G.

Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Chapter 6: Frequency Response and System Concepts –

Instructor Notes

Chapter 6 can be covered immediately following Chapter 4, or after completing Chapter 5. There is
no direct dependence of Chapter 6 on Chapter 5. Modularity is a recurrent feature of this book, and we shall draw
attention to it throughout these Instructor Notes.
Section 6.1 introduces the notion of sinusoidal frequency response and motivates the use of sinusoidal signals;
the Fourier Series method of representing signals is described in detail in Section 6.2. Further, the text and examples
also illustrate the effect of a multi-components signal propagating through a linear system. Four examples
accompany this presentation.
Section 6.3 introduces filters, and outlines the basic characteristics of low-, high- and band-pass filters. The
concept of resonance is treated in greater depth than in the previous edition, and a connection is made with the natural
response of second order circuits, which may be useful to those instructors who have already covered transient
response of second-order circuits. Four detailed examples are included in this section, Further, the boxes Focus on
Measurements: Wheatstone bridge filter (pp. 315-317), Focus on Measurements: AC line interference filter (pp. 317-
319), and Focus on Measurements: Seismic displacement transducer (pp. 319-322) touch on additional application
examples. The first and last of these boxes can be linked to related material in Chapters 2, 3, and 4.
The instructor who has already introduced the operational amplifier as a circuit element will find that section
8.3, on active filters, is an excellent vehicle to reinforce both the op-amp concept and the frequency response
ideas. Another alternative (employed by this author) consists of introducing the op-amp at this stage, covering
sections 8.1 through 8.3.
Finally, Section 6.4 covers Bode plots, and illustrates how to create approximate Bode plots using the straight-line
asymptotic approximation. The box Focus on Methodology: Bode Plots (p. 327) clearly outlines the method, which is
further explained in two examples.
The homework problems present several frequency response, Fourier Series, filter and Bode plot exercises of varying
difficulty. The instructor who wishes to use one of the many available software aids (e.g., MATLAB® or Electronics
Workbench® ) to analyze the frequency response of more complex circuits and to exploit more advanced graphics
capabilities, will find that several advanced problems lend themselves nicely to such usage. A number of new
application oriented problems have been introduced in the 5th Edition, including problems related to loudspeaker
crossover networks (6.64, 6.66 and 6.69), and 60-Hz line noise filtering (6.68).
The 5th Edition of this book includes 7 new problems; some of the 4th Edition problems were removed, increasing the
end-of-chapter problem count from 76 to 81.

Learning Objectives for Chapter 6

1. Understand the physical significance of frequency domain analysis, and compute the frequency
response of circuits using AC circuit analysis tools.
2. Compute the Fourier spectrum of periodic signals using the Fourier series representation, and use this
representation in connection with frequency response ideas to compute the response of circuits to
periodic inputs.
3. Analyze simple first- and second-order electrical filters, and determine their frequency response and
filtering properties.
4. Compute the frequency response of a circuit and its graphical representation in the form of a Bode
plot.

6.1
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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.1
Determine the frequency response 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)/𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) for the circuit of Figure P6.. Assume: 𝐿𝐿 = 0.5 𝐻𝐻 and 𝑅𝑅 =
200 𝑘𝑘Ω.

Known quantities:
𝐿𝐿 = 0.5 𝐻𝐻, 𝑅𝑅 = 200 𝑘𝑘Ω

Find:

(a) Determine the frequency response 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)/𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) for the circuit of Figure P6.1.

(b) Plot the magnitude and phase of the circuit for frequencies between 10 and 107 rad/s on graph paper, with a
linear scale for frequency.

(c) Repeat part (b), using semilog paper. Place the frequency on the logarithmic axis.

(d) Plot the magnitude response on semilog paper with magnitude in decibels.

Analysis:

(a) Determine the frequency response 𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋)/𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) for the circuit of Figure P6.1.

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)/𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) can be determine by the voltage division:

𝐿𝐿
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐿𝐿 + 𝑅𝑅

Convert to the frequency domain:

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

=
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑅𝑅

Substitute known values:

𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋. 𝟓𝟓
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋. 𝟓𝟓

6.2
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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

(b) Plot the magnitude and phase of the circuit for frequencies between 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 and 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕 rad/s on graph paper,
with a linear scale for frequency.

Convert the result from (a) into a manageable format using the complex conjugate of the denominator:

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) (0.5𝜔𝜔)2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗100 𝑘𝑘

=
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 4𝑒𝑒10 + (0.5𝜔𝜔)2

Magnitude:

2 2
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 0.5𝜔𝜔2 100 𝑘𝑘 𝜔𝜔
� � = �� � + � �
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 4𝑒𝑒10 + (0.5𝜔𝜔)2 4𝑒𝑒10 + (0.5𝜔𝜔)2

Phase:

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 100 𝑘𝑘 𝜔𝜔

∠ = atan � �
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) (0.5𝜔𝜔)2
100𝑘𝑘
= atan � �
0.25𝜔𝜔

Plots:

Magnitude
1.4

1.2

0.8
Magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (rad/s) 6
x 10

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Phase (degrees)
90

80

70

60

50
Phase

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (rad/s) 6
x 10

(c) Repeat part (b), using semilog paper. Place the frequency on the logarithmic axis.

Magnitude
1.4

1.2

0.8
Magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Phase (degrees)
90

80

70

60

50
Phase

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

(d) Plot the magnitude response on semilog paper with magnitude in decibels.

Magnitude
50

45

40

35

30
Magnitude

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

6.5
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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.2
Repeat the instructions of Problem 6.1 for the circuit of Figure P6.2.

Known quantities:
Given in figure.

Find:

(a) Determine the frequency response 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)/𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) for the circuit of Figure P6.2.

(b) Plot the magnitude and phase of the circuit for frequencies between 10 and 107 rad/s on graph paper, with a
linear scale for frequency.

(c) Repeat part (b), using semilog paper. Place the frequency on the logarithmic axis.

(d) Plot the magnitude response on semilog paper with magnitude in decibels.

Analysis:

(a) Determine the frequency response 𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋)/𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) for the circuit of Figure P6.2.

Determine 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) and 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) by using voltage division:

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅 +
𝑅𝑅 + 𝐶𝐶

Convert to frequency domain:

1
𝑅𝑅
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
1
𝑅𝑅 +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
1
𝑅𝑅 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑅𝑅 + 1
𝑅𝑅 +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

Simplify and solve for 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)/𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗):

6.6
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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 1
=
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

Substitute known values:

𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) 𝟏𝟏
=
𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋. 𝟏𝟏

(b) Plot the magnitude and phase of the circuit for frequencies between 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 and 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕 rad/s on graph paper,
with a linear scale for frequency.

Determine the equations for magnitude in phase. First, simplify 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)/𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) by multiplying by the complex
conjugate of the denominator:

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 2 − 0.1𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

=
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 4 + 0.01𝜔𝜔 2

Magnitude:

2 2
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 2 0.1𝜔𝜔
� � = �� � + � �
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 4 + 0.01𝜔𝜔 2 4 + 0.01𝜔𝜔 2

Phase:

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) −0.1𝜔𝜔

∠ = arctan( )
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 2

Plots:

Magnitude
0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3
Magnitude

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (rad/s) 6
x 10

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educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Phase (degrees)
-20

-30

-40

-50
Phase

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (rad/s) 6
x 10

(c) Repeat part (b), using semilog paper. Place the frequency on the logarithmic axis.

Magnitude
0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3
Magnitude

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

6.8
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educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Phase (degrees)
-20

-30

-40

-50
Phase

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

(d) Plot the magnitude response on semilog paper with magnitude in decibels.

Magnitude
0

-20

-40
Magnitude

-60

-80

-100

-120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

6.9
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educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.3
Repeat the instructions of Problem 6.1 for the circuit of Figure P6.3.

Known quantities:
Values in Figure P6.3.

Find:
(a) Determine the frequency response 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)/𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) for the circuit of Figure P6.3.

(b) Plot the magnitude and phase of the circuit for frequencies between 10 and 107 rad/s on graph paper, with a
linear scale for frequency.

(c) Repeat part (b), using semilog paper. Place the frequency on the logarithmic axis.

(d) Plot the magnitude response on semilog paper with magnitude in decibels.

Analysis:

(a) Determine the frequency response 𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋)/𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) for the circuit of Figure P6.3.

To determine the frequency response, place an imaginary voltage source at 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 and determine 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 . For this
problem, 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 may be determined from the voltage division of the top node:

C
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑉𝑉1
1000 Ω + 𝐶𝐶

where 𝑉𝑉1 is:

𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
2000 Ω + 𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

and 𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 is:

2000 Ω ∗ (1000 Ω ∗ 𝐶𝐶)

𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
2000 Ω + (1000 Ω + 𝐶𝐶)

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

2𝑒𝑒6 Ω ∗ 𝐶𝐶
=
3000 Ω + 𝐶𝐶

Put 𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 into the frequency domain:

1
2𝑒𝑒6 Ω ∗
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) =
1
3000 Ω +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

Simplify:

1
2𝑒𝑒6 ∗
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) = ∗
1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
3000 +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
2𝑒𝑒6 ∗
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
=
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
3000 Ω ∗ jωC +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
2𝑒𝑒6
=
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

Substitute 𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) into 𝑉𝑉1 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗):

2𝑒𝑒6
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑉𝑉1 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
2𝑒𝑒6
2000 +
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

Simplify:

2𝑒𝑒6
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑉𝑉1 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) ∗
2𝑒𝑒6 1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
2000 +
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
2𝑒𝑒6 ∗
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
= 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
2000 ∗ (1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) + 2𝑒𝑒6 ∗
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
2𝑒𝑒6 ∗
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
= 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
2000 ∗ (1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) + 2𝑒𝑒6 ∗
1 + 3000 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
2𝑒𝑒6
= 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
2000 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗6𝑒𝑒6 ∗ 𝐶𝐶 + 2𝑒𝑒6
2𝑒𝑒6
≈ 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
2𝑒𝑒6 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗60

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Substitute 𝑉𝑉1 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) into 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗):

1
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) = 𝑉𝑉1 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
1
1000 +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

Simplify:

1
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) = 𝑉𝑉1 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) ∗
1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
1000 +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
= 𝑉𝑉1 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
1000 ∗ 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
1
= 𝑉𝑉1 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
1 + 0.01𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

Plug 𝑉𝑉1 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) into this equation:

2𝑒𝑒6 1
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
2𝑒𝑒6 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗60 1 + 0.01𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

Simplify and solve for 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)/𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗):

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 2𝑒𝑒6

≈
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 2𝑒𝑒6 + 2𝑒𝑒4𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

Simplify:

𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) 𝟏𝟏
≈
𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) 𝟏𝟏 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

(b) Plot the magnitude and phase of the circuit for frequencies between 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 and 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕 rad/s on graph paper,
with a linear scale for frequency.

First, get 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)/𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) into a manageable form:

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 1 1 − 0.01𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

= ∗
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 1 + 0.01𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 1 − 0.01𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
1 − 0.01 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
≈
1 + 0.0001𝜔𝜔 2

Calculate magnitude of complex expression:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

2 2
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 1 0.01𝜔𝜔
� �
�= � � +� �
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 1 + 0.0001𝜔𝜔 2 1 + 0.0001𝜔𝜔 2

Phase response:

−0.01𝜔𝜔
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 1 − 0.0001𝜔𝜔 2 �
∠ = arctan �
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 1
1 − 0.0001𝜔𝜔 2
= arctan(−0.01𝜔𝜔)

Plots:

Magnitude
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Magnitude

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (rad/s) 6
x 10

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Phase (degrees)
0

-10

-20

-30

-40
Phase

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (rad/s) 6
x 10

(c) Repeat part (b), using semilog paper. Place the frequency on the logarithmic axis.

Magnitude
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Magnitude

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Phase (degrees)
0

-10

-20

-30

-40
Phase

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

(d) Plot the magnitude response on semilog paper with magnitude in decibels.

Magnitude
0

-20

-40
Magnitude

-60

-80

-100

-120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

6.15
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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.4
Repeat Problem 6.1 for the circuit of Figure P6.4.
R1 = 300ohm R2 = R3 = 500ohm, L = 4H,
C1 = 40 μF, C2 = 160 μF.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Resistance, inductance and capacitance values, in the circuit of Figure P6.4.
Find:
a) The frequency response for the circuit of Figure P6.4.
b) Plot magnitude and phase of the circuit using a linear scale for frequency.
c) Repeat part b., using semilog paper.
d) Plot the magnitude response using semilog paper with magnitude in dB.
Analysis:
1
R2 || R3 + jωL +
jω (C1 + C2 ) 1 − 0.0008ω 2 + j (0.05)ω
( jω ) =
Vout
=
Vin
R1 + R2 || R3 + jωL +
1 1 − 0.0008ω 2 + j (0.11)ω
jω (C1 + C2 )

a)
(1 − ω 2 0.0008) 2 + ((0.05)ω ) 2
( jω ) =
Vout

Vin (1 − ω 2 0.0008) 2 + ((0.11)ω ) 2

 (0.05)ω   (0.11)ω 
( jω ) = arctan
Vout
∠  − arctan 
 1 − ω 0.0008   1 − ω 0.0008 
2 2
Vin

The plots obtained using Matlab are shown below:

b)

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

c)

d)

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.5
Determine the frequency response of the circuit of Figure P6.5 and generate frequency response plots. Assume:
𝑅𝑅1 = 20 𝑘𝑘Ω, 𝑅𝑅2 = 100 𝑘𝑘Ω, 𝐿𝐿 = 1 𝐻𝐻, and 𝐶𝐶 = 100 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇.

Known quantities:

𝑅𝑅1 = 20 𝑘𝑘Ω, 𝑅𝑅2 = 100 𝑘𝑘Ω, 𝐿𝐿 = 1 𝐻𝐻, 𝐶𝐶 = 100 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇

Find:
The frequency response for the circuit and generate frequency response plots.

Analysis:
The output voltage, 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 , is the voltage across the capacitor, 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 . The capacitor’s voltage may be calculated as a
voltage division of the top node voltage, 𝑣𝑣1 :

𝑧𝑧𝐶𝐶
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑣𝑣1
𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑧𝑧𝐶𝐶

To determine 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 , find 𝑣𝑣1 . First, calculate 𝑣𝑣1 as a voltage division of 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 :

𝑅𝑅1 ∥ (𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑧𝑧𝐶𝐶 )

𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐿𝐿 + 𝑅𝑅1 ∥ (𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑧𝑧𝐶𝐶 )

Convert to frequency domain:

1
𝑅𝑅1 ∥ �𝑅𝑅2 + �
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑣𝑣1 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) = 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
1
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑅𝑅1 ∥ �𝑅𝑅2 + �
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

1
𝑅𝑅1 �𝑅𝑅2 + �
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
= 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
1 1
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 �𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 + � + 𝑅𝑅1 �𝑅𝑅2 + �
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅1

= 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) =
𝑅𝑅1 − 𝜔𝜔 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 ) + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝐿𝐿 + 𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 )

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Convert 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 to the frequency domain:

1
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) = 𝑣𝑣1 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
1
𝑅𝑅2 +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

Plug in 𝑣𝑣1 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗):

1
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
=
𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 𝑅𝑅1 − 𝜔𝜔 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 ) + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝐿𝐿 + 𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 ) 𝑅𝑅 + 1
2 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅1

=
[𝑅𝑅1 − 𝜔𝜔 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 ) + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝐿𝐿 + 𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 )](1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅2 𝐶𝐶)

𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2

=
𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅2
𝑅𝑅1 − 𝜔𝜔 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 �𝑅𝑅1 + 2𝑅𝑅2 + 1 2 � + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗[𝐿𝐿 + 2𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 − 𝜔𝜔 2 𝑅𝑅2 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶 2 (𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 )]
𝐿𝐿

Substitute known values:

𝒗𝒗𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) 𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬𝟒𝟒 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝑬𝑬𝟓𝟓

=
𝒗𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) 𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬𝟒𝟒 − 𝟖𝟖𝑬𝑬𝟔𝟔 𝝎𝝎𝟐𝟐 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋(𝟒𝟒𝑬𝑬𝟓𝟓 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 )

To generate plots, determine the magnitude and the phase. First, convert 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)/𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) to a manageable
format using the complex conjugate:

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 4𝐸𝐸 8 − 𝜔𝜔2 (8𝐸𝐸10 + 2.4𝐸𝐸 7 𝜔𝜔2 ) − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(4𝐸𝐸 9 + 1.6𝐸𝐸12 𝜔𝜔2 )
=
𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) (2𝐸𝐸 4 + 8𝐸𝐸 6 𝜔𝜔 2 )2 + 𝜔𝜔 2 (4𝐸𝐸 5 − 120𝜔𝜔 2 )2

Magnitude:

2 2
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 4𝐸𝐸 8 − 𝜔𝜔 2 (8𝐸𝐸10 + 2.4𝐸𝐸 7 𝜔𝜔 2 ) 𝜔𝜔(4𝐸𝐸 9 + 1.6𝐸𝐸12 𝜔𝜔 2 )
� � = �� � +� �
𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) (2𝐸𝐸 + 8𝐸𝐸 𝜔𝜔 ) + 𝜔𝜔 (4𝐸𝐸 − 120𝜔𝜔 )
4 6 2 2 2 5 2 2 (2𝐸𝐸 + 8𝐸𝐸 6 𝜔𝜔 2 )2 + 𝜔𝜔 2 (4𝐸𝐸 5 − 120𝜔𝜔 2 )2
4

Phase:

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) −𝜔𝜔(4𝐸𝐸 9 + 1.6𝐸𝐸12 𝜔𝜔2 )

∠ = arctan( 8 )
𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 4𝐸𝐸 − 𝜔𝜔 2 (8𝐸𝐸10 + 2.4𝐸𝐸 7 𝜔𝜔 2 )

Plots:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

-3
x 10 Magnitude
2.5

1.5

Magnitude
1

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

Phase (degrees)
90

80

70

60

50
Phase

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.6
In the circuit shown in Figure P6.6, where
C = 0.5 μF and R = 2 kohm,
a. Determine how the input impedance
Z( jω) = Vi ( jω)/Ii ( jω) behaves at extremely high and low
frequencies.
b. Find an expression for the impedance.
c. Show that this expression can be manipulated into
the form Z( jω) = R[1+j(1/ ω RC)]
d. Determine the frequency ω = ωC for which the
imaginary part of the expression in part c is equal to
1.
e. Estimate (without computing it) the magnitude and
phase angle of Z(jω) at ω = 10 rad/s and
ω = 10^5 rad/s.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Figure P6.6.
Find:
V i ( jω )
a) How the input impedance, Z ( jω )= , behaves at extremely high or low frequencies.
I i ( jω )
b) An expression for the input (or driving point) impedance.
 1 
c) Show that this expression can be manipulated into the form: Z ( jω ) = R1+ j
 ωRC 
d) Determine the frequency ω = ωc for which the imaginary part of the expression in c) is equal to 1.
e) Estimate the magnitude and angle of Z [j ω] at ω = 10 rad/s and 100,000 rad/s.
Analysis:
a)
As ω → ∞, Z C → 0 ⇒ Short ⇒Z → R

As ω → 0, Z C → ∞ ⇒ Open ⇒ Z → ∞
b) and c)
KVL : - V i + I i Z C + I i Z R = 0
1  1 
Z ( jω ) = V i = Z C + Z R = R + = R1 − j 
Ii jω C  ω C
1 1 1 rad
d) = 1 ⇒ ωc = = −6
= 1000
ω c RC RC [ 2000 ] [ 0.5 ⋅10 ] s
 rad 
Z 10  ≈ 200 kΩ ∠ − 90°
 s 
e)
 rad 
Z 100 k  ≈ 2 kΩ ∠0°
 s 
more precisely,

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 rad   1 
Z 10  = R 1− j −6
 = 20.001 kΩ ∠ − 89.43°
 s   [ 10 ] [ 2000 ] [ 0.5⋅10 ] 
 rad   1 
Z 10 5  = R 1− j  =2 kΩ ∠ − 0.06°
 s   [ 10 5 ] [ 2000 ] [ 0.5⋅10−6 ] 

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.7
In the circuit shown in Figure P6.7, where
L = 2mHand R = 2 kohm,
a. Determine how the input impedance
Z( jω) = Vi ( jω)/Ii ( jω) behaves at extremely high and low
frequencies.
b. Find an expression for the impedance.
c. Show that this expression can be manipulated into
the form Z( jω) = R[1+j(1/ ω RC)]
d. Determine the frequency ω = ωC for which the
imaginary part of the expression in part c is equal to
1.
e. Estimate (without computing it) the magnitude and
phase angle of Z(jω) at ω = 10^5 rad/s, ω = 10^6 rad/s ω = 10^7 rad/s

Solution:
Known quantities:
Figure P6.7.
Find:
V i ( jω )
a) How the input impedance, Z ( jω ) = ,
I i ( jω )
behaves at extremely high or low frequencies.
b) An expression for the input (or driving point) impedance.
 ωL 
c) Show that this expression can be manipulated into the form: Z ( jω )= R 1 + j
 R 
d) Determine the frequency ω = ω C for which the imaginary part of the expression in c) is equal to 1.
e) Estimate the magnitude and angle of Z [j ω] at ω = 105, 106, 107 rad/s.

Analysis:
a)
As ω → ∞, Z L → ∞ ⇒ Open ⇒Z → ∞

As ω → 0, Z L → 0 ⇒ Short ⇒ Z → R
b)
KVL : − V i + I i Z R + I i Z L = 0

Z ( jω ) =
Vi =
Z L + Z R = jωL + R
Ii

 ωL 
c) Z ( jω ) = R + j ωL = R  1+ j 
 R 
ω L
d) c = 1 ⇒ ω c = =
R 2000
= 1000 k
rad
−3
R L 2 ⋅10 s
e)

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

 rad   2 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ 10 5 
Z 100k  = R 1 + j = 2000(1 + j 0.1) = 2.01 kΩ∠5.71°
 s   2000 
 
 rad   
2 ⋅ 10 -3 ⋅ 10 6
Z 1M  = R 1 + j  = 2000(1 + j 1) = 2.82 kΩ ∠45.00°
 s   2000 
 
 −3
 rad  2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 10 7 
Z 10M  = R 1 + j = 2000(1 + j 10 ) = 20.10 kΩ ∠84.29°
 s   2000 
 
Note, in particular, the behavior of the impedance one decade below and one decade above the cutoff frequency.

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.8

Solution:
Known quantities:
With reference to Figure P6.8
L = 190 mH R1 = 2.3 kΩ
C = 55 nF R 2 = 1.1 kΩ
Find:
V i ( jω )
a) How the input impedance, Z ( jω ) = , behaves at extremely high or low frequencies.
I i ( jω )
b) An expression for the input impedance in the form:
 1+ j f (ω )  L
Z ( jω ) = Z o  1
 Z o = R1 +
 1+ j f 2 (ω )  R2C

f 1 (ω ) =
ω 2 R 1 LC − R 1 − R 2 f 2 (ω ) =
ω 2 LC − 1
ω (R 1 R 2 C + L ) ωC R 2
c) Determine the four cutoff frequencies at which f1[ ω] = +1 or -1 and f2[ω] = +1 or -1.
d) Determine the resonant frequency of the circuit.
e) Plot the impedance vs. frequency.
Analysis:
As ω → ∞, Z L → ∞ ⇒ Open, Z C → 0
a) ⇒ Short ⇒Z → R1
As ω → 0, Z C → ∞ ⇒ Open, Z L → 0
⇒ Short ⇒ Z → R1 + R2

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

b)
1
[ ] [ R 2 + jωL ]
V[jω ] [ + ZL ] jωC jωC
Z[jω ] = = Z R1 + Z C Z R 2 = R1 + =
I[jω ] ZC + [ Z R2 + Z L ] 1
+ [ R 2 + jωL ] jωC
jωC
R 2 + j ωL ( R 1 [ 1 - ω 2 LC ] + R 2 ) + j ( ω R 1 R 2 C + ωL ) (− j )
= R1 + = ⋅ ⇒
1 - ω 2 LC + j ω R 2 C [ 1 - ω 2 LC ] + j ω R 2 C (− j )
ω 2 R1LC − R1 − R2

⇒ Z [ jω ] =
(
ω (R1R2C + L) + j ω 2 R1LC − R1 − R2 )= R R C + L ⋅
1 2
1+ j
ω (R1R2C + L)
ωR C + j (ω LC − 1)
2
2 R 2C
1+ j
ω 2 LC − 1
ωR2C
c) Both f1[ω] and f2[ ω] can be positive or negative, and therefore equal to plus or minus one depending on the
frequency; therefore, both cases must be considered.
f 1 [ω c] =
ω c [ R1 R 2 C + L ] = ± 1
R 1 [ 1 - ω 2c LC ] + R 2
R 1 + R2
ω 2c ± [ 2 + ] ω c - R1 = 0
L R1C R 1 LC
R2 + 1 =
1100
+
1
= 13.69 k
rad
L -9
R1C 0.19 [ 2300 ] [ 55⋅10 ] s

R1 + R 2 = 3400
= 141.46 M
rad
R 1 LC [ 2300] [ 0.19 ] [ 55⋅10 -9 ] s2
Where
1 1
ωc = − [ ± 13.69 ⋅10 3 ] ± ( [ ± 13.69 ⋅10 3 ]2 - 4[1][ - 141.5⋅10 6 ] )1/2
2 2

rad rad
= ± 6.845⋅10 3 ± 13.724 ⋅10 3 ⇒ ω c1 = 6.879 k ω c4 = 20.569 k
s s
only the positive answers are physically valid, i.e., a negative frequency is physically impossible.
f 2 [ω c] =
ω 2c LC - 1 = ± 1 ⇒ ω 2c ± [ R 2 ] ω c -
1
= 0
ωc R2C L LC
R 2 = 1100 rad 1 1 rad
= 5.79 k = = 95.69 M 2
L 0.19 s LC [ 0.19 ] [ 55⋅10 -9 ] s
1 1
ωc = - [ ± 5790 ] ± ( [ ± 5790 ]2 + 4[1][ 95.69 ⋅10 6 ] )1/2 = ± 2895 ± 10201
2 2
rad rad
⇒ ω c2 = 7.31 k ω c3 = 13.09 k
s s
Again, the negative roots were rejected because they are physically impossible.
d) Magnitude and phase response in semilogarithmic frequency plots:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.9

Solution:
Known quantities:
In the circuit of Figure P6.9:
R 1 = 1.3 kΩ R 2 = 1.9 kΩ C = 0.5182 ΩF
Find:
a) How the voltage transfer function:
V o [jω ]
H v [jω ] = behaves at extremes of high and
V i [jω ]
low frequencies.
b) An expression for the voltage transfer function, showing that it can be manipulated into the form:
Ho R2 ωR 1 R 2 C
H v [jω ] = Where : H o = f[ ω ] =
1 + j f[ ω ] R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
c) The "cutoff" frequency at which f[ ω] = 1 and the value of Ho in dB.

Analysis:
a)
As ω → ∞ : Z C → 0 ∠ − 90 ⇒ Short
0

H v → 0 ∠ − 90
0
VD :
As ω → 0 : Z C → ∞ ∠ − 90 ⇒ Open
0

R2
VD : H v → ∠ 00
R1 + R 2
1
[ ] [ R2 ]
ZC Z R2 jωC jωC R2
b) Z eq = = =
ZC + Z R2 1
+ R2 jωC 1 + j ω R2C
jωC

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R2
V o [jω ] Z eq 1 + j ωR 2 C 1 + jω R 2 C
VD : H v [jω ] = = = =
V i [jω ] Z R1 + Z eq R1 +
R2 1 + jω R 2 C
1 + j ω R2C
R2 R2 1
= =
R1 + R2 + j ω R1 R 2 C R1 + ω
R 2 1 + j R1 R 2 C
R1 + R 2
c)
f[ ω c ] =
ω c R1 R 2 C = 1 1300 + 1900 rad
ωc = = 2.5 k
R1 + R 2 [ 1300 ] [ 1900] [ 0.5182 ⋅10 -6
] s
R2 1900
Ho = = = 0.5938 = 20 ⋅ Log[0.5938] = - 4.527 dB
R1 + R 2 1300 + 1900

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.10
6.10 The circuit shown in Figure P6.10 is a
second-order circuit because it has two reactive
components (L and C). A complete solution will not
be attempted. However, determine:
a. The behavior of the voltage frequency response at
extremely high and low frequencies.
b. The output voltage Vo if the input voltage has a
frequency where:
Vi = 7.07∠π
4
V R1 = 2.2 kohm
R2 = 3.8 kohm Xc = 5kohm XL = 1.25 kohm
c. The output voltage if the frequency of the input
voltage doubles so that
XC = 2.5 kohm XL = 2.5kohm
d. The output voltage if the frequency of the input
voltage again doubles so that
XC = 1.25 kohm XL = 5kohm

Solution:
Known quantities:
Figure P6.10.
Find:
a) The behavior of the voltage transfer
function or gain at extremely high and low
frequencies.
b) The output voltage Vo if the input voltage has a frequency where:
V i = 7.07 V ∠ 45o R 1 = 2.2 kΩ R 2 = 3.8 kΩ X C = 5 kΩ X L = 1.25 kΩ
c) The output voltage if the frequency of the input voltage doubles so that:
X C = 2.5 kΩ X L = 2.5 kΩ
d) The output voltage if the frequency of the input voltage again doubles
so that:
X C = 1.25 kΩ X L = 5 kΩ
Analysis:
a)

As ω → 0 Z C → ∞ ⇒ Open Z L → 0 ⇒ Short V o → 0

As ω → ∞ Z C → 0 ⇒ Short ZL → ∞ ⇒ Open
V i R 2 = [ 7.07] [ 3800] = 4.478 V ∠450
VD : Vo=
R1 + R 2 2200 + 3800
Z R2 Z L [ R2 ] [ j X L ]
b) Z eq1 = Z R1 + Z C = R 1 - j X C Z eq 2 = =
Z R2 + Z L R2 + j X L

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

j R2 X L
V i Z eq2 R 2 + j XL R2 + j X L ⇒
VD : V o = = Vi
Z eq1 + Z eq2 j R2 X L R2 + j X L
R1 - j X C +
R2 + j X L
j R2 X L
⇒Vo = Vi
[ R1 R 2 + X C X L ] + j [ X L ( R1 + R 2 ) - X C R 2 ]
V i ⋅ [ j R 2 X L ] = [ 7.07 V ∠45 ] [ ( 3.8 kΩ ) ( 1.25 kΩ ) ∠90 ] = 33.58 ⋅10 ∠135
0 0 6 0

R 1 R 2 + X C X L = [ 2200] [ 3800] + [ 5000] [ 1250] = 14.61 ⋅10

6

X L [ R 1 + R 2 ] - X C R 2 = [ 1250] [ 6000] - [ 5000 ] [ 3800 ] = - 11.50 ⋅10

6

33.58 ⋅10 6 ∠1350 33.58 ∠1350

V0 = = = 1.806V ∠173.2 0
14.61 ⋅10 6 - j 11.50 ⋅10 6 18.59 ∠ − 38.2 0
V i ⋅ [ j R 2 X L ] = [ 7.07 V ∠45 ] [ ( 3800) ( 2500) ∠90 ] = 67.17 ⋅10 ∠135
0 0 6 0

R 1 R 2 + X C X L = [ 2200] [ 3800] + [ 2500] [ 2500] = 14.61 ⋅10

6

c) X L [ R 1 + R 2 ] + X C R 2 = [ 2500 ] [ 6000 ] - [ 2500 ] [ 3800] = 5.50 ⋅10

6

67.17 ⋅10 6 ∠1350 67.17 V ∠1350

Vo = = = 4.303 V ∠114.4 0
14.61 ⋅10 6 + j 5.50 ⋅10 6 15.61 ∠20.6 0
d)
V i ⋅ [ j R 2 X L ] = [ 7.07 V ∠45 ] [ ( 3800) ( 5000) ∠90 ] = 134.34 ⋅10 ∠135
0 0 6 0

R 1 R 2 + X C X L = [ 2200] [ 3800] + [ 1250] [ 5000] = 14.61 ⋅10

6

X L [ R 1 + R 2 ] + X C R 2 = [ 5000 ] [ 6000 ] - [ 1250 ] [ 3800] = 25.25 ⋅10

6

134.34 ⋅10 6 ∠1350 134.34 V ∠1350

Vo = = = 4.605 V ∠75.050
14.61 ⋅10 6
+ j 25.25⋅10 6
29.17 ∠59.94 0

Problem 6.11
In the circuit shown in Figure P6.11, determine the
frequency response function in the form:
Hv( jω) = Vo( jω)/Vi ( jω)= Hvo/(1±jf( ω ))

Solution:
Known quantities:
Figure P6.11.
Find:
V o [jω ] H vo
a) The voltage transfer function in the form: H v [jω ] = = .
V i [jω ] 1 ± j f[ ω ]
b) Plot the Bode diagram, i.e., a semilog plot where the magnitude [in dB] of the transfer function is plotted on a
linear scale as a function of frequency on a log scale.
Assume:
The values of the resistors and of the capacitor in the circuit of Figure P6.12:
R 1 = 16 Ω R 2 = 16 Ω C = 0.47 µF
Analysis:
a)

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Z R2 R2
VD : Vo = Vi = Vi
Z R1 + ZC + Z R2 1
R1 + + R2
jωC
V o [jω ] R2 1
H v [jω ] = =
V i [jω ] R1 + R 2 1 - j 1
ωC [ R 1 + R 2 ]
b)

Problem 6.12
The circuit shown in Figure P6.12 has
R1 = 100ohm Ro = 100ohm
R2 = 50ohm C = 80 nF
Determine the frequency response Vout( jω)/Vin( jω).

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors and of the capacitor in the circuit of Figure P6.12:
R 1 = 100 Ω R L = 100 Ω R 2 = 50 Ω C = 80 nF
Find:
Compute and plot the frequency response function.
Analysis:
Using voltage division:
1
R2
Z R2 ZC jωC jωC R2
Z eq = = =
Z R2+ ZC +
1 jωC 1 + j ω R2C
R2
jωC

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V o [jω ] Z RL RL 1 + jωR 2 C
VD : H v [jω ] = = = =
V i [jω ] Z R1 + Z eq + Z RL R1 +
R2
+ RL 1 + jωR 2 C
1 + jωR 2 C
R L [ 1 + j ωR 2 C ] RL 1 + j ω R2C
= =
R1 + R 2 + R L + j [ R1 + R L ] ω R 2 C R1 + R 2 + R L [ R1 + R L ] ω R 2 C
1+j
R1 + R 2 + R L
Plotting the response in a Bode Plot:

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Problem 6.13
a. Determine the frequency response
Vout( jω)/Vin( jω) for the circuit of Figure P6.13.
b. Plot the magnitude and phase of the circuit for
frequencies between 1 and 100 rad/s on graph
paper, with a linear scale for frequency.
c. Repeat part b, using semilog paper. (Place the
frequency on the logarithmic axis.)
d. Plot the magnitude response on semilog paper with
magnitude in dB.

Note to instructor: the resistance in the figure should be 1000 Ω .

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors and of the capacitor in the circuit of Figure P6.13:
R= 1000 τ C = 100“F
Find:
Compute and plot the frequency response function.
Analysis:
Vout 1/jωC 1 V ( jω ) 1
(a) = = , out =
Vin R + 1/jωC jωRC +1 Vin ( jω ) 1 + jω/10
Vout 1
= ,φ(ω) = -arctan(0.1ω)
Vin 1 + 0.01ω 2
(b) The responses are shown below:

(c)

(d)

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.14
Consider the circuit shown in Figure P6.14.
a. Sketch the amplitude response of Y = I /VS .
b. Sketch the amplitude response of V1/VS .
c. Sketch the amplitude response of V2/VS .

Note to instructor: the resistance in the figure should be 1 k Ω and the inductance 100 mH.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit as shown in Figure P6.14:
Find:
Compute and plot the frequency response function.
Analysis:
Assume R = 1kΩ and L = 100mH .
1 1 1
(a) Y = = =
Z R + jωL 1000 + j (0.1)ω
Y vs ω

V1 R 1000
(b) = =
VS R + jωL 1000 + j (0.1)ω
V1
vs ω
VS

V2 jωL j (0.1)ω
(c) = =
VS R + jωL 1000 + j (0.1)ω
V2
vs ω
VS

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Section 6.2: Fourier Analysis

Problem 6.15
Use trigonometric identities to show that the
equalities in equations 6.16 and 6.17 hold.

Solution:
Find:
Use trigonometric identities to show that the equalities in equations 6.16 and 6.17 hold.
Analysis:
Looking at figure 6.8, we can write the following equations:
a n = c n sin(θ n )
bn = c n cos(θ n )
and using the trigonometric identities sin 2 (θ n ) + cos 2 (θ n ) = 1 :
a n2 + bn2 = c n2 sin 2 (θ n ) + c n2 cos 2 (θ n ) = c n2 ⇒ c n = a n2 + bn2
Finally,
bn c n cos(θ n )
= = cot (θ n ) = tan(ψ n )
a n c n sin(θ n )
where,
π
ψn = − θ n .
2

Problem 6.16
Derive a general expression for the Fourier series
coefficients of the square wave of Figure 6.15(a) in the
text.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The square wave of Figure 6.11(a) in the text.
Find:
A general expression for the Fourier series coefficients.
Assume:
None
Analysis:
The square wave is a function of time as follows:
 1 1
 A (n − 4 )T ≤ t ≤ (n + 4 )T , n = ±0,±1,±2,...
x(t) = 
 0 (n + 1 )T ≤ t ≤ (n + 3 )T , n = ±0,±1,±2,...
 4 4
We can compute the Fourier series coefficient using the integrals in equations (6.20), (6.21) and (6.22):
1 1 T A
a 0 = ∫ 0T x(t)dt = ∫ −T4 Adt =
T T 4 2

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2 T  2π  2 T  2π 
an = ∫ x(t) cos n t dt = ∫ −T4 A cos n t dt =
T 0  T  T 4  T 
T
2A   2π  T  4 A   nπ   nπ 
= sin n t 
 2nπ −T
= sin  − sin−  = 0 (∀n)
T   T nπ   2   2 
4

2 T  2π  2 T  2π 
bn = ∫ 0 x(t) sin n t dt = ∫ −T4 A sin n t dt =
T  T  T 4  T 
T
2A   2π  T  4 A   nπ   nπ 
= − cos n t  = − cos  + cos−  =
T   T  2nπ −T nπ   2   2 
4
 2A
A   nπ   nπ
(n even)
= −2 cos  = 
nπ   2  
 0 (n odd)

Problem 6.17
Compute the Fourier series coefficient of the periodic function shown in Figure P6.17 and defined as:

𝑇𝑇
0 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) = � 3
𝑇𝑇
𝐴𝐴 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑇
3

Known quantities:
None.

Find:

The Fourier series coefficient of the periodic function, 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡).

Analysis:
The function is not even or odd, so all of the 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 and 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 coefficients are needed. To accomplish this, use equations
6.34-6.36:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

1 𝑇𝑇
𝑎𝑎0 = � 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇/3

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
=
𝟑𝟑

2 𝑇𝑇 2𝜋𝜋
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = � 𝐴𝐴 cos �𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇
3

𝑇𝑇
2 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 2𝜋𝜋
= sin �𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡� �𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑇𝑇
3

𝐴𝐴 2𝜋𝜋
= �sin(𝑛𝑛 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋) − sin �𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡�� 𝑛𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, …
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 3

𝑨𝑨 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
=− 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 �𝒏𝒏 𝒕𝒕� 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟐𝟐, 𝟑𝟑, …
𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅 𝟑𝟑

2 𝑇𝑇 2𝜋𝜋
𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 = � 𝐴𝐴 sin �𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇
3

2 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 2𝜋𝜋 𝑇𝑇
=− cos �𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡��𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑇𝑇
3

𝐴𝐴 2𝜋𝜋
= − �cos(𝑛𝑛 2𝜋𝜋 𝑡𝑡) − cos �𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡�� 𝑛𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, …
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 3

𝑨𝑨 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
= 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 �𝒏𝒏 𝒕𝒕� 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟐𝟐, 𝟑𝟑, …
𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅 𝟑𝟑

Problem 6.18

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Solution:
Known quantities:
The periodic function shown in Figure P6.18 and defined as:
  2π  T T
 cos − ≤t≤
x(t) =   T 
t
4 4
 0 else
Find:
A general expression for the Fourier series coefficients.
Analysis:
The function in Figure P6.18 is an even function. Thus, we only need to compute the a n coefficients.
We can compute the Fourier series coefficient using the integrals in equations (6.20) and (6.21):
T
1 T 1 T  2π  1   2π  4
a 0 = ∫ T2 x(t)dt = ∫ T4 cos t dt = sin t  =
T − 2 T − 4 T  2π   T −T
4
1   π   π  1
= sin  − sin−  =
2π   2   2  π

2 T  2π  2 T  2π   2π 
an = ∫ T2 x(t) cos n t dt = ∫ T4 cos t  cos n t dt =
T − 2  T  T − 4 T   T 
 nπ   n
cos  (-1) 2 −1 2
(n even)
=−
2
π n2 −1
 2 
= 

π (
n 2
− 1)
 0 (n odd)

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.19
Compute the Fourier series expansion of the
function shown in Figure P6.19, and express it in
sine-cosine (an , bncoefficients) form.
 2A T
 T t 0≤t≤
x(t ) =  2
2A T
− (t - T) ≤t ≤T
 T 2

Solution:
Known quantities:
The periodic function shown in Figure P6.19 and defined as:
 2A T
 T t 0≤t≤
x(t ) =  2
2A T
− (t - T) ≤t ≤T
 T 2
Find:
Compute the Fourier series expansion.
Analysis:
We can compute the Fourier series coefficient using the integrals in equations (6.20), (6.21) and (6.22):

1  T 2 2A T  2A   1
 ⋅ (t − T )dt  = A
1 T
a0 =
T ∫0
x(t )dt =
T
 ∫
0 T
t dt + ∫T  −
2 T   2

 2π  2  T 2 2A  2π  T  − 2A   2π  
⋅ (t − T ) cos n
2 T
an = ∫
T 0
x (t ) cos n
 T 
t  dt =  ∫
T 0 T
t cos n t  dt + ∫T 
 T  2 T


t dt  =
 T  

=
A 4A A
sin( nπ ) − 2 2 cos(2nπ ) + 2 2 cos(nπ ) +
2A
[sin(nπ ) − sin(2nπ )] =
nπ nπ nπ nπ
4A A
= − 2 2 cos(2nπ ) + 2 2 cos(nπ )
nπ nπ
 2π  2  T 2 2A  2π  T  2A   2π  
⋅ (t − T )sin  n
2 T
bn = ∫
T 0
x (t ) sin  n
 T 
t  dt =  ∫
T 0 T
t sin  n
 T 
t  dt + ∫T  −
2 T 
 t dt  =
 T  

=−
A A
cos(nπ ) + 2 2 sin( nπ ) +
2A
[cos(nπ ) − cos(2nπ )] +
nπ nπ nπ
2A A A A A
− cos(2nπ ) + cos(nπ ) + 2 2 cos(nπ ) + 2 2 sin( 2nπ ) − 2 2 sin( nπ )
nπ nπ nπ nπ nπ

bn = −
A
cos(nπ ) +
2A
[cos(nπ ) − cos(2nπ )] − 2 A cos(2nπ ) + A cos(nπ ) + 2A 2 cos(nπ )
nπ nπ nπ nπ nπ

Thus, the Fourier series expansion of the function is:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

A ∞ A  2π  ∞ A  2π 
x(t ) = + ∑ a n cos n t + ∑ bn sin  n t
2 n =1 (nπ ) 2
 T  n =1 nπ  T 

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.20
Compute the Fourier series expansion of the
function shown in Figure P6.20, and express it in
sine-cosine (an , bn coefficients) form.
  2π  T
sin t 0≤t ≤
x(t) =   T  2
0 T
≤ t ≤T
 2

Solution:
Known quantities:
The periodic function shown in Figure P6.20 and defined as:
  2π  T
sin t 0 ≤ t ≤
x(t) =   T  2
0 T
≤ t ≤T
 2
Find:
Compute the Fourier series expansion.
Analysis:
The function in Figure P6.20 is an even function. Thus, we only need to compute the a n coefficients.
We can compute the Fourier series coefficient using the integrals in equations (6.20) and (6.21):
T
 2π  1   2 π  2
[-cos(π ) + cos(0)] =
1 1 T 1 1
a 0 = ∫ 0T x(t)dt = ∫ 0 2 sin t dt = -cos t  =
T T T  2π   T 0 2π π
 2
cos(nπ ) + 1 − (n even)
2  2π 
a n = ∫ 0T x(t) cos n
2  2π
t dt = ∫ 0Tsin
  2π 
t  cos n t dt = − (
=  π n −1
2
)
T  T  T T   T 
(
π n −1
2
) 
 0 (n odd)
Thus, the Fourier series expansion of the function is:
1 ∞ cos(nπ ) + 1  2π 
x(t) = − ∑ cos n t
(
π n=1 π n 2 − 1
)  T 

Problem 6.21
Write an expression for the signal shown in Figure
P6.21, and derive a complete expression for its Fourier
series.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The periodic function shown in Figure P6.21.
Find:
A complete expression for the function x(t ) and the Fourier
coefficients.
Analysis:
The periodic function shown in Figure P6.21 can be defined as:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

4A T
T t 0≤t≤
4

 2A 3 T 3T
x(t ) = − t+ A ≤t≤
 T 2 4 4
 3T
0 ≤t ≤T
 4
The function in Figure P6.19 is an odd function with period equal to T . Thus, we only need to compute the bn
coefficients.
We can compute the Fourier series coefficient using the integrals in equation (6.22):
 2π  2  4  4A   2π  4 
2 A   2π 
T 3T
2 2T 3
bn = ∫
T 0
x (t ) sin  n
 T 
t  dt = 
 ∫ 
T 0  T 
t sin  n
 T 
t  dt + ∫T
4 

2
A− t  sin  n
T   T 
t dt =

2  − 2 A2  π  π  3T  π   3 A    3π   π 
2
A
=  cos n  + 2 2 sin  n  − cos 3n  +   cos n  − cos n  +
T  πnT  2 π n  2  4πn  2   nπT    2   2 
 2 A2    π  π 
−  2 2  ⋅  sin  3n  − sin  n  
 Tπ n    2  2 

Problem 6.22
Write an expression for the signal shown in Figure
P6.22 and derive its Fourier series.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The periodic function shown in Figure P6.22.
Find:
A complete expression for the function x(t ) and the Fourier
coefficients.
Analysis:
The periodic function shown in Figure P6.21 can be defined
as:
 T
A 0≤t ≤
x(t) =  4
 T
−A T − ≤ t ≤T
4
The function in Figure P6.19 is an odd function. Thus, we only need to compute the bn coefficients.
We can compute the Fourier series coefficient using the integrals in equation (6.22):
2 T  2π  2  2π  T  2π   2A   π  2A
bn = ∫ T2 x(t) sin n t dt = − ∫ 0T A sin n t  dt + ∫ 0 4 A sin n t  dt  = 1− cos n  =
T − 2  T  T − 4  T   T   nπ   2  nπ

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.23
Find the Fourier series for the periodic function
shown in Figure P6.23. Determine integral expressions
for the Fourier coefficients.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The periodic function shown in Figure P6.24.
Find:
All Fourier series coefficients.
Analysis:
The function is neither even nor odd.
First write an expression for the function

4( A − B )  T  T
x(t ) = B + ⋅ t −  0 ≤ t <
T  8 8
8(B − A)  T  T T
x(t ) = A + ⋅ t −  ≤t<
T  4 8 4
T T
A ≤t<
4 2
− 8 A  3T  T 3T
x(t ) = ⋅ t −  ≤t<
T  4  2 4
3T
A ≤t <T
4

Then write the integrals for the coefficients

1  4( A − B )  T   8(B − A)  T   − 8 A  3T  
T /8 T /4 T /2 3T / 4 T
a0 =  ∫ B + ⋅  t −  dt + ∫  A + ⋅  t −  dt + ∫ Adt + ∫  ⋅ t −  dt + ∫ Adt 
T0  T  8  T /8 
T  4  T /4 T /2 
T  4  3T / 4 

T / 8  4( A − B )  T   2πn 
T /4
 8(B − A)  T   2πn 
T /2
 2πn  
∫  B + ⋅  t −   cos  dt + ∫  A + ⋅  t −   cos  dt + ∫ A cos dt + 
1 0  T  8   t  T /8 
T  4   t   t  
a n =  3T / 4
T /4

T   − 8 A  3T   2πn 
T
 2πn  
+ ∫  ⋅t −  cos dt + ∫ A cos dt 
 T / 2  T  4   t  3T / 4  t  

T / 8  4( A − B )  T   2πn  T /4
 8(B − A)  T   2πn  T /2
 2πn  
∫  B + ⋅  t −   sin   dt + ∫  A + ⋅  t −  
sin  dt + ∫ A sin  dt + 
1 0  T  8   t  T /8 
T  4   t   t  
bn =  3T / 4
T /4

T   − 8 A  3T   2πn 
T
 2πn  
+ ∫  ⋅t −  sin  dt + ∫ A sin  dt 
 T / 2  T  4   t  3T / 4  t  

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.24
Find the Fourier series for the periodic function
shown in Figure P6.24. Determine integral expressions
for the Fourier coefficients.

x(t)
Solution:
Known quantities:
The periodic function shown in Figure P6.24. C

Find:
All Fourier series coefficients. B
A t
Analysis:
0
The function is neither even nor odd. T/4 3T/4 T 2T
First write an expression for the function

T
x(t) = B 0≤t <
4
−2(C − A) 1 T 3T
x(t) = t + (3C − A) ≤t<
T 2 4 4
T
x(t) = A ≤ t <T
4

Then write the integrals for the coefficients

1 T / 4 3T / 4 −2(C − A ) 1  T 
a0 =  ∫ Bdt + ∫  t + (3C − A)dt + ∫ Adt 
T  0 T /4  T 2  3T / 4 

2 T / 4  2 πn  3T / 4 −2(C − A) 1   2 πn  T  2 πn  
an =  ∫ B cos tdt + ∫  t + (3C − A) cos tdt + ∫ A cos tdt 
T  0  t  T /4  T 2   t  3T / 4  t  
2 T / 4  2 πn  3T / 4 −2(C − A ) 1   2 πn  T  2 πn  
bn =  ∫ B sin tdt + ∫  t + (3C − A) sin tdt + ∫ A sin tdt 
T  0  t  T /4  T 2   t  3T / 4  t  

Section 6.3: Filters

Problem 6.25
Using a 15-kohm resistance, design an RC high-pass
filter with a breakpoint at 200 kHz.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The resistance of the RC high-pass filter.
Find:
Design an RC high-pass filter with a breakpoint at 200 kHz.
Analysis:
The frequency response of the RC high-pass filter is:
Vo ( jω ) jωCR
=
Vi ( jω ) 1 + jωCR
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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

The cutoff frequency is:

1
ω0 =
RC
Thus,
1 1 1
ω0 = = 2 π × 200000 ⇒ C= = ≅ 53pF
RC Rω 0 2 π ⋅15000 ⋅ 200000

Problem 6.26
Using a 500-_ resistance, design an RC low-pass
filter that would attenuate a 120-Hz sinusoidal voltage
by 20 dB with respect to the DC gain.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The resistance of the RC low-pass filter.
Find:
Design an RC low-pass filter that would attenuate a 120-Hz sinusoidal voltage by 20 dB with respect to the DC gain.
Analysis:
The frequency response of the RC low-pass filter is:
V ( jω ) 1
H v ( jω ) = o =
Vi ( jω ) 1 + jωCR
The response of the circuit to the periodic input u(t) = A sin(ω?t + ϕ ) is:
y∞ (t) = H v ( jω?) A sin(ω?t + ϕ + ∠H v ( jω?))
In order to attenuate the sinusoidal input by 20 dB (a factor of 10) with respect to the DC gain,
1 1 99
H v ( jω?) = = 0.1 ⇒ C= 10 2 − 1 = ≅ 26.4 µF
ω? ⋅ π × 120
(
1 + ωCR
? ) 2 R 500 2

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.27
In an RLC circuit, assume ω1 and ω2 such that
I( jω1) = I( jω2) = Imax/√2 and Δω such that
_ω = ω2 − ω1. In other words, _ω is the width of the
current curve where the current has fallen to
1/√2 = 0.707 of its maximum value at the resonance
frequency. At these frequencies, the power dissipated
in a resistance becomes one-half of the dissipated
power at the resonance frequency (they are called the
half-power points). In an RLC circuit with a high
quality factor, show that Q = ω0/_ω.

Solution:
Find:
ωn
In an RLC circuit, show that Q = .
∆ω
Analysis:
The frequency response of an RLC circuit is:
 2ζ 
  jω
Vo ( jω )  ωn 
H v ( jω ) = =
Vi ( jω )    jω 2
1 + jω  2ζ +  
 ωn   ωn 
We can compute the half-power frequencies ω1 and ω 2 by equating the magnitude of the band-pass filter
frequency response to 1 2 (this will result in a quadratic equation in ω , which can be solved for the two
ω
frequencies). Defining Ω = , we can write the following equation:
ωn
2ζ ( jΩ) 2ζΩ 1
H v ( jω ) = = = ⇒
1 + 2ζ ( jΩ) + ( jΩ)
(1 − Ω ) + (2ζΩ)
2 2
2 2 2

⇒ ( )
Ω 4 − 2 1 + 2ζ 2 Ω 2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ Ω 2 = 1+ 2ζ 2 ± 2ζ 1+ ζ 2
Finally, discarding the negative solutions:
 
Ω 1,2 = ±ζ + 1 + ζ 2 ⇒ ω1,2 = ±ζ + 1 + ζ 2 ω n
 
 2  
Thus, ∆ω = ω 2 − ω1 = ζ + 1 + ζ ω n − −ζ + 1 + ζ 2 ω n = 2ζω n
   
ωn ωn 1
and, = = =Q
∆ω 2ζω n 2ζ

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.28
In an RLC circuit with a high quality factor:
a. Show that the impedance at the resonance
frequency becomes a value of Q times the
inductive resistance at the resonance frequency.
b. Determine the impedance at the resonance
frequency, assuming L = 280 mH, C = 0.1 μF,
R = 25ohm.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The resistance, inductance and capacitance of a series RLC resonant circuit.
Find:
a) Show that the impedance at the resonance frequency becomes a value of Q times the resistance at the resonance
frequency. NOTE: The word inductive should not be in the problem statement.
b) Determine the impedance at the resonance frequency, assuming L = 280 mH , C = 0.1 µF and R = 25 Ω .
Assumptions:
The circuit is as shown in the figure below with the output impedance across the inductor of the RLC circuit.
Also, the output impedance is the impedance of interest.
Analysis:
a) The output impedance of the circuit is:
 1 
Z out ( jω ) =  R +  || jωL =
 jωC 

=
1+ jωCR
|| jωL =
(1+ jωCR) jωL
jωC 1+ jωCR + ( jω ) LC
2

and the quality factor is:

1 L ωn L 1
Q= = =
R C R ω n RC
Thus, for ω → ωn :
Z out ( jω n ) =
(1 + jω n CR) jω n L = jω n L − ω n2 LRC =
1 + jω n CR + ( jω n ) LC 1 − ω n LC + jω n CR
2 2

jω n L / R − (ω n L / R)(ω n RC ) jQ − Q /Q
=R =R =
1 − (ω n L / R)(ω n RC ) + jω n CR 1 − Q /Q + j /Q

=R
jQ − 1
j /Q
( )
= R Q 2 + jQ = RQ(Q + j )

For a high quality factor circuit, we have

 L
Z out ( jω n ) = RQ 1+ Q 2 ≅ RQ 2 = Rω n Q = ω n LQ
 R
Finally, the impedance at the resonance frequency becomes a value of Q times the inductive resistance at the
resonance frequency.
b) The quality factor is:
1 L 1
Q= = 2.8 × 10 6 ≅ 67
R C 25
The impedance at the resonance frequency is:
Z out ( jω n ) = RQ 1+ Q 2 = 25⋅ 67 1+ 67 2 = 112.01 kΩ
while, Q times the inductive resistance at the resonance frequency is:
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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

1
ω n LQ = 0.28 ⋅ 67 = 112 kΩ
2.8 ×10−8

Problem 6.29
Compute the frequency at which the phase shift
introduced by the circuit of Example 6.7 is equal to -10°.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of Example 6.7.
Find:
The frequency at which the phase shift introduced by the circuit is equal to -10°.
Analysis:
The frequency response of the circuit is:
1
H v ( jω ) =
1+ jωCR
From Example 6.7:
1
ω0 = = 2,128rad /sec
CR
ω   ω 
The phase shift introduced by the circuit is: ∠H v ( jω ) = − arctan−1  = − arctan−1 
 ω0   2128 
 ω 
Thus, ∠H v ( jω ) = − arctan  = −10 ⇒ ω = 2128 tan(10) = 375.2 rad/s
 2128 

Problem 6.30
Compute the frequency at which the output of the
circuit of Example 6.7 is attenuated by 10 percent (that
is, Vo = 0.9VS ).

Solution:
Known quantities:
Frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of Example 6.7.
Find:
The frequency at which the output of the circuit is attenuated by 10 percent.
Analysis:
1
The frequency response of the circuit is: H v ( jω ) =
1+ jωCR
1
From Example 6.7: ω 0 = = 2,128rad /sec
CR
1
The attenuation introduced by the circuit is: H v ( jω ) =
1 + (ω / ω 0 )
2

Thus,

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

1  1 2 2
H v ( jω ) = = 0.9 ⇒ ω = (2128)   − 1 = 1031 rad/s
 0.9 
1 + (ω / 2128)
2

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.31
Compute the frequency at which the output of the
circuit of Example 6.11 is attenuated by 10 percent
(that is, Vo = 0.9VS ).

Solution:
Known quantities:
Frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of Example 6.11.
Find:
The frequency at which the output of the circuit is attenuated by 10 percent.
Analysis:
2
The frequency response of the circuit is: H v ( jω ) =
1+ 0.2 jω
2
The attenuation introduced by the circuit is: H v ( jω ) =
1 + (0.2ω )
2

1  2 
2
2
Thus, H v ( jω ) = = 0.9 ⇒ ω=   − 1 = 9.9225 rad/s
0.2  0.9 
1 + (0.2ω )
2

Problem 6.32
Compute the frequency at which the phase shift
introduced by the circuit of Example 6.11 is equal to 20°.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of Example 6.11.
Find:
The frequency at which the phase shift introduced by the circuit is equal to 20°.
Analysis:
The frequency response of the circuit is:
jωCR
H v ( jω ) =
1+ jωCR + ( jω ) LC
2

The phase shift introduced by the circuit is:

π  ωCR 
∠H v ( jω ) = − arctan 
2  1− ω 2 LC 
Thus,
π  ω CR  ω CR
∠H v ( jω ) = − arctan  = 20° ⇒ = tan 25°
2  1− ω LC 
2
1− ω 2 LC

a) R = 1kΩ,C = 10µF,L = 5mH :

ω = 46.6rad /sec
b) R = 10kΩ,C = 10µF,L = 5mH :
ω = 4.66rad /sec

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.33
Consider that the filter shown in Figure P6.1 is
excited by a sawtooth waveform and that we are only
interested in the response to the first two Fourier
components of the waveform. Determine the output of
the filter, and plot the input and output waveforms on
the same graph. Assume the period T = 10μs and the
peak amplitude A = 1 for the sawtooth waveform.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.1, the period T = 10 µs and the peak amplitude A = 1 for
the sawtooth waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions, and using the first two terms of the Fourier series expansion of the
sawtooth waveform of Example 6.3, we have
2A  2π  A  4 π  2
x(t) =
π
sin t  + sin
T  π T  π ( 1
π ) (
t  = sin 2 × 10 5 π t + sin 4 × 10 5 π t )
Thus, for this problem,
2
c1 = ω1 = 2 × 10 5 π = 6.28 × 10 5 rad/s
π
and,
1
c2 = ω 4 = 4 × 10 5 π = 12.56 × 10 5 rad/s
π
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:
1 1
H v (jω ) = = ∠ − arctan(10 −5 ω )
1 + j (10 ω )
−5
1 + 10 ω
−10 2

At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 and ω 2 analytically:
1
H v ( jω1 ) = = 0.1573
1 + 10 −10 ⋅ 1010 ⋅ 6.28 2
Φ ( jω1 ) = − arctan (10 −5 ⋅ 10 5 ω1 ) = −1.41 rad
1
H v ( jω 2 ) = = 0.079
−10
1 + 10 ⋅ 12.56 2
Φ ( jω 2 ) = − arctan (10 −5 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ ω 2 ) = −1.49 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:

( ) ( )
2
y (t ) = ∑ H v ( jω n ) c n sin[ω n t + θ n + Φ ( jω n )] = 0.1573
2 1
sin 2 ⋅ 10 5 π t − 1.41 + 0.0794 sin 4 × 10 5 π t − 1.49
n =1 π π
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.34
Repeat Problem 6.33 with the square wave of
Figure 6.15(a) as an input.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.1, the period T = 10 µs and the peak amplitude A = 1 for
the square wave of Figure 6.11(a).
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
The square wave can be defined as:
 1 1
 A (n − 4 )T ≤ t ≤ (n + 4 )T , n = ±0,±1,±2,...
x(t) = 
 0 (n + 1 )T ≤ t ≤ (n + 3 )T , n = ±0,±1,±2,...
 4 4
We can compute the Fourier series coefficient using the integrals in equations (6.20), (6.21) and (6.22):
1 1 T A
a 0 = ∫ 0T x(t)dt = ∫ −T4 Adt =
T T 4 2
2 T  2π  2 T  2π 
an = ∫ 0 x(t) cos n t dt = ∫ −T4 A cos n t dt =
T  T  T 4  T 
T
2A   2π  T  4 A   nπ   nπ 
= sin n t  = sin  − sin−  = 0(∀n)
T   T  2nπ −T nπ   2   2 
4

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

2 T  2π  2 T  2π 
bn = ∫ 0 x(t) sin n t dt = ∫ −T4 A sin n t dt =
T  T  T 4  T 
T
2A   2π  T  4 A   nπ   nπ 
= − cos n t  = − cos  + cos−  =
T   T  2nπ −T nπ   2   2 
4
 2A
A   nπ   nπ
(n even)
= −2 cos  = 
nπ   2  
 0 (n odd)
Using the first two terms of the Fourier series expansion of the square waveform, we have
A A  4π  1 1
x(t) = + sin
2 π
t  = + sin 4 × 10 5 π t
T  2 π ( )
Thus, for this problem,
1
c0 = ω 0 = 0 rad/s
2
c1 = 0 ω1 = 2 × 10 5 π = 6.28 × 10 5 rad/s
and,
1
c2 = ω 2 = 4 × 10 5 π = 12.56 × 10 5 rad/s
π
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:

H v ( jω ) =
(
1
=
)
1
∠ − arctan 10 −5 ω ( )
1 + j 2.5 × 10 ω
−6
1 + 10 ω
−10 2

At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω 0 and ω 2 analytically:
H v ( jω 0 ) = 1
1
H v ( jω 2 ) = = 0.079
1 + 10 −10 ⋅ 12.56 2

( )
Φ( jω 0 ) = − arctan 2.5× 10−6 ω 0 = 0 rad = 0 Φ ( jω 2 ) = − arctan 10

( −5
)
⋅ 10 5 ⋅ ω 2 = −1.49 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:
2
y (t ) = ∑ H v ( jω n ) c n sin[ω n t + θ n + Φ ( jω n )] =
n =1

=
1
2
sin (0 ) +
0.0794
π
(
sin 4 × 10 5 π t − 1.49 =
0.0794
π
) (
sin 4 × 10 5 π t − 1.49 )
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.35
Repeat Problem 6.33 for the pulse train of Example
6.4 as an input.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.2, the period T = 10 µs and the peak amplitude A = 1 for
the pulse waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first two terms of the Fourier series
expansion of the pulse waveform of Example 6.4, we have
( )
x(t) = 0.2 + 0.3027 cos 2 × 10 5 π t + 0.2199 sin 2 × 10 5 π t( )
( )
+0.0935 cos 4 × 10 5 π t + 0.2879 sin 4 × 10 5 π t ( )
Thus, for this problem,
c 0 = 0.2
c1 = 0.3742 , θ 1 = 0.9425 rad = 54 
 ω1 = 2 × 10 5 π = 6.28 × 10 5 rad/s
c 2 = 0.3027 , θ 2 = 0.3140 rad = 18
 ω 2 = 4 × 10 5 π = 12.56 × 10 5 rad/s
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:

H v ( jω ) =
(
1
=
)
1
∠ − arctan 10 −5 ω ( )
1 + j 10 ω
−10
1 + 10 ω
−10 2

At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 and ω 2 analytically:
1
H v ( jω1 ) = = 0.1573
1 + 10 −10
ω1 2

(
Φ ( jω1 ) = − arctan 10 ω1 = −1.41 rad
−5
)
1
H v ( jω 2 ) = = 0.0794
1 + 10 −10 ω 2
2

(
Φ ( jω 2 ) = − arctan 10 −5 ω 2 = −1.49 rad )
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:
2
y (t ) = c0 H v (0) + ∑ H v ( jω n ) c n sin[ω n t + θ n + Φ ( jω n )] =
n =1

( ) (
= 0.2 + 0.1573 ⋅ 0.3742 sin 2 × 10 5 π t + 0.9425 − 1.41 + 0.3027 ⋅ 0.0794 sin 4 × 10 5 π t + 0.314 − 1.49 )
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.36
Consider that the circuit shown in Figure P6.2 is
excited by the sawtooth waveform of Example 6.3 and
that we are only interested in the response to the first
three Fourier components of the waveform. Determine
the output of the filter, and plot the input and output
waveforms on the same graph. Assume T = 0.5s and
A = 2 for the sawtooth waveform.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.2, the period T = 0.5 s and the peak amplitude A = 2 for
the sawtooth waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first three terms of the Fourier
series expansion of the sawtooth waveform of Example 6.3, we have
2A  2π  A  4 π  2A  6 π  4 2 4
x(t) = sin t  + sin t+ sin t  = sin(4 π t ) + sin(8π t ) + sin(12π t )
π  T  π  T  3π T  π π 3π
Thus, for this problem,
4
c1 = ω1 = 4 π = 12.5664 rad/s
π
2
c2 = ω 2 = 8π = 25.1327 rad/s
π

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

4
c3 = ω 3 = 12π = 37.6991 rad/s
3π
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:

H v ( jω ) = ∠ − arctan(1.33ω )
0.015
1 + 1.33ω 2
At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 , ω 2 and ω3
analytically:
0.015
H v ( jω1 ) = = 0.0009
1 + 1.33 2 ⋅ ω12
Φ ( jω1 ) = − arctan(1.33 ⋅ ω1 ) = −1.511 rad
0.015
H v ( jω 2 ) = = 0.00045
1 + 1.33 2 ⋅ ω 22
Φ ( jω 2 ) = − arctan(1..33ω 2 ) = −1.5409 rad
0.015
H v ( jω 3 ) = = 0.0003
1 + 1.33 2 ⋅ ω 32
Φ ( jω 3 ) = − arctan(1.33ω 3 ) = −1.5509 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:
3
y (t ) = ∑ H v ( jω n ) c n sin[ω n t + θ n + Φ ( jω n )] =
n =1

sin (4π t − 1.511) + 0.00045 sin (8π t − 1.5409 ) + 0.0003 sin (12π t − 1.5509 )
4 2 4
= 0.0009
π π 3π
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown on the right:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

-3
x 10 Steady state signals of the system output(dashed)
1

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(sec)

Problem 6.37
Repeat Problem 6.36 with the square wave of
Figure 6.15(a) as an input.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.2, the period T = 0.5 s and the peak amplitude A = 2 for
the square wave.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first three terms of the Fourier
series expansion of the square waveform of P6.33, we have
4 A  2π  4 A  6 π  8 8
x(t) = sin t+ sin t  = sin(4 π t ) + sin(12 π t )
π  T  3π T  π 3π
Thus, for this problem,
8
c1 = ω1 = 4 π = 12.5664 rad/s
π
c2 = 0 ω 2 = 8π = 25.1327 rad/s
8
c3 = ω 3 = 12π = 37.6991 rad/s
3π
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:

H v ( jω ) = ∠ − arctan(1.33ω )
0.015
1 + 1.33 2 ⋅ ω 2
At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 and ω 3 analytically:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

0.015
H v ( jω1 ) = = 0.0009
4 + 1.33 2 ⋅ ω12
Φ ( jω1 ) = − arctan(1.33 ⋅ ω1 ) = −1.511 rad
0.015
H v ( jω 3 ) = = 0.0003
1 + 1.33ω 32
Φ ( jω 3 ) = − arctan(1.33ω 3 ) = −1.5509 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:
3
y (t ) = ∑ H v ( jω n ) c n sin[ω n t + θ n + Φ ( jω n )] =
n =1

sin (4π t − 1.511) + 0.0003 sin (12π t − 1.5509 )

8 8
= 0.0009
π 3π
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown on the right:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

-3
x 10 Steady state signals of the system output(dashed)
3

-1

-2

-3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(sec)

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.38
Repeat Problem 6.36 with the pulse train of
Example 6.4 as an input.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.3, the period T = 0.5 s and the peak amplitude A = 2 for
the pulse waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first three terms of the Fourier
series expansion of the pulse waveform of Example 6.4, we have
x(t) = 0.4 + 0.6054 cos(4 π t ) + 0.4398 sin(4 π t ) + 0.1870 cos(8 π t )
+0.5758 sin(8π t ) − 0.1248 cos(12π t ) + 0.3838 sin(12π t )
Thus, for this problem,
c 0 = 0.4

c1 = 0.7484 , θ 1 = 0.9425 rad = 54
 ω1 = 4 π = 12.5664 rad/s
c 2 = 0.6054 , θ 2 = 0.3140 rad = 18
 ω 2 = 8π = 25.1327 rad/s

c 3 = 0.4036 , θ 1 = −0.3144 rad = −18
 ω 3 = 12π = 37.6991 rad/s
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:

H v ( jω ) = ∠ − arctan(1.33ω )
0.015
1 + 1.33ω 2
At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 , ω 2 and ω3
analytically:
0.015
H v ( jω1 ) = = 0.0009
1 + 1.33ω12
Φ ( jω1 ) = − arctan(0.05ω1 ) = −1.511 rad
0.015
H v ( jω 2 ) = = 0.00045
1 + 1.33ω 22
Φ ( jω 2 ) = − arctan(1.33ω 2 ) = −1.5409 rad
0.015
H v ( jω 3 ) = = 0.0003
1 + 1.33ω 32
Φ ( jω 3 ) = − arctan(0.05ω 3 ) = −1.5509 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:
3
y (t ) = c0 H v (0) + ∑ H v ( jω n ) c n sin[ω n t + θ n + Φ ( jω n )] =
n =1

= 0.2 + 0.0009 ⋅ 0.7484 sin (4π t + 0.9425 − 1.511) + 0.00045 ⋅ 0.6054 sin (8π t + 0.314 − 1.5409 )
+ 0.0003 ⋅ 0.4036 sin (12π t − 0.3144 − 1.5509 )
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Steady state signals of output(dashed)

0.201

0.2008

0.2006

0.2004

0.2002

0.2

0.1998

0.1996

0.1994

0.1992
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(sec)

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.39
Consider that the filter shown in Figure P6.3 is
excited by the sawtooth waveform of Example 6.3 and
that we are only interested in the response to the first
four Fourier components of the waveform. Determine
the output of the filter, and plot the input and output
waveforms on the same graph. Assume T = 0.1 s and
A = 1 for the sawtooth waveform.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.3, the period T = 0.1 s and the peak amplitude A = 1 for
the sawtooth waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first four terms of the Fourier series
expansion of the sawtooth waveform of Example 6.3, we have
2A  2π  A  4 π  2A  6 π  A  8π 
x(t) = sin t  + sin t+ sin t+ sin t
π  T  π  T  3π  T  2π  T 
2 1 2 1
= sin(20π t ) + sin(40π t ) + sin(60π t ) + sin(80π t )
π π 3π 2π
Thus, for this problem,
2
c1 = ω1 = 20π = 62.8 rad/s
π
1
c2 = ω 2 = 40π = 125.6 rad/s
π
2
c3 = ω 3 = 60π = 188.4 rad/s
3π
and,
1
c4 = ω 4 = 80π = 251.2 rad/s
2π
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:

H v ( jω ) = ∠ − arctan(0.01ω )
0.5
1 + 0.0001ω 2
At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 , ω 2 , ω 3 and ω 4
analytically:
0.5
H v ( jω1 ) = = 0.4234
1 + 0.0001ω12
Φ ( jω1 ) = − arctan(0.01ω1 ) = −0.56 rad
0.5
H v ( jω 2 ) = = 0.3114
1 + 0.0001ω 22
Φ ( jω 2 ) = − arctan(0.01ω 2 ) = −0.8984 rad
0.5
H v ( jω 3 ) = = 0.2344
1 + 0.0001ω 32

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Φ ( jω 3 ) = − arctan(0.01ω 3 ) = −1.0828 rad

0.5
H v ( jω 4 ) = = 0.1849
1 + 0.0001ω 42
Φ ( jω 4 ) = − arctan(0.01ω 4 ) = −1.1919 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:
4
y (t ) = ∑ H v ( jω n ) c n sin[ω n t + θ n + Φ ( jω n )] =
n =1

sin (20π t − 0.56 ) + 0.3114 sin (40π t − 0.8984 )

2 1
= 0.4234
π π
sin (60π t − 1.0828) + 0.1849 sin (80π t − 1.1919 )
2 1
+ 0.2344
3π 2π
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown below:
Steady state signals of the system input(solid) and output(dashed)
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time(sec)

Problem 6.40
Repeat Problem 6.39 with the square wave of
Figure 6.15(a) as an input.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.3, the period T = 0.1 s and the peak amplitude A = 1 for
the square waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first four terms of the Fourier series
expansion of the square waveform of P6.33, we have
4 A  2π  4 A  6 π  4 4
x(t) = sin t+ sin t  = sin(20 π t ) + sin(60 π t )
π  T  3π T  π 3π
Thus, for this problem,
4
c1 = ω1 = 20π = 62.8 rad/s
π
4
c3 = ω 3 = 60π = 188.4 rad/s
3π
c2 = c4 = 0
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:

H v ( jω ) = ∠ − arctan(0.01ω )
0.5
1 + 0.0001ω 2
At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 and ω3 analytically:
0.5
H v ( jω1 ) = = 0.4234
1 + 0.0001ω12
Φ ( jω1 ) = − arctan(0.02ω1 ) = −0.56 rad
0.5
H v ( jω 3 ) = = 0.2344
1 + 0.0001ω 32
Φ ( jω 3 ) = − arctan(0.01ω 3 ) = −1.0828 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:
4
y (t ) = ∑ H v ( jω n ) c n sin[ω n t + θ n + Φ ( jω n )] =
n =1

0.4234 sin (20π t − 0.56 ) + 0.2344 sin (60π t − 1.0828)

4 4
=
π 3π
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.41
Repeat Problem 6.39 with the pulse train of
Example 6.4 as an input.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.4, the period T = 0.1 s and the peak amplitude A = 1 for
the pulse waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first four terms of the Fourier series
expansion of the pulse waveform of Example 6.4, we have
x(t ) = 0.2 + 0.3027 cos(20π t ) + 0.2199 sin (20π t ) + 0.0935 cos(40π t ) + 0.2879 sin (40π t )
− 0.0624 cos(60π t ) + 0.1919 sin (60π t ) − 0.0757 cos(80π t ) + 0.055 sin (80π t )
Thus, for this problem,
c 0 = 0.2

c1 = 0.3742 , θ 1 = 0.9425 rad = 54
 ω1 = 20π = 62.8 rad/s
c 2 = 0.3027 , θ 2 = 0.3140 rad = 18
 ω 2 = 40π = 125.6 rad/s

c 3 = 0.2018 , θ 3 = −0.3144 rad = −18
 ω 3 = 60π = 188.4 rad/s
and,
c 4 = 0.0935 , θ 1 = −0.9425 rad = −54 
 ω 4 = 80π = 251.2 rad/s
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

H v ( jω ) = ∠ − arctan(0.01ω )
0.5
1 + 0.0001ω 2
At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 , ω 2 , ω 3 and ω 4
analytically:
0.5
H v ( jω1 ) = = 0.4234
1 + 0.0001ω12
Φ ( jω1 ) = − arctan(0.01ω1 ) = −0.56 rad
0.5
H v ( jω 2 ) = = 0.3114
1 + 0.0001ω 22
Φ ( jω 2 ) = − arctan(0.01ω 2 ) = −0.8984 rad
0.5
H v ( jω 3 ) = = 0.2344
1 + 0.0001ω 32
Φ ( jω 3 ) = − arctan(0.01ω 3 ) = −1.0828 rad
0.5
H v ( jω 4 ) = = 0.1849
1 + 0.0001ω 42
Φ ( jω 4 ) = − arctan(0.01ω 4 ) = −1.1919 rad

Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:

4
y (t ) = c0 H v (0) + ∑ H v ( jω n ) c n sin[ω n t + θ n + Φ ( jω n )] =
n =1

= 0.1 + 0.3742 sin (20π t − 0.56 + 0.9425) + 0.3027 ⋅ 0.3114 sin (40π t − 0.8984 + 0.314 )
+ 0.2018 ⋅ 0.2344 sin (60π t − 1.0828 − 0.3144 ) + 0.0935 ⋅ 0.1849 sin (80π t − 1.1919 − 0.9425)
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.42
Consider that the filter shown in Figure P6.4 is
excited by a sawtooth waveform of Example 6.3 and
that we are only interested in the response to the first
two Fourier components of the waveform. Determine
the output of the filter, and plot the input and output
waveforms on the same graph. Assume T = 50 ms and
A = 2 for the sawtooth waveform.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.4, the period T = 50 ms and the peak amplitude A = 2 for
the sawtooth waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first two terms of the Fourier series
expansion of the sawtooth waveform of Example 6.3, we have
2A  2π  A  4 π  4 2
x(t) = sin t  + sin t  = sin(40π t ) + sin(80π t )
π T  π T  π π
Thus, for this problem,
4
c1 = ω1 = 40π = 125.6 rad/s
π
and,

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

2
c2 = ω 2 = 80π = 251.2 rad/s
π
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:
1
R2 || R3 + jωL +
jω (C1 + C2 ) 1 − 0.0008ω 2 + j (0.05)ω
H v ( jω ) = =
R1 + R2 || R3 + jωL +
1 1 − 0.0008ω 2 + j (0.11)ω
jω (C1 + C2 )

(1 − ω 2 0.0008) 2 + ((0.05)ω ) 2
H v ( jω ) =
(1 − ω 2 0.0008) 2 + ((0.11)ω ) 2
 (0.05)ω   (0.11)ω 
∠H v ( jω ) = arctan  − arctan 
 1 − ω 0.0008   1 − ω 0.0008 
2 2

At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 and ω 2 analytically:

H v ( jω1 ) = 0.3859

Φ ( jω1 ) = arctan
(0.05)40π  − arctan (0.11)40π  = 0.3760rad
  1 − (40π ) 2 0.0008 
 1 − (40π ) 0.0008 
2
 
H v ( jω2 ) = 0.9009

Φ ( jω2 ) = arctan
(0.05)80π  − arctan (0.11)80π  = 0.2606rad
  1 − (80π ) 2 0.0008 
 1 − (80π ) 0.0008 
2
 
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:
2
y (t ) = ∑ H v ( jωn ) cn sin[ωnt + θ n + Φ ( jωn )] =
n =1

sin (40π t + 0.376 ) + 0.9009 sin (80π t + 0.2606 )

4 8
= 0.3859
π π
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.43
Repeat Problem 6.42 for T = 0.5 s and 5 ms, and
compare the results with T = 50 ms.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.4, the periods T1 = 0.5 s and T 2 = 5 ms and the peak
amplitude A = 2 for the sawtooth waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) . Compare the plots with the one obtained in P6.42.
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first two terms of the Fourier series
expansion of the sawtooth waveform of Example 6.3, we have
4 2
x1 (t) = sin(4 π t ) + sin(8π t )
2A  2π  A  4 π  π π
x(t) = sin t  + sin t ⇒
π T  π T  4 2
x 2 (t) = sin(400π t ) + sin(800π t )
π π
Thus, for this problem,
4
c1,1 = c1,2 = ω1,1 = 4 π = 12.56 rad/s ω1,2 = 400π = 1256 rad/s
π
and,
2
c2,1 = c2, 2 = ω 2,1 = 8π = 25.12 rad/s ω 2,2 = 800π = 2512 rad/s
π
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:
1
R2 || R3 + jωL +
jω (C1 + C2 ) 1 − 0.0008ω 2 + j (0.05)ω
H v ( jω ) = =
R1 + R2 || R3 + jωL +
1 1 − 0.0008ω 2 + j (0.11)ω
jω (C1 + C2 )

(1 − ω 2 0.0008) 2 + ((0.05)ω ) 2
H v ( jω ) =
(1 − ω 2 0.0008) 2 + ((0.11)ω ) 2
 (0.05)ω   (0.11)ω 
∠H v ( jω ) = arctan  − arctan 
 1 − ω 0.0008   1 − ω 0.0008 
2 2

At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1,1 , ω 2,1 , ω1,2 and
ω 2,2 analytically:
H v ( jω1,1 ) = 0.6581 , Φ ( jω1,1 ) = −0.3837 rad
H v ( jω2,1 ) = 0.4809 , Φ ( jω2,1 ) = −0.198 rad
and,
H v ( jω1, 2 ) = 0.9953 , Φ ( jω1, 2 ) = 0.0593 rad
H v ( jω2, 2 ) = 0.9988 , Φ ( jω2, 2 ) = 0.0298 rad

Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic outputs of the system:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

y1 (t ) = ∑ H v ( jωn ,1 ) cn ,1 sin [ωn ,1t + θ n ,1 + Φ ( jωn ,1 )] =

2

n =1

= 0.6581 sin (4π t − 0.3837 ) + 0.4809 sin (8π t − 0.198)

4 2
π π
and,

y2 (t ) = ∑ H v ( jωn , 2 ) cn , 2 sin [ωn , 2t + θ n , 2 + Φ ( jωn , 2 )] =

2

n =1

= 0.9953 sin (400π t + 0.0593) + 0.9988 sin (800π t + 0.0298)

4 2
π π
The input and output steady state signals plot for T1 = 0.5 s is shown below:

The input and output steady state signals plot for T 2 = 5 ms is shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Comparing the results with T = 50 ms , we have:

T = 0.5 dotted, T = 0.005 dashdot, T = 0.05 dashed
2

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Time period

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.44
Repeat Problem 6.42 for the square wave of Figure
6.15(a).

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.4, the period T = 50 ms and the peak amplitude A = 2 for
the square wave.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first two terms of the Fourier series
expansion of the square waveform, we have
4 A  2π  8
x(t) = sin t  = sin(40π t )
π T  π
Thus, for this problem,
8
c1 = ω1 = 40π = 125.6 rad/s
π
and,
c2 = 0
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:
1
R2 || R3 + jωL +
jω (C1 + C2 ) 1 − 0.0008ω 2 + j (0.05)ω
H v ( jω ) = =
R1 + R2 || R3 + jωL +
1 1 − 0.0008ω 2 + j (0.11)ω
jω (C1 + C2 )

(1 − ω 2 0.0008) 2 + ((0.05)ω ) 2
H v ( jω ) =
(1 − ω 2 0.0008) 2 + ((0.11)ω ) 2
 (0.05)ω   (0.11)ω 
∠H v ( jω ) = arctan  − arctan 
 1 − ω 0.0008   1 − ω 0.0008 
2 2

At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequency ω1 analytically:
H v ( jω1 ) = 0.3859
Φ ( jω1 ) = 0.3760 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:
2
y (t ) = ∑ H v ( jωn ) cn sin[ωnt + θ n + Φ ( jωn )] = 0.3859 sin (40π t + 0.3760 )
8
n =1 π
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.45
Repeat Problem 6.42 with the pulse train of
Example 6.4 as an input.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.5, the period T = 50 ms and the peak amplitude A = 2 for
the pulse waveform.
Find:
Output of system y (t ) in response to input x(t ) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first two terms of the Fourier series
expansion of the pulse waveform of Example 6.4, we have
x(t) = 0.4 + 0.6054 cos(40 π t ) + 0.4398sin(40π t ) + 0.1870 cos(80 π t ) + 0.5758sin(80π t )
Thus, for this problem,
c 0 = 0.4
c1 = 0.7484 , θ 1 = 0.9425 rad = 54 
 ω1 = 40π = 125.6 rad/s
and,
c 2 = 0.6054 , θ 2 = 0.3140 rad = 18
 ω 2 = 80π = 251.2 rad/s
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

1
R2 || R3 + jωL +
jω (C1 + C2 ) 1 − 0.0008ω 2 + j (0.05)ω
j ω
Hv ( ) = =
R1 + R2 || R3 + jωL +
1 1 − 0.0008ω 2 + j (0.11)ω
jω (C1 + C2 )

(1 − ω 2 0.0008) 2 + ((0.05)ω ) 2
H v ( jω ) =
(1 − ω 2 0.0008) 2 + ((0.11)ω ) 2
 (0.05)ω   (0.11)ω 
∠H v ( jω ) = arctan  − arctan 
 1 − ω 0.0008   1 − ω 0.0008 
2 2

At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 and ω 2 analytically:
H v ( jω1 ) = 0.3859
Φ ( jω1 ) = 0.3760 rad
H v ( jω 2 ) = 0.9009 Φ ( jω2 ) = 0.2606 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:
2
y (t ) = c0 H v (0) + ∑ H v ( jωn ) cn sin[ωnt + θ n + Φ ( jωn )] =
n =1

= 0.4 + 0.7484 ⋅ 0.3859 sin (40π t + 0.376 + 0.9425) + 0.6054 ⋅ 0.9009 sin (80π t + 0.2606 + 0.314 )
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown in the figure:

6.79
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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.46
Consider that the filter shown in Figure P6.5 is
excited by the sawtooth waveform of Example 6.3 and
that we are only interested in the response to the first
three Fourier components of the waveform. Determine
the output of the filter, and plot the input and output
waveforms on the same graph. Assume T = 5 s and
A = 1 for the sawtooth waveform.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.6, the period T = 5 s and the peak amplitude A = 1 for the
sawtooth waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first three terms of the Fourier
series expansion of the sawtooth waveform of Example 6.3, we have
2A  2π  A  4 π  2A  6 π 
x(t) = sin t  + sin t+ sin t
π  T  π  T  3π T 
2 1 2
= sin(0.4 π t ) + sin(0.8π t ) + sin(1.2π t )
π π 3π
Thus, for this problem,
2
c1 = ω1 = 0.4 π = 1.256 rad/s
π
1
c2 = ω 2 = 0.8π = 2.512 rad/s
π
and,
2
c3 = ω 3 = 1.2π = 3.768 rad/s
3π
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:
1
R1 j ωC R1
H v ( jω ) = ⋅ =
R1 + jωL Z T + 1 ( R1 + jωL)( jωCZ T + 1)
j ωC
At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 , ω 2 and ω 3
analytically:
H v ( jω1 ) = 0.0793
Φ ( jω1 ) = −1.49 rad
H v ( jω2 ) = 0.0397
Φ ( jω2 ) = −1.531 rad
H v ( jω3 ) = 0.0265
Φ ( jω3 ) = 1.544 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:

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3
y (t ) = ∑ H v ( jωn ) cn sin[ωnt + θ n + Φ ( jωn )] =
n =1

sin (0.4π t − 1.49 ) + 0.0397 sin (0.8π t − 1.531) + 0.0265 ⋅ sin (1.2π t − 1.544 )
2 1 2
= 0.0793 ⋅
π π 3π
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown below:

Problem 6.47
Repeat Problem 6.46 for T = 50 s, and compare
the results.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.5, the period T = 50 s and the peak amplitude A = 1 for the
sawtooth waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first three terms of the Fourier
series expansion of the sawtooth waveform of Example 6.3, we have
2A  2π  A  4 π  2A  6 π 
x(t) = sin t  + sin t+ sin t
π  T  π  T  3π T 
2 1 2
= sin(0.04 π t ) + sin(0.08π t ) + sin(0.12π t )
π π 3π
Thus, for this problem,

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2
c1 = ω1 = 0.04 π = 0.1256 rad/s
π
1
c2 = ω 2 = 0.08π = 0.2512 rad/s
π
and,
2
c3 = ω 3 = 0.12π = 0.3768 rad/s
3π
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:
1
vout R1 jω C R1
= ⋅ =
vin R1 + jωL Z T + 1 ( R1 + jωL)( jωCZ T + 1)
jω C
At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 , ω 2 and ω 3
analytically:
H v ( jω1 ) = 0.9282
Φ ( jω1 ) = −0.38 rad
H v ( jω2 ) = 0.78
Φ ( jω2 ) = −0.6748 rad
H v ( jω3 ) = 0.64
Φ ( jω3 ) = −0.8761 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:
3
y (t ) = ∑ H v ( jωn ) cn sin[ωnt + θ n + Φ ( jωn )] =
n =1

sin (0.04π t − 0.38) + 0.78 sin (0.08π t − 0.6748) + 0.64 ⋅ sin (0.12π t − 0.8761)
2 1 2
= 0.9282 ⋅
π π 3π
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Comparing the results with T = 50 s , we have:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.48
Repeat Problem 6.46 with the square wave of
Figure 6.15(a) as an input.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.5, the period T = 5 s and the peak amplitude A = 1 for the
square waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first three terms of the Fourier
series expansion of the square waveform of P6.33, we have
4 A  2π  4 A  6 π  4 4
x(t) = sin t+ sin t  = sin(0.4 π t ) + sin(1.2 π t )
π  T  3π T  π 3π
Thus, for this problem,
4
c1 = ω1 = 0.4 π = 1.256 rad/s
π
4
c3 = ω 3 = 1.2π = 3.768 rad/s
3π
c2 = 0
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:
1
R1 j ωC R1
H V ( jω ) = ⋅ =
R1 + jωL Z T + 1 ( R1 + jωL)( jωCZ T + 1)
j ωC
At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 and ω 3 analytically:
H v ( jω1 ) = 0.0793
Φ ( jω1 ) = −1.49 rad
H v ( jω3 ) = 0.0265
Φ ( jω3 ) = 1.544 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:
3
y (t ) = ∑ H v ( jωn ) cn sin[ωnt + θ n + Φ ( jωn )] =
n =1

sin (0.4π t − 1.49 ) + 0.0265 ⋅ sin (1.2π t − 0.8761)

4 4
= 0.0793 ⋅
π 3π
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown in the figure:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.49
Repeat Problem 6.46 with the pulse train of
Example 6.4 as an input.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The frequency response H v ( jω ) of the circuit of P6.5, the period T = 5 s and the peak amplitude A = 1 for the
pulse waveform.
Find:
Output of system y(t) in response to input x(t) .
Analysis:
According to the Fourier series definitions of the previous section, and using the first three terms of the Fourier
series expansion of the pulse waveform of Example 6.4, we have
x(t) = 0.2 + 0.3027 cos(0.4 π t ) + 0.2199 sin(0.4 π t ) + 0.0935 cos(0.8 π t )
+0.2879 sin(0.8π t ) − 0.0624 cos(1.2π t ) + 0.1919 sin(1.2π t )
Thus, for this problem,
c 0 = 0.2

c1 = 0.3742 , θ 1 = 0.9425 rad = 54
 ω1 = 0.4 π = 1.256 rad/s
c 2 = 0.3027 , θ 2 = 0.3140 rad = 18
 ω 2 = 0.8π = 2.512 rad/s
and,
c 3 = 0.2018 , θ 3 = −0.3144 rad = −18
 ω 3 = 1.2π = 3.768 rad/s
The frequency response of the system can be expressed in magnitude and phase form:
1
R1 j ωC R1
H v ( jω ) = ⋅ =
R1 + jωL Z T + 1 ( R1 + jωL)( jωCZ T + 1)
j ωC
At this point, we could evaluate the frequency response of the system at the frequencies ω1 , ω 2 and ω 3
analytically:
H v ( jω1 ) = 0.0793
Φ ( jω1 ) = −1.49 rad
H v ( jω2 ) = 0.0397
Φ ( jω2 ) = −1.531 rad
H v ( jω3 ) = 0.0265
Φ ( jω3 ) = 1.544 rad
Finally, we can compute the steady-state periodic output of the system:

3
y (t ) = c0 H v (0) + ∑ H v ( jω n ) c n sin[ω n t + θ n + Φ ( jω n )] =
n =1

= 0.3742 ⋅ 0.0793 sin (0.4π t − 1.49 + 0.9425) + 0.0397 ⋅ 0.3027 sin (0.8π t − 1.531 + 0.314 ) +
0.0265 ⋅ 0.2018 sin (1.2π t − 1.544 − 0.3144 )
The input and output steady state signals plot is shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.50
Consider the circuit shown in Figure P6.50.
Determine the resonance frequency and the bandwidth
for the circuit.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Resistance , capacitance, and inductance values, in the circuit
of Figure P6.50.
Find:
The resonant frequency and the bandwidth fort the circuit.
Analysis:
Taking the output as the voltage across the parallel R-C subcircuit,
 
Vo 1 / LC 3 / 64 = ω n2 µ 
= =
VS
( jω)2 + jω +
1 1
( jω )2 + jω 2 + 3 / 64  ( jω )2 + jω(2ξω n ) + ω n2 
RC LC
The corresponding Bode diagrams are shown below:

In this circuit, as frequency increases, the impedance of the capacitor decreases and the impedance of the inductor
increases. Both effects cause the magnitude of the output voltage to decrease so this is a 2nd order low pass filter.
The resonance frequency is,
1 64
ωn = = ≅ 4.6188 rad/s.
LC 3
The damping ratio is,
1 / RC 3
ζ= = ≅ 0.2165
2ω n 8
The quality factor is,
1 4
Q= = ≅ 2.3094
2ζ 3
The bandwidth is,

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

ωn 8 1
B= = = 2 rad/s.
Q 3 4/ 3

Problem 6.51
Are the filters shown in Figure P6.51 low-pass,
high-pass, bandpass, or bandstop (notch) filters?

Solution:
Known quantities:
Figure P6.51.
Find:
What kind of filters are the ones shown in Figure P6.51.
Analysis:
In a), as frequency increases, the impedance of the capacitor
decreases and the impedance of the inductor increases. Both
effects cause the magnitude of the output voltage to decrease
so this is a 2nd order low pass filter. Note that L and C are
connected neither in series nor parallel and do not form a
resonant circuit.
In b), L and C are connected in series and form a series resonant
circuit with an impedance which is minimum at the resonant
frequency and larger above and below the resonant frequency.
This series resonant circuit is in series with the output giving,
because of voltage division, a maximum output voltage at the
resonant frequency and less at higher and lower frequencies.
Therefore, b) is a band-pass filter.
In c), L and C are connected in parallel and form a parallel
resonant circuit with an impedance which is maximum at the
resonant frequency and smaller above and below the resonant
frequency. This parallel resonant circuit is in parallel with the
output giving, because of voltage division, a maximum output
at the resonant frequency and less at higher and lower
frequencies. Therefore, c) is a band-pass filter.

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.52
Determine if each of the circuits shown in Figure
P6.52 is a low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, or bandstop
(notch) filter.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Figure P6.52.
Find:
What kind of filters are the ones shown in Figure P6.52.
Analysis:
None of the inductors or capacitors is in series or parallel with any
other. Therefore, there are no series or parallel resonant circuits and
none of the circuits shown is band pass or band stop filters.
Circuits a) and d): As frequency approaches infinity, the inductors
can be modeled as open circuits and the capacitors as short circuits.
Therefore, the voltage transfer
function approaches zero.
As frequency approaches zero, the
inductors can be modeled as short
circuits and the capacitors as open circuits.
Then:

RL
VD : Hv →
Rs + RL
Therefore, circuits a) and d) are low pass filters.
Circuits b) and c) As frequency approaches infinity, the
inductors can be modeled as open circuits and the capacitors
as short circuits. Then,
RL
VD : H v →
Rs + RL
Therefore:
As frequency approaches
zero, inductors can be
modeled as short circuits
and the capacitors as open
circuits. The voltage transfer function approaches zero.
Therefore, circuits b) and c) are high pass filters.

Note: Multiple capacitors and inductors give higher order low and high pass filter.
Better performance is obtained outside the pass band where the response for these
circuits decreases by 60 dB/decade. In first order filters, the response decreases by
only 20 dB/decade.

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.53
For the filter circuit shown in Figure P6.53:
a. Determine if this is a low-pass, high-pass,
bandpass, or bandstop filter.
b. Determine the frequency response Vo( jω)/Vi( jω)
assuming L = 10 mH, C = 1nF, R1 = 50ohm,
R2 = 2.5 kohm

Solution:
Known quantities:
Figure P6.53.
Find:
a) If this is a low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, or band-stop filter.
b) Compute and plot the frequency response function if:
L = 10 mH C = 0.5 nF R1 = 50 Ω R 2 = 3 kΩ
Analysis:
a)
As ω → 0 :Z L → 0 ⇒ Short
Z C → ∞ ⇒ Open
⇒H v → 0

As ω → ∞ :Z L → ∞ ⇒ Open
Z C → 0 ⇒ Short
Vo R2
⇒H v = →
Vi R1 + R2
The filter is a high pass filter.

b) First, we find the Thévenin equivalent circuit seen by the capacitor:

Z T = (Z R1 + Z C ) || ( Z R 2 || Z L )
and
Z R2
VOC = Vin
Z R1 + Z C + Z R 2

Vout ZC
=
VOC Z T + Z L
Therefore,
Vout R2 ZL
= ⋅
Vin R + 1 + R Z T + Z L
j ωC
1 2

Substituting the numerical values, the corresponding Bode diagrams are shown in the Figure.

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.54
In the filter circuit shown in Figure P6.54:
L = 10H, C = 1nH, Rs = 20ohm Rc = 100ohm, RL = 5kohm
Determine the frequency response Vo( jω)/Vi( jω). What
type of filter does this frequency response represent?

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors, of the capacitance and of the inductance in the circuit of Figure P6.54.
Find:
Compute and plot the frequency response function. What type of filter is this?
Analysis:
First, we find the Thévenin equivalent circuit seen by the capacitor:

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 1  
  Rs +  ⋅ (Rc + jωL ) 
 jω C   ⋅ jω L
 1 
 Rc + Rs + jωL + jωC 
ZT = Z L || [(Z Rs + Z C ) || (Z Rc + Z L )] =  
 1  
  Rs +  ⋅ (Rc + jωL ) 
 jω C   + jω L
 1 
 Rc + Rs + jωL + jωC 
 
and, by node analysis,
ZT
VOC = vin
Z Rs + Z C
Vout Z RL
=
VOC Z T + Z RL
Therefore,
Vout Z RL ZT
= ⋅
Vin Z T + Z RL Z C + Z RS
Substituting the numerical values, the corresponding Bode diagrams are shown in the figure. Therefore, this is a
high-pass filter.

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.55
In the filter circuit shown in Figure P6.54:
L = 0.1mH, C = 8nH, Rs = 300ohm, Rc = 10ohm
RL = 500_
Determine the frequency response Vo( jω)/Vi( jω). What
type of filter does this frequency response represent?

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors, of the capacitance and of the inductance in the circuit of Figure P6.54.
Find:
Compute and plot the frequency response function. What type of filter is this?
Analysis:
First, we find the Thévenin equivalent circuit seen by the capacitor:
 1  
  Rs +  ⋅ (Rc + jωL ) 
 jω C   ⋅ jω L
 1 
 Rc + Rs + jωL + jωC 
ZT = Z L || [(Z Rs + Z C ) || (Z Rc + Z L )] =  
 1  
  Rs +  ⋅ (Rc + jωL ) 
 jω C   + jω L
 1 
 Rc + Rs + jωL + jωC 
 
and, by node analysis,
ZT
VOC = vin
Z Rs + Z C
Vout Z RL
=
VOC Z T + Z RL
Therefore,
Vout Z RL ZT
= ⋅
Vin Z T + Z RL Z C + Z RS
The corresponding Bode diagrams are shown in the figure.

The magnitude of the voltage transfer function is highest at the resonant frequency and decreases at higher and lower
frequencies. Therefore, this is a band-pass filter.

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Problem 6.56

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors, of the capacitance and of the
inductance in the circuit of Figure P6.56:
R s = 5 kΩ C = 56 nF R L = 100 kΩ L = 9 ΩH
Find:
Vo ( jω )
a) An expression for the voltage transfer function: H v ( jω ) =
Vi ( jω )
b) The resonant frequency.
c) The half-power frequencies.
d) The bandwidth and Q.
Analysis:
1 1 jωLR L
Z eq = = =
1
+
1
+
1
jωC +
1
+
1 ( jω)
2
LCRL + jωL + RL
ZC ZL Z RL jωL RL
jωLR L
Vo ( jω ) ( jω) 2
Z eq LCRL + jωL + RL
a) VD : H v ( jω ) = = =
Vi ( jω ) Z R S + Z eq jωLR L
RS +
( jω)2 LCRL + jωL + RL
jωLR L 1 jωL
H v ( jω ) = =
R + R 
( jω) 2
LCRS RL + jωL(RL + RS ) + RS RL RS
( jω)2 LC + jωL L S  + 1
 RS RL 
1
b) The resonance frequency is, ω n = ≅ 1.4086 Mrad/s.
LC

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jω hp L
(
H v jω hp ) =
1
R + R 
=
1

(jω hp )
RS 2 2
LC + jω hp L L S +1

c)  RS RL 
1 ω hp L 1
⇒ = ⇒
RS    2 2
( ) R + RS
2
1− ω hp
2
LC + ω hp L  L 
  RS RL 
d) ⇒ ω hp1 ≅ 1.4069 Mrad/s and ω hp2 ≅ 1.41028 Mrad/s.
ω  R + RS  1 ω
e) Damping ratio: ζ = n L L  ≅ 0.0013. Quality factor: Q = ≅ 375.62 . Bandwidth: B = n ≅ 3.75
2  RS RL  2ζ Q
Krad/s.
Notes:
1. The absence of coil resistance caused the gain at the resonant frequency to be much higher than at high and low
frequencies.
2. The bandwidth is small compared with the resonant frequency and the "Q" is quite large. These are dependent on
the "loading" or power dissipation of the source and load resistors and the capacitance.
3. A circuit with a high Q is "selective" since it will pass a very narrow band of frequencies. "High" Q circuits have
a Q = 10 or more.

Problem 6.57
In the filter circuit shown in Figure P6.56:
RS = 5kohm C = 0.5nF
Ro = 100 kohm L = 1mH
Determine:
a. the voltage frequency response
Hv( jω) = Vo( jω)/Vi ( jω)
b. The resonant frequency.
c. The half-power frequencies.
d. The bandwidth and Q.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors, of the capacitance and of the inductance in the circuit of Figure P6.56:
R s = 5 kΩ C = 0.5 nF R L = 100 kΩ L = 1 mH
Find:
Vo ( jω )
a) An expression for the voltage transfer function: H v ( jω ) =
Vi ( jω )
b) The resonant frequency.
c) The half-power frequencies.
d) The bandwidth and Q.
Analysis:
a)

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1 1 jωLR L
Z eq = = =
1
+
1
+
1
jωC + +
1 1
( jω)
2
LCRL + jωL + RL
ZC ZL Z RL jωL RL
jωLR L
Vo ( jω ) ( jω) 2
Z eq LCRL + jωL + RL
VD : H v ( jω ) = = =
Vi ( jω ) Z R S + Z eq jωLR L
RS +
( jω)2 LCRL + jωL + RL
jωLR L 1 jωL
H v ( jω ) = =
R + R 
( jω) 2
LCRS RL + jωL(RL + RS ) + RS RL RS
( jω)2 LC + jωL L S  + 1
 RS RL 
1
b) The resonance frequency is ω n = ≅ 1.4142 Mrad/s.
LC
c) Half power frequencies (see the following d) for ς ):

ω1,2 = ω n 1 + ς 2 ± ςω n = 1.4142 ⋅ 10 6 1 + (0.1485)2 ± (0.1485) ⋅ 1.4142 ⋅ 10 6 = (1.4297 ± 0.21) ⋅ 10 6 rad/sec

So ω 2 = 1.2197 ⋅ 10 6 rad/sec; ω1 = 1.6397 ⋅ 10 6 rad/sec;
ω  R + RS  1
d) The damping ratio is ζ = n L L  ≅ 0.1485. The quality factor is Q = ≅ 3.3672 . The bandwidth
2  RS RL  2ζ
is,
ωn
B= ≅ 420 Krad/s.
Q

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.58
In the filter circuit shown in Figure P6.58:
RS = 500ohm Ro = 5kohm
Rc = 4 k_ L = 1mH
C = 5pF
Determine the frequency response H( jω), where:
H( jω) = Vo( jω)
Vi ( jω)
What type of filter does this frequency response
represent?

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors, of the capacitance and of the inductance in the circuit of Figure P6.58.
Find:
Compute and plot the voltage frequency response function. What type of filter is this?
Analysis:
First, we find the Thévenin equivalent circuit seen by the capacitor:
 1 −1
ZT = Z Rs + ZC || (Z Rc + Z L ) = RS +  jωC + 
 RC + jωL 

= RS +
(RC + jωL) = (RC + jωL) + RS [1 + jωC (RC + jωL)]
jωC (RC + jωL) + 1 jωC (RC + jωL) + 1
and VOC = Vin
Vout Z RL RL 1
= = = =
Vin ZT + Z R L ZT + RL 1+ ZT
RL
jωC (RC + jωL) + 1
Therefore, = =
jωC (RC + jωL) + 1+ {(RC + jωL) + RS [1+ jωC (RC + jωL)]}/ RL

1+ jωCRC + ( jω ) LC
2
=
 R +R       
S + jω CR 1 + RS + L + jω 2 LC 1+ RS
1 + C   C   ( )  
 RL    RL  RL   RL 

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Substituting the numerical values:

Vout
=
( )
1 + j 2 × 10−8 ω + ( jω ) 5 × 10−15
2

( )
Vin ( jω )2 5.5 × 10−15 + j 2.22 × 10−7 ω + 1.9

The corresponding Bode diagrams are shown in the

figure.
The magnitude of the voltage transfer function is
lowest at the resonant frequency and increases at
higher and lower frequencies. Therefore, this is a
band stop or "notch" filter.
At its resonant frequency, a parallel resonant circuit
has a high equivalent resistance that is resistive.
Connected here in series with the load, this high
impedance reduces the magnitude of the voltage
transfer function [or voltage gain or insertion loss] at
the resonant frequency.
The loading due to the inductor losses, modeled here
as an equivalent "coil" resistance, is fairly small
giving a substantially lower gain at the resonant
frequency compared with the gain at higher or lower frequencies. Therefore this is a high "Q" circuit with good
performance and selectivity. The inductor losses also affect only slightly the resonant frequency.
The cutoff frequencies are difficult [but not impossible] to determine in circuits containing a parallel resonant circuit
which includes inductor losses, so no attempt was made to do so.

Problem 6.59
In the notch filter circuit shown in Figure P6.59,
derive the voltage frequency response H( jω) in
standard form, where:
H( jω) = Vo( jω)/Vi ( jω)
Assume:
RS = 500ohm Ro = 5kohm
C = 5pF L = 1mH

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors, of the capacitance and of the inductance in the circuit of Figure P6.59.
Find:
Compute and plot the frequency response function.
Analysis:
First, we find the Thévenin equivalent circuit seen by the capacitor:

ZT = Z Rs + ZC || Z L = RS +  jωC +
1 
−1
 =
[
jωL + RS 1 + ( jω ) LC
2
]
 jωL  1 + ( jω ) LC
2

and VOC = Vin

Therefore,

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

1+ ( jω ) LC
2
Vout Z RL RL 1
= = = = =
Vin
RL
2
S {
ZT + Z R L ZT + RL 1+ T 1+ jω LC + jωL + R 1+ jω 2 LC / R
Z
( ) ( ) L [ ]}
1+ ( jω ) LC
2
=
 R  L  R 
+ ( jω ) LC 1+ S 
2
1+ S  + jω
 RL  RL  RL 
1+ ( jω ) 5× 10−15
2
Vout
Substituting the numerical values: =
( )
Vin ( jω )2 5.5× 10−15 + j 2 × 10−7 ω + 1.1

The corresponding Bode diagrams

are shown in the figure:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.60
In the notch filter circuit shown in Figure P6.59,
derive the voltage frequency response H( jω) in
standard form, where:
H( jω) = Vo( jω)/Vi ( jω)
Assume:
Rs = 500ohm Ro = 5kohm
ωr = 12.1278 Mrad/s C = 68 nF
L = 0.1μH
Also, determine the half-power frequencies,
bandwidth, and Q.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The filter circuit shown in Figure P6.59.
Find:
The equation for the voltage transfer function in standard form. Then, if:
rad
R s = 500 Ω R L = 5 kΩ ω n = 12.1278 M C = 68 nF L = 0.1 ΩH
s
determine the cutoff frequencies, the bandwidth, BW, and Q.
Analysis
First, we find the Thévenin equivalent circuit seen by the capacitor:

ZT = Z Rs + ZC || Z L = RS +  jωC +
1 
−1
 =
[
jωL + RS 1 + ( jω ) LC
2
]
 jωL  1 + ( jω ) LC
2

and
and VOC = Vin
Therefore,
1 + ( jω ) LC
2
Vout Z RL RL 1
= = = =
Vin Z T + Z R L Z T + RL 1 + Z T  RS  L  R 
+ ( jω ) LC 1 + S 
2
1+  + jω
RL  RL  RL  RL 
RL 1 − ω 2 LC RL 1
= =
RS + RL 1 − ω 2 LC + jω L RS + RL 1 + jω L
RS + RL
(
(RS + RL ) 1 − ω 2 LC )
The corresponding Bode diagrams are shown in the figure.
Then, in order to calculate the half-power frequencies, we have to solve:
1− ω hp
2
( ) RL LC 1
H v jω hp = =
RS + RL  2 2
( )
2 L
1− ω hp
2
LC + ω hp 
 RS + RL 

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

⇒ ω hp1 ≅ 12.061 Mrad/s and ω hp2 ≅ 12.194 Mrad/s.

The damping ratio is,
ω L
ζ= n ≅ 1.1024 × 10−4
2 RL + RS
The quality factor is,
1
Q= ≅ 4535.4
2ζ
The bandwidth is,
ωn
B= ≅ 2.6738 Krad/s.
Q

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.61
In the notch filter circuit shown in Figure P6.59,
derive the voltage frequency response H( jω) in
standard form, where:
H( jω) = Vo( jω)/Vi ( jω)
Assume:
Rs = 4.4 kohm Ro = 60 kohm ωr = 25 Mrad/s
C = 0.8nF L = 2 μH
Also, determine the half-power frequencies,
bandwidth, and Q.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The filter circuit shown in Figure P6.59.
Find:
The equation for the voltage transfer function in standard form. Then, if:
rad
R s = 4.4 kΩ R L = 60 kΩ ω r = 25 M C = 0.8 nF L = 2 ΩH
s
determine the cutoff frequencies, the bandwidth, BW, and Q.
Analysis
First, we find the Thévenin equivalent circuit seen by the capacitor:

ZT = Z Rs + ZC || Z L = RS +  jωC +
1 
−1
 =
jωL + RS 1 + ( jω ) LC [ 2
]
 jωL  1 + ( jω ) LC
2

and VOC = Vin

Therefore,
1+ ( jω ) LC
2
v out Z RL RL 1
= = = =
v in ZT + Z R L ZT + RL 1+ ZT  RS  L  R 
+ ( jω ) LC 1+ S 
2
RL 
1+  + jω
RL  RL  RL 
RL 1− ω 2 LC RL 1
= =
RS + RL 1− ω 2 LC + jω L RS + RL 1+ jω L
RS + RL (RS + RL ) 1− ω 2 LC ( )
The corresponding Bode diagrams are shown below. Then, in order to calculate the half-power frequencies, we have
to solve:
1− ω hp
2
( ) RL LC 1
H v jω hp = = ⇒
RS + RL   2 2
(1− ω ) + ω
2 L
2
hp LC hp 
RS + RL 

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

⇒ ω hp1 ≅ 24.8609 Mrad/s and ω hp2 ≅ 24,066 Mrad/s.

The damping ratio is,
ω L
ζ= n ≅ 3.882 × 10−4
2 RL + RS
The quality factor is,
1
Q= = 1288
2ζ
The bandwidth is,
ωn
B= ≅ 19.41 Krad/s.
Q

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.62

Solution:
Known quantities:
The bandstop filter circuit shown in Figure P6.62, where:
L = 0.4 mH R c = 100 ΩC = 1 pF R s = R L = 3.8 kΩ
Find:
a) An expression for the voltage transfer function or gain
in the form:
V o [jω ] = 1 + j f 1 [ω]
H v [jω ] = Ho
Vi [jω ] 1 + j f 2 [ω]
b) The magnitude of the function at high and low frequencies and at the resonant frequency.
c) The resonant frequency.
d) The half power frequencies.
Analysis
a)
1
Z eq1 = Z Rc + Z L + Z C = R c + j [ ωL - ]
ωC
1 1
( R c + j [ ωL - ] ) RL R c R L + j [ ωL - ]
Z eq =
Z eq1 Z RL
= ωC = ωC =
N
Z eq1 + Z RL 1 1 D
( R c + j [ ωL - ] ) + RL R c + R L + j R L [ ωL - ]
ωC ωC
N
[jω ] Z D N
VD : H v [jω ] =
Vo =
eq
= D = (TRICKY )
V i [jω ] Z Rs + Z eq Rs +
N D Rs D + N
D

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

1
R c R L + j R L [ ωL - ]
⇒ H v [jω ] = ωC =
1 1
R s ( R c + R L + j [ ωL - ] ) + ( R c R L + j R L [ ωL - ])
ωC ωC
1
R c R L + j R L [ ωL - ]
= ω C
1
R s [ R c + R L ] + R c R L + j [ R s + R L ] [ ωL - ]
ωC
1 1
1 + j [ ωL - ]
R R R ω C
H v [jω ] =
c L c
Rs [ Rc + RL ] + Rc RL 1
[ R s + R L ] [ ωL - ]
1 + j ωC
Rc [ Rs + RL ] + Rs RL
b)
As ω → ∞ : Z L → ∞ ⇒ Open
Z C → 0 ⇒ Short
RL
VD : H v [jω ] → = 0.5 = - 6.021 dB
Rs + RL
As ω → 0 : Z C → ∞ ⇒ Open
Z L → 0 ⇒ Short
RL
VD : H v [jω ] → = 0.5 = - 6.021 dB
Rs + RL

At resonance:
Rc RL
H[ jω r ] = H 0 = =
Rs [ Rc + RL ] + Rc RL
[ 100 ] [ 3800]
= = 0.025 = - 32.00 dB
[ 3800 ] [ 100 + 3800 ] + [ 100 ] [ 3800 ]

c) At the resonant frequency, the transfer function is real. This requires the two functions of frequency to be equal:
1 1 [ Rs + RL ] 1
f 1 [ ω r] = f 2 [ ω r] ⇒ [ ωr L - ] = [ ωr L - ]
Rc ωrC Rc [ Rs + RL ] + Rs RL ωrC
1 rad
⇒ ωr L - = 0 ⇒ ω r = [ LC ] -1/2 = ([ 0.4 ⋅10 -3 ] [ 1⋅10 -12 ] ) -1/2 = 50 M
ωrC s
d) Then, in order to calculate the half-power frequencies, we have to solve:
 1  1 
2
1+  ωL - 
 Rc  ωC 
(
H v jω hp ) =
R s (R c
Rc RL
+ R L) + R c R L
=
1
⇒
  1 
2 2
 (R c + R L ) ωL - 
 ωC  
1+ 
 R c (R c + R L ) + R s R L 
 
 
⇒ ω hp1 ≅ 44.9922 Mrad/s and ω hp2 ≅ 55.565 Mrad/s.

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.63
In the filter circuit shown in Figure P6.56, assume:
RS = 5 kohm C = 5nF
Ro = 50 kohm L = 2mH
Determine:
a. An expression for the voltage frequency response
function
HV ( jω) = Vo( jω)
Vi ( jω)
b. The resonant frequency.
c. The half-power frequencies.
d. The bandwidth and Q.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors, of the capacitance and of the inductance in the circuit of Figure P6.56:
R s = 5 kΩ C = 5 nF R L = 50 kΩ L = 2 mH
Find:
Vo ( jω )
a) An expression for the voltage transfer function: H v ( jω ) =
Vi ( jω )
b) The resonant frequency.
c) The half-power frequencies.
d) The bandwidth and Q.
e) Plot H v ( jω ).
Analysis:
a)
1 1 jωLR L
Z eq = = =
1
+
1
+
1
j ωC +
1
+
1 ( jω )2 LCR L + jωL + R L
ZC ZL Z RL j ωL R L
jωLR L
Vo ( jω ) Z eq ( jω )2
LCR L + jωL + R L
VD : H v ( jω ) = = =
Vi ( jω ) Z RS + Z eq jωLR L
Rs +
( jω )2 LCR L + jωL + R L
jωLR L j ωL
H v ( jω ) =
1
=
( jω ) 2
LCR S R L + jωL(R L + RS ) + RS R L RS 
( jω )2 LC + jωL R L + RS

 +1

 RS R L 
1
b) The resonance frequency is ω n = ≅ 316.23 Krad/s.
LC
ω  R + RS 
c) The damping ratio is ζ = n L L  ≅ 0.0696 . Half power frequencies:
2  RS RL 

ω1,2 = ω n 1 + ς 2 ± ςω n = 316.23 ⋅ 10 3 1 + (0.0696)2 ± (0.0696) ⋅ 316.23 ⋅ 10 3 = (316.99 ± 22.01) ⋅ 10 3 rad/sec

So ω 2 = 294.98 ⋅ 10 3 rad/sec; ω1 = 339.00 ⋅ 10 3 rad/sec;

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

1 ω
d) The quality factor is, Q = ≅ 7.187 . The bandwidth is B = n ≅ 44 Krad/s.
2ζ Q

e) The Bode diagrams are shown in the figure.

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.64
Many stereo speakers are two-way speaker
systems; that is, they have a woofer for low-frequency
sounds and a tweeter for high-frequency sounds. To get
the proper separation of frequencies going to the
woofer and to the tweeter, crossover circuitry is used.
A crossover circuit is effectively a bandpass,
high-pass, or low-pass filter. The system model is
shown in Figure 6.64. The function of the crossover
circuitry is to channel frequencies below a given
crossover frequency, fc, into the woofer and
frequencies higher than fc into the tweeter. Assume an
ideal amplifier such that RS = 0 and that the desired
crossover frequency is 1,200 Hz. Find C and L when
R1 = R2 = 8ohm. [Hint: Set the break frequency of the
network seen by the amplifier equal to the desired
crossover frequency.]

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit as shown in Figure P6.64.
Find:
a) Find the load impedance as a function of frequency. At
what frequency when maximum power transfer is obtained.
b) Plot the magnitude and phase responses.
Analysis:
(a)
 1  (4 + jωL)(4 + 1/jωC) 16 + L/C + j4(ωL - 1/ωC)
Z = (4 + jL )||  4 + = =
 jω C  4 + jωL + 4 - j/ωC 8 + j(ωL - 1/ωC)
When maximum power transfer is obtained, Z should be equal to RS = 4τ
32 + j4(ωL - 1/ωC)
Z= = 4Ω
8 + j(ωL - 1/ωC)

So for all frequency, the power transfer is maximized.

(b) The power transfer is maximized and independent of frequency. Use the current divider.

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1
Yw VL Yw 1 (R + jωL ) 1 V 1 1 1 1
Iw = =
YL 4 YL 8
Vs =
1
4
8
s =
2 R + j ωL
Vs =
( )
2 4 + jω 2 × 10 − 3
Vs

1 1 1 1
=
(
8 1 + jω 5 × 10 − 4)Vs =
8  ω 
1 + j  

Vs

 2 × 103 
jωC
IT =
YT VL YT Vs
= =
(1 + jωRC ) 1 V = 1 ⋅ jωC V
s s
YL 4 YL 8 1 8 2 1 + jωRC
4
 ω 
(
1 jω 1.25 × 10 −4
) j 
1  2 × 103 

=
(
2 1 + jω 5 × 10 − 4)=
8
1 + j 
 ω 

Vs

 2 × 103 
For both the woofer and tweeter,
ωo = 2 × 103 rad/s

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.65
Determine the frequency response Vout(ω)/VS(ω)
for the network in Figure P6.65. Generate the Bode
magnitude and phase plots when RS = Ro = 5kohm,
L = 10 μH, and C = 0.1μF

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit as shown in Figure P6.65:
Find:
Frequency response of Vout ( jω )/Vs ( jω ) .
Analysis:
Vout ( jω ) RL || Z ab
=
Vs ( jω ) RL || Z ab + RS

( jωL )1 

 jωC  j ωL
Z ab = =
j ωL +
1 1 − LC2
j ωC
jωLRL jωL
RL Z ab = =
RL - ω LCRL + jωL 1 − ω LC + jωL/RL
2 2

Vout ( jω ) jωL/RS jωL/RS

= =
Vs ( jω ) jω ( L/RS + L/RL ) + 1 − ω LC
2
jω ( L/RS + L/RL ) + 1 − ω 2 LC

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.66
Refer to Problem 6.64 but assume that 𝐿𝐿 = 2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝐶𝐶 = 125 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇, and 𝑅𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑅1 = 𝑅𝑅2 = 4 Ω in Figure P6.64. (a)
Determine the impedance seen by the amplifier as a function of frequency. At what frequency is maximum power
transferred by the amplifier? (b) Generate the Bode magnitude and phase plots of the currents through the woofer
and tweeter.

Known quantities:

𝐿𝐿 = 2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝐶𝐶 = 125 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇, 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅1 = 𝑅𝑅2 = 4 Ω

Find:
(a) Determine the impedance seen by the amplifier as a function of frequency. At what frequency is maximum
power transferred by the amplifier?

(b) Generate the Bode magnitude and phase plots of the currents through the woofer and tweeter.

Analysis:

(a) Determine the impedance seen by the amplifier as a function of frequency. At what frequency is
maximum power transferred by the amplifier?

To accomplish this task, remove the amplifier and determine the equivalent impedance seen by it:

𝑧𝑧𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = (𝐿𝐿 + 𝑅𝑅1 ) ∥ (𝐶𝐶 + 𝑅𝑅2 )

Convert to the frequency domain:

1
𝑧𝑧𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) = (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑅𝑅1 ) ∥ � + 𝑅𝑅2 �
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

1
(𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑅𝑅1 ) ∗ � + 𝑅𝑅2 �
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
=
1
(𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑅𝑅1 ) + � + 𝑅𝑅2 �
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

𝑅𝑅1 − 𝜔𝜔2 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝐿𝐿 + 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 𝐶𝐶)

=
1 − 𝜔𝜔 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝑅𝑅1 𝐶𝐶 + 𝑅𝑅2 𝐶𝐶)

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Substitute known values:

𝟒𝟒 − 𝟏𝟏𝑬𝑬−𝟔𝟔 𝝎𝝎𝟐𝟐 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝒛𝒛𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) =
𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝑬𝑬−𝟕𝟕 𝝎𝝎𝟐𝟐 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

Examining the previous result reveals that the amplifier delivers maximum power (i.e., 𝑧𝑧𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 is at its lowest) when

𝜔𝜔 = 0 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠.

(b) Generate the Bode magnitude and phase plots of the currents through the woofer and tweeter.

Use current division to achieve each of these equations. For the woofer, the current, 𝑖𝑖𝑊𝑊 , is:

(𝐶𝐶 + 𝑅𝑅2 )
𝑖𝑖𝑊𝑊 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
(𝐿𝐿 + 𝑅𝑅1 ) + (𝐶𝐶 + 𝑅𝑅2 )

Solve for the ratio 𝑖𝑖𝑤𝑤 /𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 and convert to the frequency domain:

1
𝑖𝑖𝑤𝑤 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) + 𝑅𝑅2
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
=
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑅𝑅 + 1 + 𝑅𝑅
1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2

1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅2
=
1− 𝜔𝜔 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿+ 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅1 + 𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅2 )

Substitute known values:

𝒊𝒊𝒘𝒘 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝑬𝑬−𝟒𝟒

=
𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝝎𝝎𝟐𝟐 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

For the tweeter, exercise the same strategy:

𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 (𝐿𝐿 + 𝑅𝑅1 )

=
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝐿𝐿 + 𝑅𝑅1 ) + (𝐶𝐶 + 𝑅𝑅2 )

Convert to the frequency domain:

𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑅𝑅1 )

=
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑅𝑅 ) + � 1 + 𝑅𝑅 �
1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2

−𝜔𝜔2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅1

=
1 − 𝜔𝜔 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅1 + 𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅2 )

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Substitute known values:

𝒊𝒊𝒕𝒕 (𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋) −𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝑬𝑬−𝟕𝟕 𝝎𝝎𝟐𝟐 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝑬𝑬−𝟒𝟒

=
𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 (𝒋𝒋𝝎𝝎) 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝝎𝝎𝟐𝟐 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

Convert each to a manageable format using the complex conjugate:

𝑖𝑖𝑤𝑤 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 1 − 0.008𝜔𝜔2 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(5𝐸𝐸 −4 + 4𝐸𝐸 −6 𝜔𝜔2 )

=
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) (1 − 0.008𝜔𝜔 2 )2 + (0.001𝜔𝜔)2

𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) −2.5𝐸𝐸 −7 + 5𝐸𝐸 −7 𝜔𝜔2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(5𝐸𝐸 −4 − 4𝐸𝐸 −6 𝜔𝜔3 )

=
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) (1 − 0.008𝜔𝜔 2 )2 + (0.001𝜔𝜔)2

Magnitude:

2 2
𝑖𝑖𝑤𝑤 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 1 − 0.008𝜔𝜔 2 𝜔𝜔(5𝐸𝐸 −4 + 4𝐸𝐸 −6 𝜔𝜔 2 )
� � = �� � + � �
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) (1 − 0.008𝜔𝜔 2 )2 + (0.001𝜔𝜔)2 (1 − 0.008𝜔𝜔 2 )2 + (0.001𝜔𝜔)2

2 2
𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) −2.5𝐸𝐸 −7 + 5𝐸𝐸 −7 𝜔𝜔 2 𝜔𝜔(5𝐸𝐸 −4 − 4𝐸𝐸 −6 𝜔𝜔 3 )
� � = �� � +� �
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) (1 − 0.008𝜔𝜔 ) + (0.001𝜔𝜔)
2 2 2 (1 − 0.008𝜔𝜔 2 )2 + (0.001𝜔𝜔)2

Phase:

𝑖𝑖𝑤𝑤 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) −𝜔𝜔(5𝐸𝐸 −4 + 𝜔𝜔2 4𝐸𝐸 −6 )

∠ = arctan � �
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 1 − 0.008𝜔𝜔 2

𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 𝜔𝜔(5𝐸𝐸 −4 − 4𝐸𝐸 −6 𝜔𝜔3 )

∠ = arctan � �
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) −2.5𝐸𝐸 −7 + 5𝐸𝐸 −7 𝜔𝜔 2

Plots:

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Woofer Magnitude (dB)

20

-20

-40

-60

Magnitude
-80

-100

-120

-140

-160

-180
0 2 4 6 8
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

Woofer Phase (degrees)

90

80

70

60

50
Phase

40

30

20

10

-10
0 2 4 6 8
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

Tweeter Magnitude (dB)

0

-10

-20

-30
Magnitude

-40

-50

-60

-70
0 2 4 6 8
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

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Tweeter Phase (degrees)

100

80

60

40

20

Phase
0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100
0 2 4 6 8
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.67
For the notch filter shown in Figure P6.67 assume
that RS = R0 = 500ohm, L = 10 mH, and C = 0.1μF.
a. Determine the frequency response
Vout( jω)/VS( jω).
b. Generate the associated Bode magnitude and phase
plots.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit as shown in Figure P6.67.
Find:
a) Compute the frequency responses.
b) Plot the magnitude and phase responses.
Analysis:
(a) The impedance of the L-C section is:
1 jω L
Z L-C = jω L|| =
jωC 1-ω 2 LC

Applying the voltage divider rule,

Vout (ω) = VS (ω)
RL
RS +Z L-C+RL

Thus,

Vout (ω ) RL RL RL (1-ω 2 LC )
= = =
VS (ω ) RS +Z L-C +RL R + jω L
+RL
(RS +RL )(1-ω 2 LC ) + jω L
S
1-ω 2 LC

(b) The frequency response of this "notch" filter is plotted below.

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Problem 6.68
It is very common to see interference caused by
power lines, at a frequency of 60Hz. This problem
outlines the design of the notch filter shown in Figure
P6.68 to reject a band of frequencies around 60 Hz.
a. Determine the impedance Zab( jω) between nodes
a and b for the filter of Figure P6.68. rL represents
the resistance of a practical inductor.
b. For what value of C will the center frequency of
Zab( jω) equal 60 Hz when L = 100mH and rL = 5ohm?
c. Would the “sharpness,” or selectivity, of the filter
increase or decrease if rL were increased?
d. Assume that the filter is used to eliminate the 60-Hz
noise from a 1 kHz sine wave. Evaluate the
frequency response Vo/Vin( jω) at both frequencies
when:
vg(t) = sin(2π1,000 t)V rg = 50ohm
vn(t) = 3 sin(2π60 t) Ro = 300ohm
Assume L = 100mH and rL = 5ohm. Use the value
of C found in part (b).
e. Generate the Bode magnitude and phase plots for
Vo/Vin . Mark the plots at 60Hz and 1,000 Hz.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit as shown in Figure P6.68.
Find:
a) Impedance function for the filter
b) Value of C when center frequency of the filter equal 60 Hz
c) Would the “sharpness” increase or decrease if rL were to increase.
d) Evaluate the frequency response at different frequency.
e) Plot the magnitude frequency response.
Analysis:
Z filter = (rL + jω L ) ||
1 rL + jω L
(a) =
( )
jωC 1-ω 2 LC + jω rL C

(b) The center frequency of the filter impedance is approximately given by:
1
ω0 ≈ = 2π × 60
LC
Thus,
1
C= = 7.04 × 10 − 5 F = 70.4μF
ω02 L
The approximation given above is more accurate the smaller rL is.
(c) The sharpness of the filter is maximum when rL=0, and is reduced as the resistance of the inductor increases.
The figure shows the magnitude of the filter impedance for rL = 5, 15, 30 Ω, with the sharpest curve corresponding

to the 5-Ω case.

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VL RL 300
(d) (ω ) = =
Vin R L + rg + Zfilter 350 + (rL + jωL)
(1 - ω 2 LC + jωrL LC)
VL 300(3)
@ 60 Hz, = ≈ 0.274 ∠0°
Vn  5 + j 37.7 
350 +  
 1 - 1 + j 0.013 
@ 1000 Hz,
VL 300
= ≈ 0.863∠0°
Vg  5 + j 628.3 
350 +  
 1 - 278 + j 0.22 
(e) The attenuation at 60 Hz is -6.5 dB; at 1,000 Hz the attenuation is -1.3 dB. Note that
300
20 log10 = −1.33dB ; thus, no attenuation is due to the filter at the higher frequency.
350

Problem 6.69
The circuit of Figure P6.69 is representative of an
amplifier-speaker connection. The crossover filter allos
low frequency signals to pass to the woofer. The filter’s
topography is known as a π network.
a. Find the frequency response Vo( jω)/VS( jω).
b. If C1 = C2 = C, RS = RL = 600 ohm, and 1/
√LC =R/L = 1/RC = 2,000π, generate the Bode
magnitude and phase plots in the range 100 Hz
≤ f ≤ 10 kHz.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit as shown in Figure P6.69.
Find:
a) Find the frequency response Vo ( jω )/ VS ( jω )
b) Plot the magnitude frequency response.
Analysis:
1
|| R L
VO (s) C 2s
(a) =
VS (s) 1 1
|| R L + sL + R S ||
C 2s C1s
1 RL
We have || R L =
C 2s R L C 2s + 1

Therefore,
RL
VO (s) R L C 2s + 1 R SC1s + 1
= = 3
VS (s) RL
+ sL +
RS s K1 + s 2 K 2 + sK 3 + K 4
R L C 2s + 1 R SC1s + 1

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where
K1 = C 2 R SC1L
RS
K 2 = C 2 L + C1L
RL
L
K 3 = R SC1 + R SC 2 +
RL
RS
K4 = 1+
RL
jω
+1
VO (ω ) 2000π
=
VS (ω ) - jω 3 2ω 2 3jω
- + +2
(2000π ) (2000π )
3 2 2000π

(b)

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Section 6.4: Bode plots

Focus on Methodology
Bode plots
This box illustrates the Bode plot asymptotic approximation construction procedure. The method assumes
that there are no complex conjugate factors in the response, and that both the numerator and denominator can
be factored into first-order terms with real roots.
1. Express the frequency response function in factored form, resulting in an expression similar to equation
6.57:
 jω   jω 
K + 1... + 1
 ω1   ω m 
H ( jω ) =
 jω   jω 
 + 1... + 1
 ω m+1   ω n 
2. Select the appropriate frequency range for the semi-logarithmic plot, extending at least a decade below
the lowest 3-dB frequency and a decade above the highest 3-dB frequency.
3. Sketch the magnitude and phase response asymptotic approximations for each of the first-order factors
using the techniques illustrated in Figures 6.36 and 6.37.
4. Add, graphically, the individual terms to obtain a composite response.
5. If desired, apply the correction factors of Table 6.2.

Problem 6.70
For the circuit shown in Figure P6.70:
a. Determine the frequency response:
H( jω) = Vout ( jω)/Vin ( jω)
b. Sketch, by hand, the associated Bode magnitude
and phase plots. List all the steps in constructing
the plot. Clearly show the break frequencies on the
frequency axis. (Hint: Use the MatlabTM
command “roots” or a calculator to quickly
determine the polynomial roots.)
c. Use the MatlabTM command “Bode” to generate
the same plots. Verify your sketch. Assume
R1 = R2 = 2 k_, L = 2H, C1 = C2 = 2mF.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors, of the capacitance and of the inductance in the circuit of Figure P6.70:
R1 = R2 = 2 kΩ C1 = 2 mF C2 = 2 mF L = 2H
Find:
Vout ( jω )
a) The frequency response function H v ( jω ) = for the circuit of Figure P6.63.
Vin ( jω )
b) Manually sketch a magnitude and phase Bode plot of the system, using a five-cycle semilog paper.
c) Use Matlab and the Bode command to generate the same plot.
Analysis:
First, we find the Thévenin equivalent circuit seen by the capacitor:

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 
−1 ( jω )2 LC1 R2 + jωL1 + R2  + R2
 1 1   R1 
a) Z T = Z R2 + Z C1 || Z L || Z R1 = R2 +  jωC1 + +  =
jωL R1 
 ( jω )2 LC1 + jω L
+1
R1
and
L
jω
R1
VOC = Vin
( jω ) LC1 + jω L + 1
2

R1

1 ( jω )2 LC1 + jω L
+1
Vout jω C 2 R1
= = Thus,
VOC ZT + 1 2   R2    L 
jω C 2 ( jω ) LC1C 2 R2 + ( jω ) L C1 + C 2 1 +
3
 + jω  + C 2 R2  + 1
 R1 
   R1 
L
jω
Vout R1
=
Vin     
( jω )3 LC1C2 R2 + ( jω )2 L C1 + C2 1 + R2  + jω  L + C2 R2  + 1
  R1   R1 
b) Substituting the numerical values and expressing the frequency response function in factored form, we
have:
jω
H v ( jω ) = 10 −3
(
( jω + 0.2495) 0.008( jω ) 2 + 0.01 jω + 4.0083 )
c) The sketch plots and the ones obtained using Matlab are shown below:

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Problem 6.71
Repeat all parts of Problem 6.70 for the frequency
response:
H ( jω) = Iout ( jω)/Vin ( jω)
Use the same component values as in Problem 6.70.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors, of the capacitance and of the inductance in the circuit of Figure P6.70:
R1 = R2 = 2 kΩ C1 = 2 mF C2 = 2 mF L=2H
Find:
I out ( jω )
a) The frequency response function H v ( jω ) = for the circuit of Figure P6.70.
Vin ( jω )
b) Manually sketch a magnitude and phase Bode plot of the system, using a five-cycle semilog paper.
c) Use Matlab and the Bode command to generate the same plot.
Analysis:
Vout ( jω )
a) The frequency response function H v ( jω ) = is (see P6.70 for details):
Vin ( jω )
L
jω
Vout R1
=
Vin     L 
( jω )3 LC1C2 R2 + ( jω )2 L C1 + C2 1 + R2  + jω  + C 2 R2  + 1
  R1   R1 
and,
I out = jωC 2Vout
Thus,

( jω )2 LC 2
I out R1
=
Vin    L 
( jω )3 LC1C2 R2 + ( jω )2 L C1 + C2 1 + R2  + jω  + C 2 R2  + 1
  R1   R1 

b) Substituting the numerical values and expressing the frequency response function in factored form, we
have:
( jω ) 2
H ( jω ) = 2 ⋅10 −6
( jω + 0.2495)(0.008( jω ) 2 + 0.01 jω + 4.0083)
c) The sketch plots and the ones obtained using Matlab are shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.72
Repeat all parts of Problem 6.70 for the circuit of
Figure P6.72 and the frequency response:
H( jω) = Vout( jω)/Iin( jω)
Let R1 = R2 = 1 k_, C = 1μF, L = 1 H.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors, of the capacitance and of the inductance in the circuit of Figure P6.72:
R1 = R2 = 1 kΩ C = 1 mF L =1 H
Find:
a) The frequency response function
Vout ( jω )
H v ( jω ) = for the circuit of Figure P6.72.
I in ( jω )
b) Manually sketch a magnitude and phase Bode plot of the
system, using a five-cycle semilog paper.
c) Use Matlab and the Bode command to generate the same
plot.
Analysis:
First, we find the Thévenin equivalent circuit seen by the capacitor:
−1
 1   j ωC 1 
(
Z T = Z R1 + Z C1 )|| Z L =  R1 +
ω
 || jωL = 
+ ω
+
ω
 =
a)
 j C   1 j CR1 j L 

=
( jω )2 LCR1 + jωL
( jω )2 LC + jωCR1 + 1
and

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

VOC j ωL
=
I in ( jω ) LC + jωCR1 + 1
2

Vout
=
R2
=
( jω )2 LC + jωCR1 + 1
VOC Z T + R2    L 
( jω )2 LC 1 + R1  + jω  CR1 +  +1
 R2   R2 
Thus,
Vout j ωL
=
I in    
( jω )2 LC 1 + R1  + jω  CR1 + L  + 1
 R2   R2 
b) Substituting the numerical values and expressing the frequency response function in factored form, we
have:
jω
H v ( jω ) =
( jω + 1) jω + 1
 499.5 
c) The sketch plots and the ones obtained using Matlab are shown below:

Problem 6.73
Repeat all parts of Problem 6.70 for the circuit of
Figure P6.72 and the frequency response:
H( jω) = Iout( jω)/Iin( jω)
Use the same values as in Problem 6.72.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors, of the capacitance and of the inductance in the circuit of Figure P6.72:
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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

R1 = R2 = 1 kΩ C = 1 mF L =1 H
Find:
I out ( jω )
a) The frequency response function H v ( jω ) = for the circuit of Figure P6.72.
I in ( jω )
b) Manually sketch a magnitude and phase Bode plot of the system, using a five-cycle semilog paper.
c) Use Matlab and the Bode command to generate the same plot.
Analysis:
Vout ( jω )
a) The frequency response function H v ( jω ) = is (see P6.72 for details):
I in ( jω )
Vout j ωL
=
I in    
( jω )2 LC 1 + R1  + jω  CR1 + L  + 1
 R2   R2 
and,
Vout
I out =
R2
Thus,
L
jω
I out R2
=
I in  R1   L 
( jω )2 LC 1 +  + jω  CR1 +  + 1
 R2   R2 
b) Substituting the numerical values and expressing the frequency response function in factored form, we
have:
jω
H v ( jω ) = 10 −3
( jω + 1) jω + 1
 499.5 
c) The sketch plots and the ones obtained using Matlab are shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.74
Repeat all parts of Problem 6.70 for the circuit of
Figure P6.74. Assume R1 = R2 = 2 kohm,
C1 = C2 = 1mF.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors and of the capacitances in the
circuit of Figure P6.74:
R1 = R2 = 1 kΩ C1 = 1 µF C2 = 1 mF
Find:
Vout ( jω )
a) The frequency response function H v ( jω ) = for the circuit of Figure P6.74.
I in ( jω )
b) Manually sketch a magnitude and phase Bode plot of the system, using a five-cycle semilog paper.
c) Use Matlab and the Bode command to generate the same plot.
Analysis:
First, we find the Thévenin equivalent circuit seen by the capacitor:
−1
 1  R1 jωC1R1R2 + R1 + R2
a) Z T = Z R2 + Z C1 || Z R1 = R2 +  jωC1 +  = R2 + =
 R1  1 + jωC1R1 1 + jωC1R1
and
VOC R1
=
I in 1 + jωC1 R1

1
Vout j ωC 2 1
= = =
VOC ZT + 1  jωC1 R1 R2 + R1 + R2 
j ωC 2 1 + j ωC 2  
 1 + jωC1 R1 

=
(1 + jωC1 R1 )
( jω )2 C1C 2 R1 R2 + jω [C1 R1 + C 2 (R1 + R2 )] + 1
Thus,
Vout R1
=
I in ( jω ) C1C 2 R1 R2 + jω [C1 R1 + C 2 (R1 + R2 )] + 1
2

b) Substituting the numerical values and expressing the frequency response function in factored form, we
have:

H v ( jω ) =
500
 3 5  3 5
 jω + −  jω + + 
 4 4  4 4 

c) The sketch plots and the ones obtained using Matlab are shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.75
Repeat all parts of Problem 6.70 for the circuit of
Figure P6.74 and the frequency response:
H ( jω) = Iout ( jω)/Vin ( jω)
Use the same component values as in problem 6.74.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors and of the capacitances in the circuit of Figure P6.74:
R1 = R2 = 2kΩ C1 = 1 mF C2 = 1 mF
Find:
Vout ( jω )
a) The frequency response function H v ( jω ) = for the circuit of Figure P6.74.
I in ( jω )
b) Manually sketch a magnitude and phase Bode plot of the system, using a five-cycle semilog paper.
c) Use Matlab and the Bode command to generate the same plot.
Analysis:
Vout ( jω )
a) The frequency response function H v ( jω ) = is (see P6.74 for details):
I in ( jω )
Vout R1
=
I in ( jω ) C1C 2 R1 R2 + jω [C1 R1 + C 2 (R1 + R2 )] + 1
2

and,
I out = jωC 2Vout
Thus,
I out
=
( jωC 2 )R1
I in ( jω ) C1C 2 R1 R2 + jω [C1 R1 + C 2 (R1 + R2 )] + 1
2

b) Substituting the numerical values and expressing the frequency response function in factored form, we
have:
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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

500 ⋅ 2 ⋅ jω
H v ( jω ) =
 3 5  3 5
 jω + −  jω + + 
 4 4   4 4 

c) The sketch plots and the ones obtained using Matlab are shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.76
Refer to Figure P6.4 and assume R1 = 300ohm,
R2 = R3 = 500ohm, L = 4H, C1 = 40 μF,C2 = 160 μF.
:
a. Determine the frequency response:
H( jω) = Vout ( jω)/Vin ( jω)
b. Sketch, by hand, the associated Bode magnitude
and phase plots. List all the steps in constructing
the plot. Clearly show the break frequencies on the
frequency axis. (Hint: Use the MatlabTM
command “roots” or a calculator to quickly
determine the polynomial roots.)
c. Use the MatlabTM command “Bode” to generate
the same plots. Verify your sketch.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Resistance, inductance and capacitance values, in the circuit of Figure P6.4.
Find:
a) Manually sketch a magnitude and phase Bode plot of the system, using a five-cycle semilog paper.
b) Use Matlab and the Bode command to generate the same plot.
Analysis:
Vout ( jω )
The frequency response function H v ( jω ) = is (see P6.4 for details):
Vin ( jω )
1 + jωCR2 + ( jω ) LC
2
Vout
( jω ) =
1 + jωC (R1 + R2 )+ ( jω ) LC
2
Vin
a) Substituting the numerical values and expressing the frequency response function in factored form, we have:
 jω  jω 
 + 1 + 1
H v ( jω ) = 
489.79  10.21 
 jω  jω 
 + 1 + 1
 743.27  6.72 
b) The sketch plots and the ones obtained using Matlab are shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.77
Refer to Figure P6.4 and the parameter values
listed in Problem 6.76.
a. Determine for the frequency response:
H( jω) = VC ( jω)/Vin ( jω)
b. Repeat parts (b) and (c) of Problem 6.76 for this
frequency response.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Resistance, inductance and capacitance values, in the circuit of Figure P6.4.
Find:
a) Manually sketch a magnitude and phase Bode plot of the system, using a five-cycle semilog paper.
b) Use Matlab and the Bode command to generate the same plot.
Analysis:
The frequency response function is:
Vout 1
( jω ) =
1 + jωC (R1 + R2 )+ ( jω ) LC
2
Vin
a) Substituting the numerical values and expressing the frequency response function in factored form, we
have:

H v ( jω ) =
1
 jω  jω 
 + 1 + 1
 743.27  6.72 
b) The sketch plots and the ones obtained using Matlab are shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.78
Refer to Figure P6.5 and repeat the instructions of
parts (b) and (c) of Problem 6.76. Assume
R1 = 20 kohm, R2 = 100 kohm, L = 1H, C = 100 μF.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Resistance and capacitance values, in the circuit of Figure P6.5.
Find:
a) Manually sketch a magnitude and phase Bode plot of the system, using a five-cycle semilog paper.
b) Use Matlab and the Bode command to generate the same plot.
Analysis:
Vout ( jω )
The frequency response function H v ( jω ) = is (see P6.5 for details):
Vin ( jω )
Vout jωC1 R1
( jω ) =
1 + jω [C1 R1 + C 2 (R1 + R2 )]+ ( jω ) C1C 2 R1 R2
2
Vin
a) Substituting the numerical values and expressing the frequency response function in factored form, we
have:
2 jω jω
H v ( jω ) = =2
( jω )2
+ 2.6 jω + 1  jω

 jω
+ 1

+ 1
 2.13  0.47 
b) The sketch plots and the ones obtained using Matlab are shown below:

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Problem 6.79
Assume in a certain frequency range that the ratio
of output amplitude to input amplitude is proportional
to 1/ω3. What is the slope of the Bode magnitude plot
in this frequency range, expressed in dB/decade?

Solution:
Known quantities:
Ratio of output amplitude to input amplitude, being proportional to 1 in a certain frequency range.
ω3
Find:
The slope of the Bode plot in this frequency range, expressed in dB per decade.
Analysis:
vout 1 1
If ∝ , it is seen that the amplitude is reduced by a factor of 1000, or multiplied by , every time the
vin ω 3 1000
1
frequency increases by a factor of 10. Since is a – 60 dB gain, we speak of the transfer function rolling of at
1000
dB
a – 60 slope. The term “decade” refers to a frequency factor of 10.
decade

Problem 6.80
Assume that the amplitude of an output voltage
depends on frequency according to:
Aω + B
V = Find:
C + Dω 2
a. The break frequency.
b. The slope (in dB/decade) of the Bode magnitude
plot above the break frequency.
c. The slope (in dB/decade) of the Bode plot below
the break frequency.
d. The high-frequency limit of V( jω).

Solution:
Aω + B
The output amplitude of a given circuit as a function of frequency: V =
C + Dω 2
Find:
a) The break frequency.
b) The slope of the Bode plot (in dB per decade) above the break frequency.
c) The slope of the Bode plot below the break frequency.
d) The high-frequency limit of V.
Analysis:
Aω + B B A
a) Given V = , this is seen to rise from at zero frequency to at high frequencies.
C + Dω 2 C D

The corresponding complex phasor function is:

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B A B  A A B
+ jω + jω  1 + jω 
jωA + B C C C C  B C
V= = = =
C + j Dω D jω jω
1+ j ω 1+ 1+
C C C
D D
C
which we recognize to have a break frequency (or cut-off frequency, or half-power frequency) of: ωCO =
D
A
b) At high frequencies the slope is zero and the magnitude is equal to
D
B
c) At low frequencies the slope is zero and the magnitude is equal to
C
A
d) At high frequencies, V →
D

Problem 6.81
Determine the equivalent impedance Zeq in
standard form as defined in Figure P6.81(a). Choose
the Bode plot from Figure P6.81(b) that best describes
the behavior of the impedance as a function of
frequency. Describe how to find the resonant and cutoff
frequencies, and the magnitude of the impedance for
those ranges where it is constant. Label the Bode plot
to indicate which feature you are discussing.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Figures P6.81a and P6.81b.
Find:
An expression for the equivalent impedance in Figure P6.76a in standard
form. Choose the Bode plot, from Figure P6.76b, that best describes the behavior of the impedance as a function of
frequency and describe how (a simple one line statement and no analysis is sufficient) you would obtain the resonant
and cutoff frequencies and the magnitude of the impedance where it is constant over some frequency range. Label
the Bode plot to indicate which feature you are discussing.
Analysis:
In standard form.
1
[ R c + j ωL]
Z [ Z + Z L] jωC jωC
Z[jω ] = C Rc = =
+ +
Z C Z Rc Z L 1
+ R c + j ωL jωC
jωC
ωL
1+ j
R c + j ωL Rc Rc 1+ j f 1 [ ω ]
= = = Zo
[ 1- ω 2 LC ] + j ω
Rc C 1 - ω LC 1 + j
2 ω R c C 1+ j f 2 [ ω ]
1 - ω 2 LC

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G. Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 6th Edition Problem solutions, Chapter 6

Bode Plot [b]. The circuit is a parallel resonant circuit and should exhibit maxima of impedance and minima of
impedance at low and high frequencies.
1. At the resonant frequency, the impedance is real, i.e., the 1. f 1 [ ω r ] = f 2 [ ω r ] ==> Solve for ω r
reactive part is zero.
2. The magnitude of the impedance at the resonant frequency is Zo
evaluated at the resonant frequency.
2. Z o = Rc
3. There are three cutoff frequencies [the 3 dB] frequencies 1 - ω 2r LC
evaluated by making the functions of frequency equal to +1 or - 1.
4. The magnitude of the impedance when the frequency is low can
be determined in two ways. First, the circuit can be modeled at 3. f 1 [ ω c ] = 1 Gives ω c 3 .
low frequencies by replacing the inductor with a short circuit and
the capacitor with an open circuit. Under these conditions the f 2 [ ω c ] = ± 1 Gives ω c1 and ω c 2 .
impedance is equal to that of the resistor. Or the limit of the
impedance as the frequency approaches zero can be determined.
4. Z o = lim Z[jω ]ω → 0 = Rc

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