difficult ( Adjective )
 An essay test is the hardest ( Adjective )
 He runs the fastest of all. (Adverb )
 He studies the most seriously in his class. (Adverb )

IV. DOUBLE COMPARATIVE.

The + Comparative + S + V, The + Comparative + S + V
 The more you review, the easier the pattern will be.
 The harder you work, the better the result will be

OTHER COMPARATIVES
The same and (the same as + Noun )
The same + Noun + As
 This coat is the same as that one.
 This coat and that coat are the same.
 My bag has the same color as yours
Similar and (similar to + Noun)
 This pen is similar to that pen.
 This pen and that pen are similar.
Differ from, different from, and different
 This car differs from that car.
 This car is different from that car.
 This car and that car are different.
(Like, Unlike + Noun) and alike
 Rudi is like his father. (preposition)
 Rudi and his father are alike. (adjective)
 Unlike his uncle, Rudi is a hard worker. (preposition)
as much/many as
Fresh fruit costs twice as much as canned fruit.
We have half as many as we need

Comparatives
Find the best choice

1. The combine population of the state Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming is less than _____
A. that of the city of Los Angeles
 B. people who live in the city of Los Angeles
C. the city of Los Angeles
D. the city of Los Angeles has a population

2. _____ the worse I seem to feel.

A. When I take more medicine
B. The more medicine I take
C. Taking more of medicine
D. More medicine taken

3. We will have to be careful not to get our suitcase mixed up because yours is almost the same
_____ mine.
A. like
B. to
C. as
D. that

4. Although she is very popular, she is not _____ her sister.

A. pretty as
B. as pretty
C. prettier than
D. more pretty than

5. Some retirement communities will not sell properly to new residents unless they are about
_____ the rest of the residents.
A. the same age
B. the same old
C. the same age as
D. the same old as

6. Ms. Jones isn’t as nice ______ Ms. Smith.

A. as
B. for
C. like
D. to

7. The rooms in Graduate Towers are _____ Patterson Hall.

A. larger than
B. larger than that of
C. larger than those in
D. larger than in

8. Texas is larger _________ but it has fewer people than California does.
A. of California
B. that California
C. California
D. than California

9. A three-foot octopus can crawl through a hole ------ in diameter.

(A) than one inch less
(B) less than one inch
(C) one less inch than
(D) than less one inch

10. School children in the same grade in American schools are usually the same old as their
 A B C D
classmates.

11. Alligators are about the same color than crocodiles, although the adults may be slightly
A B C
darker with broader heads and blunter noses.
D

12. Laser disks provide images of best quality than those of either television signals or video
A B C D
tapes.

13. New York City subway system is the most longest underground railroad operating in the
A B C D
world

14. Chicago’s Sears Tower, now the taller building in the world, rises 1,522 feet from the ground
A B C
to the top of its antenna.
D

15. Despite its smaller size, the Indian Ocean is as deep the Atlantic Ocean.
A B C D

16. The first living structures to appear on earth thousands of years ago were alike
A B C D
viruses.

17. The bodies of cold-blooded animals have the same temperature their
A B C
surroundings, but those of warm-blooded animals do not.
D
18. The earliest the CVS (clorionic villus sampling) procedure in the pregnancy, the greater
A B C
the risk to the baby.
D

19. Beginning her life in Nort America as an immigrant whose English language skills were
A B
limited, Eva Hoffman went on to become one of greatest American writers of the twentieth
C D
century.

20. The prison population in this state, now at all time high, is higher than any
A B C D
State