Global Manpower Development

994H Wheel Loader

Steering System
Module 6 - Text Reference

SERV1911

© 2011 Caterpillar Inc.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -2- Module 6 - Steering System

994H WHEEL LOADER

STEERING SYSTEM
(01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06)
Steering Steering Steering Compensator Steering High Pressure
Cooling Cooling Hydraulic Valve Group Control Valve Screens
Pump Filter Tank
(07)
Pilot Valve

(08)
Neutralizer
Valves

(09) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Steering Steering Case Diverter Secondary Steering Pressure
Coolers Pumps Drain Valve Steering Cylinder Reducing Valves
Filters Pump

2_1
INTRODUCTION

•S
 teering system main This illustration shows the main components in the steering hydraulic system on the
components 994H Wheel Loader. The color codes for the components in the steering hydraulic
system are:

• Orange - Steering pilot system

• Red - Main steering system

• Green - Steering cooling system

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -3- Module 6 - Steering System

To
Articulation 1
Hitch

2 2

994H
Rear Pump Drive

3 4

1 Service Brake Cooling Pump

2 Steering Hydraulic Oil Pumps
3 Steering Oil Cooling Pump
4 Brake Pump

3_1
• Rear pump drive - pump locations This illustration shows the location of the pumps on the 994H rear pump drive as
viewed from above. The pump locations are the same as the 994F.

The service brake cooling pump (1) and the steering and brake oil cooling pump (3)
are fixed displacement gear pumps. The steering hydraulic oil pumps (2) and the
brake application oil pump (4) are variable displacement piston pumps.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -4- Module 6 - Steering System

4_1
STEERING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

• Steering system components The steering system consists of the following components that are located on the
rear frame:

• Steering and brake hydraulic tank (1)

• Case drain filters (2)

• High pressure screens (3)

• Neutralizers and quad check valves (4)

• Steering cylinders (5)

• Secondary steering pump (6)

• Steering control valve (7)

• Steering pumps (8)

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -5- Module 6 - Steering System

5_1
• Articulation hitch, between cab The steering neutralizers and quad check valve are located at the articulation hitch
and rear frame between the cab and the rear frame (1). The bracket for the strikers (2) and (5) are
attached to the loader frame.

The neutralizer valve is normally open between the pilot control valve (not shown)
and the quad check valve. Pilot oil is allowed to flow through the neutralizer valve
when the operator moves the pilot valve to articulate the machine. When the adjusted
striker makes contact with the neutralizer, the valve will block pilot oil through the
neutralizer valve. The machine will stop articulating.

In a right turn, neutralizer (3) will contact striker (2). In a left turn, neutralizer (6) will
contact striker (5).

Quad check valve (4) is between the neutralizer valves and the ends of the stem in
the steering control valve (not shown). The quad check valve has two check valves
for each pilot line. One check valve allows flow through to the steering control valve,
while preventing return tank pilot flow. When pilot oil is directed to the steering
control valve, the pilot oil flows through the free flow check valve. When the pilot
control valve is returned to the HOLD position, the free flow check valve will seat
and block pilot oil between the check valve and the steering control valve forcing
pilot oil to return through the purge orifice in the steering control valve (not shown).
The stem in the steering control valve will be held in the HOLD position until the pilot
control valve is moved in either direction. The second check valve will allow the
trapped pilot oil to flow back to the pilot control valve when the valve is moved in the
opposite direction.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -6- Module 6 - Steering System

LESS THAN MAXIMUM TURN

(02) NEUTRALIZER
Steering (03)
(01) Control Steer (04) VALVE
Orifice Valve Lever Spring

(05) Tank

(06) Valve Spool (07) Center Passage MAXIMUM TURN

(02)
Steering (03)
(01) Control Steer (04)
Orifice Valve Lever Spring

(05) Tank

(06) Valve Spool (07) Center Passage

6_1
• Neutralizer valve This illustration shows a sectional view of the neutralizer valve.

During a less than maximum turn, oil from the steering control lever (03) flows through
the neutralizer valve to the steering control valve (02).

When the striker comes in contact with the neutralizer valve spool (06), the valve
stem shifts and oil flow to the steering control valve is blocked. Pilot oil at the steering
control valve flows back through the orifice (01) and center passage (07) in the spool
valve to drain. The centering spring (04) centers the steering control valve and stops
the machine from articulating farther. The machine will continue to turn until the
steering pilot control valve is shifted in the opposite direction.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -7- Module 6 - Steering System

7_1
•S
 teering pump case drain filters The steering pump case drain filters (1) and high pressure screens (2) are located in
and high pressure screens in the pump bay. Access to the filters and screens is gained through the doors in the
pump bay platform behind the cab.

Each case drain filter is equipped with a bypass switch. The bypass switches inform
the Implement ECM if one of the filters becomes plugged.

The high pressure screens strain the oil that is flowing from the steering pumps to the
inlet port on the steering control valve.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -8- Module 6 - Steering System

8_1
•S
 teering system components This illustration shows the location of the following components of the steering
inside right frame hydraulic system that are located on the inside of the right frame. Access these
components through the door that is behind the cab in the platform.

The steering control valve (4) sends system oil supplied by the two steering pumps
to the steering cylinders (not shown) when a pilot oil signals the valve to shift. The
steering control valve also sends a signal to the margin spool in each pump control
valve on the steering pumps.

The lower selector and pressure reducing valve (6) reduces oil that is supplied
by the steering pump to the diverter spool in the secondary steering control valve
(not shown) and the primary steering pressure switch (5). Orifice (3) meters the
reduced oil that flows to the primary steering pressure switch. The pressure switch
sends a signal to the Implement ECM if the primary steering pressure is lost. An
adapter (2) is equipped with an orifice that restricts the flow of steering pump oil to
the tank to increase oil pressure behind the orifice and shift the diverter spool in
the secondary steering valve. Also, the orifice opens a free path to discharge the
oil between the reducing valve and the diverter valve to drain in case of a loss of
steering pump oil.

The upper selector and pressure reducing valve (1) reduces the pressure of the
steering oil to the pilot control valve.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -9- Module 6 - Steering System

(01) Steering
Control Valve
STEERING PUMP AND
PUMP CONTROL VALVE
(02) Flow ENGINE OFF
Compensator
Spool

(03) Pressure
(07)
Compensator
Pump
Spool
Control
Valve (09) Swashplate
(04) Steering
Control Valve
(11)
(10) Minimum Angle
Maximum Angle Stop
(08) Stop
Large
(05) Actuator (12)
Steering Piston Bias Spring
Pump
(08)
Large
Actuator
Piston (06) Small
Actuator
(06) Small
(04) Steering Piston
Actuator Piston
(01) Steering Control Valve
Control Valve

(02) Flow (03) Pressure

Compensator Compensator
Spool Spool

9_1
•S
 teering pump and pump control Shown is a schematic and sectional view of the steering pump and pump control
valve - ENGINE OFF valve.

The pump has a small actuator piston (06) and a large actuator piston (08) which
work together to continually adjust the angle of the swashplate (09). The small
actuator piston that is assisted by the bias spring (12) is used to upstroke the pump.
The large actuator piston is used to destroke the pump.

The pump control valve consists of a flow compensator (margin) spool (02) and
a pressure compensator (cutoff) spool (03). The valve keeps the pump flow and
pressure at a level needed to fulfill the demands of the steering system.

The margin compensator spring maintains the pump supply pressure at 2100 ± 105
kPa (305 ± 15 psi) above the signal pressure. The pressure compensator spring
limits the system pressure to 29000 ± 350 kPa (4200 ± 50 psi).

When the engine is OFF, the bias spring in the small actuator piston moves the
swashplate to maximum angle.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -10- Module 6 - Steering System

(01) Steering STEERING PUMP AND

Control Valve
PUMP CONTROL VALVE
LOW PRESSURE STANDBY
(02) Flow
Compensator
Spool

(03) Pressure (07)

Compensator Pump
Spool Control (09) Swashplate
Valve
(04) Steering
Control Valve (10) (11)
Minimum Angle
Maximum Angle
Stop
Stop
(08)
Large
(05) Actuator (12)
Steering Piston Bias Spring
Pump
(08)
Large
Actuator (06) Small
Piston Actuator
(06) Small
Piston
Actuator Piston
(04) Steering
(01) Steering Control Valve
Control Valve (13)
Charge
Pump

(02) Flow (03) Pressure

Compensator Compensator
Spool Spool

10_1
•S
 teering pump and pump At machine start-up, the bias spring (12) holds the swashplate at maximum angle.
control valve - LOW PRESSURE When the steering control valve is in the HOLD position, pump flow is blocked at the
STANDBY steering control valve (01) and no signal pressure is generated. As the pump
produces flow, the system pressure begins to increase. This pressure is felt at the
lower end of both the flow compensator spool (02) and the pressure compensator
spool (03). The flow compensator spool moves up against spring force and permits
system oil to flow to the large actuator piston (08). The oil pressure at the large
actuator piston overcomes the combined force of the bias spring and system oil
pressure at the small actuator piston (06).

The large actuator piston moves the swashplate to the LOW PRESSURE STANDBY
position. In LOW PRESSURE STANDBY, the pump produces enough flow to
compensate for system leakage at sufficient pressure to provide instantaneous
response when the steering control valve is moved.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -11- Module 6 - Steering System

STEERING PUMP AND (01) Steering

Control Valve
PUMP CONTROL VALVE
DESTROKE
(02) Flow
Compensator
Spool

(03) Pressure (07)

Compensator Pump
Spool Control
Valve
(04) Steering
Control Valve

(08)
Large
(05)
Actuator
Steering
Piston
Pump

(06) Small (09)

Actuator Piston Bias Spring 11_1
•S
 teering pump and pump control When the load on the steering system decreases, signal oil pressure at the right end
valve - DESTROKE of the flow compensator valve (02) decreases. This decreased pressure causes the
force (flow compensator valve spring plus signal oil pressure) at the right end of the
flow compensator spool to decrease below the pump supply pressure at the left end
of the spool. The decreased pressure at the right end of the flow compensator spool
causes the spool to shift and allows more flow to the large actuator (08) causing the
pressure in the large actuator piston to increase. The increased pressure in the large
actuator piston overcomes the combined force of the small actuator (06) and bias
spring (09) and moves the swashplate to a reduced angle.

As pump flow decreases, supply pressure also decreases. When the supply
pressure decreases and equals the sum of the oil pressure at the right end of the
flow compensator spool and spring force, the flow compensator spool moves to a
metering position and the system stabilizes.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -12- Module 6 - Steering System

STEERING PUMP AND (01) Steering

Control Valve
PUMP CONTROL VALVE
UPSTROKE
(02) Flow
Compensator
Spool

(03) Pressure (07)

Compensator Pump
Spool Control
Valve
(04) Steering
Control Valve

(08)
Large
(05)
Actuator
Steering
Piston
Pump

(06) Small (09)

Actuator Piston Bias Spring 12_1
•S
 teering pump and pump control During a turn, signal pressure at the steering control valve (01) increases. This
valve - UPSTROKE increased pressure causes the force (flow compensator valve spring plus signal oil
pressure) at the right end of the flow compensator spool (02) to become greater than
the pump supply pressure at the left end of the spool.

The increased pressure at the right end of the flow compensator spool causes the
spool to shift left. The spool reduces or blocks pump output oil flow to the large
actuator piston (08), and opens a passage to drain. Reducing or blocking oil flow to
the large actuator piston reduces or eliminates the pressure acting against the large
actuator piston. When the pressure in the large actuator piston decreases, the bias
spring and small actuator piston (06) move the swashplate to an increased angle
causing the pump to UPSTROKE.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -13- Module 6 - Steering System

STEERING PUMP AND (01) Steering

Control Valve
PUMP CONTROL VALVE
HIGH PRESSURE CUTOFF
(02) Flow
Compensator
Spool

(03) Pressure (07)

Compensator Pump
Spool Control
Valve
(04) Steering
Control Valve

(08)
Large
(05)
Actuator
Steering
Piston
Pump

(06) Small (09)

Actuator Piston Bias Spring 13_1
•S
 teering pump and pump control The pressure compensator spool (03) limits the maximum system pressure for any
valve - HIGH PRESSURE CUTOFF given pump displacement. The pressure compensator spool is held in the left
position during normal operation by spring force.

When steering hydraulic system pressure is at maximum, pump supply pressure

increases and the pressure compensator spool moves right against spring force.
The pressure compensator spool blocks oil in the large actuator piston (08) from
returning to the tank and allows supply oil to flow to the large actuator piston.

The increase in pressure allows the large actuator piston to overcome the combined
force of the small actuator piston (06) and bias spring (09) to destroke the pump.
The pump is now at minimum flow and pump supply pressure is at maximum.

Maximum system pressure is adjusted by turning the pressure compensator

adjustment screw.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -14- Module 6 - Steering System

14_1
Steering Pilot Valve

• STIC lever and pilot valve The steering pilot valve (not visible) for the steering system is mounted below the
STIC (1) on the left side of the operator’s seat. When the steering pilot valve is
moved from side-to-side, the valve directs pilot oil to the directional control valve
stem in the steering valve.

The STIC lock lever (2) is shown in the LOCKED position. At this time, the STIC
will not move. Push the STIC lock lever forward to the UNLOCK position to shift the
steering pilot valve.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -15- Module 6 - Steering System

(01) Handle
STEERING PILOT VALVE
NO TURN
(02) Cam Follower Linkage

(03) Left Port Plunger

(04) Centering Spring

(09) Right Port Plunger

(10) Regulating Spring

(05) Drain Passage
(11) Return Spring

(12) Pilot Oil Passage

(13) Pilot Stem
(06) Pilot Stem

(07) Orifice (14) Orifice

(08) Left Port (15) Right Port

15_1
• Steering pilot valve - NO TURN This illustration shows the major components in the steering pilot valve. The steering
pilot valve directs pilot oil to both ends of the stem in the steering control valve.

With the engine running and the control lever in the HOLD position, pilot oil enters
the pilot oil passage and is blocked by the pilot stems (13). Any return pilot oil in the
lines that are between the steering control valve and the steering pilot valve will be
vented to the drain passage through the center of the metering stems.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -16- Module 6 - Steering System

(01) Handle
STEERING PILOT VALVE
LEFT TURN
(02) Cam Follower Linkage

(03) Left Port Plunger

(09) Right Port Plunger

(04) Centering Spring

(10) Regulating Spring

(05) Drain Passage (11) Return Spring

(12) Pilot Oil Passage

(06) Pilot Stem

(07) Orifice
(13) Orifice

(08) Left Port (14) Right Port

16_1
• Steering pilot valve - LEFT TURN When the handle for the steering pilot valve is moved to the left, the cam follower
linkage (02) pushes the left port plunger (03) downward against the regulating spring
(10). The force of the regulating spring is greater than the return spring so the pilot
stem moves downward. At the same time, the return spring adds an upward force
against the pilot stem (06) to stabilize the movement.

When the hole through the pilot stem moves over the port from the pilot oil passage,
the pilot oil flows through the center of the pilot stem. Then, the pilot oil flows through
the orifice (13) to the quad check valve and then to the end of the stem in the steering
control valve.

As the handle is moved farther to the left, more pilot oil is allowed to flow through
the pilot stem. The pilot oil that is directed to the end of the stem will build up
pressure and override the force of the centering spring in the steering control valve
(not shown) to move the stem. The pressure will build up a force in the center of
the pilot stem. The combination of the return spring and that force will push upward
against the regulating spring. The oil flow between the hole in the pilot stem and the
pilot oil passage will be blocked. The pilot stem will act like a reducing valve. As
more articulation speed is required, the regulating spring force pushing down must
be increased by more handle movement.

As the stem in the steering control valve is shifted, return pilot oil will be directed
through the orifice in the right port (14), through the center of the pilot stem.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -18- Module 6 - Steering System

(01) Back-up (02) Spring

STEERING Relief Valve Cavity

CONTROL VALVE
HOLD (03) Poppet

(04) Right Turn (05) Control

Pilot Cavity Stem

(06) Cross Over

Relief Valve
(07) Centering (08) Left Turn
Spring Pilot Cavity

(09) Ball
Resolver

(10) Steering Pump

Control Valves

18_1
Steering Control Valve

• Steering control valve - HOLD This sectional view of the steering control valve identifies the various components.
The control valve is in the HOLD position. When system oil from the steering pumps
enters the steering control valve, the oil is blocked by the control stem. The oil flows
through the hold in the relief valve and into the spring cavity. The pressure in the
spring cavity will be equal to the pressure at the inlet of the control stem (05). The
back-up relief valve (01) will block any oil flow between the inlet of the control valve
and the tank port.

The function of the control stem is to direct oil to the respective ends of the steering
cylinders when making a turn. When the steering control valve is in the HOLD
position, the oil between the steering cylinders and the control valve will be blocked.
System oil flow entering the steering valve is blocked by the control stem.

The pressure adjustment of the back-up relief valve is set higher than the pressure
adjustment of the high pressure cutoff of the steering pumps.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -19- Module 6 - Steering System

(01) Back-up (02) Spring

STEERING Relief Valve Cavity

CONTROL VALVE
LEFT TURN (03) Poppet

(04) Right Turn (05) Control

Pilot Cavity Stem

(06) Cross Over

Relief Valve (07) Centering (08) Left Turn
Spring Pilot Cavity

(09) Ball
Resolver

(10) Steering Pump

Control Valves

19_1
•S
 teering control valve - LEFT This sectional view shows the steering control valve with the control stem (05) shifted
TURN for a left turn. When the steering control lever is moved to the left, pilot oil is directed
to the left turn pilot cavity (08). Then the control stem is shifted to the left. System
oil from the inlet of the valve flows around the control stem to the head end of the
right cylinder and the rod end of the left cylinder. Also, the system oil flows to the ball
resolver (09). The ball shifts to the left and system oil flows around the ball resolver
to the pump control valve on each steering pump. The oil flow to the pump control
valve signals the steering pumps to either upstroke or destroke.

When an external force acts on the wheels and the control stem is in the HOLD
position, a hydraulic spike is induced in the steering system. At this time, the pressure
at the crossover relief valve (06) will open and allow the higher pressure oil to flow
back to the opposite cylinder.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -20- Module 6 - Steering System

(01) Diverter Valve

(33)
Secondary
STEERING
(02) Steering
Cylinders
Steering
Pump
SYSTEM
(30)
HOLD
(04) Ball Unloader
(03) Resolver (31)
Spool
Crossover Valve Relief
Valve (32) Direction Control Spool
Relief Valve

(07)
(05) Steering Back-up
Control Valve Relief Valve
(06) Control
Stem
(28) High
(29)
Pressure
(26) Right Pump Left
Screen
Control Valve Pump
(08) Quad (25) (27) Control
Check Valve High Check Valve
Pressure Valve
Screen
(24)
(09) Left (10) Right Check
Neutralizer Neutralizer Valve
Valve Valve (23)Small Actuator
(22)Large Actuator

(13) Small Actuator

(14) Large Actuator

(11)
Steering (19)
Pilot (15) Primary Left
Valve (18)
Steering
Right Piston
Pressure
(16) Piston Pump
Switch (20) Case Drain Filter
Selector and Pump
Pressure
(12) Selector and Reducing
Pressure Reducing Valve 1 (17) Case Drain
Valve 2 Filter

(21)
Steering and
Brake Tank

20_1
STEERING HYDRAULIC SYSTEM OPERATION

• Steering system - HOLD When the engine is running and the STIC lever is in the HOLD position, pilot oil that
is supplied by the right steering pump (18) flows to the selector and pressure reducing
valve (12). The selector valve reduces the pilot oil to the appropriate pressure. The
pilot oil is blocked at the steering control valve stem (06).

The two steering pumps draw oil from the steering and brake tank (21). Oil from the
left and right steering pumps flows through the check valves (24) and (27), through
the high pressure screens (25) and (28), to the steering control valve (05). With no
pilot oil acting on the ends of the control stem in the steering control valve, the control
stem blocks oil flow to the steering cylinders (02).

The hydraulic oil that is between the steering cylinders and the steering control valve
is blocked. No increase in system pressure is sensed through the ball resolver (04)
at the pump control valves (26) and (29). The pump control valves distribute oil
to the large actuator (14) and small actuator (13) to control the output flow of the
steering pumps. In the HOLD position, the force of the large actuator overrides
the force of the small actuator and the swashplate moves to the LOW PRESSURE
STANDBY position.

In LOW PRESSURE STANDBY, the pump produces adequate flow to compensate

for system leakage and sufficient pressure to provide for instantaneous response
when the steering control valve is moved.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -22- Module 6 - Steering System

(01) Diverter Valve

Right Turn
(33)

(02) Steering
Secondary STEERING
Steering
Cylinders Pump SYSTEM
(30) GRADUAL RIGHT TURN
(04) Ball Unloader
(03) Resolver (31)
Spool
Crossover Valve Relief
Valve (32) Direction Control Spool
Relief Valve

(07)
(05) Steering Back-up
Control Valve Relief Valve
(06) Control
Stem
(28) High
(29)
Pressure
(26) Right Pump Left
Screen
Control Valve Pump
(08) Quad (25) (27) Control
Check Valve High Check Valve
Pressure Valve
Screen
(24)
(09) Left (10) Right Check
Neutralizer Neutralizer Valve
Valve Valve (23)Small Actuator
(22)Large Actuator

(13) Small Actuator

(14) Large Actuator

(11)
Steering (19)
Pilot (15) Primary Left
Valve (18)
Steering Piston
Right
Pressure Pump
(16) Piston
Switch (20) Case Drain Filter
Selector and Pump
Pressure
(12) Selector and Reducing
Pressure Reducing Valve 1 (17) Case Drain
Valve 2 Filter

(21)
Steering and
Brake Tank

22_1
•S
 teering system - GRADUAL When the STIC lever is gradually moved to the right, increased pilot oil flows through
RIGHT TURN the steering pilot valve (11) and the right neutralizer valve (10) to the left side of the
steering control stem (06). Pilot oil pressure shifts the stem in the steering control
valve (05) to the right.

The steering pumps (18)-(19) draw oil from the steering and brake tank (21). Oil
from the steering pumps flows through the respective check valves, through the high
pressure screens, to the steering control valve. Then, the system oil flows around
the control stem to the steering cylinders (02). As pressure increases in the steering
cylinders, a signal pressure is sensed in the control valve on each pump.

System pressure flows through the orifice to the small actuator in each pump. At the
same time, signal oil is shifting the pump control spools and oil is relieved out from
behind the large actuator through the orifice. The small actuators on both steering
pumps have more force than the large actuators. On the right steering pump, the
large actuator (14) shifts to the left and the swashplate angle increases. On the
left steering pump, the large actuator (22) shifts to the right and the swashplate
angle increases. The increased angle of both swashplates will upstroke the steering
pumps and increase the flow to the steering valve.

If the need for more oil pressure in the steering system increases, the signal pressure
increases and the pump control valves signal the steering pumps for increased
flow.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -23- Module 6 - Steering System

(01) Diverter Valve

Right Turn (33)

(02) Steering
Secondary STEERING
Steering
Cylinders Pump SYSTEM
(30) FULL RIGHT TURN
(04) Ball Unloader (31)
(03) Resolver Spool Relief
Crossover Valve Valve (32) Direction Control Spool
Relief Valve

(07)
(05) Steering Back-up
Control Valve Relief Valve
(06) Control
Stem
(28) High
(29)
Pressure
(26) Right Pump Left
Screen
Control Valve Pump
(08) Quad (25) (27) Control
Check Valve High Check Valve
Pressure Valve
Screen
(24)
(09) Left (10) Right Check
Neutralizer Neutralizer Valve
Valve Valve (23)Small Actuator
(22)Large Actuator

(13) Small Actuator

(14) Large Actuator

(11)
Steering (19)
Pilot (15) Primary Left
Valve Steering (18)
Pressure Right Piston
Piston Pump
Switch (16) (20) Case Drain Filter
Selector and Pump
Pressure
(12) Selector and Reducing (17) Case Drain
Pressure Reducing Valve 1 Filter
Valve 2

(21)
Steering and
Brake Tank

23_1
•S
 teering system - FULL RIGHT When the STIC lever is moved to the right, increased pilot oil flows through the
TURN steering pilot valve (11) to the right neutralizer valve (10). The right neutralizer comes
in contact with the right striker and pilot oil is blocked and all pilot oil in the right turn
pilot cavity is drained to tank. With no pilot pressure on left side of the control
stem (06), the control stem goes back to the center. The oil is blocked between the
steering control valve (05) and the steering cylinders (02).

The two steering pumps draw oil from the steering and brake tank (21). Oil from the
left steering pump (19) and right steering pump (18) flows through the respective
check valves, through the high pressure screens to the steering control valve. With
no pilot pressure on the left side of the control stem, no oil flows through the steering
control valve. The hydraulic oil that is between the steering cylinders and the steering
control valve is blocked.

No increase in system pressure is sensed through the ball resolver (04) at the pump
control valves. The pump control valves direct oil to the large and small actuators to
control the output flow of the steering pumps. In the HOLD position, the force of the
large actuator overrides the force of the small actuator and the swashplate moves to
the LOW PRESSURE STANDBY position.

The neutralizer valves prevent the machine front frame from contacting the machine
rear frame when turning FULL RIGHT or FULL LEFT.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -24- Module 6 - Steering System

(01) Diverter Valve

Right Turn (33)

(02) Steering
Secondary STEERING
Steering
Cylinders Pump SYSTEM
(30) SECONDARY STEERING
(04) Ball Unloader
(03) Resolver (31)
Spool
Crossover Valve Relief
Valve (32) Direction Control Spool
Relief Valve

(07)
(05) Steering Back-up
Control Valve Relief Valve
(06) Control
Stem
(28) High
(29)
Pressure
(26) Right Pump Left
Screen
Control Valve Pump
(08) Quad (25) (27) Control
Check Valve High Check Valve
Pressure Valve
Screen
(24)
(09) Left (10) Right Check
Neutralizer Neutralizer Valve
Valve Valve (23)Small Actuator
(22)Large Actuator

(13) Small Actuator

(14) Large Actuator

(11)
Steering (19)
Pilot (15) Primary Left
Valve (18)
Steering
Right Piston
Pressure Pump
(16) Piston
Switch (20) Case Drain Filter
Selector and Pump
Pressure
(12) Selector and Reducing
Pressure Reducing Valve 1 (17) Case Drain
Valve 2 Filter

(21)
Steering and
Brake Tank

24_1
•S
 teering system - SECONDARY This image shows the steering system when the secondary steering system is active.
STEERING If the engine is not running, the steering pumps do not supply steering system oil.
The oil flow through the selector and pressure reducing valve (16) is at tank level.
The unloader spool senses the lack of pressure in the primary steering system and
the unloader spool directs secondary steering oil to the steering system. The
bidirectional secondary steering pump (33) is splined to the output transfer gears and
turns whenever the machine is moving. The diverter valve is equipped with a
secondary steering relief valve (31) which limits the maximum pressure in the
secondary steering system.

The diverter valve (01) directs oil from the tank to the input side of the pump and
the oil from the output side of the pump to the main steering system depending on
if the machine is moving in FORWARD or REVERSE. The secondary steering oil
flows through the check valve to the steering control valve (05). The oil flow from
the secondary steering pump is blocked from going to the steering pumps by their
respective check valves. Also, the secondary steering oil flows to the selector and
pressure reducing valve for pilot oil supply.

In this image, the steering pilot valve (11) is moved to the right. Pilot oil that is
supplied by the secondary steering pump flows through the right neutralizer valve
(10) and by the quad check valve (08) to the left end of the control stem (06). The
machine will articulate to the right.

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -26- Module 6 - Steering System

(01) Oil Cooler

(02) Cooler
Bypass Valve

(03)
Filters (04) Filter
Bypass
Switch
(05) Filter
Bypass Valve 994H
STEERING OIL
(06) Fluid COOLING SYSTEM
Sampling Valve
(09)
Breather (07)
Steering and Brake
Oil Cooler Pump

(08) Steering and

(10) Filter Brake Tank
26_1
STEERING OIL COOLING SYSTEM

• Steering oil cooling system Shown is a block diagram of the steering and brake hydraulic oil cooling system. The
steering and brake oil cooler pump (07) draws oil from the steering and brake
tank (08). Pump oil flows past the fluid sampling valve (06), through the oil filters (03)
and the oil cooler (01), and back to the steering and brake hydraulic tank.

The cooler bypass valve (02) allows pump oil to bypass the coolers at machine start-
up, or when the oil is cold. The cooler bypass valve is set to open at approximately
345 kPa (50 psi).

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SERV1911 - 06/11 -27- Module 6 - Steering System

27_1
•S
 teering oil cooling system This image shows the location of the components that are used to cool the hydraulic
components oil for the steering system and the brake system. Oil is drawn from the steering/brake
hydraulic tank (1) by the gear pump (2). The oil is sent through the filter group (3) and
then through the steering/brake oil cooler (4) and back to the steering/brake hydraulic
tank.

A cooler bypass valve is installed in the manifold (5). The bypass valve allows oil to
bypass the steering/brake oil cooler when the oil is cold or the cooler is restricted.

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