Reservoir Engineering I

Introduction to Well Testing

Arron Singhe
Production
rate

t1 t
Bottom-hole

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pressure

pws

pwf

t1 t
Time
Introduction to Well Testing

OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

CONCEPTS
Types of Welltests
Wellbore Storage

DRAWDOWN TEST

BUILD-UP TEST

OTHER TESTS

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Introduction to Well Testing

INTRODUCTION

Returning from his round-the-world cruise, the Victorian

naturalist Charles Darwin was heard to mutter:

If Mother Nature can, She will tell you a direct lie!

Nevertheless, well testing is the most direct interface

with Mother Nature.

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Introduction to Well Testing

INTRODUCTION

During a Well Test, a pressure disturbance in the reservoir is

created and the response to changing production conditions is
monitored at the well bore.

Response is characteristic of the reservoir properties

we can infer reservoir properties from response
Inverse problem (analyze model response to input)
Leads to ambiguity
Measured response is the pressure response to a specific flow rate
(Flow rate response to a given pressure history is called Decline
Curve Analysis)

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Introduction to Well Testing

WELL TEST OBJECTIVES

Reservoir Evaluation
Deliverability (volumetric average reservoir pressure)
Properties (k or kh, s)
Size (drainage pore volume, aquifer support)
Reservoir Management
Monitor condition of wells
Identify candidates for stimulation, workover
Track Fluid movement
Reservoir Description
Flow barriers
Faults
Fluid contacts

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Introduction to Well Testing

WHY WELL TESTING?

We have only limited data about the reservoir (from seismic, well
logs, fluid and rock samples). Most data concentrates on the
area near the wells

Well Testing …
 is one method to collect rock information for inter-well volume
of the reservoir
 provides a method to predict the displacement process at the
beginning of the life of the reservoir
 provides a mean to predict the behaviour of individual wells

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Introduction to Well Testing

TYPES OF WELL TESTS

Drawdown Test

Buildup Test

Injection Test
 Same as Drawdown Test, only fluid injection
Falloff Test
 Same as Buildup Test, only after injection
Interference Test

Other tests (RFT, MDT, DST, …)

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Introduction to Well Testing

WELL TEST CONCEPTS

When testing a well, we provide an input Impulse (usually a

change in flow rate) and measure the response (usually a
change in pressure)

Reservoir response is governed by

Permeability
Skin effect
Wellbore storage coefficient
Distance to Boundaries
Fracture properties, ...

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Introduction to Well Testing

WELL TEST CONCEPTS

Develop a mathematical model that matches the reservoir response

 2 p 1 p  2 p  ct p
  2 
r 2
r r z k t
Assumptions (in analytical well test models)
Reservoir:
Homogeneous
Isotropic
Horizontal of uniform thickness
Fluid:
Flow is single phase
Slightly compressible
viscosity, compressibility are constant

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Flow:
Darcys law applies (laminar flow)
No gravity effects
Introduction to Well Testing

SOLUTIONS TO THE DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION

Constant-Terminal-Rate Solution

70.6  qo o Bo  948   o ct r 2 
pr , t   pi   Ei   
kh  kt 
 The mathematical function Ei is called the exponential integral
and is defined by

e u
Ei  x     du
x
u
x x2 x3
 ln x    
1! 2  2! 3  3!

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For x < 0.01, Ei(-x) can be approximated by (error less than 0.6%)
Ei  x   ln 1.781x 
Introduction to Well Testing

SOLUTIONS TO THE DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION

162.6  qo  o Bo   kt  
pr , t   pi   log 
2 
 3.23
kh 
  o t  c r 

 For most transient flow calculations (well testing), the

reservoir engineer will be most interested in the behavior of
the bottom-hole flowing pressure, pwf, at the wellbore.

 Therefore, we can formulate the equation at r = rw

162.6  qo o Bo   kt  
pwf t   pi   log   3.23
2 
kh    o ct rw  

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 Or, if the skin factor is included, then

162.6  qo o Bo   kt  
pwf t   pi  
 log 
2 
 3.23  0.87 s 
kh 
  o t w 
c r 
Introduction to Well Testing

WELLBORE STORAGE

Controlling the flow rate is usually done at the wellhead valve or flow
line
Because of the volume in the wellbore, a constant flow rate at the
surface does not ensure that the rate is entirely produced from the
formation.
This effect is called wellbore storage
When the well is opened for flow, the pressure in the wellbore
drops. This causes the fluid to expand and therefore the initial
surface flow rate is not from the formation, but to some extent
from the expansion of the fluid stored in the wellbore.
qsurface  q formation
 q formation  qwellbore

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Introduction to Well Testing

WELLBORE STORAGE
Fluid Expansion

Drawdown test: when opening the well to flow, then the flow will
come from wellbore expansion first (due to decompression)
As the production time increases, the wellbore contribution
decreases and the formation rate increases until it eventually
equals the surface flow rate
The reverse is true in case of pressure build-up tests.

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Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE RESPONSE (DRAWDOWN)

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Introduction to Well Testing

RADIUS OF INVESTIGATION

 The radius of investigation, ri, is the distance that the

pressure transient (disturbance) has moved into the
formation following a rate change in the well.
 The radius depends on the formation properties, fluid
properties and the time elapsed since the rate change
 For a homogeneous, cylindrical reservoir, the radius is
given by

k t
ri 
948     ct

Permeability in [mD], time in [hr], ct in [1/psi]

 This equation can be used to estimate how long should

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the well test be run
 Alternatively, this equation can also be applied to
estimate the time it will take to reach a boundary, re, of a
tested reservoir
Introduction to Well Testing

RADIUS OF INVESTIGATION

Example 11.4
 A well test of an exploration well should ensure that at
least 1000 ft into the formation will be drained from the
flow test.
 How long should the test be designed, when the following
preliminary data is available:
k = 100 md,  = 0.17,  = 9.2 cp, ct = 1.172x10-5 1/psi
 From
k t
ri 
948     ct
 follows
948     ct  ri
2

t

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k
948 0.17  9.2  1.172x105  10002

100
 174 hrs
Introduction to Well Testing

OUTLINE RADIUS OF INVESTIGATION

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPTS  For the previous example, the radius of investigation

DRAWDOWN TEST would change with time as follows
BUILD-UP TEST

OTHER TESTS

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 For a drainage of about 100 m, the test does not need
more than 1 day, but for a radius of about 300 m, the test
needs to performed for about 1 week!
Introduction to Well Testing

DRAWDOWN TEST
 A pressure drawdown test is a series of bottom-hole
pressure measurements made during a period of flow at
constant production rate
 Usually, the well is shut-in prior to the flow test for some
period of time
Sufficient to allow the pressure to equalize throughout the
formation (static pressure)
 A schematic of a drawdown test

Flow Period
Flow Rate

Shut-In

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Flowing Pressure

Time, t
Introduction to Well Testing

DRAWDOWN TEST

The typical objectives of drawdown tests are

to obtain the average permeability, k, of the reservoir
rock within the drainage area of the well
to assess the damage/stimulation (skin factor) induced
in the vicinity of the wellbore through drilling and
completion operations

In some cases, the objective is also to determine the

pore volume of the drainage area of the well

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Introduction to Well Testing

DRAWDOWN TEST

 The pressure solution of the well in an infinite acting

reservoir (during transient state) is

162.6  qo o Bo   kt  
pwf t   pi   log   3.23  0.87 s 
2 
kh    o ct rw  

 This can be re-arranged to

162.6  qo o Bo    
pwf t   pi   log t   log
k
 
2 
 3.23  0.87 s 
kh    o ct rw  

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 which is the equation of a straight line and can be written as:

pwf  a  m  log(t )
Introduction to Well Testing

OUTLINE DRAWDOWN TEST

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPTS
pwf  a  m  log(t )
DRAWDOWN TEST

BUILD-UP TEST  where

OTHER TESTS
162.6  qo o Bo   k  
a  pi  
 log 
2 
 3.23  0.87 s 
kh    o ct rw  

 and the slope m is given by

162.6  qo o Bo
m
kh
 A plot of pwf versus time t on a semilog graph should yield
a straight line with a slope m in psi/cycle

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Introduction to Well Testing

DRAWDOWN TEST

 Semilog Graph (also called MDH plot – Miller-Dyes-Hutchinson)

Plotting pressure vs. log t gives a typical plot:

Early deviation caused

by wellbore effects
pwf [psi]

pIhr
162.6 qB
Slope = kh

Beginning of deviation at

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end of transient period

0.1 1.0 10 100

Flow time, t [hrs]
Introduction to Well Testing

DRAWDOWN TEST

 From the semilog graph, the slope m must be read off. Then, from

162.6  qo o Bo
m
kh
 We can find the average permeability from
162.6  qo o Bo
k
mh
m is in psi/cycle

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Introduction to Well Testing

DRAWDOWN TEST

 Similarly, when the slope m is known, we can solve the equation

162.6  qo o Bo    
 log t   log
k
pwf  pi    3.23  0.87 s 
2 
kh    o ct rw  

 Typically, for t = 1 hr, the pwf at 1 hour must be read from the graph.
 Then, the equation can be solved for the skin factor s:
p p  k  
s  1.151  i 1hr
 log    3.23
 2 
 m   ct rw  

 The pressure at 1 hr must be from the semilog straight line.

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This is necessary to avoid calculating an incorrect skin by using pressures
influenced by wellbore storage effect.

 If the drawdown test is long enough, pwf will deviate from the semilog straight
line and make the transition from transient to pseudo-steady state.
Introduction to Well Testing

SEMI-LOG PLOT (MDH PLOT)

Allows to calculate kh and s
 Estimate slope and p(1hour) from plot

MDH Plot

5900

5400

4900
Pressure [psi]

4400

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3900

3400

2900
1.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02
Time [hrs]
Introduction to Well Testing

LOG-LOG DIAGNOSTIC PLOT (DRAWDOWN)

The log-log plot has its primary objective to identify the period of
the wellbore storage effects.
It can be shown that during the time when wellbore storage effects
dominate, a log-log plot will show a straight line of unit slope (i.e.
one cycle of pressure per cycle in time)

As soon as the pressure points fall below the unit straight line,
the period of wellbore storage domination ends.

From there on, standard semi-log analysis methods can be

applied.
As a rule of thumb, the transient period starts 1 ½ cycles in

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time after the pressure points start to deviate from the unit
slope on the log-log plot
Introduction to Well Testing

LOG-LOG DIAGNOSTIC PLOT (DRAWDOWN)

 Transition period between wellbore storage an transient period

(infinite acting) is about 1 ½ time cycles
Log-Log: Pressure and Pressure Derivative

10000

Wellbore Storage Transition Infinite Acting

delta p

1000

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100
1,00E-02 1,00E-01 1,00E+00 1,00E+01 1,00E+02

delta t
Introduction to Well Testing

LOG-LOG DIAGNOSTIC PLOT (DRAWDOWN)

 As shown, the log-log diagnostic

plot contains not only the
pressure values, but also the
pressure derivative

 The pressure derivative is

essentially the rate of change of
pressure with respect to time (i.e.
the slope of the semi-log plot)

 Using this additional information,

the log-log plot can be used to
show the information from the
semilog plot

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Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE DRAWDOWN TEST

 Plot the measured pressure values vs log(t)

 Determine the slope, m, of the transient period
 Calculate the average permeability:
q = [bbl/d]
qBoi   = [cp]
kh  162.3 h = [ft]
m
m =[psia/cycle]

 Calculate the skin:

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 p  pt 1hour  k 
s  1.151  i   log  3.2274 
 m   c r
t w
2

Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE DRAWDOWN TEST

Example 11.1: Drawdown Test

 Measured Data

time pressure time pressure time pressure

hour psia hour psia hour psia
0 3001.5 8 2737.4 60 2657.1
1 2919.6 9 2727.6 70 2654.7
2 2868.1 10 2714.4 80 2652.2
3 2826.8 15 2686.8 100 2649.1
4 2810.1 20 2678.9 120 2630.3

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5 2784.0 30 2669.4 144 2613.2
6 2767.7 40 2664.5 168 2595.5
7 2753.5 50 2660.3 192 2577.3
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE DRAWDOWN TEST

Pressure Drawdown

qB
2950.0
k  162.3  Reservoir Data
hm Boi=1.32
2900.0
108.2  9.2 1.32 oi=9.2 cP
 162.3 
2850.0
68.9  42.27 h=68.9 ft
q=108.2 STB/d
 73mD
2800.0
pressure, psia

Slope m from plot

2750.0 m = 19.6*ln(10) = 45
psi/cycle
2700.0

2650.0

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y = -19.613Ln(x) + 2737.8
2600.0

2550.0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
time, hr
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE DRAWDOWN TEST

Data for skin calculation:

Pi=3001 psi; Boi=1.32; oi=9.2 cp; h=68.9 ft;

q=108.2 STB/d; =0,17; ct=8,27e-6 1/psi; rw=0,328 ft

Resulting in

 pi  pt 1hour  k 
s  1.151    log  3.2274
 m  ct rw
2

 3001 2737.8   69  
 1.151    log 2 
 3.23

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 0.17  9.2  8.27x10  0.328 
6
 45  
 1.58
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST

Pressure buildup analysis describes the increase in wellbore

pressure with time after a well has been shut in.

One of the principal objectives of this analysis is to determine

the static reservoir pressure (without waiting weeks or months for
the pressure in the entire reservoir to stabilize)

Pressure buildup testing requires shutting in a producing well.

Before shut-in, the well should produce at a constant, stable flow
rate.

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The pressure is measured immediately before shut-in and during
the shut-in period.
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST

 After a period of constant production, the well is shut in and

the bottom hole pressure measured
shut-in well pressure, pws
Production
rate

t1 t
Bottom-hole
pressure

pws

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pwf

t1 t
Time
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST

A pressure buildup test is described mathematically by using the

principle of superposition:

The total pressure drop at any point in a reservoir is the sum

of the pressure drops at that point caused by flow in each of
the wells in the reservoir

Using this method, we can treat any number of wells flowing at

constant rate in an infinite-acting reservoir
Before the shut-in, the well flows at a constant flow rate of q for tp days.
At time tp, a second well which is superimposed over the location of the first
well is opened to flow at a constant rate of –q for a time dt, whereas the first
well is allowed to continue to flow at q.

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Adding the effects of both wells, the result is that a well has been allowed to
flow at a rate of q for tp days and was shut-in for a time dt.
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST

 In real life, the time of production, tp, is not accurately known, because
the flow rate may not be constant.
 Therefore, the point of shut-in can be estimate from the stabilized well
flow rate, qo, and the cumulative oil production before shut-in, Np

Np
tp 
qo
 Applying the superposition principle to a shut-in well, the total
pressure change, (pi - pws), that occurs during the shut-in period, dt, is
essentially the sum of the pressure change caused by the constant
flow rate q and that of –q.

  k  t p  t   

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162.6  qo o Bo
pws  pi   log 2 
  3.23  0.87 s 
kh    o ct rw  
162.6   qo o Bo   k  t  
  log   3.23  0.87 s 
2 
kh    o ct rw  
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST

162.6  qo o Bo   k  t p  t   
pws  pi   log 2 
  3.23  0.87 s 
kh    o ct rw  
162.6   qo o Bo   k  t  
 
 log 
2 
 3.23  0.87 s 
kh    o ct rw  

Simplifying this equation leads to

162.6  qo o Bo   t p  t 
pws  pi   log 
kh   t 
where

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pi is the initial reservoir pressure in psi
pws is the well shut-in pressure during buildup in psi
tp is the flowing time before shut-in in hours
dt is the shut-in time in hours
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST

162.6  qo o Bo   t p  t 
pws  pi   log 
kh   t 
This equation was introduced by Horner in 1951.

It suggests that a plot of pws versus log((tp+dt)/dt) would

produce a straight line with intercept pi and slope m

162.6  qo o Bo
m
kh

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These plots are commonly referred to as Horner plots

Note that on the Horner plot,

the shut-in time increases from right to left
at the Horner time of unity (1), the pws is equal to pi
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST

Horner Plot

2120

2100

2080

2060

Pressure psia
y = -4.9112Ln(x) + 2116.1
2040

2020

2000

1980

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1960

1940
100000 10000 1000 100 10 1
(tp+dt)/dt
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST

 Plot the measured pressure values versus log(Horner-time)

 Determine the slope, m of the transient period
 Calculate the average permeability:
q = [bbl/d]
qBoi   = [cp]
kh  162.3 h = [ft]
m m =[psia/cycle]
 Calculate the skin:

 pt 1hour  pwf ,t 0  k 

s  1.151    log  3.2274
 m   ct rw
2


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 The value of p1hr must be taken from the straight line!
Introduction to Well Testing

OUTLINE PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPTS Example 11.2 – Buildup Test

DRAWDOWN TEST  Measured Data
BUILD-UP TEST Production time tp =13416 hours
OTHER TESTS

time pressure time pressure time pressure

hour psia hour psia hour psia
0.00 1962.0 6.70 2030.0 44.82 2088.1
1.00 1962.4 13.41 2082.2 67.34 2090.1
1.12 1964.8 14.91 2082.7 135.35 2093.5
1.68 1974.9 16.77 2083.3 150.56 2094.0
2.23 1983.6 19.17 2083.9 194.20 2095.2
2.68 1990.9 22.37 2084.7 227.12 2096.0

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3.35 2001.0 26.85 2085.6 343.59 2098.0
4.47 2012.6 33.58 2086.7 462.07 2099.4
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST

2120.00 Reservoir Data:

y = -4.9069Ln(x) + 2116.1 Boi=1,28
2100.00 oi=9.2 cP
h=68.9 ft
2080.00 q=241 bbl/d
Slope m from plot:
2060.00 m = 4.9069*ln(10) = 11

2040.00

2020.00

qB
2000.00 k  162.6 
hm
241 9.2 1.28
1980.00
 162.6 

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68.9 11
1960.00
 609mD
1940.00
100000.00 10000.00 1000.00 100.00 10.00
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST

Data for skin calculation:

Pwf(dt=0)=1962 psi; Boi=1.28; oi=9.2 cP; h=68.9 ft;
=0.17; ct=1.172e-4 1/psi; rw=0.328 ft

Resulting in

p1hour= -4.9069*ln(13417)+2116.1 = 2069 psia

 pt 1hour  pwf , t 0  k 

s  1.151    log  3. 2274
 m   c r
t w
2

 2069  1962  591  
 1.151    log 2 
 3.2274

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 11   0.17  9.2  1.127  104
 0. 328  
6
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE BUILDUP TEST

When a well is shut in for a pressure build up test, the well is usually
closed at the surface rather than at the bottom hole.
Even though the well is shut in, the reservoir fluid continues to flow
into the wellbore for a while
This effect is called “after-flow” and caused by well bore storage
effects.
After-flow has a significant influence on the pressure buildup data.
During the period of wellbore storage effects, the pressure data points fall
below the semi-log straight line.
2120

2100
Deviation from straight
2080
line caused by wellbore
storage and skin 2060

Pressure psia

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y = -4.9112Ln(x) + 2116.1
2040

2020

2000

1980

1960

1940
100000 10000 1000 100 10 1
(tp+dt)/dt
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE RESPONSE IN AN INTERFERENCE TEST

Production
qA
rate

qB=0

t
Bottom-hole
pressure

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pwsB

t
Time
Introduction to Well Testing

PRESSURE RESPONSE IN AN OBSERVATION WELL

7
tL1 5 8

3 p4
Pressure

4
1 2 6
p1

tL4

Pulse number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Rate

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q>0 q>0 q>0 q>0 q>0

Start of tp Time

pulse test
tc
Introduction to Well Testing

DRILLSTEM TEST (DST)

A drillstem test (DST) helps to estimate formation and fluid properties

before completion of a well.
A DST is a temporary completion of the well

The DST tool is an arrangement of packers and valves placed at the end of
the drill pipe.
It is used to isolate zones of interest and to let it produce into the drillpipe.

A fluid sample is also obtained during the test and can be used to describe
the fluid types

The valves can be controlled from the surface enabling to have a sequence

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of flow periods followed by shut-in periods.

A pressure recorder records the pressures during flow and shut-in periods
Introduction to Well Testing

DRILLSTEM TEST (DST)

Schematic of a typical DST

C J
B F
Pressure

E G
A D K

Time

• At Point A, the tool is lowered into the hole

•

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Between A and B the increasing mud-column pressure is recorded
• At Point B the tool is at the bottom
• When the packers are set, the mud column is compressed and a still higher
pressure is recorded at Point C
Introduction to Well Testing

DRILLSTEM TEST (DST)

C J
B F
Pressure

E G
A D K

Time

• The tool is then opened for an initial flow period and the pressure drops to Point D.
• As fluid accumulates in the drillpipe above the pressure gauge, the pressure rises.

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• Finally, at Point E, the well is shut in for an initial buildup test
• After a suitable shut-in period (Point F), the well is reopened for a second flow
period, from Point G to Point H.
Introduction to Well Testing

DRILLSTEM TEST (DST)

C J
B F
Pressure

E G
D K
A

Time

• The final flow period is followed by a final shut-in period from Point H to Point I.

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• Then, the packers are released and the hydrostatic pressure of the mud column
is again imposed on the pressure gauge (Point J)
• The testing tool is the removed from the hole (Point J to Point K)
Introduction to Well Testing

DRILLSTEM TEST (DST)

The initial flow period is usually short (5 to 10 min)

The initial shut-in period (usually 30 to 60 min) is designed to let the
pressure build back to true static formation pressure

The second flow period is designed to capture a large sample of fluid

and to draw down the pressure in the formation to the maximum
distance and extent (usually 30 min to several hours)

The second shut-in period is designed to obtain good pressure build-up

so that formation properties can be estimated
In addition, comparison of the final pressure from the second build-up with the first

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build-up can indicate that pressure depletion has occurred in the reservoir and that the
well has been tested in a small reservoir

The second shut-in period is about the same length as the second flow
period
Introduction to Well Testing

REPEAT FORMATION TESTER TEST (RFT)

RFT … Repeat Formation Tester (since mid-1970’s)

Originally designed for fluid sampling

Provides pressure – depth profiles across reservoir sections
At the appraisal stage:
run initial RFT: open-hole tool run prior to setting the casing
helps to locate phase-contacts, especially when also run in water bearing formation

At development stage:

enables dynamic pressure surveys,

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to identify lateral and vertical pressure communication under dynamic conditions
(important for water or gas injection)
to calibrate numerical simulation models,
Introduction to Well Testing

RFT, MDT & DST TESTS

MDT … Modular formation Dynamic Tester

Successor to RFT Tool

Used for down-hole fluid sampling
Adds a “pump-through” facility to sample while flowing
Vertical pressure – depth profiles
Drawback: relatively small sample volumes

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Introduction to Well Testing

RFT, MDT & DST TESTS

Example 11.3: RFT tests in field appraisal

 Two Wells were drilled and tested. Well A was down-dip in the aquifer, but
nevertheless, the RFT tool was run over an interval of 160 ft to ascertain
the water pressure regime. Well B was more fortunate and discovered oil
with a specific gravity of 0.646 relative to water. Estimate the depth of the
water-oil phase contact!

Well A Well B
Depth [ft.ss] Pressure [psia] Depth [ft.ss] Pressure
[psia]

6075 2662 5771 2602

6091 2669 5778 2604

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6108 2677 5785 2608
6220 2725 5800 2610
6232 2731 5806 2612
5813 2614
Introduction to Well Testing

RFT EXAMPLE

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