Very Short Answer Questions

Q.1. Define mole fraction.

Q.2. What is meant by ‘reverse osmosis’?

Q.3. What is the similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law?

Q.4. Out of two 0.1 molal solutions of glucose and of potassium chloride, which one will have a higher boiling point and why?

Q.5. Define van’t Hoff factor.

Q.6. What are isotonic solutions?

Q.7. How is it that measurement of osmotic pressures is more widely used for determining molar masses of macromolecules
than the elevation in boiling point or depression in freezing point of their solutions?

Very Short Answer Questions --2

Q.1. Give an example of solution containing a solid solute in a solid solvent.

Q.2. Is smoke a homogeneous solution? If not, then what is it?

Q.3. What do you mean by 10% aqueous solution of sodium carbonate?

Q.4. How does the molarity of a solution change with temperature?

Q.5. When and why is molality preferred over molarity in handling solutions in chemistry?

Q.6. What do you understand by ‘colligative properties’?

Q.7. Why is the vapour pressure of a solution of glucose in water lower than that of water?

Q.8. State any two characteristics of ideal solutions.

Q.9. What type of liquids form ideal solutions?

Q.10. Under what condition do non-ideal solutions show negative deviations?

Q.11. What are maximum boiling azeotropes? Give one example.

Q.12. What are minimum boiling azeotropes? Give one example.

Q.13. Define molal elevation constant or ebullioscopic constant.

Q.14. Define molal depression constant or cryoscopic constant.

Ans. It is the depression in freezing point when 1 mole of non-volatile solute is dissolved in 1000 g of solvent.

Q.15. What do you understand by the term that Kf for water is 1.86 K kg mol –1?

Q.16. What is an antifreeze?

Q.17. What is de-icing agent? How does it work?

Q.18. What is ‘reverse osmosis’?

Q.19. State how does osmotic pressure vary with temperature.

Q.21. What is the van’t Hoff factor for a compound which undergo dimerisation in an organic solvent?

Q.22. What would be the value of van’t Hoff factor for a dilute solution of K 2SO4 in water?

Q.23. Why is glycol and water mixture used in car radiators in cold countries?

Q.24. Why are the aquatic species more comfortable in cold water in comparison to warm water?

Q.25. Why does the use of pressure cooker reduce cooking time?

Q.26. The dissolution of ammonium chloride in water is an endothermic process but still it dissolves in water readily. Why?

Q.27. Which of the following solutions will have the highest boiling point:

(i) 1 M BaCl2 (ii) 1 M Urea (iii) 1 M FeCl3 (iv) 1 M NaCl.

Q.28. Which one of these has the highest freezing point?

(i) 1 M glucose (ii) 1 M NaCl (iii) 1 M CaCl2.

Q.29. What will happen to freezing point of a potassium iodide aqueous solution when mercuric iodide is added to solution?

Short Answer Questions-I

Q.1. State Henry’s law. Write its one application. What is the effect of temperature on solubility of gases in liquid?

Q.2. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing non-volatile solute. What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by a
solution of chloroform and acetone and why?

Q.3. Answer the following question :

Q. Why is an increase in temperature observed on mixing chloroform and acetone?

Q. Why does sodium chloride solution freeze at a lower temperature than water?

Q.4. Define an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics.

Q.5. Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. Explain how molarity value of a solution can be converted into
its molality.

Q.6. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from Raoult’s law? Give an example.

Q.7. Define the term osmotic pressure. Describe how the molecular mass of a substance can be determined by a method
based on measurement of osmotic pressure.

Q.8. State Raoult’s law for the solution containing volatile components. What is the similarity between Raoult’s law and
Henry’s law?

Q.9. State the following:

Q. Henry’s law about partial pressure of a gas in a mixture.

Q.10. Answer the following question :

Q. Gas (A) is more soluble in water than Gas (B) at the same temperature. Which one of the two gases will have the higher
value of KH (Henry’s constant) and why?
Q.11. Write two differences between a solution showing positive deviation and a solution showing negative deviation from
Raoult’s law.

Q.12. Define the following terms:

Q. Abnormal molar mass Q. van’t Hoff factor (i)

Q.13. What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone? What type of azeotrope is formed by mixing
ethanol and acetone?

Q.14. (i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases.What type of deviation from Raoult’s law
is shown by the resulting solution? What change in temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y?

(ii) What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypotonic solution)? Give reason.

Q.15. State Raoult’s law for the solution containing volatile components. Write two differences between an ideal solution
and a non-ideal solution.

Q.16. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in 35.0 mL of water has an osmotic pressure of 0.335 torr
at 25°C. Assuming that the gene fragment is a non-electrolyte, calculate its molar mass.

Q.17. Henry’s law constant (KH) for the solution of methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27 ×10 5 mm Hg. Calculate the solubility
of methane in benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg.

Q.18. Derive the relationship between relative lowering of vapour pressure and molar mass of the solute.

Q.19. Calculate the freezing point depression expected for 0.0711 m aqueous solution of Na 2SO4. If this solution actually
freezes at – 0.320°C, what would be the value of van’t Hoff factor?

(Kf for water is 1.86 K kg mol–1).

Q.20. When 1.5 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90 g of benzene, the boiling point of benzene raised from 353.23 K
to 353.93 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. (Kb for benzene = 2.52 K kg mol–1)

Short Answer Questions-I I

Q.1. Explain the solubility rule “like dissolves like” in terms of intermolecular forces that exist in solutions.

Q.2. CCl4 and water are immiscible whereas ethanol and water are miscible in all proportions. Correlate this behaviour with
molecular structure of these compounds.

Q.3. State Henry’s Law. What is the significance of KH?

Q.4. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. How does Raoult’s law become

Q.5. After removing the outer shell of two eggs in dil. HCl, one is placed in distilled water and the other in a saturated
solution of NaCl. What will you observe and why?

Q.6. When fruits and vegetables that have dried are placed in water, they slowly swell and return to the original form.
Explain why. Would a temperature increase accelerate the process? Explain.

Q.7. Will the elevation in boiling point be same if 0.1 mol of sodium chloride or 0.1 mol of sugar is dissolved in 1 L of water?
Explain.

Q8. State Raoult’s law for a solution of volatile liquids.

Q10. Given alongside is the sketch of a plant for carrying out a process.
i. Name the process occurring in the given plant.

ii. To which container does the net flow of solvent take place?

iii. Name one SPM which can be used in this plant.

iv. Give one practical use of the plant.

Q11. Define ‘Osmotic pressure’.

Q12. What are ‘isotonic solutions’?

Q13. What is reverse osmosis?

Q14. What are colligative properties?

Short Answer Questions-III

Q.1. A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol–1) in water is labelled as 10% (by mass). What would be the molality and
molarity of the solution?

Q.2. At 25°C the saturated vapour pressure of water is 3.165 kPa (23.75 mm Hg). Find the saturated vapour pressure of a 5%
aqueous solution of urea (carbamide) at the same temperature. (Molar mass of urea = 60.05 g mol –1)

Q.3. Calculate the freezing point of a solution when 3 g of CaCl 2 (M = 111 g mol–1) was dissolved in 100 g of water, assuming
CaCl2 undergoes complete ionisation. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)

Q.4. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point of 1.62 K.

Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and predict the nature of solute (associated or dissociated).

(Given: Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122 g mol–1, Kf for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol–1)

Q.5. A solution of glucose (Molar mass = 180 g mol–1) in water has a boiling point of 100.20°C. Calculate the freezing point of
the same solution.Molal constants for water Kf and Kb are 1.86 K kg mol–1 and 0.512 K kg mol–1respectively.

Q.6. Calculate the boiling point of solution when 2 g of Na2SO4 (M = 142 g mol–1) was dissolved in 50 g of water, assuming
Na2SO4 undergoes complete ionisation. (K b for water = 0.52 K kg mol–1)

Q.7. Calculate the mass of NaCl (molar mass = 58.5 g mol –1) to be dissolved in 37.2 g of water to lower the freezing point by
2°C, assuming that NaCl undergoes complete dissociation. (K f for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)

Short Answer Questions-IV

Q.1 Which aqueous solution has higher concentration —1 molar or 1 molal solution of the same solute? Give reason

Q.2. Calculate the boiling point of a 1 M aqueous solution (density 1.04 g mL –1) of potassium chloride

(Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol–1, Atomic masses: K = 39 u, Cl = 35.5 u)

Assume, potassium chloride is completely dissociated in solution.

Q.3. A decimolar solution of potassium ferrocyanide is 50% dissociated at 300 K. Calculate the osmotic pressure of the
solution. (R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1).

Q.4. At 300 K, 36 g of glucose, C6H12O6 present per litre in its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If the osmotic
pressure of another glucose solution is 1.52 bar at the same temperature, calculate the concentration of the other solution.