Chapter 1

• Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties,

Introduction: Matter and
Measurement • It is central to our fundamental understanding of many
Learning outcomes:
 Distinguish among elements, compounds, and mixtures.
 Identify symbols of common elements.
 Identify common metric prefixes.
 Demonstrate the use of significant figures, scientific notation, and SI units in calculations.
 Attach appropriate SI units to defined quantities, and employ dimensional analysis in calculations

composition, and structure and the changes it undergoes.

science-related fields.

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Matter – Anything that has
Atom – The smallest stable Molecule – Groups of atoms
Composition - the types of atoms that are present in a
Atomic and Molecular Perspective
1) Gas (vapor) – has no fixed
mass and occupies space.

building block of matter.

2) Liquid - has a distinct
held together with a specific
connectivity and shape.

compound and the ratio of these atoms (for example H2O, C2H6O). Structure - how atoms are
connected (bonded) to each other, how far apart they are, and the shape of the molecule.
3) Solid - has both a definite
Methods of Classification of Matter State of Matter - physical state is gas, liquid, or solid.
Composition of Matter - element, compound, or mixture

States of Matter

volume or shape, uniformly

expands to fill its container,
compressible, flows readily,
diffusion occurs rapidly.

volume independent of its

container, assumes the shape
of the portion of the
container it occupies, not
significantly compressible,
diffusion occurs but slower
than a gas.

shape and definite volume,

not significantly
compressible, diffusion
occurs extremely slowly.

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substances are either elements or compounds.

Elements, Compounds & Mixtures Pure Substance Matter that has a fixed composition and
distinct properties. All
Elements All atoms are the same kind, elements have only one type of atom. e.g. oxygen (O 2), gold (Au), silicon (Si) and diamond
(C).
Compounds Contains more than one type of atom, but all molecules (or repeat units) are the same, e.g. water (H2O), ethanol
(C2H6O), quartz (SiO2), sodium chloride (NaCl).

Mixture Have variable composition and can be separated into component parts by physical methods. Mixtures contain more than
one kind of molecule, and their properties depend on the relative amount of each component present in the mixture.

Periodic Table
Relative abundances of elements in the
Earth’s
crust and human body.

Elements are represented as symbols with one

or two letters; the first is always capitalized.
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which is known as the Law of Constant Composition (or Law

of Chocolate Chip Cookie – Chocolate, Dough, etc.
Concrete – Cement, Rocks, etc.
Nachos – Chips, cheese, jalapeños, salsa, etc.
Compound
Elements
Elements can interact with other elements to form compounds, and compounds can be decomposed into
elements.
The elemental composition of a compound is always the same, Air – principle components include O2, N2 &
CO2
Definite Proportions).
Vodka – principle components are ethanol and water Brass – solid

solution of Cu and Zn Ruby – solid solution of Al 2O3and Cr2O3

Homogeneous &
Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Heterogeneous Mixture - non-uniform.

Homogeneous Mixture – uniform throughout,

also called a solution.

Composition of a mixture
can vary.
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Chemical and
Physical Properties
Physical Properties Some properties can be readily measured with our senses, e.g. odor and color,
instruments are needed to measure other properties, such as electrical resistivity, hardness, melting
point, boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.

Chemical Properties Describe the reactivity of a substance toward other substances. Examples
include:
Ethanol burns in air (reacts with oxygen) Sodium
reacts vigorously with water,
Corrosion of metal parts (rust),
Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is explosive.

Physical changes are changes in matter that

do not change the composition of a substance.
– Examples include changes of state,
temperature, and volume.
Chemical changes result in new substances.
– Examples include combustion, oxidation, and
decomposition.
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• Intensive Properties:
• Density, boiling point, color, etc.
• Extensive Properties:
• Mass, volume, energy, etc.
Properties of Matter

□ Independent of the amount of the substance that is present.

□ Dependent upon the amount of the substance present.

Separation of
Mixtures
 Filtration Distillation

Chromatography

Energy
• Energy is the capacity to
do work or transfer heat.
• Work is the energy
transferred when a force
exerted on an object
causes a displacement of
that object.
• Heat is the energy used to
cause the temperature of
an object to increase.
• Force is any push or pull
on an object.

Fundamental Forms of Energy

• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
– Its magnitude depends on the object’s mass and its velocity: KE = ½mv2
• Potential energy of an object depends on its relative position compared to other objects.
• Potential energy also refers to the composition of an object, including the energy stored in chemical bonds.
One of the goals in chemistry is to related the energy changes in the macroscopic world to the
kinetic or potential energy of substances at the molecular level.

Numbers and
Units in
Chemistry
Major role in quantifying:
– Units of measurement
– Quantities that are measured and calculated
– Uncertainty in measurement
– Significant figures
– Dimensional analysis
(e.g. 1 inch = 2.54 cm)

Metric System
 Prefixes

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length (m × m × m = m ).
(cm × cm × cm = cm3).

Volume
Volume is not a base unit for
SI; it is a derived unit from

The most commonly used

metric units for volume are the
liter (L) and the milliliter (mL).
– A liter is a cube 1
decimeter (dm) long on
each side.
– A milliliter is a cube 1
centimeter (cm) long on
each side, also called 1
cubic centimeter
 Uncertainty in
Measurements - Different measuring devices
Glassware for Measuring Volume

have different uses and different degrees of precision.

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Temperature – the “hotness and coldness” of an object. Temperature Scales
• The Kelvin is the SI
• It is based on the
• There are no
• K = C + 273.15
Heat flows spontaneously from an object with a higher temperature to an object with a lower temperature.

Temperature

unit of temperature.

properties of gases.

negative Kelvin
temperatures.

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C = 5/9(F − 32)
Temperature
•The Fahrenheit scale is
not used in scientific
measurements.
17.1 cm and height of 4.0 cm. Its
mass is 1.5 kg. Calculate the density
F = 9/5(C) + 32

The ‘9/5’, ‘5/9’, and ’32’

are exact numbers and
do not influence
significant figures.

Density
Density = d = mass
m Example: A piece of unknown metal
volume = V
with a right rectangular prism shape
has a width of 3.2 cm , a length of

of the metal in g/cm3.

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• Historically, the calorie was used: 1 cal = 4.184 J

Energy
• The unit of energy: Joule (J). It is a derived unit, kg · m2/s2 : – Kinetic energy: KE = ½ m v2 – If the object
is 2 kg, and it moves at 1 m/s, it will posses 1 J of kinetic energy:
– 1 J = ½ (2 kg) (1 m/s)2 OR: 1 J ≡ 1 kg · m2/s2
• The kJ is commonly used for chemical change.

• This calorie is NOT the nutritional Calorie. That one is a kcal. • 1 nutritional Calorie = 1 Cal = 1000 cal
Numbers in Chemistry
• Exact numbers are counted or given by definition. For example, there are 12 eggs in 1 dozen and 3 feet
in 1 yard. • Inexact (or measured) numbers depend on how they were determined. Scientific instruments
have limitations (equipment errors) and individuals can read some instrumentation differently (human
errors).

Digital Reading Scale read by eye

The last digit measured is considered reliable, but not exact.

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Precision and
Accuracy
• Precision is a measure of how closely individual measurements to agree
with one another.
• The term significant figures refers to digits
• Accuracy refers to how closely individual measurements agree with the correct
“true” value.
 • When rounding
calculated numbers, we pay
Significant Figures that were measured.

attention to significant figures so we do not overstate the accuracy

of our answers.

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1. Zeros between non-zero numbers are always 2. Zeros at the beginning of a number
are never 3. Zeros at the end of the number after a decimal 4. Zeros at the end of a
number before a decimal place

Significant Figures significant.

significant, merely indicate the position of the decimal point.

place are significant if the number contains a decimal point.

are ambiguous (e.g. 23,800 g), unless a decimal point is written at the end (i.e. 23,800.
g). Assume the zeros are insignificant, unless there is a decimal point. Avoid ambiguity
by using scientific notation.

Significant Figures How many significant figures are present in

each of the measured quantities?

0.0012
108
900.0
3.0012
0.002070
4.80  10-3

4.800  10-3

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1. If the first digit you drop is greater than 5, add 1 2. If the first digit you drop is less
than 5, do 3. If the digit you drop is 5, and there are no

Rounding*
After determining the appropriate number of significant figures, round off your final
answer.

answer cannot have more decimal places than the

to the last digit you keep. You are rounding up.

nothing to the digits you keep. You are rounding down.

following digits, round down. If there are digits following the 5, round up.

*You may receive a different rule #3 from your lab instructor.

Significant Figures & Calculations

Addition and Subtraction Line up the numbers at the decimal point and the

measurement with the fewest number of decimal places.

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• The absolute uncertainty can be no • 12.04

- 10.4
• The answer should have no more decimal
Addition and Subtraction figures than the measurement with the

fewest number of significant figures.

smaller than the least accurate number.

1.64 1.6

places than the least accurate

number.
Multiplication and Division
The answer cannot have more significant

= 3.7 x 104
3121 x 12 = 37452
# sig. digits 4 2 2 Know the number of appropriate digits throughout, round at the end.

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8.34 mL - 7.58 mL 2.79 g =
vm 0.76 mL 3 3
Mixed Operations
Determine accuracy in the same order as the (a) 4.184 × 100.620 × (25.27 - 24.16) =
467
mathematical operations, # of significant digits in blue

•but, retain at least one additional digit past the (e) [(853.6104) –
(6.967102)]3.6810 =
78.925 - 8.904
3.142x10 ×
100%
significant figures in combined operations, so rounding doesn’t affect results… -keep track of
the proper significant figures to use at the end.

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(d) 320.75 - (6102.1/3.1) = -1.6 x 103
2.79 g
=
d=
2
d = 3.7 g/mL
2

Evaluate each expression to the correct number of significant figures.

=0.24%

(b)
8.925 9.6 x 100.65
(c)
= 1.2 x 102

8.321+ 4.026

Retain at least one additional digit past the significant figures in combined operations, so rounding
doesn’t affect result…
-keep track of the proper significant figures for the final answer.

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• Keep track of both numerical values and units.
Dimensional Analysis
Units are multiplied together or divided into each other along with the
numerical values.

of water is 1.00
g/mL. 1 L = 1.057 qt, 1 gal = 4 qt
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Conversions: Two or More Factors

What is the mass in g, of 1.00 gal of H2O? The density

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1 × 10ିଷ L =1,250. mL

Conversions Involving Volume

Express a volume of 1.250 L in mL and cm 3

(1.250 L)×1 mL

(1.250 L)×1000 mL
1 L =1,250. mL
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(1.250 L)×1000 cm
3
1 L =1,250. cm
3 −6 3
(1250. cm ) ×110 m
3
1 cm = 1.250 × 10−3 m3
Express a volume of 1,250. cm3 in m3. The prefix centi is 10-2, 1 cm = 1  10-2 m for

length.

Volume involves cubed units, create a conversion:

110−2 m
110−2 m
110−2 m
−6 3 3
1 cm =110 m 1 cm
1 cm
1 cm

Use the conversion to express the volume in m3:

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A magnesium anode rod in a hot water heater prevents corrosion.
Magnesium has a density of 1.74 g/cm3. Assume a solid cylindrical
rod with diameter 1.00 inch. How long of a section (in cm) must
we cutoff to obtain 1.00 kg of the rod?
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