MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SCHOOL YEAR 2021-2022

LEARNING AREA:

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

GRADE LEVEL:

Grade 12

SEMESTER - WEEK

First Semester – Week 5-6

CONTENT STANDARD:

The learners demonstrate an understanding of politics and political science, governance,

political ideologies, power, states, nations, and globalization.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD:

The learners shall be able to clearly identify a specific political phenomenon and how it can
be studied.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define state and nation;
2. Define globalization;
3. Differentiate nation from state;
4. Differentiate the forms of government
5. Explain how nation-state is created;
6. Evaluate how globalization influences nation-state; and

TOPIC OUTLINE:
Unit I: Basic Concepts of Politics and Governance
Lesson 4: State and Nation in the Age of Globalization
a) State vs. Nation
b) State definition
c) Elements of State
d) Nation Definition
e) Nation-State
f) Difference Between State and Nation
g) Globalization
h) The Influence of Globalization to Nation-States
Lesson 5: Forms of Government 1
 PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE LEARNING MODULE_

State and Nation in the

LESSON 4: Age of Globalization

“Globalization means we have to

re-examine our ideas, and look at
ideas from other countries, other
cultures, and open ourselves to
them”
– Herbie Hancock

Nation and state are two similar sometimes interchangeable yet difference
concepts in political science. This lesson clarifies the characteristics of the two concepts
that make them similar, as well as those that show their differences.

The concept of globalization is relatively new. Globalization is an event and issue

that affects all field of study, from the social sciences, natural sciences, to humanities.
This lesson provides the definitions of globalization, as well as gives perspective on how
globalization affects political processes in our country.

DISCUSSION

A. STATE VS. NATION

State and nation are two of the most confused words irrespective of there being a
clear difference between both. It is common to see people and even leaders invariably
referring to their countries as nation or State. There is nothing wrong in that, in some
aspects.

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 B. STATE

▪ State is a community of persons more or less numerous permanently occupying a

definite portion of territory, independent or external control, and possessing an
organized government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual
obedience. (Malcohm, 2010)
▪ It is a people permanently occupying a fixed territory and bound by common-law
habits and customs into one body politic, exercising through the medium of an
organized government, independent sovereignty and control over all persons and
things within its boundaries, capable of making war and peace and entering into
international relations with other communities of the globe.
▪ A State is defined in political science as a patch of land with a sovereign
government.
▪ A State is the political unit that has the sovereign power over a piece of land.
▪ A State can be also defined as a community that lives under the power of the
government.
▪ This State is also an organized community in a particular area.
▪ There is another state (with a lower case “s”), which is one of the constituent
parts of a country. Nearly all the countries of the world are divided into a number
of states. Some examples are states of US and the states of India.

C. ELEMENTS OF STATE

1. People

- The term refers to the mass of population, living within the state. It is
necessary to the existence of the state. Without people there can be no
functionaries to govern and no subject to be governed.
- The people must be more or less numerous. The number should neither too
small nor too large; it should be large enough to be self-sufficing and small
enough to be well governed. (Garner, 2010)
- The population of a state comprises all individuals who, in principle, inhabit
the territory in a permanent way. It may consist of nationals and foreigners.
- The population of a state need not be completely homogeneous in culture,
language, race or otherwise

2. Territory

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 - Is a geographical area that is owned and controlled by a government or
country to exercise such state sovereignty.
- It includes, not only the land over which the jurisdiction of the state extend
but also the rivers and lakes therein, a certain area of the sea which abuts
upon its coast and the air space above it.
- Thus, the domain of the state may be described as terrestrial, fluvial,
maritime, and aerial. (Garner, 2010)
- It must be a fixed territory which the inhabitants occupy.
- No limit can be fixed as to the extent of the territory. Monaco, for example,
is only eight square miles, as compared to Russia which is about nine
million square miles.

The1987 Constitution of the Philippines defines the extent of National

Territory of the Philippines by providing:
Article 1 of 1987 Constitution:
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the
islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the
Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and
aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular
shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting
the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form
part of the internal waters of the Philippines.

3. Government

- Is the totality of authorities which rule a society by prescribing and carrying

out fundamental rules which regulate the freedom of its members.
- Government is that institution or aggregate of institutions by which an
independent society makes and carries out these rules of action which are
necessary to enable men to live in a social state or which are imposed upon
the people forming that society by those who possess the power or authority
of prescribing them. (U.S. vs. Dorr, 2 Phil. 332)

Government Distinguished From State:

➢ The term government is narrower than State. It refers to the person

or group of persons in whose hands the organization of the State
places for the time being the function of political control.

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 ➢ The word is sometimes used to indicate persons themselves,
sometimes abstractly to indicate the kind and composition of the
controlling group.
➢ The ordinary citizens of a community are a part of the state, but not
part of the government. The term, moreover, has no reference to
territory. (Lealock, 2011)

4. Sovereignty
- It is the supreme, absolute and uncontrollable power by which an
independent state is governed.

2 Kinds of Sovereignty:

1. Internal Sovereignty
– The power to control and direct the internal affairs of a country such
as the authority to enact, execute and apply laws.
– Power of the state to rule itself.

2. External Sovereignty
– Freedom of the state to run its own affairs with the interference of
other states.
– Often called as the independence of the state from other states.

D. NATION

▪ The term nation is to describe a group of people resulting from common

affinities, are destined to be permanent, occupying a determinate territory,
within those limits it maintains its own form of social organization; possessing
the same language, laws, religion, and civilization, the same political principles
and traditions, the same interests, and attachments.
▪ A nation is a group of people who share common cultural heritage, a bonding
because of shared history and geographical boundaries.
▪ Sometimes people define nation without the requirement of having the same
boundaries. For example, the Kurdish people though they do not live inside the
same boundaries (they live in Iran, Iraq and Turkey) consider themselves as
the members of the Kurdish nations.

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 E. NATION-STATE

▪ A Nation-State is the idea of a homogenous nation governed by its own

sovereign state—where each state contains one nation. This idea is almost never
achieved.

F. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATE AND NATION

1. A nation is a group of people who share common cultural heritage, a bonding

because of shared history and geographical boundaries.
2. On the other hand, a state is defined as a patch of land with a sovereign
government. A State is the political unit which has the sovereign power over a
piece of land. A State can also be defined as a community (organized) in a
specific area governed by a specific government.
3. A nation does not create laws. A nation has customs and traditions. But a State
creates law.
4. People in a nation do not have to share language or traditions always to be
called nations. For example, The Indian nation or the American nation is created
by people who speak a number of languages and have different traditions. In a
State, the people are collected together by the law or the ruling power the
sovereign or the government holds.
5. A nation is more of a political and cultural combination. A State is a political and
judicial combination.
6. A nation to be called a nation does not necessarily have to be inside the same
boundaries. For example, the Jewish people are all over the world. Yet, they are
called the Jewish nation too. A State to be called a State it clearly needs a
particular area over which it holds power.
7. There are States that are also nations and, in such circumstances, they are
called Nation-States
8. A state can also be a reference to the provinces of a country as in America.

G. GLOBALIZATION

▪ Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange

of the world views, products, ideas and mutual sharing, and other aspects of
culture.
▪ Advances in transportation, such as the steam locomotive, steamship, jet engine,
container ships, and in telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the

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 telegraph and its modern offspring, the Internet, and mobile phones, have been
major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and
cultural activities.
▪ In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the connectivity of the world’s
economies and cultures grew quickly in other words it is the act of modernization
that is based on total transformation increasingly inter connected as a result of
massively increased in trade and cultural exchange.
▪ Our world today is known as a global village because of being transparent of inter
connected relationships that had increase the production of goods and services.
▪ The concept of globalization is a very recent term, only establishing its current
meaning in the 1970s, which ‘emerged from the intersection of four interrelated
sets of “communities of practice:” academics, journalists, publishers/editors, and
librarians

H. THE INFLUENCE OF GLOBALIZATION TO NATION-STATES

▪ Globalization and the nation state – have already been the focus of voluminous
tracts by some of the keenest observers of the modern age. Yet one must address
these issues, for the future role of environmental non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) will be profoundly affected by the evolution of this complex process known
as globalization, and this ever-changing structure known as the nation state.
▪ In the years ahead, environmental NGOs will not simply be passively influences
by these two hallmarks or our time, but they will also have the potential to influence
them both for the good of all, and to ensure their harmonious coexistence for the
common benefit of humankind.

Voluminous - something large or abundant or that takes up a lot of space

Keen - very interested, eager, or wanting (to do) something very much

Nongovernmental organization (NGO) - voluntary group of individuals or

organizations, usually not affiliated with any government that is formed to provide
services or to advocate a public policy. Although some NGOs are for-profit
corporations, the vast majority are non-profit organizations.

Examples of NGOs in Philippines:

Philippine Red Cross
Philippine Animal Welfare Society
Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
ChildHope Asia

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 PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE LEARNING MODULE_

LESSON 5: Forms of Government

“Let us never forget that government

is ourselves and not an alien power
over us. The ultimate rulers of our
democracy are not a President and
Senators and Congressmen and
Government Officials, but the voters
of this country.”
– Franklin D. Roosevelt

A. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers:

❖ Monarchy
- In which the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person
without regard to the source of his election or the nature or duration of his
tenure.
- Ruled by a king or a queen who inherits their position from their family,
which is often called the “royal family”

There are at two opposing types of monarchies:

• Absolute monarchy, the ruler has no limits on their wishes or powers.

• Constitutional monarchy a ruler’s powers are limited by a document
called a constitution.

❖ Aristocracy/Oligarchy
- Ruled by a small group of powerful and/or influential people.
- These people may spread power equally or not equally.
- Different from a true democracy because very few people are given the
chance to change things.
- An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or monarchic. An oligarchy
does not have one clear ruler, but several powerful people.

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 PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE LEARNING MODULE_

❖ Democracy
- Political power is exercised by a majority of the people
- is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in
the decisions that affect their lives.
- Democracy allows people to participate equally—either directly or through
elected representatives
- In democracies, all of the people in a country can vote during elections for
representatives or political parties that they prefer.

Political parties are organizations of people with similar ideas

about how a country or region should be governed. Different political
parties have different ideas about how the government should handle
different problems.

Democratic Government is further classified in two:

• Direct or Pure Democracy – in which the will of the state is formulated or

expressed directly and immediate through the people in a mass meeting
or primary assembly rather than through the medium of delegates or
representatives chosen to act for them.
• Indirect, Representative or Republican Democracy – in which the will
of the state is formulated and expressed through the agency of a relatively
small and select body of persons chosen by the people to act as their
representatives.

As to extent of powers exercised by the central or national government:

❖ Unitary Government - composed of one central government that holds all the
power
❖ Federal Government - divides power between national and local forms of
government

As to relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the

government:

❖ Parliamentary government - the executive is dependent on the legislative

❖ Presidential government - the executive is constitutionally vested with powers
making it independent from legislative department

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 PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE LEARNING MODULE_

➢ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines

Article II: Declaration of Principles ad State Policies

The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty

resides in the people and all government authority emanates from
them.

➢ The Philippines is a unitary presidential constitutional republic, with the

President of the Philippines acting as both the head of state and the head
of government.

ACTIVITY / QUIZ

A. Answer the following.

1. Define Nation and State.

2. Explain the meanings of Globalization.

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 PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE LEARNING MODULE_

B. Complete the Venn diagram by citing the differences between State and Nation.
Label the diagram accordingly.

C. Write the correct answer before each number.

1. This is a form of government which has one man noted for his noble
lineage and honor is vested with the right to rule and control the society.
2. It refers to the rule by the people, for the people and of the people.
3. It is defined as few people who are known for their wealth and education
who have the right to rule.
4. This form of government has the control of National and local affairs is
exercised by the central government.
5. The State makes the executive constitutionally independent of the
legislature.
6. A ruler’s powers are limited by a document called a constitution.
7. It is made up of individuals who organize to win elections, operate
government, and influence public policy
8. A type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials
representing a group of people.
9. All power and responsibility is vested in the central government.
10. The type of government that the Philippines has according to 1987
Constitution.

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 SUMMARY and REFLECTION

Provide three to five sentences for your reflection or opinion on the different forms of
government.

REFERENCES
Book
▪ Pawilen,R.A., Pawilen, R.M. (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance. First Edition. Rex Book Store.
▪ Serapio, M.P.A. (2016). Philippine Politics and Governance For Senior High School. Mindshapers Co., Inc.

Online Sources
▪ People Around The World Clipart. Retrieved from: https://www.clipart.email/download/11307635.html
▪ Karns, M.P. Nongovernmental Organization. Retrieved from:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/nongovernmental-organization
▪ Non-Government Organizations (NGOs). Retrieved from: https://mchslmc.wordpress.com/e-
resources/about/non-government-organizations-ngos/
▪ Voluminous. Retrieved from: https://www.yourdictionary.com/voluminous
▪ Keen. Retrieved from: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/keen
▪ The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. Retrieved from:
https://www.dotr.gov.ph/images/front/GAD/issuances/1987constitution.pdf
▪ The Philippines. Retrieved from:
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/philippines/#:~:text=The%20Philippines%20is%20a%20unitary,and
%20the%20head%20of%20government
▪ Politics Clipart. Retrieved from: https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/04/07/when-pr-encounters-politics/

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