SMILE

(SIMPLIFIED MODULE INTENDED FOR LEARNING ENCOUNTERS)

Learner’s Packet
Name: ___________________________________ Grade Level: _____________

Strand/ Section: ___________________________ Date: ___________________

EARTH SCIENCE
ROCK FORMING MINERALS
(SDO_EarthScience_G11/12_Q1_LP3)

BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS:

The solid planet earth is mainly composed of rocks, which are made of minerals. Although there are
almost 5,000 mineral species known to occur within the Earth’s crust, most are rare with only about 100
occurring in abundance. Of those 100 minerals, fifteen make up the commonly referred to as “rock-forming
minerals” and only some remaining minerals show any economic value.
To understand the concept of rocks, you need to be familiar with minerals and their properties. This
section will introduce you to minerals. You will learn the various techniques used by geologists in identifying
and classifying minerals.

What are Minerals?

Minerals are solid, either free, uncombined native elements or elemental compounds with a few
notable exceptions like water, mercury, and opal. They have definite atomic structures and chemical
compositions which vary within fixed limits.
To meet the definition of “mineral” used by most geologists, a substance must meet five
requirements:

1. Naturally occurring –means that it is not produced by people.

2. Inorganic – means that the substance is not made by an organism.
3. Solid – means that it is not liquid or gas at standard temperature and pressure.
4. Definite chemical composition - means that all occurrences of that mineral have a chemical
composition that varies within a specific limited range.
5. Ordered internal structure – means that the atoms in a mineral are arranged in a systematic
and repeating pattern.

How are Minerals Identified?

Mineralogists are scientists who study minerals. One of the things mineralogists must do is identify
and categorize minerals. While a mineralogist might use a high-powered microscope to identify some
minerals, most are recognizable using physical properties. The physical properties of minerals are related
to their chemical composition and bonding. These physical characteristics include color and streak, luster,
hardness, density and specific gravity, crystal habit, cleavage and fracture, diaphaneity.
 Color is the appearance of the object caused by light either being reflected or emitted. The color
given by the mineral in its powder form is called streak. Luster describes the way light is reflected off a
mineral’s surface. Hardness of a mineral pertains to its resistance to being scratched. Density describes
the amount of matter present in a certain amount of space or volume while specific gravity is a measure
of a mineral’s density as compared to water. The habit is the characteristic appearance of a crystal which
has been determined by predominate form. If a mineral breaks and forms a smooth surface, it is called
cleavage. If the mineral breaks unevenly, it is fractured. Diaphaneity or transparency refers to the way
in which light passes through a mineral specimen.

LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE:

At the end of this activity sheet, you should be able to:

MELC: Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.

CG LC/ CODE: S11/12ES-1a-9

Specifically, you should be able to:

1. distinguish minerals from nonminerals

2. identify rock-forming minerals using their properties
3. recognize the significance of minerals in everyday life

ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES:

ACTIVITY 1: Mineral or Not?

DIRECTIONS: Upon learning the five requirements for a substance to be considered as a mineral,
identify if the following substances shown in the table below are minerals or not, then answer the guide
questions that follow.

Substance Mineral or Not? (Yes/No)

1. Plastic Bottle

2. Rock Salt

3. Coal

4. Ice

5. Glass
Guide Questions:

1. Briefly explain why each substance does or does not meet the criteria to be considered as a
mineral.
• Plastic Bottle __________________________________________________
• Rock Salt _____________________________________________________
• Coal__________________________________________________________
• Ice ___________________________________________________________
• Glass _________________________________________________________

2. List down three (3) other substances that meet the criteria of a mineral.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________

3. Do you think the five criteria discussed above are sufficient in identifying and classifying minerals?
Why?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________

ACTIVITY 2: Identifying Unknown Minerals (Adapted and Modified from

www.EasyTeacherWorksheets.com)

DIRECTIONS: Use the information about color, hardness, luster, and dominant breakage of
minerals given in the tables below to provide the name of the unknown mineral in the table at the
bottom of the page. The first one is done for you.

Hardness Scale Color Mineral

White Quartz, Feldspar,

Hardness Mineral Common Tests
Calcite, Kaolinite, Talc

1 Talc Yellow Quartz, Kaolinite,

Corundum
Fingernails can scratch
2 Gypsum/ it. Black Hornblende, Mica

Kaolinite

3 Mica/Calcite A copper penny can Gray Feldspar, Gypsum,

scratch it. Corundum

4 Fluorite Knife blade or window Colorless Quartz, Calcite, Gypsum

5 Apatite/ glass can scratch it. Luster Mineral

 Hornblende

6 Feldspar Vitreous Quartz, Feldspar,

Hornblende, Corundum

7 Quartz It can scratch a steel Adamantine Diamond

knife or window glass.
8 Topaz Pearly Mica, Gypsum, Talc

9 Corundum Dull Kaolinite

10 Diamond It can scratch all

common materials.

Dominant Breakage Mineral

Cleavage Feldspar, Mica, Talc, Hornblende, Topaz, Gypsum

Fracture Quartz, Corundum

Unknown Mineral Properties

Mineral Dominant Name of

Hardness Color Luster
No. Breakage Mineral
It can scratch a steel
1 Yellow Vitreous Fracture Quartz
knife or window glass.
It can scratch a steel
2 Gray Vitreous Cleavage
knife or window glass.
A copper penny can
3 Black Pearly Cleavage
scratch it.
Fingernails can scratch
4 White Pearly Cleavage
it.
Knife blade or window
5 Black Pearly Cleavage
glass can scratch it.
Fingernails can scratch
6 Colorless Vitreous Cleavage
it.

Guide Questions:

1. The color of a mineral, as seen in natural light, is an obvious and useful identification feature. Is it
reliable to solely observe this physical property to identify a mineral? Justify your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________

2. Hardness of a mineral is commonly measured on the Mohs Scale which ranges from hardness 1
(Talc) to hardness 10 (Diamond) where each mineral can scratch those with a lower scale number.
Following this principle, which mineral/s can be scratched by feldspar?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
 3. Based on what you learned in the activity, key the correct order of steps or procedures in identifying
a mineral by numbering 1-5 in the space before the description.
_____ Evaluate any other physical properties necessary to determine the mineral’s identity.
_____ Identify its cleavage or fracture.
_____ Look at it closely on all visible sides to see how it reflects or emits light. (color)
_____ Name its luster.
_____ Test its hardness.

ACTIVITY 3: Uses of Minerals

INSTRUCTION: Take photos or draw 5 household products that are found in your home. Identify
the main mineral component of the product and state their characteristics and significance. You may
use a separate sheet. Just copy the table below.

Mineral
Product Characteristics Significance
Component

Ex. Pure rock salt is colorless. Winter road

However, when found treatment, a
underground, it may have source of
yellow, red, gray, or brown sodium and
hues. Its luster is vitreous, chlorine for
Halite meaning shiny and glassy. It chemical
forms in crystals with a simple processes, food
Rock Salt cubic symmetry. Hardness is at preservation,
2 to 2.5 which means it is quite seasoning
soft and able to be scratched
with a fingernail.
 REFLECTION:

DIRECTIONS: Give your insights about your journey with this lesson. Write your answers in the appropriate
boxes.

Things I learned:

Interesting Things from the Lesson:

Questions I Still Have about the Lesson:

Rubric for Scoring (Highest Possible Score is 20 points)

Criteria 1 2 3 4
Identified Identified only Identified the Effectively Accurately
important about 25 % properties of identified the identified the
information and below the minerals for properties of properties of
properties of about 50 % of minerals for minerals in all
minerals in the the given about 75 % of of the given
given activities activities the given activities
activities
Variety of Most answers Some answers Most of the All the answers
Activities were just were just answers were were absolutely
repetition or duplication of not similar from different from
very much others given others that each other
similar were given
Worthwhile Most of the Some of the Almost all All
Activities accomplished accomplished accomplished accomplished
Performed activities were activities were activities were activities were
not worthwhile done purposeful worthwhile or
and were productively exemplary
performed just while some done
for the sake of were not useful
compliance.
Scientific Unable to Able to explain Able to explain Provided
Principles and explain the the concept but the concepts of appropriate
Related Content concept of not completely properties of scientific
properties of minerals explanation of
minerals the concepts.
Timeliness of Submitted 3 or Submitted 2 Submitted 1 Submitted as
Submission more days later days later day later scheduled

REFERENCES FOR LEARNERS:

Printed and Digital Resources:

• Aborde, J. (2020). Science 11 Self-Learning Module, Quarter 1 - Module 3: Rock-Forming

Minerals, Department of Education Regional Office V
• Pellant, C. (2010). Rocks and Minerals. Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc.

Websites

• Greene, L., Yelton, S., Haine, D., Stadelman, T. (2019). Rocks and Minerals. Retrieved
from https://ie.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/277/2019/09/4th-Grade-Rocks-Minerals_Final-
Version.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0Df4wDyWkWczA9Q5jB0oCkYdw8GsOxiM9Z-OwqdfzdI-
EmL0jG4kdEfzE
• Lumen Learning. Identifying Minerals retrieved from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-geology/chapter/outcome-identifying-minerals/
• Ing, H. (2021). What Are Minerals? Retrieved from https://geology.com/minerals/
• Fairley, E. Rock-Forming Minerals retrieved from https://geologyglasgow.org.uk/local-
rocks/rock-forming-minerals/
• Easy Teachers Worksheet. Identifying Unknown Minerals retrieved from
https://www.easyteacherworksheets.com/pages/pdf/science/answermixed/rocks/8.html
• Ward’s Science (2021) Retrieved from
https://www.wardsci.com/cms/geology_study_cards?fbclid=IwAR1Gz6j67wiwh8Fdvy9XG0sZUyIq
GCoMuxtCwf9XoDfV1W6OEqMdl_MxkX0
• Bhattacharyya, P., Branlund, J. (2021). Review of Minerals and Rocks retrieved from
https://serc.carleton.edu/integrate/teaching_materials/mineral_resources/activity1-2.html

ANSWER KEY:

Activity 1:

Substance Mineral or Not? (Yes/No)

1. Plastic Bottle
No

2. Rock Salt
Yes

3. Coal
No

4. Ice
Yes

5. Glass

No

Guide Questions:

1.
• Plastic Bottle is not a mineral because it is not a naturally occurring substance.

• Rock Salt is a mineral because it is solid, inorganic, and natural. It is chemically

homogenous sharing the same chemical formula NaCl. It is also crystalline which means
that the atoms are orderly arranged and in repeating pattern.
• Coal is not a mineral because it is derived from dead plants that cannot decay, meaning it is
organic.
• Ice is a mineral because it is inorganic and natural. It is chemically homogeneous (with
formula H2O) and is crystalline. It becomes nonmineral if it melts into water.
• Glass is not a mineral because the atoms are not arranged in an ordered and repeating
pattern. Glass is not crystalline.
• Gold
• Talcum Powder
• Pencil Lead
 2. No, because to accurately identify and categorize minerals, there is a need to examine their
physical and chemical properties.

ACTIVITY NO. 2 - Identifying Unknown Minerals

Mineral Dominant Name of

Hardness Color Luster
No. Breakage Mineral
It can scratch a steel
1 knife or window Yellow Vitreous Fracture Quartz
glass.
It can scratch a steel
2 knife or window Gray Vitreous Cleavage Feldspar
glass.
A copper penny can
3 Black Pearly Cleavage Mica
scratch it.
Fingernails can
4 White Pearly Cleavage Talc
scratch it.
Knife blade or
5 window glass can Black Vitreous Cleavage Hornblende
scratch it.
Fingernails can
6 Colorless Vitreous Cleavage Gypsum
scratch it.

Guide Questions:

1. No, While the color of a mineral helps in identifying those minerals with colors, there are pitfalls in
relying solely on this feature. Many minerals occur in a variety of colors while many minerals are
white or colorless.
2. Apatite/Hornblende, Fluorite, Mica/Calcite, Gypsum/Kaolinite, Talc
3. 5 Evaluate any other physical properties necessary to determine the mineral’s identity.
3 Identify its cleavage or fracture.
1 Look at it closely on all visible sides to see how it reflects or emits light. (color)
4 Name its luster.
2 Test its hardness.
Activity 3: Uses of Minerals

Mineral
Product Characteristics Significance
Component

Ex. Pure rock salt is colorless. Winter road

However, when found treatment, a
underground, it may have source of
yellow, red, gray, or brown sodium and
hues. Its luster is vitreous, chlorine for
Halite meaning shiny and glassy. It chemical
forms in crystals with a simple processes, food
Rock Salt cubic symmetry. Hardness is at preservation,
2 to 2.5 which means it is quite seasoning
soft and able to be scratched
with a fingernail.

Answers may vary. Answers may Answers may vary. Answers may
vary. vary.

Rubric for Scoring Activity 3 (Highest Possible Score is 20 points)

Criteria 1 2 3 4
Identified Identified only Identified the Effectively Accurately
important about 25 % properties of identified the identified the
information and below the minerals for properties of properties of
properties of about 50 % of minerals for minerals in all
minerals in the the given about 75 % of of the given
given activities activities the given activities
activities
Variety of Most answers Some answers Most of the All the answers
Activities were just were just answers were were absolutely
repetition or duplication of not similar from different from
very much others given others that each other
similar were given
Worthwhile Most of the Some of the Almost all All
Activities accomplished accomplished accomplished accomplished
Performed activities were activities were activities were activities were
not worthwhile done purposeful worthwhile or
and were productively exemplary
performed just while some done
for the sake of were not useful
compliance.
Scientific Unable to Able to explain Able to explain Provided
Principles and explain the the concept but the concepts of appropriate
Related Content concept of not completely properties of scientific
properties of minerals explanation of
minerals the concepts.
Timeliness of Submitted 3 or Submitted 2 Submitted 1 Submitted as
Submission more days later days later day later scheduled
 DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Author/ Writer: Romnick N. Magdaraog

Content Editor: Shella Mae D. Bue
Language Editor: Mary Jean L. Bas
Education Program Supervisor: Jade O. Alberto, EdD
SMILE
(SIMPLIFIED MODULE INTENDED FOR LEARNING ENCOUNTERS)

Learner’s Packet
Name: ___________________________________ Grade Level: _____________

Strand/ Section: ___________________________ Date: ___________________

EARTH SCIENCE
TYPES OF ROCKS
(SDO_EarthScience_G11/12_Q1_LP4)

BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS:

Rocks are mixtures, or aggregates, of different minerals. Rocks are solid materials that comprise
most of Earth. They form the landscape and provide us with valuable resources. Generally, rocks can be
divided into three major types based on the process of their formation. These are igneous rocks,
sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

Igneous rocks
An igneous rock is formed by the hardening and crystallization of molten material that originates
from deep within the earth. The rock material is called magma. An igneous rock is divided into two groups,
extrusive and intrusive. Extrusive rocks form when magma flows onto the surface of the earth or floor of the
ocean through deep cracks or fissures and at volcanic vents. The magma then cools and hardens. An
intrusive rock results when magma solidifies beneath the earth's surface. Extrusive rocks have finer grained
texture than intrusive rocks. Intrusive rocks vary from thin sheets to huge, irregular masses.

Plutonic or intrusive rocks are formed from solidified magma underneath the earth. The gradual
lowering of the temperature gradient at depth towards the surface would cause slow cooling/crystallization.
Slow cooling forms large interlocking crystals, a texture called phaneritic. Examples of plutonic or intrusive
rocks are granite, diorite and gabbro.

Volcanic or extrusive rocks are formed from solidified lava at or near the surface of the earth. The
fast rate of cooling/crystallization due to huge variance in the temperature between Earth’s surface and
underneath. The common textures of this type of volcanic or extrusive rocks are aphanitic, porphyritic, and
vesicular. Aphanitic texture has fine-grained texture where minerals are not visible to the naked eye. It is
formed by relatively fast rates of cooling/ solidification that prevent the formation of large crystals.
Porphyritic texture is formed through two stages of crystallization in which magma partly cooled below the
surface of the Earth, giving time for the large crystals to grow (phenocrysts) before it is extruded to the
surface forming the fine-grained groundmass. Vesicular texture results from voids created by rapid cooling
which causes air bubbles to be trapped inside. Examples include rhyolite, andesite, and basalt.
Igneous rocks are also classified according to silica content namely felsic, intermediate, mafic, and
ultramafic. Felsic igneous rocks are also called granitic igneous rocks. They are composed of >65% silica
and are generally light-colored. Intermediate igneous rocks also called andesitic. They contain 55-65%
silica and are generally medium colored (medium gray). Mafic igneous rocks also called basaltic. They are
made up of 45-55% silica and are generally dark colored. Lastly, ultramafic igneous rocks contain <45%
silica and composed mainly of olivine and pyroxene. They are generally very dark in color.
 • Granite and Rhyolite have the same chemical
composition however Granite only exhibits phaneritic
texture and rhyolite on the right has aphanitic and
porphyritic textures.

• Diorite and Andesite have the same chemical

composition but different textures. Diorite (left) is
coarse grained (phaneritic) and andesite (right) is
fine grained (aphanitic and porphyritic).

• Gabbro and Basalt are of the same chemical

composition but differ in texture. Gabbro (left) has
larger crystals than basalt (right) which has finer
crystals.

Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks develop from sediments. Sediments are tiny grains of dirt, sand, mud and clay
weathered or worn off rocks. These are then washed into streams, rivers, lakes and oceans and they settle
in the bottom of these bodies of water. Minerals in the water and very tiny sea animals become mixed with
the dirt and sand to form layers of sediment. Every day more sediments are added. After thousands and
millions of years deep accumulations of sediment are produced. The weight and pressure from the upper
layers turn the sediment in the bottom into sedimentary rocks.
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks, also called chemical or biochemical sedimentary rocks, are derived
from sediments that precipitated from concentrated solutions (e.g., seawater) or from the accumulation of
biologic or organic material (e.g., shells, plant material). They are further classified based on chemical
composition. On the other hand, clastic or terrigenous sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation and
lithification of sediments derived from the breakdown of pre-existing rocks. They are further classified
according to dominant grain size.
Examples of sedimentary rocks are Breccia, Caliche, Chalk, Chert, Coal, Conglomerate, Diatomite,
Dolomite, Flint, Iron Ore, Limestone, Shale and Sandstone.

• Conglomerate (left) relatively large and

rounded clasts as compared to the angular
clasts of the breccia on the right

• Sandstone (left) with visible grains and

prominent layering or; claystone (right) with
several embedded fossils

• Non - clastic sedimentary rocks limestone

(left) and coquina (right)

Metamorphic rocks

These rocks can come from igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks or even from other metamorphic
rocks. When a rock is subjected to high temperature, high pressure and chemically active fluids, it becomes
unstable and begins to re-crystallize into different stable minerals. This causes change in the composition
of the rock as well as the rock type.
Contact metamorphism has heat as the main factor. It occurs when a pre-existing rock gets in
contact with a heat source (magma). This process occurs on a relatively small scale-around the vicinity of
intruding magma. Contact metamorphism creates non-foliated metamorphic rocks (e.g. hornfels)
Regional metamorphism involves pressure as the main factor and occurs in areas that have
undergone deformation during orogenic events resulting in mountain belts. This occurs on a regional or
large scale. Regional metamorphism creates foliated metamorphic rocks such as schist and gneiss. Non-
foliated rocks like marble also form through regional metamorphism, where pressure is not intense, far from
the main geologic event.
Examples of metamorphic rocks include Amphibolite, Anthracite, Gneiss, Hornfels, Lapiz Lazuli,
Marble, Mariposite, Novaculite, Phylite, Quartzite, Schist, Scarn, Slate, Soapstone
The Island of Romblon is famous for its marble rocks. Mindoro Island has marble rocks too. Locally,
according to the Mineral Resources of the Bicol Region, August 1990 Report of the Mines and Geoscience
Bureau, marble can also be found in Albay, particularly in Cagraray Island in the municipality of Bacacay.

• Non-foliated rocks: Hornfels (left), a fine-

grained rock that forms through contact
metamorphism of noncarbonate rocks. Marble
(right), a recrystallized rock that forms from the
metamorphism of limestone or dolostone

• Foliated rocks: Slate, phyllite, schist and

gneiss from shale as precursor rock. The
stages of transformation are manifestations of
increasing metamorphic grade with increasing
pressure.

LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE:

After studying this learning packet, you are expected to:

MELC: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

CG LC/ CODE: S11/12ES-Ib-10

Specifically, you should be able to:

1. describe the characteristics of the three types of rocks

2. trace the rock cycle
3. appreciate the importance of rocks in the ecosystem and everyday living
 ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES:

ACTIVITY 1: Classifying Rocks

DIRECTION: Fill in the table then answer the questions that follow.

Type of Rock
Describe how it
Rock Characteristics (Metamorphic/ Igneous/
is formed
Sedimentary)
Gneiss
Obsidian
Basalt
Limestone
Marble
Conglomerate

Guide Questions:

1. In terms of characteristics and mode of formation, what are the similarities among igneous rocks?
Sedimentary rocks? Metamorphic rocks?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. How can you explain the variety of rocks around us?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Which type of rock is the most common in your community? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2. Let’s Rock and Roll!

DIRECTIONS: The rock cycle illustrates the ways rocks change from one form to another. There
are several different processes in the rock cycle which cause rocks to change form. Study the
following diagram and answer the guide questions below.
 Retrieved from https://www.gsi.ie/en-ie/education/rocks-minerals-and-gems/Pages/The-rock-cycle.aspx

1. What processes are involved in the formation of an igneous rock? A sedimentary rock? A metamorphic
rock?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Can a sedimentary rock such as limestone become marble, a metamorphic rock? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. What does the illustration tell you about the relationship of the three rock types?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

REFLECTION:

Complete Me!

Direction: Complete the following sentences by giving the appropriate answer needed in the blank.

Minerals make up rocks. Rocks are formed in many environments upon and within the Earth's crust.
There are three types of rock, each formed in a different way. Igneous rocks formed by the cooling of
__________ or molten rock inside the Earth or ________ or molten rock on the surface. ____________
rocks, formed from the products of weathering by cementation or precipitation on the Earth’s surface.
Metamorphic rocks formed by ____________ and ___________ changes inside the Earth. All three types
of rock make up the Earth’s lithosphere, the outermost layer.

Rubrics for Scoring for Activity 1 and 2 Guide Questions

All parts of the question are correctly answered; an explanation

4 stating the logic behind the answer is provided with each answer;
complete sentences are used; each question is restated in the
 answer and proper scientific terminology is used in all parts of
answer

All parts of the question are correctly answered; no explanation of

the answers is given; complete sentences are used; the question is
3
fully restated in most of the answers; and some scientific terms are
used

Some parts of the question are correctly answered; some parts of

the question are partially correct; no explanation of the answers is
2
given; complete sentences are used; the question is not restated in
most answers; and very few scientific terms are used

One part of the question is correctly answered; it is unclear what is

1 meant by many of the answers; no explanation of the answers is
given; sentences are incomplete; and no scientific terms are used

0 No parts of the question are answered

REFERENCES FOR LEARNERS:

Ariño-Morales, Jessa (2020). SLM Earth And Life Science Quarter 1- Module 4 “Types
of Rocks”. DepEd Region V

Dela Cruz, Aileen C. et al. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School “Earth and
Life Science”. Commission on Higher Education.

Guzman II, Alfonso Vincent A., et al. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School
“Earth Science”. Commission on Higher Education.

Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Basal_13_(486789992).jpg

Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coquina_(Anastasia_Formation,_Quater
nary;_St._Augustine,_Florida,_USA)_1_(49136182942).jpg
Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paleopedogenically-slickenlined_claysto
ne_(Cave_Branch_Member,_Slade_Formation,_Upper_Mississippian;_Clack_Mountain_Road_Outcrop,_s
outh_of_Morehead,_Kentucky,_USA)_1_(46245217712).jpg
Retrieved from https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/andesite.html
Retrieved from https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/breccia.html
Retrieved from https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/conglomerate.html
Retrieved from https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/diorite.html
Retrieved from https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/granite.html
Retrieved from https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/sandstone.html
Retrieved from https://mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals-database/limestone/
Retrieved from https://www.mindat.org/min-48275.html
Retrieved from https://www/britannica.com/science/rhyolite-rock
Retrieved from https://www.gsi.ie/en-ie/education/rocks-minerals-and-gems/Pages/The-rock-cycle.aspx
Mineral Resources by Province: Albay Retrieved on June 27, 2021 from https://region
5.mgb.gov.ph/mineral-industry/mineral-statistics
Scoring Rubric for Open Response Questions Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from
Retrieved from https://psu.instructure.com › files › download

ANSWER KEY:

ACTIVITY 1. CLASSIFYING ROCKS

Direction: Fill in the table then answer the questions that follow.
 Type of Rock
(Metamorphic/ Describe how it
Rock Characteristics
Igneous/ is formed
Sedimentary)
Gneiss Has ribbon like Metamorphic Formed from other rocks
layers that
Obsidian Glassy, very sharp Igneous Formed when lava on
surface quickly cooled

Basalt Has gas bubbles, Igneous Formed when hot lava

dark in color from a volcano contains
gases that escape from
the rock as the lava
cools.

Limestone Dull appearance, Sedimentary formed in ocean

may contain
fossils environment from
deposits of once-living
corals, shells, and other
animals

Marble Has crystals, with Metamorphic Formed when limestone

swirl pattern is
exposed to heat and
pressure
Conglomerate Visible Sedimentary Formed when pebbles,
appearance of stones, and smaller
particles pressed
sand, pebbles and together by the
stones
action of waves or water.

Guide Questions:
Answers may vary (Sample Answers)

1. Igneous rocks are similar in terms of formation (i.e., by the hardening and crystallization of molten
material that originates from deep within the earth called the magma). Sedimentary rocks similarly develop
from sediments (i.e., tiny grains of dirt, sand, mud and clay weathered or worn off rocks) which are then
washed into streams, rivers, lakes and oceans and they settle in the bottom of these bodies of water. It also
takes thousands and millions of years to form due to the weight and pressure from the upper layers that
turn the sediment in the bottom into sedimentary rocks. The similarity among metamorphic rocks is that
they can be formed from igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks or even from other metamorphic rocks when
these are subjected to high temperature, high pressure and chemically active fluids.

2. There is a variety of rocks around us because these rocks differ in ways in which they were formed.
Different processes may have acted on the rocks since they were formed. Thus, they will have different
characteristics.
3. Answers may vary

ACTIVITY 2. LET’S ROCK AND ROLL!

Answers may vary (Sample Answers)
1. Igneous rock: Cooling/crystallization
Sedimentary rock: Weathering and erosion, compaction and cementation
Metamorphic rock: Heating and pressure
2. Yes, limestone can become marble. As shown by the rock cycle, a sedimentary rock can turn into a
metamorphic rock when it is subjected to heat and pressure. So, when intense heat and pressure is applied
to limestone, it can turn into marble. As a result, the layering in the original limestone will disappear and
interlocking grains can be observed.
3. The illustration shows the formation, breakdown, and reformation of a rock because of sedimentary,
igneous, and metamorphic processes. It describes how rocks can be formed from one type into another.

Rubrics for Scoring for Activity 1 and 2 Guide Questions

All parts of the question are correctly answered; an explanation

stating the logic behind the answer is provided with each answer;
4 complete sentences are used; each question is restated in the
answer and proper scientific terminology is used in all parts of
answer

All parts of the question are correctly answered; no explanation of

the answers is given; complete sentences are used; the question is
3
fully restated in most of the answers; and some scientific terms are
used

Some parts of the question are correctly answered; some parts of

the question are partially correct; no explanation of the answers is
2
given; complete sentences are used; the question is not restated in
most answers; and very few scientific terms are used

One part of the question is correctly answered; it is unclear what is

1 meant by many of the answers; no explanation of the answers is
given; sentences are incomplete; and no scientific terms are used

0 No parts of the question are answered

REFLECTION: COMPLETE ME!

Minerals make up rocks. Rocks are formed in many environments upon and within the Earth's crust.
There are three types of rock, each formed in a different way. Igneous rocks formed by the cooling of
magma or molten rock inside the Earth or lava or molten rock on the surface. Sedimentary rocks, formed
from the products of weathering by cementation or precipitation on the Earth’s surface. Metamorphic rocks
formed by heat and pressure changes inside the Earth. All three types of rock make up the Earth’s
lithosphere, the outermost layer.

DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Author/ Writer: May Anne N. Molina

Content Editor: Shella Mae D. Bue
Language Editor: Mary Jean L. Bas
Education Program Supervisor: Jade O. Alberto, EdD