〔Technical Data〕

Excerpt from JIS B 2704（1999）

Calculation of Springs

1. Calculation 1.3.3 Stress correction factors Fig 3 Initial stress：τi（value prior to low-temperature annealing, formed from steel wire）
1.1 Symbols used in design formula for spring  1.2 Basic formula used in designing springs Stress correction factors against the value c of spring index
220
should be fixed to the formula below or Fig. 1.
Symbols used in design formula for spring are shown in Table 1.  1.2.1 In case of tension spring without compression spring and initial tension 4 c −1 0.615
200 (20)

Torsional stress by initial tension

χ＝   ＋ ………………………………( 9 ) 180 (18)
8N aD3 P 4 c −4 c 160 (16)
Table 1. Meaning of Symbols δ＝ …………( 1 ) τ ＝ χτ0 ……………………( 5 ) 140 (14)
Fig. 1 Stress correction factors：χ
Gd4
120 (12) τi
Symbol Meaning of Symbols Unit P Gd 4
8DP 8χDP (10)  (kgf/mm 2 )
k ＝ ＝ ………( 2 ) d ＝3 ＝3 ……( 6 ) 1.6 100
δ 8N aD3 πτ0 πτ 80 (8)
d Diameter of material mm (6)
8DP Gd4 δ Gd4 1.5 60

Stress correction factors

τ0＝ ……………( 3 ) N a＝ ＝ …………( 7 ) τi 40 (4)
D1 Inside diameter of a coil mm πd3 8D3 P 8D3 k N/ mm 2 (2)
1.4 20
Gdδ Pδ kδ 2 0 (0)
D2 Outside diameter of a coil mm τ0＝ …………( 4 ) U ＝ ＝ ……………( 8 ) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
πN aD2 2 2 1.3
D1＋D2 D
D Average diameter of a coil＝    mm Spring index c ＝ 
2  1.2.2 In case of tension spring with initial tension（But P＞Pi） 1.2 d
Nt Total number of coils − (1) In the case of the stainless steel witre, reduce 15％ from the initial stress of the steel wire.
8N aD 3 ( P−P i ) χ 1.1
δ＝ …( 1′) τ ＝ χτ0 ……………………( 5′
) (2) When low-temperature annealing is performed after forming, the value of the steel wire
Na Number of active coils − Gd4    such as piano wire, hard steel wire, etc. is reduced by 20∼35％, and the value of
1.0
P−P i Gd 4
8DP 8χDP ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22    stainless steel wire is reduced by 15∼25％ from the value obtained in above case.
k ＝ ＝ …( 2′) d ＝3 ＝3 ……( 6′
)
L Number of free coils mm δ 8N aD 3 πτ0 πτ D
Spring index c ＝ 
d For reference Instead of reading out the value of initial stress before low-temperature
Hs Solid height mm 8DP Gd4 Gd4 δ annealing from Fig. 3, it can be calculated using the following empirical formula.
τ0＝ ……………( 3′) N a＝ ＝ …( 7′) 1.3.4 Solid height
πd3 8D3 k 8D 3 ( P−P i ) G
p Pitch mm The solid height of the spring shall generally be calculated from the following approximate calculation formula. τi＝
Gdδ ( P＋P i ) δ 100 c
τ0＝ ＋ τi ……( 4′) U ＝ ……………( 8′) However, the solid height of the compression spring shall not be specified by the purchaser, generally.
Pi Initial tension N{kgf} πN aD 2 2
Then the initial tension is as follows.
D H s＝( N t −1) d ＋( t 1＋t 2 )…………………………………(10) (1) In case of hard steel wire and piano wire〔G＝78×10 3N/mm 2 {8×10 3 kgf/mm 2}〕
c Spring index c＝ −
d Note;（t1+t2）：Sum of the both ends thickness of the coil. G
Torsional stress by initial tension τi＝ ×0.75（The value of 0.75 is reduced by 25％ through low-temperature annealing.）
G Modulus of rigidity N/mm2{kgf/mm2 } 1.3 Considerable matters in designing springs 100c
In the case of compression springs having shape（b）,（c）,（e）, or πd 3 Gd 4 229 d 4 24 d 4
P Load on a spring N{kgf}
 1.3.1 Modulus of rigidity
  Fix the value of modulus of rigidity G in （f）shown in Fig. 2 at its both ends and a specific solid height needs to Initial tension P i＝
8D
τi＝
255 D 2
×0.75 ＝ 2
D D2
designing spring with Table 2 as a rule. be specified, specify the value obtained by the following formula as the m (2) In case of stainless steel wire〔G＝69×10 3N/mm 2 {7×10 3 kgf/mm 2 }〕
δ Deflection of a spring mm aximum solid height. However, please take note
G
Table 2. Modulus of Rigidity（G） Torsional stress by initial tension τi＝ ×0.8（The value of 0.8 is reduced by 20％ through low-temperature annealing.）
100c
k Spring constant N/mm{kgf/mm} Material Value N/mm2(kgf/mm2) Symbol H s＝N t ×d max ……………………………………………(11) πd 3 Gd 4 216 d 4 22 d 4
Note; d（max）：Diameter of max. allowance of d. Initial tension P i＝ τi＝ ×0.8 ＝ 2
τ0 Torsional stress N/mm2{kgf/mm2 } 8D 255D 2 D D2
Spring steel 9260, 5155, 5160,
78×10 3 {8×10 3 }
τ Torsional amending stress N/mm2{kgf/mm2 } 6150, 51B60, 4161 1.3.6 Surging
Hard steel wire 78×10 3 {8×10 3 } SW40C, SW60C To avoid surging, natural frequency of the spring should be selected not
τi Torsional stress by initial tension N/mm2{kgf/mm2 } Fig. 2 Coil tip

（    ）
to resonate to all the vibrations which affect the spring.
Equivalent to (a)  Closed end（unground） (b)  Closed end（ground）
χ Stress correction factors − Music wire 78×10 3 {8×10 3 } SWP ASTM A228 Natural frequency of spring is

f Frequency Hz SWO,SWO-V,SWOC-V, kg
f ＝a   ＝a
70 d G
……………………………………………(13)
Oil tempered steel wire 78×10 3 {8×10 3 } W πN aD 2 ω
SWOSC-V*,SWOSM,SWOSC-B
i
U Energy saved in spring N・mm{kgf・mm} Here, When both ends are free or fixed type： a＝  
SUS 302 SUS 302 (c)  Closed end（tapered） (d)  Open end（unground） 2
ω 2 i−1
Material weight of a volume unit N/mm3{kgf/mm3 } a＝   ：In case one end fixed and the other free i＝1,2,3 …
SUS 304 SUS 304 4
Stainless steel SUS 304N1 69×10 {7×10 }
3 3
W Weight of spring moving part N{kgf}
wire （S30451） SUS 304N1（S30451） G of steel ＝ 78×103N/mm2{8×103kgf/mm2},
g Gravitational acceleration (1) mm/s 2 (e)  Open end（ground） (f)  Open end（tapered） When w＝ 76.93×10−6N/mm3{7.85×10−6kgf/mm3} and both
SUS 316 SUS 316 ends of the spring are free or fixed, primary natural frequency of
Note：（1）Gravitational acceleration is rounded off as 9800mm/s2 in designing springs though the spring is obtainable with the following formula.
SUS 631 J1 74×103 {7.5×103 } SUS 631 J1
prescribed as 9806.65mm/s（2）in the regulation of measure.
d
* SWOSC-V : Steel Wire Oil-temper Silicon For Valves/ASTM A401 f 1＝3.56×105 ………………………………………………(13′)
 4 end turns（unground） (h) Tangent tail end（unground）
(g)  Open end3／ N aD 2
1.3.2 Number of Active Coils At spring design, the number of active turns should
be fixed equal to the number of free coils as follows. 1.3.7 Other considerations
(1) In case of compression spring
D2

 In calculating the design of springs, the following matters also have to be considered.
N a＝N t−(X 1＋X 2) (i) 
 Pig tail end（unground） (1) Spring index When the spring index is small, local stress becomes excessive.
X1and X2：indicate each number of coils of both ends. If the spring index is too large or small, workability becomes a problem.Therefore, a spring
d P D1
(a)When only the tip of the coil touches the next free coil, index of between 4 and 15 should be chosen in the case of hot forming, and one of between
L D 〔equivalent to(a),(b)and(c)in Fig.2〕 4 and 22 when cold forming is used.
For reference：L＝Na・P＋1.5d X 1＝X 2＝1 (2) Aspect ratio The aspect ratio of a compression spring（ratio between free height
therefore N a＝N t−2 1.3.5 Initial tension of tension spring and mean diameter of coil）has to be 0.8 or more in order to secure effective turns, generally a
L (b)When coil end dose not touch the next coil,  ３
４ length of the Solid coiled cold formed extension springs have initial tension Pi. ratio within the range 0.8 and 4 should be chosen to prevent buckling.
 grinding part 〔equivalent to(e)and(f)in Fig. 2〕 In this case, torsional stress caused by initial tension is ranged inside the shaded portion in Fig. 2 as a rule.
(3) Number of active coil The number of active coils should be 3 or more
X 1＝X 2＝0.75
πd 3 because the spring property tends to be unstable if the number is less than 3.
therefore N a＝N t−1.5 P i ＝  τi ……………………………………………………(12)
8D
(4) Pitch The   pitch should be 0.5D or less because the pitch exceeding 0.5D generally
D2

(2) Tension Springs Effective turns of tension springs are as below. Further, the initial stress !!14!!, when it has been formed into solid-wound
makes the coil diameter change as the deflection（load）increases, which requires compensation
Excluding hooks. from the steelHowever, the value of initial stress read from the range of
of the deflection and tortional stress obtained from the basic formula. The pitch of the spring shall
d D1 the oblique lines of Fig. 3 shall be corrected as given in the following,
N a＝N t generally be calculated from the following approximate calculation formula.
D according to the properties of material other than steel wires and the
For reference：L＝Na・d＋2(D 2−2d) L−H 
process of low temperature annealing. p＝ ＋d …………………………………………………(14 )
s
Na

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