Lecture - 6

Hydrodynamic Lubrication
By
Prof. M. Naushad Alam

MACHINE DESIGN II
M E C 3 11 0

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.

A.M.U. ALIGARH
 Design Considerations

 Two groups of variables are considered in the design of sliding bearings.

 In the first group are those whose values either given or are under the control of the
designer. These are:
1 The viscosity μ
2 The load per unit of projected bearing area, P
3 The speed N
4 The bearing dimensions r, c, β, and l
 Of these four variables, the designer usually has no control over the speed, because it
is specified by the overall design of the machine.
 Sometimes the viscosity is specified in advance.

 The remaining variables, are therefore the decisions the designer makes.
M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20
 …

 In the second group are the dependent variables.

The designer cannot control these except indirectly by changing one or

more of the first group. These are:
1 The coefficient of friction f
2 The temperature rise T
3 The volume flow rate of oil Q
4 The minimum film thickness h0

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 Design Charts for Hydrodynamic Bearings

 Solutions of the Reynolds equation

were first developed in the first decade of the twentieth century.

 Although theoretically applicable only to bearings that are “infinitely long”, these
solutions give reasonably good results with bearings of L/D ratios over about 1.5.

 The Ocvirk short bearing solution, based on Equation

is quite accurate for bearings of L/D ratios up to about 0.25, and is often used to
provide reasonable approximations for bearings in the commonly encountered
range of L/D between 0.25 and 0.75.

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 …

 Computerized solutions of the full Reynolds equation

have been reduced to chart form by Raimondi and Boyd .

These provide accurate solutions for bearings of all proportions.

 Selected charts are reproduced in Figures

 Other Raimondi and Boyd charts apply to partial bearings (which extend around only 60°, 120°,
or 180° of the journal circumference) and to thrust bearings.

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 ..

 Values of any of the bearing performance variables plotted in coming Figures can be determined
for any ratio of L/D greater than by using the following interpolation equation given by Raimondi
and Boyd.

 where y is the desired performance variable for any L/D ratio greater than 1/4 and y1,
y1/2 , and y1/4 are the values of that variable for bearings having L/D ratios of q, 1, and
respectively.
M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20
 …

 Raimondi and Boyd charts apply to partial bearings (which extend around only 60°, 120°, or 180°
of the journal circumference) and to thrust bearings.
 All the Raimondi and Boyd charts give plots of dimensionless bearing parameters as functions of
the dimensionless bearing characteristic number, or Sommerfeld variable, S,

The S scale on the charts is logarithmic except for a linear portion between 0 and 0.01.

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 Chart for minimum-film-thickness variable

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 Chart for coefficient-of friction variable

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 Chart for determining maximum film pressure

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

Chart for determining the position of the minimum film thickness h0

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 Chart for positions of maximum film pressure and film termination

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 Chart for flow variable

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 Chart for the ratio of side flow to total flow

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 Polar diagram of film-pressure

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 PROBLEM - 1

A journal bearing of 2-in. diameter, 1-in. length, and 0.0015-in. radial clearance supports a
fixed load of 1000 lb when the shaft rotates 3000 rpm. It is lubricated by SAE 20 oil,
supplied at atmospheric pressure. The average temperature of oil film is estimated at 130°F.
Using the Raimondi–Boyd charts, estimate the minimum oil film thickness, bearing
coefficient of friction, maximum pressure within the oil film, angles and
total oil flow rate through the bearing; the fraction of this flow rate that is recirculated oil
flow; and the fraction of new flow that must be introduced to make up for side leakage.

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 Solution

 Assumptions:
 1. Bearing conditions are at steady state with the radial load fixed in magnitude and direction.
 2. The lubricant is supplied to the bearing at atmospheric pressure.
 3. The influence on flow rate of any oil holes or grooves is negligible.
 4. Viscosity is assumed to be
constant and to correspond
to the average of the oil flowing
to and from the bearing.

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

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M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

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1. Given Data:

2.

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 …

3. Calculate S:

4 .

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 …

4. From the charts Calculate:

Hence side leakage that must be made up by “new” oil represents 81 percent of
the flow; the remaining 19 percent is recirculated.

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 PROBLEM - 2

A machine journal bearing has a journal diameter of 150 mm and length of 120 mm. The bearing
diameter is 150.24 mm. It is operating with SAE 40 oil at 65 C. The shaft is carrying a load of 8 kN
and rotates at 960 rpm. Estimate the bearing coefficient and power loss using Petroff’s equation.
Data Given :
d = 0.15m;
D =0.15024m;
l = 0.12 m;
F=8kN;
SAE 40 oil To = 65oC;
n = 960/60 = 16 rps.

To Find
f =? , Nloss =?

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 Solution

r = 0.5d = 0.5 x 0.15 = 0.075 m

c = (D-d) /2 = 0.00012 m
p = F/dl = 8000/ 150x 120 = 0.44 MPa= 44 x 104 Pa

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20

 Solution

M. N. ALAM / Mech. Engg. Dept. / A.M.U. Aligarh 7-Sep-20