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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD OF SMALL SCALE FISHERIES

AND AQUACULTUE HOUSEHOLD IN COASTAL AREAS:
THE CASE OF TIBAGUIN, HAGONOY BULACAN

A Research Paper

Submitted to the Faculty of Accountancy Business and Management

In partial fulfilment of the requirements in

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion- Qualitative Research

CHARLS KAREN C. IGNACIO

Lead Researcher

MA. SOCORRO W. DELA CRUZ

Assistant Researcher

10 March, 2020
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Approval Sheet
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the course Inquiries, Investigations, and
Immersion (i3), this research entitled “SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD OF SMALL
SCALE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTUE HOUSEHOLD IN COASTAL
AREAS: THE CASE OF TIBAGUIN, HAGONOY BULACAN “has been prepared
and submitted to the Faculty of Accountancy Business and Management (ABM) by
Charls Karen C. Ignacio and Ma. Socorro W. Dela Cruz of ABM 12-A, who are
hereby recommended for examination.

___________________________________
LORELA G. CARPIO
Research Adviser
March 2020

Approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the course Inquiries,

Investigations, and Immersion (i3) by the Panel of Examiners.

______________________________
ANNIE S. RAFOLS, Ph.D.
Chairman

CECIL REYES RALPH RYAN H. TOO

Member Member

KARL PATRICK DELA CRUZ RUFO MARTINIANO SANTOS

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the course Inquiries,
Investigations, and Immersion (i3).

___________________________________
RODRIGO V. JACINTO, JR.
Assistant Principal II for Academics

____________________________________
ROMAN M. CARREON
Secondary School Principal IV
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers want to express their deepest gratitude to the following who

committed and shared their time, support, and motivations for accomplishments of this

research study.

Primarily, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for his showers of blessing

throughout our research work to complete the research successfully.

Ms. Lorela G. Carpio, our research teacher, for her effective critiques,

understanding support and patience all throughout the development of this research.

Mr. Rodrigo V. Jacinto Jr. the assistant principal for academic and Roman C.

Carreon the principal of Guiguinto National Vocational High Scholl for their approval

of conducting our study.

The researchers parents, family and friends for their love, prayer, caring and

sacrifices for educating and preparing them for the future.

Mr. Rogelio C. Suico the Barangay Captain of Tibaguin, Hagonoy Bulacan for

welcoming us and giving us permission to gather data from the livelihood workers of

Barangay Tibaguin.

The Livelihood workers of Barangay Tibaguin, Hagonoy, Bulacan for answering

the questions in the interview that we needed for a research.

We offer all these sacrifices to you for being part of our venture towards

knowledge.
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ABSTRACT

This study strive to understand sustainable livelihood of small scale fisheries and aquaculture

household as the common occupations of the people in the Philippines, most especially in the

coastal areas where there places are surrounded by the bodies of water. Hagonoy, Bulacan is a

fishing municipality and majority of the populations are devoted in fish farming, thus the

researchers wanted to know about the sustainable livelihood of people in that coastal area. The

study entitled ‘Sustainable Livelihood of Small Scale Fisheries and Aquaculture Household in

Coastal Area: The Case of Tibaguin, Hagonoy, Bulacan was conducted to know what are the

small-scale livelihood occupations in the coastal area of Tibaguin, Hagonoy, Bulacan and how

does sustainable livelihood aligned with small-scale fisheries and aquaculture household affect

income, way of living and job satisfaction of the workers. Case study was used to gathered

information. The total informants used were four livelihood workers in Tibaguin. Results

revealed that there are different sustainable livelihood aligned with fishing and aquaculture

household like fish gathering, fish drying and net mending. Income, way of living and job

satisfaction was affected by sustainable livelihood. Finally some recommendations have been

offered for livelihood workers, local government units, and sectors of agriculture and fisheries,

costumers and entrepreneurs and future researchers.

Keywords: Sustainable Livelihood, small scale fisheries, aquaculture household, coastal areas
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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 The Problem and Its Background

Introduction 1-2

Statement of the Problem 3

Theoretical Framework 3
Conceptual Framework 4
Significance of the Study 5-6
Assumption 6
Scope and Delimitation 6
Operational Definition of Terms 7-8
Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature 9-18
Chapter 3 Methodology
Methods and Techniques 19

Informants of the Study 19-20

Instrument of the Study 20
Data Gathering Procedure 20
Plan for Data Analysis 21
Chapter 4 Presentation of Results, Analysis and Discussion
Findings 22-32
Observation 33
Chapter 5 Summary of the Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation
Summary 34
Conclusion 35
Recommendations 36-37
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Table of Contents

References
References 38-41
Appendices
Appendix A.1 42
Appendix A.2 43-45
AppendixB.1 46
AppendixB.2 47-49
Appendix C 50-57
Appendix D
63
Curriculum Vitae
Curriculum Vitae
64-65
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Sustainable livelihoods aligned with fisheries and aquacultures are the

common occupation of the indigent people in some of the coastal areas near in the

different bodies of water. This is the easiest way for them to get an income and give the

needs and necessities of their families. Increased productivity from sustainable fisheries

and aquaculture can be a driver for rural development by improving livelihoods,

increasing income, and promoting economic growth. The Philippines with an island

dwelling population of more than 93 million and more than 7100 islands, is a major

fishing nation and the world‟s second archipelagic state (FAO 2012). With its abundant

water resources and coastal nature, some of the populations are dependent on fishing

industry and one of this is Hagonoy, a fishing municipality in Bulacan. According to

Comprehensive Land Use Plan (2011) “Hagonoy, Bulacan is mainly a fishing

municipality with almost 7000 hectares and about three- fourths of the land area are

devoted in fish farming”, because of its replete water resources, majority of the people

their relies on fishing and aquaculture works like, fish marketing, fishing processing,

drying fish, net mending, and fishing boat ownership and operation.

Fishing and aquaculture works are important source of employment and income in

developing our society. There‟s no qualification and it doesn‟t needed to be educated

enough to enter these kind of jobs, so it totally helps the people who doesn‟t finish

school and doesn‟t have a degree or diploma and can‟t find a formal work like fishermen

and livelihood workers. They entered these jobs to get money and support their family,
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but still they are facing a lot of problems such as lack of materials and equipment that

they can totally need. A lot of them don‟t have the right and proper materials and gears,

so it affects the production and speed of their works. They cannot work rapidly, because

of the difficulties of using their old paraphernalia and not having enough materials in

fishing. Effect of calamities and different crisis is also one of their problems. We cannot

stop natural phenomenon and it truly give challenges to the workers and to the

production of fish products. Unsustainable fishing practices and overfishing pushed our

oceans to the limit and because of that it affects the everyday way of life and source of

income of those who depend on it. With no productive fish left, fishermen and fisheries

are bound to go out of the business in no time.

This study is primarily sought to determine the different sustainable livelihood

aligned with small-scale fisheries and aquaculture household in coastal area. This study

is also deemed to help fishermen, indigent people, consumers, entrepreneurs,

government, economist, agriculturist, and future researchers, to get and obtain different,

ideas, concepts, insights and information in this study that they can totally use as a

guide to know the state of fishing and production of fish in coastal areas.

The results of this study gave knowledge to the people, communities and

different sectors of our society, for them to know the condition of fishing industry in

coastal area, the hard work of fishermen to provide and give their needs in terms of water

resources and the different ways or livelihood works they can do to get some income

This research also opens the mind of the people that if there‟s a will, there‟s a way, you

can do everything to support, give, and provide the needs and necessities of their family
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in other to survive.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In this research, it seeks to determine the different sustainable livelihood of small

scale fisheries and aquaculture household in the coastal areas.

Central to this qualitative inquiry is the question: What are the different

Sustainable Livelihood of Small- Scale Fisheries and Aquaculture Households in

Tubaguin, Hagonoy, Bulacan?

Furthermore, we seek to answer the following sub-questions:

 How does sustainable livelihood aligned with small-scale fisheries and

aquaculture household affect income?

 How can sustainable livelihood improve the way of living of the

indigent people in the coastal areas?

 What are the effects of sustainable livelihood aligned with small scale

fisheries and aquaculture household in the job satisfaction of the

livelihood workers in the coastal areas like Tibaguin?

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study is anchored on Gordon‟s (1954) Modern Economic Fisheries

Management Theory which states that the greatest theoretical importance in

understanding the primary production phase of fishing industry.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Sustainable Income

Livelihood of Small

Scale Fisheries and Way of Living

Aquaculture

Household Job Satisfaction

The variable above describes the conceptual framework of the study

The figure 1 consists of Sustainable Livelihood of Small Scale Fisheries and

Aquaculture Household, while the figure 2 consist the following factors of sustainable

livelihood which affects: income, way of living and job satisfaction.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is deemed significant to the following:

Fishermen. They can use this study to get some tips on how their work will

become easier by the means of obtaining different information in this research.

Indigent People. For them to know what the different livelihoods jobs are they

can do as a source of income in other to survive.

Consumers. For them to know the hard work of the fishermen and other workers

to provide their needs in terms of water resources, and also for them to know the

struggles they‟ve experienced by that affect the of supply and also the price of the

product.

Entrepreneurs. The same as the consumer for them to know why the prices of the

products is too high or low and not constant. Also to get an idea on where they can get a

supplier if they have fishing business.

Local Government Officials. They can use it as a guide on how they can help the

indigent community to do their work rapidly by providing seminars and programs for the

residents to gain more knowledge and skills and to give them different fishing materials

that they totally need.

Economist/Agriculturist. This study may help the economists/agriculturists in

terms of they can be able to know the condition of fishing and livelihood working in

specific area and can also be the same condition in different area with the same cases like

Tibaguin.
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Future Researchers- they can use this as a guide once they conduct research

related to this topic.

ASSUMPTION

Sustainable Livelihood aligned with fisheries and aquacultures in coastal area are

commendable and can be recommended in the different places with the same cases like

Tibaguin.

The income of the fishermen and other workers are enough to give the needs and

necessities of their family, but sometimes they cannot afford to buy their wants because

their number one priority are the things they can totally need in other to survive.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The general intent of the study is to determine the different Sustainable

Livelihood of Small Scale Fisheries and Aquaculture Households among the residents of

Tibaguin, one of the coastal barrios in Hagonoy, Bulacan.

This study will include the selected residents of the coastal area in Barangay

Tibaguin Hagonoy, Bulacan who are working as a fishermen, net mender and fish dryer.

The findings of this study will be limited to other population or residents who are

working as a livelihood worker but not aligned in fisheries and aquaculture households.
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OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Sustainable Livelihood refers to the certain creation of goods and services that is

widely needed in any community. A remunerative, satisfying and meaningful job that

enables each member of the community to help nurture and generate the resource base.

In this study, Sustainable Livelihood refers to the jobs or other source of income that has

the main focus of driving poverty reduction including but not limited to fish marketing,

fish processing, net mending and fishing boat ownership.

Small Scale Fisheries referred as a dynamic and evolving sub-sector of fisheries

employing labor intensive harvesting, processing and distribution technologies to exploit

marine and inland water fishery resources. In this study, Small Scale Fisheries refers to

the occupation of catching, raising or harvesting of fish in some areas of Tibaguin

Hagonoy, Bulacan.

Aquaculture Households defined as the farming of aquatic organisms including

fish, mollies, crustaceans and aquatic plants with some sort of intervention in the hearing

process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding and protection from

predictors. In this study, Aquaculture Households refers to the common occupation of

Tibaguin residents, which is related to fisheries, such as fish marketing; fish processing,

fry gathering, net mending and fishing boat ownership and operation.

ASSUMPTION
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Coastal Area is commonly defined as the interface or transition area between land

and sea, including large inland lakes. Coastal areas are diverse in function and forms,

dynamic and do not lend themselves well to definition by strict spatial boundaries. In this

study, Coastal Area refers to the place surrounded by water in Municipality of Hagonoy,

Bulacan, where the main occupations of the residents are fishing and other aquaculture

works.

.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Sustainable Livelihood

Sustainable livelihood is a way of thinking about goals, scopes, and priorities of

human development. Meanwhile, livelihood itself covers the ability, assets (including

social resources), and activities needed as a means of survival (Maas, 2015)

Sustainable Livelihood is all about the work that is not formal and not temporary

like any other occupations. You don't need to be an expert in specific field or job to be a

livelihood worker. If you can do things base on your skills, ability, experience and

knowledge you can enter livelihood working and earn money to give and provide the

needs and necessities or your family. Sustainable Livelihood is one of the ways that you

can do to achieve your goals, objectives, aims, to support your love ones financially, to

get what you want, and to help not only your family but the whole community.

Livelihood will turn into a sustainable livelihood when the community can

overcome a destructive problem, recover from damages, sustain the condition, and even

improve the ability and own assets in the present and future, by not relying on natural

resources only (Maas, 2015)

. For the Livelihood to be sustainable the people involves here needs to overcome

different challenges and problems not only personal or in the work place , but also the

problems facing by our nature and natural resources where they can get occupations,

income and of course food to survive. Our society needs a big progress and development
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in the way of living and in the lives of the people for the livelihood to be a sustainable

one. What we need to do is to think for an alternative process or system to preserve our

natural resources and to have a control on it, to give our needs and to prevent scarcity

and shortage in our resources.

In recent decades, there have been considerable efforts to enhance, diversify or

introduce alternative livelihood activities in marginalized coastal communities, to ease

reliance on deteriorating coastal resources, reduce poverty and improve well-being

outcomes (Pomeroy et al. 2017; Steenbergen et al. 2017)

For the reasons they want to earn money some of the livelihood workers don't

think what they do that sometimes have a negative impact and effect to our resources.

What we need to do is to have care in our environment by cleaning our surroundings,

don't do things that has a huge impact in devastating our natural resources like illegal

logging, dynamite fishing, over fishing etc. We must have a control in our society to

prevent a lot of problems. It is better to earn in a good way with no negative effect on the

environment. We need to change for the better environment. Right actions will result to

good effect.

Livelihood interventions typically pursue one of three approaches: (1) enhancing

livelihoods: improving current livelihood strategies to make them more productive

and/or sustainable; (2) supplementing or diversifying livelihoods: adding new

components to current livelihood strategies; and (3) finding alternative livelihoods:

opportunities for adopting new strategies to support household livelihood diversification,

in most cases with the objective of both improving incomes and relieving pressures on
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on coastal resources (Ireland 2004; IMM Ltd. 2008; Pomeroy 2013).

One of the objectives of livelihood is to help people most specially the indigent

community who lived in the coastal areas that are not totally civilized and need some

help financially. Livelihood intervention has a huge impact to the people and on their

lives because what they need to do is to change the system to be more effective, for the

lives of every individual to grow and for our economy to get better. Those three

approaches: enchanting livelihoods, supplementing or diversifying livelihoods and

finding alternative livelihoods will truly change the practices they know in terms of

working and using natural resources in a positive manner. With the use of different ways,

methods, styles and techniques, livelihood working provides a huge impact in the

development of lives of every individual.

Traditional coastal livelihood portfolio has been rearranged due to material

change, infrastructural developments and introduction of new occupational sectors, such

as seaweed farming, tourism and others (Eklund & Pettersson 1992; de la Torre-Castro

& Lindstrom, 2010)

Progress and development is what currently happening when we talk about

livelihoods. Introducing new paraphernalia, advance technologies and innovations helps

the workers to earn more income, speed in their work and produce a lot of products to

supply the needs to the people.

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Many millions of people around the world find a source of income and livelihood

in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors. The most recent official statistics indicate that

59.6 million people were engaged in the primary sector of capture fisheries and

aquaculture in 2016 (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2018)

Base on the research, Sustainable livelihood or small scale fisheries and

aquaculture households has a big success in the different sectors of our society like

fisheries, agriculture, economy, indigent and coastal communities and other more who is

involve in livelihood working to sustain and survive life.

Over the last 30 years, a range of different livelihoods have been provided and

implemented in fishing and coastal communities in the Philippine with mixed success

and sustainability by the fisher and household (Pomeroy et al. 2017)

For the longest time the livelihoods of small scale fisheries and aquaculture

households in Philippines are progressive. A lot of Filipinos who live in different places

most especially in the coastal areas near in the bodies of water are dependent in the water

resources to earn money to give and provide the needs and necessities of their family.

For the continuous needs and highest demand of water resources, the people who work

in fishing industry earn more because of the continuous demand of people that has a big

impact in the work of the livelihood workers in fishing industry

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Small-Scale Fisheries

Small-scale fisheries, which are important for the survival of coastal

communities‟ identity, culture and way of life, need to be addressed through holistic

approaches that integrate management, combining ecological, economic and socio-

cultural domains (Urquhart & Acott, 2013)

One of the livelihood works of the people who live in the coastal area near in the

bodies of water is small scale fisheries. Small scale required small amount of capital, low

technology gears and vessels and catch fish and other water resources for consumption,

substance, and for local markets. Though the income here is small compare to the large

scale fisheries, small scale fisheries is easy in terms of many ways and the income of the

livelihood workers are enough to give and provide the needs and necessities of their

family. Small scale fisheries are also one of the reason and factor on how a lot of people

in the world have a job and continue fighting to survive.

Small-scale fisheries contribute significantly to local economy and culture, and are

important for the survival of many coastal fishing communities. More than 90% of all

fishers across the globe rely on small-scale fisheries for their livelihoods though it

generates comparatively less income than large-scale fisheries (Chuenpagdee, 2011)

Sometimes some places will be known base on their location, way of living,

livelihood occupations and different products that are popular there. Because of these the

economy will rise, their tradition and culture will be known, the people will get

interested and that is the reason why tourism increases that totally helps the residents of

It also
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hot area. It also affects the livelihood of the people and one of the example occupations

in Small- Scale fishing. Their income rises because sometimes a lot of tourist and some

businesses find a supplier in their fishing business. So their products will be known in

the market and they earn a lot of income.

“Small-scale fisheries constitute a way of life for millions of people worldwide”

(Carvalho et al., 2011, p. 360).

Small-Scale Fisheries are workers or less occupation that give hope to the people

for them to earn money and support their family. In some residents enter different

livelihood base on their needs, abilities, skills and knowledge. Because of this people

who work in fishing industry have different ways of living. Possible that some of the

workers have a good life and they can give and get what they want, but the other workers

have a problem in terms of financial and they just have enough income to surpass their

every living. Bottom line here is that small scale fisheries e is a livelihood occupation

that gives hope and income for the people to continue their lives and keep fighting even

though there‟s a lot of challenges and problems they have encounter.

Small-scale fisheries in many countries are largely defined by a combination of

factors such as local biological, social, economic, as well as political factors (Carvalho et
al., 2011)
There are a lot of factors affecting small scale fisheries. Those factors have a

huge impact not only in an individual but also in the whole society. Different sectors,

different people involve and different ways on how they can handle the effect of small

scale fisheries. They used this work to increase economy and at the same time help the

people who totally need income to survive.

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Many scholars have defined small-scale fisheries on the basis of their scale of

operation, level of technology, employment generation, and degree of capital intensity

and investment (Carvalho et al. 2011). Weeratunge et al. (2013) assert that “fisheries

beyond the conventional economic lens and described as a social identity which shapes

the socio-cultural lives of many fishers”. Fisheries often have strong cultural importance,

and many social scientists who study Small-Scale Fisheries note that fishing is also a

particular “way of living”, where fishing communities are characterized by a very

distinct and very strong sense of cultural identity and social bonds (Mills et al., 2011)

A lot people study small scale fisheries because this is one of the common

occupation of an individual who is living near at some bodies of water and they found

out a lot of things about it like how it will affect the whole society, how technology helps

an individual for their work to become easier by using it, right use of capital and income,

and of course describe social identity which shapes cultural lives of the workers. These

factors have a negative and positive effect on small scale fisheries and what we need is to

do the right thing to preserve our natural resources for the sake of an individual and the

whole society.

Fisheries described as “small-scale” contribute significantly to food security,

nutrition, livelihoods and local and national economies throughout the world (Food and

Agriculture Organization, 2016). Moreover, fisheries sector is supporting more than 600

million people for their livelihoods and this number is still counting.

Fisheries sectors contributing significantly to a community for their

livelihoods and food security perspective. It helps millions of people worldwide to

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their needs and necessities in other to survive.

Small-scale fisheries support the livelihoods of many coastal communities around

the world (Kittinger et al., 2013). Fisheries support the livelihoods of over half a billion

people globally (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2010)

Coastal communities are places away from the civilization and in the city where

technology and other innovative products can be seen or use. Lack of knowledge and

experiences and affects the lives of the people who are living in the coastal area. They

can get their needs and wants in the resources around them and small scale fishing

provide and support the work or livelihood work of coastal communities globally.

In 2012, the Philippines ranked among the major fish producing countries in the

world with a total production of 3.1 million tons of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other

aquatic animals (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2014)

The Philippines is one of the countries who has a big production of water

resources all over the world. Because of its location the where the country covers with

water the Filipinos produces a lot or products from its natural resources. Any place in the

country Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao you will find workers how work in the fisheries and

aquaculture households. Not just only Filipino but a lot of foreign people get benefits in

the fish products made and get from the resources of the Philippines.
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Aquaculture Household

Aquaculture (fish farming) has been the world‟s most rapidly growing food

production subsector for the past three decades, and now generates more than half the

fish destined for direct human consumption (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016)

Aquaculture is one the many ways to earn profit and reduces poverty. For the past

few years this is the fastest way of producing fish products that can be made at home or

in the factory and sell to the market for the consumption of the people.

The aquaculture sector‟s rise to global significance has seen an explosion of

interest in its potential to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty in developing

countries, where most fish farming is concentrated (Arthur et al., 2013, Béné et al., 2016)

This is the common occupation of the people who lives near in the seashore or

near in the bodies of water. It develops the way of living, increased productivity,

improving livelihoods, increasing income and promoting economic growth for rural

productivity.

Place plays an important role to generate income and to provide the needs of the

people in terms of foods and different products. Right location gives the proper jobs and

occupations that will truly help the workers to earn some Income.
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Coastal Area

Place represents not only the location (geographical characteristics of a setting),

or locale (activities and experiences), but also the sense of place (the meanings and

emotions people associate with settings) (Davenport & Anderson, 2005; Sampson &

Goodrich, 2009; Amundsen, 2013)

Place plays an important role to generate income and to provide the needs of the

people in terms of foods and different products. Right location gives the proper jobs and

occupations that will truly help the workers to earn some Income.

Many coastal communities have a strong fishing heritage, which passes from

generation to generation, where fishing becomes a way of life for them (Urquhart &

Acott, 2013; Thompson, 1983) Coastal areas suffer degradation due to the action of the

sea and other natural and human-induced causes (Gonçalves & Henriques, 2015)

Coastal areas are the places that is far from the civilization and hard to reach.

Coastal communities are the group of people delimiting the resources upon which they

depend is an elusive task. Because of the limited resources people who lives in the

coastal area need to protect and preserve what they have for not to have scarcity and

shortage in the resources and for it to be seen and pass to the next generation.
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Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

CHAPER III
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

This Chapter presents the research design methods and techniques, the

informants, the research instrument, the data gathering, and plan for data analysis

employed by the researchers in the conduct of the study.

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED

This study is qualitative in nature since the research questions lead to narrative

data.

Specifically, the study is a case study as it aims to know the different Sustainable

Livelihood of Small Scale Fisheries and Aquaculture Households in Coastal Area

specifically in Tibaguin, Hagonoy, Bulacan.

Gerring (2014) stated, case study is a research design best defined as an intensive

study of a single unit (a relatively bounded phenomenon) where the scholars aim is to

elucidate features of larger class of similar phenomenon.

INFORMANTS OF THE STUDY

The target informants of the study are the residents of Tibaguin Hagonoy,

Bulacan who are working as small scale fishermen and aquaculture livelihood workers.
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

The researchers will consider a sample of 4 informants selected through

purposive sampling.

INSTRUMENTS OF THE RESEARCH

This study used semi-structured interview guide which consists of five open-

ended questions. In lexical term, an interview is a formal conversation between the

interviewer and interviewee wherein the researcher will ask series of question.

According to McLeod (2014), unstructured interview is usually referred to as an

informal interview. The interviewers can deviate from the set of questions and can

change or add questions depending on the answer of the respondents. The researcher

used devices such as audio recorder, video recorder and camera in order to accurately

document the answer of the informants as well as to avoid misinterpretation.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

The researcher sought permission of the participants to the interview method,

and then they will secure permission to conduct data collection from the concerned

officials of the barangay. A letter of permission to conduct was sent also to the

informants and they must rely indicating their consent before conducting the interview

session. A personal interview was conducted to the selected samples during or after their

work with the note of approval on the informants.

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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

1. Narrative analysis was used to present and analyse data regarding

interviews, diaries, field notes, survey and other written forms.

2. Data recorded in text, image, audio and/or video formats involves coding

or organizing into categories. Coding and categorizing was organized as follows: The

data segregated, grouped, regrouped and relinked in order to consolidate meaning and

explanation (Grbich, 2017).

3. The larger meaning of the data was interpreted based from themes and

patterns identified within and among categories.

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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

CHAPER IV
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the data gathered, the results of the data analysis done and the

interpretation of findings. These are presented the following sequence of the specific

research problem regarding in Sustainable Livelihood of Small Scale Fisheries and

Aquaculture Household in Coastal Area: The Case of Tibaguin, Hagonoy, Bulacan.

Small-Scale Livelihood Occupation in the Coastal Areas

“Ako’y isang mandaragat. Bata pa lang nangingisda nako, walong taon pa lang

mandaragat nako eh. Hindi na nga nakapag-aral. 56 years old nako. Ala, ala ayun lang

talaga ang nakagisnan na hanapbuhay. La namang, wala akong pinag-aralan.” (Gardo,

Fisherman)

“I’m a fisherman. I was still young when I started working. I am 8 years old when

I worked as a fisherman, that’s why I didn’t even attended school. Now I am 56

years old. Fishing is my only work.

Barangay Tibaguin is a coastal area in Hagonoy, Bulacan that is surrounded by

water, because of its location, the common occupations of the residents who live here are

livelihoods aligned with fisheries and aquaculture such as fishing or fish farming. Those

livelihood works has a huge impact not only on the workers but on the whole community

as well by improving livelihoods, increasing income and promoting economic growth.

Small-scale fisheries contribute significantly to local economy and culture, and are

important for the survival of many coastal fishing communities. More than 90% of all
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Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

fishers across the globe rely on small-scale fisheries for their livelihoods (Chuenpagdee,

2011). Also because the location of coastal area is far away from the city and

civilization, the focus of people is work to be able to earn money in order to survive.

They forgot the essence of education and one of the reasons is poverty. It is well

established that poverty is one of the primary causes of school truancy and dropouts

(Curthell, et al., 2010). A lot of people in that coastal community are started working at

the very young age to earn money and support their family.

“Trabaho ko po ay nagdadaing. Ah… ano na rin, matagal na, mga ano na… eight

years. Ayon lang ho ang trabaho dito eh, pagbibilad ng dainig…tuyo.” (Elbira, fish

dryer)

“My work is drying fish. It’s been a long time, I think eight years ago since I

started in this kind of work. That is the common and only job we know, drying

fish.”

Together with fishing or fish farming, drying of fish is also one of the common

livelihoods of the residents of Tibaguin. Because of the abundant water resources and

coastal nature a lot of livelihoods aligned with fisheries and aquaculture are possible to

be there work to earn money and support their family. It has a big opportunity for them,

the Filipino livelihood worker because one of the factors affects drying of fish is the

weather, and they are fortunate because the Philippines have a good sunny weather

condition. Sun dried fish processing are closely related to fisheries and aquaculture

sectors and thereby play important role in employment, livelihood and economic

opportunity for millions of people throughout the globe (DoF, 2018; BFTI, 2016)
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Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

“Panghuhuli at pagbibilad ng alamang. 18 pa lang ata ako nun eh, 32 nako

ngayon. Eh ito lang alam naming trabaho.” (Herbert, fisherman & shrimp dryer)

“Catching and drying of fishes or tiny shrimps is my work. I’m only 18

when I start working, now I’m already 32 years old. This is the only job we know.”

Vicent (2011) stated that “Livelihoods are means people use to support them to

survive and to prosper”. In order to earn money they need to enter in different

sustainable livelihoods like catching and drying of tiny shrimp, it is also one of the

common livelihood occupations here in Barangay Tibaguin. A lot of residents most

especially the males are the one who is in this kind of occupation. Very limited

knowledge, very limited skills and ability to do different things, that is why they need

stick on that kind of work to have a source of income and provide the needs and

necessities of their families, but sometimes their income is not enough of they need to

think another ways to earn more, so they engage in different livelihoods just to truly give

the needs of their families

Ako’y gumagawa ng lambat, matagal na. Ako’y kuwan eh… magkukulang

nubenta. Ahh… mga trese ganun nagsimula. Eh walang hanapbuhay noon eh. Meron

naman akong anak jan sa ibayo.”(Reynaldo, Net Mender)

“I’m a net maker since then. I’ll be turning ninety years old; I was thirteen

when I started working. There’s no other occupation available here before. I have a

child there in ibayo.”

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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Because fishing or fishing farming is one of the common livelihoods of the

residents in Tibaguin it is very important to have fine materials, equipment and devices

in catching fish. Workers commonly used net as usual paraphernalia in their work, so net

making or net mending is also one of the occupation that the residents entered in order to

earn money. This job is easier because they don‟t need to leave their houses just to have

an income. This will help individuals most especially the eldest because they don't need

to do heavy works and just to earn money. Because of poverty, sometimes the elders

need to work for the longest time just to help and provide that everyday necessities of

their family. Even though they are very weak and have difficulties they need continue

working to support their families, and livelihoods like net mending will truly help them

to achieve this. Prolong their work was a financial necessity (Boot, 2017)

Income
“Hindi pareparehas eh, kung minsan meron, kung minsan eh wala. Talagang

ganun sa dagat. Minsan nakakaisang libo, minsan nga eh wala, minsan pang bigas.

Nakakasapat naman. Hindi nakatungtong ng Highschool. Sila sila ang nagtatrabaho.

Sila ang bumibili ng gusto nila, mandaragat nga lang ako eh.”(Gardo, Fisherman)

“The income is not always the same. That’s the life here. Sometimes we

catch a lot so you earn a lot, but sometimes no earnings, sometimes I earn one

thousand; sometimes it’s just enough to buy rice and food for my family. My

children didn’t manage to enter high school. They also start working at a very

young age to provide the things they want because I’m just a fisherman and I

cannot give what they want.”

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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

In fishing and in other livelihood related works aligned to fisheries and

aquaculture, there is no assurance in terms of income. What you can earn depends on the

amount of fish or products that you will be catch, and not every day they catch lot of fish

that is why it truly affects their income. Sometimes, what they caught is what they eat

and sometimes, their earnings are just enough to surpass the whole day. Working as a

fisherman is difficult, they are the one who gives and provide the needs of the people in

terms of water resources, but sometimes they didn‟t give the needs of their family

because of the lower income they can get in fishing. Fishermen are still the poorest in

the nine basic sectors in the Philippines with a poverty incidence of 41.4 percent (Food

and Agriculture Organization, 2014)

“Depende sa ano kase minsan pag panget panahon ala, sa huli ho. Pag malakas

maraming huli ano… 3,000 to 4,000 ganun pero kapag wala, pag walang ano sa dagat

wala. Minsan hindi, minsan nagungutang kase dalawa yung pinag-aaral ko eh. Isang 10,

isang 9.”(Elbira, fish dryer)

“Our income depends on the weather, when the weather wasn’t good, we

don’t have earnings. If there is a lot of fish then we earn 3,000 to 4,000. Sometimes

it’s not enough. Sometimes we borrow money because I’m raising my two children;

nine years old and ten years old.”

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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Their income depends on what they caught and what they sell and in livelihood

work dry fishing the common problem in terms of getting high income is the weather.

The Philippines is a tropical country and has a two seasons the rainy and dry, so there are

also two possible things happen in their livelihoods and of course in their income. Like if

it is dry season, they can make a lot of product wherein they earn high amount of money,

while if it is rainy season, sometimes they can‟t be able to dried fish that is why they

don‟t have an income because of the weather. Because the natural phenomenon the

income of the livelihood workers affected and they didn‟t do something to stop it

because the environment is the one who has control in it. Fisher‟s livelihoods are

vulnerable to seasonal weather, climate and oceanographic change, destructive typhoons

and tsunamis, pollution, migration and other threats (Hamilton 2017; Pomeroy 2009;

Silva and Yamao 2007; Tewfik, Andrew, Bene and Garces 2005).

“Sa ano, sa araw-araw. Depende iba-iba. Minsan… 3,000 siguro. Sa ano, sa

mismong bangka, sa may… kung ano, kung derederetso, kung okay lagi, kung pirmis

lagi, oo… sapat. Dalawa anak ko, yung isa Grade 2, yung isa hindi pa. Ah yung pag-

aaral lang.”(Herbert, fisherman and fish dryer)

“The income is not always the same, it depends. Sometimes I earned 3,000. If it's

consistent, then it is enough to provide the needs of my family. I have 2 children;

one is in the second grade. I cannot give there wants because my earnings is just

enough for our daily consumption and for their education.”

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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

The livelihood workers don‟t have a certain amount of income unlike in the

other job with the fix salary or compensation they have income any time of the year, but

with this kind of work, they, the livelihood workers can at least provide their needs they

are trying to divide the money in different expenses just to buy their needs. They are

trying to suffice their income and keep working just to give a good life for their families

and proper education for their children. They used natural resources and coastal nature in

able to do that. Livelihood as the mix of individual and household survival strategies,

developed over a given time that seeks to mobilize available resources and opportunities

(Engberg, 2016)

“Maraming gumagawa dito eh, kung minsan eh limang daan. Kung minsan eh

nakakagawa, kung minsan hindi, wala. Oo nasa loob, dalawa. Nabibigay ko eh mga

baon lang.”(Reynaldo, Net Mender)

"There are many net makers here. Sometimes I earned 500 pesos, but

sometimes I’m not able to make nets so I didn’t even earn money. I have 2 children,

they are inside. I can provide only their needs.”

There are many individuals in that coastal area who have the same livelihood

work like net making and mending that causes someone's income becomes lower or

lessen specially in this kind of occupations wherein the demand are very limited, but

even though their income is not that totally high they can support their family and still

working for them to survive. As an important indicator of sustainable livelihood output,

income reflects the level of community livelihood and sustainability ( Scoones,2018)

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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Way of living
“Syempre ay buhay ganon talaga, kung ano lang nandoon, yun

lang.”(Gardo, fisherman)

“That’s life, what’s there is enough”.

They just continue their lives. , even though it‟s hard they need to keep going

and keep fighting, in order to provide their necessities and support their families. They

don‟t have a choice, but just to keep going, because for them that is the only way to earn

money. Even though it‟s difficult to live with that kind of life with full of problems and

challenges they need to face it in order to survive (Bene & Friend (2011) point out that

“Fishers are not poor because they are fishers, but they are unable to diversify their

livelihood hence they are vulnerable to any stresses and shocks of their activities”.

“Pagka… naaano naman yung pagdadaing namin, okay naman.”(Elbira, fish dryer)

“If we can manage it properly, then it’s okay.”

Drying of fish has a good impact on the workers in Barangay Tibaguin, because

sometimes they can earn large amount of money and has a good impact on their way of

living. Their works reflects their way of living and also the community where they live.

If they can sell products from different barrios and municipality then their place will be

distinguish because of their famous product and their kind of work that they can use as

an opportunity to be knows in the market. Fisheries often have strong cultural

importance, and many social scientists who study Small-Scale Fisheries note that fishing

is also a particular “way of living”, where fishing communities are characterized

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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

by a very distinct and very strong sense of cultural identity and social bonds (Mills et al.,

2011)

“Ayos naman. Nakakayanan naman yung sa pang araw-araw na

gastusin.”(Herbert, fisherman & fish dryer)

“It is okay. I can provide the every needs of my family “.

Carvalho et al., (2011) stated that “Small-scale fisheries constitute a way of life

for millions of people worldwide”, with the help of those livelihood occupations, they

are able to support their family. If their products will be patronized by many people,

possibly it will grow and expand that will truly help not only their family, but also in

their fellow livelihood worker and in the entire coastal community as well.

“Kung minsan eh meron, kung minsan eh wala. Minsan eh… limang daan,

dalawang daan.”(Reynaldo, net mender)

“Sometimes I earned money, sometimes nothing. Sometimes five hundred

pesos or two hundred.”

The income of the livelihood workers is depends on their choice of occupation,

and it will also affect their way of living. If your income is enough then you provide all

of your family needs and wants, but; if your income is not enough and then you can‟t

give the needs of your family, but in the case of this, even though they earn small

amount of income they can think of other ways to support and give the needs of tier

family. Previous studies of small-scale fishermen‟s incomes elsewhere have been based on

fishing inputs as well as socioeconomic or demographic factors (Ocheiwo, 2004; Tzanatos et al.,

2006; Agimass and Mekonnen, 2011).

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Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Job Satisfaction

“Siguro’y hindi na eh ala nga kase akong pinag-aralan kaya dito na lang sa

dagat siguro. Alang pinag-aralan. Di ka naman pwede sa taas. Di naman pwede sa taas

walang pinag-aralan. Kelangan kase may pinag-aralang mataas.” (Gardo, Fisherman)

“Maybe I’ll just stick in my job a fisherman here because I didn’t finish my

education. Those who are not educated can’t reach higher position.”

“Gusto rin kaya lang dito lang talaga kami. Ano eh… mga hindi kami nakatapos

eh. Kaya dito lang talaga.”(Elbira, fish dryer)

“We want to find other jobs but we are destined here. We didn’t finish our

education so this is the only work we can do.”

“Eh… hindi naman pwedeng iwanan yung trabaho dito eh. Nakalakihan na ng

mang nanay, mang tatay ho. Tutuloy na lang.”(Herbert, fisherman & fish dryer)

“We can’t abandon our work here. This is the legacy of our family so we will

continue it.”

“May edad nako eh. Ayos na yun.”(Reynaldo, Net Mender)

“I get older now, so it’s okay I am satisfied in my work.”

All of them have the same answer, even though some said they want to find

another job and some said they don‟t want, they choose to stay because they don‟t have

enough skills, ability and knowledge to enter other occupation. They grow up with

doing what they do wherein helps them and also their family to survive.
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Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Their knowledge and skills are very limited so they choose to stick with their

jobs, even though a lot of them are not totally satisfied they don‟t have a choice because

they need to earn money for their family. Their coastal barrio was known for the

different fish products and different livelihood so they just keep what the others do

because that‟s the easiest way to earn money and to reduce poverty. Many coastal

communities have a strong fishing heritage, which passes from generation to generation,

where fishing becomes a way of life for them (Urquhart & Acott, 2013; Thompson,

1983)
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Observation

Barangay Tibaguin is one of the coastal barrio in Hagonoy, Bulacan. It is far

away from the city and from civilization. The place is located at the center of the river so

it is surrounded by the water. From Guiguinto, Bulacan, it will take 2 hours to go there.

People ride boats for almost an hour in order to reach that Barrio. The area was so

peaceful and ventilated. People in that community are just like a whole family, they

know each other very well. They have unity and they are like one big family who live

happily and satisfied even though they are not rich or wealthy. The residents are kind,

generous and helpful in a way they accommodate guests, they are hospitable.

Majority of the residents in Barrio Tibaguin are dependent on fishing industry.

Almost all of the respondents work as a small scale fishermen and aquaculture workers.

Their backyards and roofs were full of dried fish. With those jobs, they earn money that

will provide their needs and wants. There are also many fishing boats that can be found

at the back and side of their houses that they used in their work. In that Barrio, it is

necessary to use boats in order to go in other places so in that case, residents grab the

opportunity to earn money. People who live there are commonly under graduate so they

have difficulties on finding jobs that has a high income. Some of those people want to

find another job wherein they can earn huge amount of money compare to their current

source of income but since they are not educated, they faced challenges on trying to

escape that situation. Even so, majority of them can provide their needs and wants with

their current income. They suffice their income in order to sustain their everyday

necessities including the things they want.

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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendation

concerning the Sustainable Livelihood of Small Scale Fisheries and Aquaculture

Household in Coastal Area: The Case of Tibaguin, Hagonoy, Bulacan..

Summary

The research was conducted to know the different sustainable livelihood

occupations of small-scale fisheries and aquaculture household in coastal areas. The

informants of this study are some of the residents in Tibaguin, Hagonoy, Bulacan who‟s

working as a small- scale fishers and aquaculture livelihood workers. Researchers used

case study as their research design. They also used author devised interview guide for the

research instruments. In the data gathered by the researchers, results revealed that there

are different sustainable livelihood occupations aligned with small- scale fisheries and

aquaculture household in coastal area of Tibaguin, Hagonoy, Bulacan like fish gathering,

fish drying and net mending. Also sustainable livelihood affect three factors which is the

income, way of living and job satisfaction that has a huge impact on the work of the

livelihood workers in Barangay Tibaguin.

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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Conclusion

Based on the aforementioned findings of the study, the following conclusions

were derived:

There are different sustainable livelihood of small scale fisheries and aquaculture

households in the coastal area of Tibaguin, Hagonoy, Bulacan like fishing or fish

farming, fish drying and net making or net mending that is commendable and can be

recommended in the different coastal areas with the same cases like them. Over the last

30 years, a range of different livelihoods have been provided and implemented in fishing

and coastal communities in the Philippine with mixed success and sustainability by the

fisher and household (Pomeroy et al. 2017). Majority of the people there had been able

to achieve sustainable livelihood. Base on the interview and observation, most of them

are able to optimally access every asset of sustainable livelihood.

The study also revealed that the income of the livelihood workers are enough to

support their family, but sometimes they cannot afford to by the things they want

because their number one priority are the things that they can totally need in order to

survive.

Sustainable Livelihood was also affecting the way workers living. It has a big

factor and has a huge impact on how their lives change by means of working and using

their skills and ability to earn money and give the needs and necessities of their love

ones. The satisfaction of livelihood workers in Tibaguin, Hagonoy, Bulacan in their

work has not totally affects their livelihoods. Even though some of them are not satisfied

they will continue their job just to earn money and provide the needs to their family.
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Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Recommendation

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations

are presented for the Sustainable Livelihood of Small Scale Fisheries and Aquaculture

Household in Coastal Area: The Case of Tibaguin, Hagonoy, Bulacan.

 Livelihood workers need to undergo to the different trainings and programs in the

coastal communities to increase and strengthen their knowledge about sustainable

livelihoods aligned with fisheries and aquaculture.

 Livelihood workers should attend seminars and talks about the proper used and

preservation of our natural resources.

 Local Government Unit (LGU) – should give attention on the people who live in

the coastal communities by helping them to provide what they need in order to

survive.

 LGU should focus on providing different materials and paraphernalia that can

help indigent people to improve their livelihoods and enhance their works that

will generate to a higher income.

 Costumers and Entrepreneurs should patronize local products of our fellow

Filipinos for the local product to be recognized in the market that will open great

opportunities for the livelihood workers.

 Sectors of Agriculture and Fisheries should guide livelihood workers and

support poorer fisheries and aquaculture through effective policies.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

 Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) - should facilitate workers

access and enrolment to social security, especially the livelihood workers who

are not covered by the social protection schemes of the government.

 Individuals who live in the coastal area need to invest for their education in order

to have a good life in the future.

 Future Researchers must go deeper and expand the study on sustainable

livelihood including income, way of living and job satisfaction.

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in Northern Norway†

Weeratunge, N., Béné, C., Siriwardane, R., Charles, A., Johnson, D., Allison, E. H., ... &

Badjeck, M. C. (2013). Small‐scale fisheries through the wellbeing lens. Fish and

Fisheries.

Kittinger et al., 2013 J.N. Kittinger, E.M. Finkbeiner, N.C. Ban, K. Broad, M.H. Carr,

J.E. Cinner, S. Gelcich, M.L. Cornwell, J.Z. Koehn, X. Basurto, R. Fujita, M.R.

Caldwell, L.B. Crowder Emerging frontiers in social-ecological systems research for

sustainability of small-scale fisheries Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 5 (2013), pp. 352-

357, 10.1016/0308-597X(89)90004-310.1016/j.cosust.2013.06.008
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Arthur et al., 2013R. Arthur, C. Béné, W. Leschen, D. Little Fisheries and aquaculture

aquaculture and their potential roles in development: An assessment of the current

evidence Institute of Development Studies, University of Stirling, MRAG (2013)

Urquhart, J., & Acott, T. (2013). Constructing „The Stade‟: Fishers' and non-fishers' id

Carvalho, N., Edwards-Jones, G., & Isidro, E. (2011). Defining scale in fisheries: Small

versus large-scale fishing operations in the Azores. Fisheries Research,109(2), 360-369

Arthur et al., 2013R. Arthur, C. Béné, W. Leschen, D. Little Fisheries and aquaculture

aquaculture and their potential roles in development: An assessment of the current

evidence Institute of Development Studies, University of Stirling, MRAG (2013)

ADB.2012. Food security and poverty in Asia and the Pacific: Key challenges and policy

issues. Asian Development Bank. Mandaluyong City, Philippines. 33 pp.

Chuenpagdee, R. (2011).Too Big To Ignore. Research Proposal. Memorial University:

Newfoundland.

Mills, D.J., Westlund, L., de Graaf, G., Kura, Y., Willmann, R. & Kelleher, K. 2011.

Under-reported and undervalued: small-scale fisheries in the developing world. In N.L.

Andrew & R. Pomeroy, eds. Small-scale fisheries management: frameworks and

approaches for the developing world, pp. 1–15. Wallingford, UK, CABI.
 41

GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Bene, C., & Friend, R. M. (2011). Poverty in small-scale fisheries: old issue, new

analysis. Progress in Development Studies, 11(2), 119-144.

sciencedirect.com
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendices
Appendix A.1

Consent Letter
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix A. 2

Cover Letter
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix A. 2

Cover Letter
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix A. 2

Cover Letter
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix B.1

Interview Guide
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix B.2

Validation Letter
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix B.2

Validation Letter
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix B.2

Validation Letter
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix C

Transcript of Interview

Gardo Atienza
Fisherman

1. What is your job?

(Ano ang iyong hanapbuhay?)
“Ako’y isang mandaragat.”(Gardo Atienza, fisherman)

2. When did you start and how long have you been in that job?
(Kailan ka nagsimula at gaano kana katagal sa iyong hanapbuhay?)
“Bata pa lang nangingisda na ako. Walong taon pa lang mandaragat na ako eh.
Hindi na nga nakapag-aral. Fifty six years old na ako. Ala, ala ayun lang talaga
ang nakagisnan na hanapbuhay. La namang, wala akong pinag-aralan.”(Gardo
Atienza, fisherman)

3. How much is your income? Is your income enough to give and provide the needs
and necessities of your family?
(Magkano ang iyong kita? Sapat ba ang iyong kita upang maibigay and
pangangailangan ng iyong pamilya?)
“Hindi pareparehas eh, kung minsan meron, kung minsan eh wala. Talagang
ganun sa dagat. Minsan nakakaisang libo, minsan nga eh wala, minsan pang
bigas. Nakakasapat naman. Hindi nakatungtong ng Highschool. Sila sila ang
nagtatrabaho. Sila ang bumibili ng gusto nila, mandaragat nga lang ako
eh.”(Gardo Atienza, Fisherman)
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix C

Transcript of Interview

4. How your job affects your life and way of living?

(Paano nakakaapekto ang iyong hanapbuhay sa paraan ng iyong pamumuhay?)
“Syempre ay buhay ganon talaga, kung ano lang nandoon, yun lang.”(Gardo
Atienza, fisherman)

5. If you would rather to choose between finding another job and staying at your
current job, what will you choose?
(Kung papapiliin ka sa pagitan ng paghahanap ng ibang hanapbuhay o manatili
nalang sa kasalukuyan mong trarbaho, ano ang pipiliin mo?)

“Eh… hindi naman pwedeng iwanan yung trabaho dito eh. Nakalakihan na ng
mang nanay, mang tatay ho. Tutuloy na lang.”(Herbert Dela Cruz, fisherman &
fish dryer)
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix C

Transcript of Interview

Elbira Loreto
Fish Dryer
1. What is your job?
(Ano ang iyong hanapbuhay?)
“Trabaho ko po ay nagdadaing.”(Elbira Loreto, fish dryer)

2. When did you start and how long have you been in that job?
(Kailan ka nagsimula at gaano kana katagal sa iyong hanapbuhay?)
“Ah… ano na rin, matagal na, mga ano na… 8 years. Ayon lang ho ang trabaho
dito eh, pagbibilad ng daing…tuyo.” (Elbira Loreto, fish dryer)

3. How much is your income? Is your income enough to give and provide the
needs and necessities of your family?
(Magkano ang iyong kita? Sapat ba ang iyong kita upang maibigay and
pangangailangan ng iyong pamilya?)
“Depende sa ano kase minsan pag panget panahon ala, sa huli ho. Pag malakas
maraming huli ano… 3,000 to 4,000 ganun pero kapag wala, pag walang ano sa
dagat wala. Minsan hindi, minsan nagungutang kase dalawa yung pinag-aaral
ko eh. Isang 10, isang 9.”(Elbira Loreto, fish dryer)

4. How your job affects your life and way of living?

(Paano nakakaapekto ang iyong hanapbuhay sa paraan ng iyong pamumuhay?)
“Pagka… naaano naman yung pagdadaing namin, okay naman.”(Elbira
Loreto, fish dryer)
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix C

Transcript of Interview

5. If you would rather to choose between finding another job and staying at your
current job, what will you choose?
(Kung papapiliin ka sa pagitan ng paghahanap ng ibang hanapbuhay o manatili
nalang sa kasalukuyan mong trarbaho, ano ang pipiliin mo?)
“Gusto rin kaya lang dito lang talaga kami. Ano eh… mga hindi kami
nakatapos eh. Kaya dito lang talaga.”(Elbira Loreto, fish dryer)
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix C

Transcript of Interview

Herbert Dela Cruz

Fisherman and Fis dryer
1.What is your job?
(Ano ang iyong hanapbuhay?)

“Panghuhuli at pagbibilad ng alamang.”(Herbert Dela Cruz, fisherman and fish

dryer)

2.When did you start and how long have you been in that job?
(Kailan ka nagsimula at gaano kana katagal sa iyong hanapbuhay?)

“18 pa lang ata ako nun eh, 32 nako ngayon. Eh ito lang alam naming trabaho.”
(Herbert Dela Cruz, fisherman & fish dryer)

3.How much is your income? Is your income enough to give and provide the needs and
necessities of your family?
(Magkano ang iyong kita? Sapat ba ang iyong kita upang maibigay and
pangangailangan ng iyong pamilya?)

“Sa ano, sa araw-araw. Depende iba-iba. Minsan… 3,000 siguro. Sa ano, sa

mismong bangka, sa may… kung ano, kung derederetso, kung okay lagi, kung
pirmis lagi, oo… sapat. Dalawa anak ko, yung isa Grade 2, yung isa hindi pa. Ah
yung pag-aaral lang.”(Herbert, fisherman and fish dryer)
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix C

Transcript of Interview

4.How your job affects your life and way of living?

(Paano nakakaapekto ang iyong hanapbuhay sa paraan ng iyong pamumuhay?)

“Ayos naman. Nakakayanan naman yung sa pang araw-araw na

gastusin.”(Herbert Dela Cruz, fisherman & fish dryer)

5.If you would rather to choose between finding another job and staying at your current
job, what will you choose?
(Kung papapiliin ka sa pagitan ng paghahanap ng ibang hanapbuhay o manatili
nalang sa kasalukuyan mong trarbaho, ano ang pipiliin mo?)

“Siguro’y hindi na eh ala nga kase akong pinag-aralan kaya dito na lang sa
dagat siguro. Alang pinag-aralan. Di ka naman pwede sa taas. Di naman pwede
sa taas walang pinag-aralan. Kelangan kase may pinag-aralang mataas.”
(Gardo Atienza, Fisherman)
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix C

Transcript of Interview

Reynaldo Flores
Net mender
1.What is your job?
(Ano ang iyong hanapbuhay?)
“Ako’y gumagawa ng lambat.”(Reynaldo Flores, net mender)

2.When did you start and how long have you been in that job?
(Kailan ka nagsimula at gaano kana katagal sa iyong hanapbuhay?)

“…matagal na. Ako’y kuwan eh… magkukulang nubenta. Ahh… mga trese ganun
nagsimula. Eh walang hanapbuhay noon eh. Meron naman akong anak jan sa
ibayo.”(Reynaldo Flores, net mender)

3.How much is your income? Is your income enough to give and provide the needs and
necessities of your family?
(Magkano ang iyong kita? Sapat ba ang iyong kita upang maibigay and
pangangailangan ng iyong pamilya?)

“Maraming gumagawa dito eh, kung minsan eh limang daan. Kung minsan eh
nakakagawa, kung minsan hindi, wala. Oo nasa loob, dalawa. Nabibigay ko eh
mga baon lang.”(Reynaldo, Net Mender)
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix C

Transcript of Interview

4.How your job affects your life and way of living?

(Paano nakakaapekto ang iyong hanapbuhay sa paraan ng iyong pamumuhay?)

“Kung minsan eh meron, kung minsan eh wala. Minsan eh… limang daan,
dalawang daan.”(Reynaldo Flores, net mender)

5.If you would rather to choose between finding another job and staying at your current
job, what will you choose?
(Kung papapiliin ka sa pagitan ng paghahanap ng ibang hanapbuhay o manatili
nalang sa kasalukuyan mong trarbaho, ano ang pipiliin mo?)

“May edad nako eh. Ayos na yun.”(Reynaldo Flores, Net Mender)

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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix D

Photo Documentation
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix D

Photo Documentation
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix D

Photo Documentation
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix D

Photo Documentation
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix D

Photo Documentation
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Appendix D

Photo Documentation
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GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Curriculum Vitae
CHARLS KAREN CATAHAN IGNACIO

#Recoleto 1. Sta.Rita Guiguinto, Bulacan

Contact Nos.: 09954616074

[email protected]

RESEARCHER‟S PROFILE
Nickname: Karen

Age: 18

Sex: Female

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father’s Name Charlie Roque Ignacio

Mother’s Maiden Name: Rowena Perez Catahan

Address: Recoleto 1. Sta. Rita Guiguinto, Bulacan

EDUCATION
Academic
Level School Year School
Distinction
Guiguinto National
2019-2020
Vocational High School
Senior High School
Guiguinto National With Highest
2018-2019
Vocational High School Honors
Guiguinto National With Highest
Junior High School 2014-2018
Vocational High School Honor
Sta. Rita Elementary First Honorable
Elementary 2008-2014
School Mention
MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENTS

Awards/Recognition School Year

3rd Placer in Feature Writing (Filipino) Eddis Level 2019-2020

Best in Communication Arts 2017-2018

 65

GUIGUINTO NATIONAL VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Curriculum Vitae

MA. SOCORRO WYCOCO DELA CRUZ

#0304 Mariano A. Jose Street, San Juan, Balagtas, Bulacan

Contact Nos.: 09367183870

[email protected]

RESEARCHER‟S PROFILE
Nickname: Soc

Age: 17

Sex: Female

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father’s Name Sherwin Landayan Dela Cruz

Mother’s Maiden Name: Margarita Labrador Wycoco

Address: San Juan Balagtas, Bulacan

EDUCATION
Academic
Level School Year School
Distinction
Guiguinto National
2019-2020
Vocational High School
Senior High School
Guiguinto National With High
2018-2019
Vocational High School Honors
Guiguinto National With High
Junior High School 2014-2018
Vocational High School Honors
San Juan Elementary
Elementary 2008-2014 Top 5
School
MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENTS

Awards/Recognition School Year