First Certificate Language Practice MICHAEL VINCE with Key a MACMILLAN HEINEMANN ‘inion,Ee ‘Companies and represeocatives trhoughout the world Biblioicka WSUIP w Warszawie ee inte cs eee) ey Bo 000-018585-00-0 pubs 16 ‘igre pln mayne. Svdigs sanyo rtd any fern sy ‘etm decroncymickmelghvoroyyine cog ‘Sieve let i proretnen praises he ike “Teawior wouldidcashinkereryou wi homie ae aee ere iS Me paihr would teeth Dave Miley, Kait snipe toy Bikini. 869 5 > were ih BiSrorpetu tei 03 {Gyberaa coger Newontt isa and in iby Mice Cay Mas BIBLIOTEKA ‘yer Sito Haney Paws fru yscrda tgzariigo spat ans deeb ‘ 585-13 ‘200 2002 2001 2000 1688 soi ioae 7 nit vunit2 unit 3 unit 4 Units units unit 7 unit 8 Units Unit 20 Unitas Contents Inucodvetion Grammar Past time Pestsimple Pst continuous, Past perfec, redo tould paricipleclauses Present perfect Present perf simple and continuous, Past simple Future time (Wilt, going, Fucore continuous, Future perfect, fucure timeclauses, Present continuous, Present simple Presentiime resent simple, Present continuous PROGRESS TEST Indirect speech ‘With ad without ense changes, reference words, quettions commande and rogues, reporting arb, paraphrase Conditionals eal situations (Conditions) withif can snes, provided astong a lmpeative, sould {Unreal sitions (Conditional 2) wih f sere igh, could zereco [Unreal stations (Conlin 3) with f might, mixed conditions, other ifsentences Hypothetical and unreal tenses ‘Wishes shou presencand past, wishes aboucehe unare wich auld have could, ‘Fons icine, Pal rater suppose, imagine Passive voice ‘Transitive and intransitive verbs, ses, reporting verbs, heve/gr something done, verbs and prepositions tansation, make, agent PROGRESS TEST Relative clauses Sobjct and objectelauss, combining sencences, defining nd aon-cefining clauses, omitting the relative pronoun ‘hie who, tt, eae, sb 13 18 22 26 33 45, Ba 56First Cotficate Language Practice unitaz units unitaa unitas Unitas unita7 units unit 19 unit 20 unit 24, Prepositions Movement, postion and place, problems of us, prepositions which are also adverbs, prepositions with more than ane word, prepositional phrases, Expressing purpose, result and contrast So that, infinitive of purpose, n orders, s0 to, fors0 snd such, somsebmany/feutlicte 10 adjective +10, not + adjective + cough alibongh, chon ‘eveathongh, while, beens, hroever,neverthels, despiz,nspte of ‘Time expressions Nowadays, these day, in, calendar references, eventnally, nthe en, for sce, presently, ce pine te day tbe dette ker ator problems PROGRESS TEST Modal auxliries, present and future: ably, certainty, obligation Ability: Car, bea to, cond mst can't ‘Certainty and uncecsnny: may, might, could be Bound to Obligation: As, have 10, must, don't have should ought co, bad Deter i/are10 Modal auxiliaries, past: ability, certainty, obligation Ability: Cond, was ablero (Ceresingy and wncersiney: must bev, can't eve ay hae, might have, onl ‘austere io bove Obligation: advo, sont have, onght to eve, ned eve, did’ needa Pronunciation and writing, indirect speech Language functions 4 ‘Asking for and giving advice, agresing and disagresng, apologising, complaining ending a conversation asking for and ging directions, greatingskinghow someones aking for information introducing yeurself nd other people, saving, acepting and declining Invitations, offering someting, offering todo something Language functions 2 “Things to say on special occasions ora special moments, asking for and gving an pinion, pasng te think, asking for peemssion, giving and rlusing permission, expressing preferences, promising, reassuring, recommending, using ro da something, ‘making and responding to 2 request, suggesting, thanking PROGRESS TEST CCountables end uncountables. Problems with plurals Countable and uncountahle, changes of meaning, pal form with singular verb no singular form, groups of people 62 74) 83 8 oa +9 102 108 vunit22 unit 23 une 24 unit 25, unit26 vunit27 unit 28 nie23 tun. 30 Unie a, unit 32 Unies unit 3a unit 35 Unit 36 Contents Acticles as. ‘aro ail, definite stile indefinite siete All, no, each, every, elther, neither, none 9 Making comparisons aza Forming comparative ajestives, ores ess iregularforms, comparative of adverbs, making comparisons, comparaivectuses PROGRESS TEST 130 Phrasal verbs 1 134 ‘Verbs with three parts; verbs with wo pars transitive and nsepseable Phrasal verbs 2 140 Verbs with eo paris transitive and separable; verbs with wo pars transitive ‘orbs followed by nfinitve or gerund and that clause wT ‘Verbs followed by: perund ar noun: gerund, sat-lsus or noun; infinitive widt0 or jperund with and without change of meanings infinitive with: a o gerund or her- Complecethis ‘able of rzegular pustensesand European(4) (cvergo) to thearea before. In fact, most o! Mallory’s their verb stems. colleaguesin Oxford either (5) belive) thatthe city (6) nnn {never exist) (7) enn (eal that ie (8) (vanish) long (9) evnvnne(beeome) simply a legend. According tothe Professor, the builders ofthe city (10) (hide) ie among the mountains inorder to pre its immense riches. He (11). (oeieve thacche descendants of theseancient ope (12) nana Keep) themselves apart from the restof mankind for the ery sate reasons, So when We (13) .---mns (Get off) onacool May morning towards che distant mountain, exch of Us (14) «ne J0Ok forward) ro exciting discoveries. Fora weelear more We (18) smnnnu (lind) higher and higher, following the map, which Mallory (16) w.anno (Study) from timeto time, Then one sfernoon, while We (17) oonnnn (est stthe top of avalley, we (18). 2) thata rider on ahorse(19). avs fom the other side of the valley. rider whose clothes (20). (chine) ike gold! KEY POINTS (ovave) 8) Norman collected the parel, but then he ealisediewasthewrongone. > After collecting te cel Maca lie itt a ') Sueleft the house, but first she checked that she had her keys Before oon 6) Mare was parking his ear when he noticed she wing.-mieror was broken. While snrmnnnnnnnnnn ss 4) Julia elesned the house, but hen she ell asleep onthe sof ‘Afer fit «) Brian bought new television, bu Before 6) Alan was singin Switzerland and met his old friend, Ken While Fee eestor ) Kate took ewo aspiring, and then she feleslorbetcer After nt 4 Sheila went ourfortheev Before i) Michasl was takinga bath when he heard someone atthe door. White See oe j) First ody ead the book, and then she decided thacshedlida’t like Alken hhechecked al the pres. nuit she washed her hai ae Unit 1 Past tine sew Past STEM PASTTENSE STEMI PaST-TENSE best feel shoot bend I fy sink bie froze sprang mm bled held stole blow. Thue stick Dud lay swing catghe ‘meant fon WORE cm chose paid rm tod daw son win i drove Shook ome fall shone mon wate “Thepast simple describes events in the past, suchas the main events ina narrative, bean also daserbe habits and routinesin the past ‘Thepast continuousis used for: 8) Background description, b) Actions in progress, often contrasted! with a sudden event. ‘The pase continuous cannot be used to describe past routines and habie Participle clauses ean introduces clause giving the main event Thesubjeets of bo clauses must bethesame. ‘Thepast perfect deseribesa past event which took place before another pascevent.Ifbefare or after isused, the pas perfects optiona “The pase perfec is notused toshow chat an event happened long timeago inthe past. eed to only refers to past time, snd has no presone form. Would can be used to deseribe habitual ations inthe past, usually in writing, Ducnot when theseare contrasted with the present. Compare: ‘Jim toould always make bis mother a eupof tes afer Ine, “ion wsed to drink tos, but now be prefer coffe. Would connot be used to describe states: Sally sed to bea dances Progresstost | Unic2 Present perfect Units 7and § Uneeal past tenses Unie 4 ‘Time expressionsUnit 2 Present Perfect apr Explanations S Hecencerems Present perfctsingle ‘The presen perfec simpleis used o describe eccayevents without deliie thm Theiderolieor plats in the speaker nnd makes the evene raceme A roelefiny shopping ag eb ovjut broken ey onc Wecanaeo deserve events that have not happened Tan’ fouier pioneer yet “The event may beconneced with he resent, because the rel of the evens Dresnt Node nei given forte eve Inkfinieevents 1 Petenperectsimple No definite mes given forthe vet. Toe been to France hee tines ‘Compared with pas simple Everts described using the past simple have definite times Trent to France last year “Thetense used can depend on the time expression. ‘Thisis the fire sine Ihave eaten Japanese food. 3. Definite Paces | fwethinkof adefinive place foran event, this may suggest definite ime. wre Teftany shopping bag on the rain. pee texlnded or repested events Present perfectsimple With verbs dha desribe staes, the presene perfect simple describes a state ‘whieh fasts up vo the present. Leolived inthis house for pears. Present perfec "The present perfect continuous ean also des state which presear montent ‘ve been living inthis house for five years, ‘There islitle difference of meaning berw nnsimpleand continvousin this case, or with ow Tong questions The wero, Hie ei, stay prefer the resent perfect continuous. “How long bave yon been eaiting? sts uptothe Fontes, ago ‘Comirasts serween simple spdcontinuous 1 Choose stitable caption foreach picture Perfect 3. Prosont perfect simple ‘The present perfect simple ean describes habitual ation ina period of ime ‘up tothe present moment. Teencversoora te to teork, and I refuse to start nose! See Unit 14 for contrasts between these time expressions. 1 Noccompleced ‘Use ofthe present perfect continuous can suggest that an ations not completed, or has recent finished. We've been walking for hours! Let'sbavea res. ve een digging the garden. That's why I's so dirty! 2 Compleced ‘Use of the present perfect simple can show that an setionis complete. Giving the number ofscrions suggests completion. Pvecoritien ten pages ofrmy homewor’ asignment! @ Did you enjoy the match? 2) Have you enjoyed the match? 1) Whathave youbeen doing? 2) What have you done? o 1), Hewas marred sixtimes. 1) How long have you been here? 2) Hehas been married sx times 2) How long sre you herefor?2 ‘Choose the most suitable rene. 3 Puteach verbin brackets into a suitable conse, ( First Cortifiate Language Practice il " Ghwsethomon ible ime pression 1) Vrebeenwaitingforewohours. 1) Wheredid Wendy go? poe 2) Twaited fortwo hours. 2) Wherehas Wendy been? 2) Did you seedFTave you scedmy bag anywhere? I can’t find it. b) Larry stings esa serngZise ate is novel fortelastew years ‘without geting further than Chaprer One, a ©) From che minute he got up this morning Gary asked¢has askesUhas been 2 asking silly questions! © Complese the 4) Have you given/Did vou give Helen my message when you havescen/saw Second sentence her? © othatichasa 6) Sorry, could you say that agin? I dda’ lisen/haven' Fistened haven hsen Silarmesning listening 9 you. wlhefirs §) The police think that chey founel¢hare found your missing wallet socal th sentence, using number ‘theword given {) [don't think we'll go swimming afterall beeause the weather changeWhas Bonotchanse cas e the word sven 1) How was your holiday ia aly? Did you viss/Hnve you visited lotsof Nouinuseuse inweresting places? Dbetwcenswo nd i) Did youswomeet/Have you two mex before? Eric, this is Amanda, fewords. 8) Diskyou ment/Have you mas anyoncintoresting st the reception? 8) sory abount coming a wth (hve) sthome. by Waita mine. (have). -him alongtimeago, 3 iene obebackiterein London. This isthe second time (come). 4) Ym phoning about your advertisement forabizycle forse, which Tes) thelocal paper. (you sl). sit? Orisieaillavalable? «) Thisplceisins terriblemes! Whaton cath (vou do) 1) And now foranicem of local news. Hampshire police (find) dangerous snake which (go) ..---~ missing carer in the wosk, ) This tooth (kil) nonmetal S01 (th) nnnen an appointment with the demise for Tuesday. 2) Let veyouthe report (oromis. fii) en i) Harry (notlook) cold andso Itsy) -~ am iden. Let's go and see Roger. Welss:(see) forcolay because I (nat well since he (G0) suunnunona diet Or Unie 2 Present Perfect j). Iesaysin the paper that they (discover) cil in Wales. They (look for} ‘efor ages. 4) Thaven's seen Gory GaBsincr along time. Howishe? b) lesagesaga/snce lst went oa football match. 6) Tvewrinen w Deborah as wenk/escently. 4) Whachave you been doingadaylyestontay? «) Haveyou este alan food hsfonfalreade? 1) ee beenlving hee in/sinee the end of st yet ) Acully {had dinner with Sve las nih lily. 1) Pvebeen iryingto gecin ouch with David fcagen/forshe lasts 3) Tony has'cbeen wo Edinburgh singadghea we wen sherevopeher i) Tean eememberboslong/schan ve had thie watch 8) Steve stared learning the violina month ago. learning Steve. een ee i by Ihave beentmian en foagea wx the violin fora mvonth Tee ge ca 6) When she heard the results, Mary be become Since heating the seus un oe 4) The lasctime Nancy came ere was in 1986. [Nancy hasn't ) Thisis my fist visievo Japan, time This the feet a f) Flow long have Felen and Robert been married? get When 8) Jackboug! for Jackhas bh) Tesalong time since our last conversation, spoken We vin i) Thanks, already ‘Thanks, buel's 1) Thisis my fire game of waterpolo. bree * vow an nian restausant to feel more confident. s more confident sone 196 ato Japs. vw marvi? in ani as een wearing chem evr nt Thal something teat eater,Fin Certificate Langage Practice 6 Pureach verbin brackets into wither the present perfecrsinipleor thepresent perfect 7 Puseach verbin bracketsino sither the pase simple the present perfect simple, or the present perfect, Gon table of irregular post participles sunt thsir ver eve this 8) Someone (et) .A6.cate... all theexkes, I'l have eo buy some more by What (you buy) ve Your sister for her birchday? ) My chroacis really sore. (sing) wall evening. Breads (earn Russian, bur she finds iediffcul, ©) How many people (you invite). vos tO YOUE party? £) Those evo eats (si) von thatbranch fr the last howe. 9) Te(eain). ayt Why can'ciestop! 1h) Diana (wes). twelve dilferoncdressos inthe past week 4) 140) nnnennnnane everything you asked. Whar should I do now? j) Graham and Pauline (ry) 0 find ahouse forages, burthey «an’cfind onethey ean afford. Iewas announced in London this morning tha the Bricish Oil Corporation (1) even (discover oil under the sea near the Welsh couse. Thecompany, which (dei) fr oilintheare since 1990, (3). ind)smallamountsof oi near Swansea lst month, and since then (8)... (discover) larger amounts under the seabed neasby. Last year the governstent (3) smmn(lend) over $50,090,000 co BOC, and (6) mmm (give) permission for the company to build an oil efinery and othe fells in South Wales. ‘The rection of local people wo today's:1eW5 (7) nnne(De)misedsofar, Local MPs (8) u-nn-(alrezdy weleome) the news, pointing ourchat the oi industry will bring badly needed obs to theres. ut ocalresidentsare i ‘worried about the danger of pollution. Nobody (9)... (ak) us yerwhaewe | swan, said Ann Griffiss, leader ofthe Keep Out The Oil Carspaign. "Look. hat (10) snnne(happen} shen they (If) nnn (find) olin Sodan i the 19608, Thecil companies (12). on» (et rich, no the loca people. BOC (15) ene (not ell ws the truth about wha this going to mesn for our a people” A BOC spokesman ter (4) nfFefase)fOcomment. Meanwhile Tosa camprigners (1)... (ase) the goremmentto fold singing steairaKIiGIRLE STEM pawncrLe stem panmicnmte beat feel son shoot bend on fy on sinle bite freere spring : Bled old seal bow Ine stick build ley swing catch 2 snes car choose Py ead dene send win drive shake Tn vind fall shine woe we 9 eal ‘sone should not be ‘here. Tickeaeh cormetline. Ix linehssa word) fc should not + bethereswrice sheword inthe spe KEY POINTS Unit2 Presont Perfect A Lettor fram the Builders Dear Mrs Sangster, Justa quick now to explain what we have been done 50 farthis month. The workon the kitchen has gone ‘well 0 fay although we haven'ealeeady finished knocking down the oursde wall yer, So T wrote to youtlast wealeand have explined that wo of my workmen wereill They have quite recovered now, [am glad to say and they have camebacle towork yesterday. As the weather hasbeen bad svchate been work inside most ofthe time,and allthe paintings now been finished. We have also put ina new window inthe kitchen, as you Inaweinstructed in your last letter. As you havenot been visiting here for tivo weeks ‘wehare not bad the chance o discuss the walls. When we checked chem we have discovered beet. Denn shacthey areina dangerous condition. IL WA) rene leryou know what we have do tothem. 13) Bost wishes, Andrew Turner, Builder 1. ‘The present perfecesimple describes indefinice events. These events take pliceina petiod of time leading up co the present moment, or the result of theeventis still present, No definite time is given “Thechoice between the present perfec: simple and the past simplecan depend on how the speaker thinks. Compare A: Whar'sthemanicr?” — "ve ada accident.” Br What'sshematzer?® ‘Thad anaccdent." Inche second example, che speaker thinks of the events finished rather than still connected with the present. 2 Events deseribed with the presont perfect simple may be recent, or not 3. Thepresent perfeccconsinuous emphasises thelength of ime of an action. It suggests thatthe action is unfinished, orecenly finished. The present perfect continuous is nor used where che completion of sa action is ‘emphasised. Compare: Tee been reading Peeread this book. (Completionis notemphasiced) (Gompletionis emphasized) 4 Forreferswo finshed orunfivihed period of time He's been siting cere forages. Treated for threebou.ee er ee ie Firs. Centficate Language Practice Since refers the point at which an uafinished period af time began. He's been sitting shore since two o'elack, Ago refers to the ime ofa finished avent. Jillarrived acweek ago, Pastime Unies Progress est Unie 1 “Time expressions ‘Prediction Faturetime clauses Unit 3 Future time Explanations 1 Wit Willis used ro make prelctions tis often preceded by J think or by ‘opinion words ike perbeps. Atimecxpression inalso necessary. Libink itUrain tomorrow. — Perbapesbe Ibe late. Inspeech, both will and shallare contracted tol, Use of shall ater J and ve is more coramon informal speech, Secalso Units 18 and 19 for functional uses of will an hall Going to a predicted evencis very nea, and especially in impersonal statements, going wo isalso commonly used for predietions. ‘Will can also be used in those examples, with no change of meaning. You're going ofall! (See Presen cause) Liverpool are going ta win the Crp. 3. Presencenuse ‘We often make a predietion because we can see the exuse ofthe event. Look ont! There's a bus conning! It's going to bit us! ean see you're going to ave. baby. When irit die? 4 Fuuurecontinuous ‘The future continuous s used to describes situa particular time, This time next week we'llbe eating loxeh on the planet Its also used to predict future state or habit ata particular time in the futare Inten yoarstinae I expect Il be living in London, And Pl probably be yeling to wor’, inthe furureaca 5 Faure perfeot ‘The futureperfect looks back from a pointin the futureand refers to indefinite time up to that point, By the tine ee yet here, the film eill ve started, ‘Thismeans thatat te future time when we getthere, we ean say: The fi bas started. 1 Afiertimeexpressions when, uni and aesoan asa present tase formis used, aldhougls cis refers to fate time. Mleoaiefor you bere until you get ac. ‘The presene perfectcan be used to emphasise the completion ofan event Mlavait here until you bave fiusbed.Phansand facts Chasse the most suitable tense Pureach verb in brackets into the most appropriate Fave time fori, Morethan one ansiver nr be possible ‘entificare Language Practice 1 Going: s Gong toi used to deseibea presen nsaton 8 calivabin Pm going to fxihe television tomorvow. sets into 4 wat f oil future Wills also used for decisions madeatthe time of speaking. timeform. More Throw, PU get hin a walle for bis irchday. thmoneanswer tay bepossible 1 Prosentcontinvous mer The present continuousis used to deseribe plans nd arrangements which are defiice. Such arrangements may be written ina diary Sorry, Feat help you, fms Teaing i the morning. 2. Presentsimple ‘The present simple s used to describe Future events which we eannot conteol They may be facts such az events ins timetable, ora law, The plane for Pars leavesat 9.85. Activities . 3) Why @zyatigoing a hail vou buy anew mountain bike? i ) Don'ephone betwees 8.60:nd 9.60. suuly/'L he aging then ) Look out! That eee wil fils going co fal! 4) Lerme know assoonas Louise will geet here. ©) Greatnews! Jean and Chis wil come/arecoming co stay with us. 4) According thistimetabh 2) Thaveafecing that som by The doctor says Lwillhave/am going to have a baby! ') Can youeall meat7.00, because CLleave/f'm leving tomorrow. §) HM yoaserivelateatthetale, the bet tings willge/sail have gone. Puteach verb in bricketsinvoa stable tense, hing range isgoing.xa happens happening ia 2) Tean’tsee you on Thursday afternoon. (visit) amaisting... our Birmingham branch, o b) George not be) on back unis. Can Ttakea message? j ¢) What (you buy) ‘with the money you won inthe lowcery? 4) Telou’e think you (have) any problems at chesirpor. ©) (yourake) your dog with you ta Scotland? 8) Canyouanswer the phone for me? I (ie down) forawhil. 4) Allehe hotels are ll, Where (se spend). ‘hemi? 1h) You'd beer not comein July. My mother (say) wich me the. Where (your plane leave) 2 i) Lewethoeathere. ave the pale (aoe noice) i sit3 Fucure time 2) By chetime wezezch home, the rain (top) lee. stopet b) Thistime next woek ie) con the beach in Spin. 6) lnten yess se work) fora different company €) lfevedon' geeshereby 6 Jack (leis) e) In July they (be martied eeneennne {OF EWEMTY Yeats ) In theyear 2500 lotof people (live) 7 ‘on the moon. 2) Whea yougetto thestation, (wait) w= for you ouside bh) Don't worry! Theplane (land) int moment, i) Bythetime you comehome, (finish)... nthe decorating, }) Come round between eight and nine. We (Wate) wenn te match on television then, Have you ever wondered what exactly (1) pm... (you do} in ton years time? Wel, according to compuser expert Tom Vincent, compucers @ (soon beable) to make accurate predictions about the ature, Professor Vinceat, from Cambridge University, (3) (hold) press conference next week to describe che computer which hecalls *Computafucure’. This compucer can rll us what lif (4) (be) Fe, based on data describing past events, explains Professor Vincent. For example, Computafurure ean predict haw many people (3) (live)ina particular aces, or whether there (0) monn ine be) alot of sain duringa particular period, Professor Vincent also believes that by the year 2050, computers (7) on (replace) reachers, and 8) snmunnanns (also do) most of thejobs now being doneby the police. *Computersare becoming more intelligentall the time,’ says Professor Vincent ‘Soon ey (2) v= (iret) traffic and (10) (each) our children. And vling usabout the future? 5First Contifcate Language Practice Pateach verb in brackets into a suitable eens, Allsentences refer to furure 6 Look carefally ‘exch ine. Some Tinesare corset, butsomehaves word which should nae be there, Tick each correetline. Ifa linebasa word which should ace ether, write the word in the spice, 8) When (see) Sf. you tomorrow I (tell). b) Assoonas-we (get)... there, we (phone) you my news. forscari. £2) Ugo) nuvwnnn £0 the library before (do) ae ue.the shopping, 0) We wait) ns here until che rin (0p) so 2) get)... some money from the bank when i (open) A) After yeu (take) wna de medicine, yOu (el) arn botce ) Youhavero say until you Fish) won... your work ) Ter)... you know the minute I (heat the results |) Before we (paing) wn the wal, we (have) cup of ts, 1) We limb) nnnnnn over the wall as soon S8i¢(ge0)onvw ath Keeping «Diary ‘Areyou one of those people wha will know exactly whet they willbe doing every day nest ‘week? When che eiferene days wil iv willyou have getoutyour diay, orare yoatholind of person who wil as guess? Somepeople wll write dar appoinaments inadiary, bucothersjusthope cht thy will remember, For example, tonight I'mbe going to thecinema, but perhaps no forget al aout. You se, Fill news ep diary 1iry norco forget my appointments, but T know that will sully do, [jusedon'e ke planing my foture. know thatone day Pm going to smakea serious mistake be miss an important «examination, orby the time I remember it and get ther, iwi have been finshed, Peshaps thar willbe when Ihave finally buy a dary KEY POINTS 1 2 Grid Fauwvorines Will and sha have other meanings. See Units 18 and 19, ‘Thepresent continuous isuse to describe fised arrangements, ad sas about social arrangements, ‘Are you doing snyching this evening? ‘The present simple and present perfecrean algo be used co refer to future scl you the news when Ise0 1 Call me oben you bee finished. Going so can be used instead of win predictions. For some speakers this scemns more colloquial. Tn sve you're going to enjoy the fil F'n suve-yon'l enjoy the fb, SE iSand19 for Functional uset of will and shall Unies Progress ‘Tet Unie Time expressionsPeosene simple nt Unit 4 Present time abies Explanations 1 Foets whicharealways rue "The resent simple is use te deseribe fais in science, and geographical descriptions. Tho light from the Suo takes 8 nine 20 seextoreach the Earth The River Po flews into the Adriatic Sea 2 Habitual ations : “Thepresentsimple is used to describe habitual actions. A Frequency adverb is ofen use. Tuzwlly take ve bus to works 5. Plot summaries and historical tables Thepresene simple suse to deerbe the evens in anaraive, whea the eveotsare summarise. is use wo describe whachappensina film or book, forina ble of events 1 Chapter 1, Susan meets Davida agrees ta go tothe seboo dance a son bine ‘Choose hemost 178. The Erench Revolution begins suible ens. Gaur Washington becomes the first president of the USA. 1. Actions which re still in progress “Thepreseatcontinuousisused re deseribeacsions which are temporary and ot ye finished. T'mdoing the washing np 2 Habits overs period of time ‘Thepresent uous ean describes temporary habit. A rime expressions, necessary. BS ‘At the momentaoe're sending all the mot! by courier, bens the Post eae Office son strike eee 3 Arepested emporacy event tithe the present “The present comtinuousean describe a repeated temporary action. A ime ‘Smpleorthe expression is necessary. resent Whenever J see Tors be'samoking ‘ontingous, You're making the sare mista n annoying habie ‘The present continuous is used w describe anannoying habit. A frequency adverb is necessay. You're alwys borvowing money from met Unita Present time 1 Some verbs are not normally used inthe continuous, because they deveribe setivities which already extend in time, These are sometimes called state’ verbs. be, believe, cost, depend, have, bear, know, matter, smell, suppose, taste, think, understand 2. Someof these verbscan be used in continuous forms witha change of| meaning. Tim is being rather difficult at the moment Tinbaving breakfast. (Eat) Timtasting che soup, 1 check fit needs more sal Tmthinking of buying anew eax. (Consider) 3. The difference berween simpleand continuous can be one of stticude Doou sleep alot? (Your general habit) Areyouslespingenongh? (Your stoation tthe moment) Both questions could be asked in the same siteation, Behave) (Sample) Activities 3) Whatsort of work@axoudi¥are you doing? >) Lean’ talk now.Leaok/I'mcoaking te dinner «) Whaeshall-we have? Doon like/ Are you liking fish? 4) Can Lborrow this typeweiter? Orda xouuse/aceyouusing it? «) Whar doshe people here do/sreshe people here doing inthe evenings? f) Follow dhacbus. Thea you sin/you are mening left {) Alocof people think thatthe Sun gacs/iegaing scound the Earth 1) Exeose me do you rad/are vou reading your newspaper? Could I borrow }) Doyoumsivee you waiting forthe bus co Newesstle? ) Andy bulds/s building his own housein the country. 2) There's nobody here, and the door'locked. What(wedo) .e.n.de. now? b) Whae youloak) at? (veer) vv the Wrong clothes again? 9) Mook fier). ‘Joel's dog this weekend. (you want) ° takeit fora walk? 4) Who (ative) on ©) Keil have) nee 9) Who Suedsnce).n. shai Mercedes eha’s parked outside? ‘pain in my leg butt (get) betes: with? That's nocher brother isi? 2) Harry (look) very uacidy! He (wese) dirty jeans he time. 1) L(write). win reply to yaur advertisement inthe Daily News. i) Thatplane [boughs (20t g£0%) snnnnne wony much, And (water) vw it every dy. ) Which hotel (you stay) Jn whenever you (CoM) nnn WeH8?