Chapter ONE

Binary System

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 Date: _________________________________

Lesson (1)

Introduction to Binary System

1- The Binary System is based on the number 2.

2- It has only two symbols to represent data: 0 and 1.
3- Computer system can have millions of switches and circuits which can
be set off or on.
4- Off means 0 , on means 1.
5- Thus, only the two ‘values’ 0 and 1 are used in binary system.
6- The binary system shows us how can data stores in the storage units in
the computer.
7- Example for binary data: 011001 and 0011011010 and so on.
8- Example for using denary numbers: 56 – 102 – 480 and so on.
9- The smallest unit which used to store data inside the computer is called
Bit.
10- The Bit stores either 0 or 1 but never both of them.
11-The smallest number in binary to start counting is 20.
12-Let us try to represent the denary number 375

Hundred Ten
Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Thousands Thousands
100000 10000 1000 100 10 1
105 104 103 102 101 100
3 7 5
0 0 0
(300) (70) (5)

Let us analyze the number 375

3 × 210 + 7 × 110 + 5 × 010 =

3 × 100 + 7 × 10 + 5 × 1 =

375 = 5 + 70 + 300

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 13-Take the same idea to create a binary system:
14-For the base 2: take the number: 01101
15-The smallest number in binary to start counting is 20.

… 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
… 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 1 0 1

This is the representation of the binary number: 01101

So this is how it store in the storage unit, located in many bytes as follows:

0 1 1 0 1

Now what is the value of this number?

This is our next Lesson

Home Work

1- Why the binary system called like that?

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2- What are the symbols which used to display the data in the binary
system numbers?

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3- Define the Bit?

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4- What's the smallest value in the binary system numbers?

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Date: _________________________________

Lesson (2)
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 Convert from Binary to Denary Numbers

 To display the value of the stored data inside your computer.

 Steps of converting from binary to denary:
1- Start from right side.
2- Start from the smallest value (20).
3- multiply 20 to the first digit value (0 or 1).
4- Add.
5- go to the next digit: multiply (21) by the digit value (0 or 1).
6- Add.
7- go to the next digit: multiply (22) by the digit value (0 or 1).
8- Add.
9- go to the next digit: multiply (23) by the digit value (0 or 1).
10-Add.
11-then repeat until the last digit value (0 or 1).

Example (1):

Convert (011010) to denary number?

Solution

1- start from right (0)

2- 20 × 0
3- + add .. then do the same for the next …

0 1 1 0 1 0
25 X 0 + 24 X 1 + 23 X 1 + 22 X 0 + 21 X 1 + 20 X 0
0 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 1×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 + 0×1
32 × 0 + 16 × 1 + 8 × 1 + 4 × 0 + 2 × 1 + 1 × 0 =

26 = 0 + 16 + 8+ 0 + 2 + 0 =

Example (2):

Convert (1010111) to denary number?

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 Solution

1- start from right (1)

2- 20 × 1
3- add + then do the same for the next …

1 0 1 0 1 1 1
2 X1 + 2 X0 + 2 X1 + 2 X0 + 2 X1 + 2 X1 + 2 X1
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

64 × 1 + 0 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1

64 × 1 + 0 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1 =

87 = 64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1 =

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 Class Work

Convert the following binary numbers into denary:

a) 00110011

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

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b) 01111111

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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c) 10011001

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

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 Home Work

Convert the following binary numbers into denary:

a) 01110100

b) 11111111

c) 00001111

d) 10001111

e) 11110000

f) 01110000

g) 11101110

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 Date: _________________________________

Lesson (3)

Convert from Denary to Binary

 This time we will convert our data to be inside the computer

 We have two methods to convert from denary to binary:
1- Method 1: positioning
2- Method 2: division by 2
1) Method 1: positioning:

Steps:

1- Create a table with 3 rows

2- Start counting your numbers from 20 (in first row)
3- Count until a suitable number (9 digits for example)
4- Get the values for each location in binary
5- Get the range of your given number
6- take the smallest number to your given number
7- Write 1 in the digit table
8- Subtract your denary number from the selected location to get
remainder.
9- Repeat step 5
10-Until you represent all the number locations by 1
11-Now fill the rest with 0

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 Example (1):

Convert the denary number 7 into binary number?

Solution
1- Create the table with 3 rows

2- Start counting your numbers from 20 (in first row)

3- Count until a suitable number (5 digits for example)

… 24 23 22 21 20

4- Get the values for each digit location in binary in the second row

… 24 23 22 21 20
16 8 4 2 1

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 1- Take the range of your number 7, it's 4 – 8

… 24 23 22 21 20
16 8 4 2 1

2- Take the smallest number which is less than your given number 7 ..
it's 4
3- Write 1 in the digit table.

… 24 23 22 21 20
16 8 4 2 1
1

4- Get the remainder by:

Remainder = given number – digit number

Remainder = 7 – 4 = 3

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 1- Take the new range of your new number 3, it's 2 – 4

… 24 23 22 21 20
16 8 4 2 1
1

2- Take the smallest number which is less than your new number 3 .. it's
2
3- Write 1 in the digit table.

… 24 23 22 21 20
16 8 4 2 1
1 1

4- Get the remainder by:

Remainder = given number – digit number

Remainder = 3 – 2 = 1

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 1- Now take the new only number which is 1.
2- Write 1 in the digit table.

… 24 23 22 21 20
16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1

3- Get the remainder by:

Now the Remainder will be zero = 1 – 1

4- Now fill all the rest of digits by zero

… 24 23 22 21 20
16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 1 1

Now : 7 is ( 00111) in binary

Or you can write (111)

(7)10 = (111)2

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 Example (2):

Convert 87 into binary number?

Solution
5- Create the table with 3 rows

6- Start counting your numbers from 20 (in first row)

7- Count until a suitable number (9 digits for example)

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

8- Get the values for each digit location in binary in the second row

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

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 9- Take the range of your number 87, it's 64 – 128

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

10- Take the smallest number which is less than your given number
87 .. it's 64
11- Write 1 in the digit table.

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1

12- Get the remainder by:

Remainder = given number – digit number

Remainder = 87 – 64 = 23

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 13- Now take the range of your new number 23, it's 16 – 32

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1

14-Take the smallest number which is less than your new number 23 ..
it's 16
15- Write 1 in the digit table.

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1
16- Get the remainder by:

Remainder = new number – digit number

Remainder = 23 – 16 = 7

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 1- Now take the range of your new number 7, it's 4 – 8

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1
1. Take the smallest number which is less than your new number 7 .. it's
4
2. Write 1 in the digit table.

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1
1- Get the remainder by:

Remainder = new number – digit number

Remainder = 7 – 4 = 3

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 2- Now take the range of your new number 3, it's 2 – 4

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1
3. Take the smallest number which is less than your new number 3 .. it's
2
4. Write 1 in the digit table.

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1
2- Get the remainder by:

Remainder = new number – digit number

Remainder = 3 – 2 = 1

3- Now take the range of your new number 1, it's only 1

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1
5. Write 1 in the digit table.

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1

4- Now you represent all the number locations by 1

5- Now fill the rest with 0

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
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 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
6- Now your number is converted

( 87 )10 = ( 1010111 )2

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 Class work

Convert the following denary numbers into binary:

Write the binary number in the table

41
… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
… 512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

67

… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
… 512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

86
… 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
… 512 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

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 Home work

Convert the following denary numbers into binary:

100=

111=

127=

144=

189=

200=

255=

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 Date: _________________________________

Lesson (4)

Convert from Denary to Binary

Method 2: division by 2:

Steps:

1) Divide your number by 2

2) For each division write the remainder if it 0 or 1
3) Stop when the number divided by 2 is zero
4) The remainders are then read from BOTTOM to TOP to give the binary
value.

Example (1): -
Convert the number 11 into binary?

11 = (1011)2

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 Example (2): -
Convert the number 107 into binary?

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 Class work

Convert the following denary numbers into binary:

………………………………………………… 67 41
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86 …

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 Home work

Convert the following denary numbers into binary:

……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… 100

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111
127

Convert the following denary numbers into binary: -

Denar
Binary
y
144
189
200
255

Date: _________________________________

Lesson (5)

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 Measurement of the size of computer Memories

A binary digit is commonly referred to as a BIT.

A bit can store only either 0 or 1.
8 bits are usually referred to as a BYTE
The byte is the smallest unit of memory in a computer.
Some computers use larger bytes but they are always multiples of 8 (e.g.
16-bit systems and 32-bit systems).
Memory size is measured in the following multiples:

Name of memory size Number of bits Equivalent denary value

1 byte 23 8 bits
1 kilobyte (1 KB) 210 1 024 bytes
1 megabyte (1 MB) 220 1 048 576 bytes
1 gigabyte (1 GB) 230 1 073 741 824 bytes
1 terabyte (1 TB) 240 1 099 511 627 776 bytes
1 petabyte (1 PB) 250 1 125 899 906 842 624 bytes

As example to understand the scale of these numbers in sizes,

Take as example: a typical data transfer rate using
the internet is 32 bits per second:
that means: 32 ÷ 8 = 4 which will be 4 MB per second
so a 40 MB file would take 10 seconds to transfer.

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 Home Work
1- What is the Bit?
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2- Define the byte?
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3- Can larger computer use many bytes? give an example.
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4- Fill the table to give memory sizes:

1 byte ………………………. bits

1 kilobyte ………………………. Byte

1 megabyte ………………………. Kilobyte

1 megabyte ………………………. bytes

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