PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A WAREHOUSE

PRESENTED BY: DANIEL OTIENO OKECH

INDEX NO: 7121010006

CENTRE NAME: ST. JOSEPH’S TECHNICAL INSTITUTE FOR THE

DEAF, NYANG’OMA

CENTRE CODE: 712101

SUPERVISOR: MR. ODHIAMBO MAURICE OWINYO

PRESENTED TO THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY.

SERIES: JULY 2021

DECLARATION

I declare that this project is my original work and has not been submitted by any other person

before for examination requirement.

SIGNATURE……………………….

DATE ………………………………

NAME: DANIEL OTIENO OKECH

This project has been submitted in partial fulfillment of award of Diploma in Building

technology with my approval as the supervisor.

SIGNATURE…………………… ….

DATE……………………………….

MR. ODHIAMBO MAURICE OWINYO

i
DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to my parents Mr. and Mrs. Okech for their financial support and

encouragement until the completion of this project.

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Gratitude to all those people who helped me in one way or the other to come up and complete

this project.

My special gratitude to my parents and Mr. Moses Ochieng Onyango for financial support and

pieces of advice through the progress of the project

Lastly, I would take the opportunity to thank my supervisor who has incorporate me with

knowledge to come up with this project. May God bless you all.

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................i

DEDICATION................................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................iii

PROJECT SUMMARY.................................................................................................................vii

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1

1.1 THE PROPOSED PROJECT PLAN.....................................................................................1

1.2 PROJECT LOCATION.........................................................................................................1

1.3 GENERAL TOPOGRAHY...................................................................................................1

1.4 MERITS OF THE PROJECT................................................................................................1

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................2

2.0 SOIL MECHANICS..............................................................................................................2

2.1 STANDARD COMPACTION TEST....................................................................................2

2.2 STRENGTH TEST................................................................................................................2

2.3 RECOMMENDATION OF SUITABILTY...........................................................................4

2.4 CLASSIFICATION TEST.....................................................................................................5

2.5 PARTICLES SIZE DISTRIBUTION....................................................................................5

2.6 ALTENBERGE LIMIT.........................................................................................................5

CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................................6

iv
 3.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................6

3.1 SURVEYING.........................................................................................................................6

3.2 DETAILED SURVEYING....................................................................................................6

3.3 LOCATION OF PROPERTY BOUNDARIES.....................................................................6

3.4 LEVELLING.........................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER FOUR...........................................................................................................................8

4.0 ESTIMATION AND COSTING...........................................................................................8

4.1 TAKING OFF UP TO DPC...................................................................................................8

4.2 ESTIMATION AND COSTING.........................................................................................12

4.3 LABOUR MIXING RATIO................................................................................................15

4.4 PLANT EXCAVATION......................................................................................................16

4.5 HARDCORE FILLING.......................................................................................................16

4.6 COMPACTION...................................................................................................................18

CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................21

5.0 SITE ADMISTRATION......................................................................................................21

5.1 WORKING PLAN...............................................................................................................21

5.2 SITE LAYOUT AND ORGANIZATION...........................................................................24

5.3 EARTH WORKS.................................................................................................................24

5.4 HEALTH SAFETY..............................................................................................................25

5.5 FIRE EXTINGUISHER.......................................................................................................25

v
5.6 INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL......................................................................25

5.7 TEST ON CONCRETE.......................................................................................................25

5.8 WORK PROGRAMMING..................................................................................................25

5.9 WORK PROGRESS............................................................................................................26

5.9.1 ANTICIPATED WORKS ON SITE.............................................................................28

5.9.2 CONSTRUCTION OF DRAINAGE WORKS.............................................................29

5.9.3 INSTALLATION OF CEILLINGS..............................................................................29

5.9.4 ISTALLATION OF PAVEMENTS..............................................................................29

5.9.6 CONSTRUCTION OF EXTERNAL WORKS............................................................30

5.9.8 WORK PROGRESS......................................................................................................30

5.9.9 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE PROJECT........................................33

REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................34

vi
PROJECT SUMMARY

The current mechanization of agriculture especially among rural folks in Nyang’oma region has

led to tremendous increase in harvests. This bumper harvest has given rise to a mare in the name

of lack of or demand for storage and warehousing facilities. The said farmers have also ventured

into various businesses that demands for large storage facilities for their products. the availability

of the said deficit has inspired me to initiate the project of and to build a warehouse.

This warehouse has been built using up to date technology and factoring in the affordability of

building. The final finished piece of work is a hybrid of ancient method of building spliced with

current methods. This has been immensely helped by the expertise that has been injected in the

workmanship to help come up with a final superb building that meets the demand created by the

employees.

vii
CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 THE PROPOSED PROJECT PLAN

Following the inadequate warehouse to incorporate the farmers, I thought it was right to come up

with a warehouse to store or to help accommodate the emergence of many farmers and nearby

harbor port that facilitates the docking of various commodity.

In designing purpose, the soil analysis was done to assist me come up with a type of foundation

and materials to be used while constructing the storey building.

1.2 PROJECT LOCATION

The location of the proposed project is at Kopolo campus in Bondo sub-county.

1.3 GENERAL TOPOGRAHY

The land of the institution is a plain and some of the machine are used to level the piece of land.

Theodolite and precise level were used to attain the level ground.

1.4 MERITS OF THE PROJECT

Upon the construction of a warehouse, docking of ships, and rapidly growing farmers has been

enabled to safely and securely store the variety of commodities and farm produce. This eases

their way of marketing their production.

1
CHAPTER TWO

2.0 SOIL MECHANICS

The behavior of the soil had to be tested to know how the building will be according to the ratio

of the soil and its strength. Traits pit were dug to various spots to minimum depth of two feet.

The soil samples were taken to the laboratory for various soil test.

The following were carried out;

 California bearing ratio-This was done to determine the bearing of the soil.

 Atterberg limits-This was done to determine the behavior of soil various weather

condition.

 Grading -To determine the particles size of the existing soil materials.

 Compaction test-Was carried out to determine the strength of materials under

composition, plants and methods to the used.

2.1 STANDARD COMPACTION TEST

In this method a cylindrical mold 0.5m was filled with soil in three layers each being compacted

by 27 blows with a standard rammer weighing 2.5kgs.

The mold was trimmed and weighing to determine the bulk destiny of the soil and the moisture

content was also determined.

2.2 STRENGTH TEST

This was specifically done to determine the soil bearing capacity according to the ministry of

public works.

The strength test was done by conducting California Bearing Test (CBT) as shown below.

2
CRB TEST S1

TOP BOTTOM

CBR TEST S1

TOP BOTTOM
Readings Proofing CRB Reading Proofing CRB

@3.5mm 2.65 0.432 @5.96mm @2.65mm 0.8 0.432 0.211

@6.0 24.0 0.344 @6.4 @6.0 1.5 0.344 0.235

CBR= 5.9

CBR TEST S2

TOP BOTTOM
Reading Proofing CBR Reading Proofing CBR

factor factor
@3.5mm 0.432 2.99mm @3.5mm 0.8 0.432 0.24 0.176
@6.0mm 0.344 6.98mm @6.0mm 1.5 0.344 0.2354 0.244

AVERAGE= (5.96+6.98) ÷2

= 6.47

3
2.3 RECOMMENDATION OF SUITABILTY

The type of soil discovered to be marram with an average CRB values of 6.47 and it was a

confirmation test from the ministry of building and publics works design. Manual which

classifies the soil according to CRB values range shown in the table below.

SOIL CLASS CRB RANGE MEDTANS

S1 2-5 4.5

S2 5-10 8.5

S3 7-13 12

S4 10-18 14

S5 15-30 22.5

S6 >30

The CRB ranges from 5-10 and therefore its classified S2 soil according to the design manual.

The type of soil was found to be good bearing capacity and hence may be used directly as a sub-

grade material

2.4 CLASSIFICATION TEST

These were tests carried out on the soil samples to identify the soil by its physical characteristics.

They include particles size and the Atterberg limits.

4
2.5 PARTICLES SIZE DISTRIBUTION

It was done by sieve analysis to determine the constituents. Other grained soil or percentage of

the weight represented by the grains in different sieves was calculated and plotted on a chart

where the soil was described according to the sample of the curve and where it fitted on the

envelope chart.

2.6 ALTENBERGE LIMIT

This was done to ascertain the precise classification of the soil, it included determination of

shrinkage limit, liquid limit which facilities the determination of plasticity index and it was done

by the use of grade method.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 INTRODUCTION

3.1 SURVEYING

Theodolite precise level and a tape measure were used to conduct the surveying process.

The machines and tools were used to confirm that the land was truly plain and also to determine

the boundaries of the project.

5
3.2 DETAILED SURVEYING

During the detailed survey drainage of 25m intervals were first marked along the edge of

existing road of established building by use of 40m long measuring and raging rods for marking

temporary marks during the surveying and permanent markings were done by use of pegs driven

into the ground.

3.3 LOCATION OF PROPERTY BOUNDARIES

Measuring tape used in the practice to measure the distance from the centerline to the existing

features on the site.

3.4 LEVELLING

The reasons for levelling are to ensure the difference in level between the two points or projects.

It was done to determine the relative height of chain edges established on the mean sea level.

Transit theodolite was mounted on tropical stand level staff. The reading was recorded and the

reduced heights of the sheet. The reduced levels-were computed from the data gotten during the

detailed survey and were in the drawing of cross-section.

VOLUME OF CUT MATERIALS BY CONTOUR METHOD

ORDINARY DESIRED DEPTH WEIGHING

GROUND LEVEL GROUND LEVEL

1024.17 1170.67 0.201 1

1024.17 1170.67 0.202 2

1024 1170.67 0.199 2

6
1024 1170.66 0.224 3

1024 1170.68 0.084 4

1024 1170.68 0.576 4

1024 1170.68 0.523 4

1024 1170.68 0.426 2

1024 1170.67 0.446 3

1024 1170.67 0.47 2

1024 1170.67 0.43 2

1024 1170.67 0.515 4

1024 1170.68 0.045 4

1024 1170.68 0.512 4

7
CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ESTIMATION AND COSTING

4.1 TAKING OFF UP TO DPC

TAKING OFF SUBSTRUCTRUCTURE WORK FOR

BULIDING
CHECKLIST
1. SITE CLEARANCE
2. EXCATION OF TRENCHES
3. LEVELLING AND COMPACTION
4.PLUNKING AND STRUCTING
5.BLINDING IN BASE
6 BLINDING IN TRENCH
7.CONCRETE IN BASES IN AND TRENCH
8. HARDCORE
9. ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
10. DPM AND BRC
11. DPC
12. ADJUSTMENT
SITE CLEARANCE

L= 7000

W=7000

D= 1850

W= 1000

Add ½ 2(400)

Add spread 2(400) ÷18000

W= 1000

Add wall ½ of 2/200

Add spread 20/400

Top soil striping

150mm and keep soil on site for landscaping

8
EXCAVATION OF BASES

L= 1000

W= 1000

D= 1850

Add blinding 50

Add base 250

Less vegetable soil - 22450

Less vegetable soil – 230

Excavate for a column base maximum depth exceeding 1.5m

corresponding from strip foundation.

Excavation for column base exceeding 1.5m but not up to 3m.

EXCAVATION OF TRENCHES

Girth = 5000+ 5000+10000

2/17000

Less bass 3400

6(600/2)

=7200

1000 – 7200 =2800

W = 600

D = 1850

L2=7000

Less (2/600) ÷5800

9
Less vegetable soil – W2 = 400

Excavate for the trench maximum depth 1.5 commencing from

the strip foundation.

Excavate for trench exceeding 1.5m not exceeding 3m

LEVELLING AND COMPACTION

Level and compact the trenches and bases to receive concrete

50mm thick.

PLUCKING AND STRATING

Allow 30% profit and overhead.

CONCRETE IN BASES

1000

1000

D= 300 Reinforced concrete 1:2:4. Blind was compacted using

vibrator.

TRENCHES

L2 =34000- 7200 =26800

W2 = 600

L2 = 5800

W3 = 450

10
D2 = 150

D1 = 150

250mm thick 1:2:4 concrete well compacted in trenches.

HARDCORE

L =5000

Less 200 =4800

W = 7000

Less 200

H = 450

Hand pack rough stone hardcore & 25mm thick marram

blinding & Apply the anti-termite & 500-gauge polythene

damp proof membrane and BRC mesh reference number A

142.
ADJUSTMENT AND BACKFILLING

BASE

L= 1000

W= 1000

D= 50

Add 300

Less 150

Total 2350

Depth of concrete bases 300+ 50= 350

Depth of backfilling

(1000- 350)2 = 325

11
 Total length back fill

(2500-350) = 2150

Backfill and compact area not covered with the building.

4.2 ESTIMATION AND COSTING

Given the below data, build up the unit rate for the following 200mm thick solid concrete wall in

cm (1.3cm2)

DATA

Cost of 200mm thick solid concrete block @ Ksh.70

Ditto cement 50kg =Ksh.650.

Ditto sand = Ksh.1200 per ton.

Density of cement and sand = 1440 ×1600kg/m3 respectively

Skilled labour = Ksh75 per hour

Unskilled labour = 50 per hour

Assume any other relevant information.

SOLUTION

Assume 1:3 ratio was used (cement: sand)

1m3 = 50k = Ksh.650

1440 =?

(1440 ×650)/50 = 18.720

12
3m2 =(density) = 1600kg

1000kg = Ksh.1200

1600kg =?

3(1600×1200) ÷1000 = 1m3 = 5760

Total = 18720+5760 =Ksh.24480

Allow 5% waste (5/100) ×24480 = 1224

Total = Ksh25704

Labor = (Skilled + Unskilled)

(75+50) = 125

Assume the work took 3 days 8 working hours (8×300 =240

(125×240) = 30000

Labour + Materials

(25704+30000) = Ksh.55704

Allow 30% profit and overhead (30/100) ×55704

= 167112+55704 =72415.2

13
4.3 LABOUR MIXING RATIO

Assume 240hours, cost = (125×240) =30000

Blocks
400

200

200

200

400

Assume mortar joint 7mm

L = 400+ 7/2×2 = 407mm

Number of blocks in 1m2 = (1/0.407) ×0.2

13 blocks
14
Allow 5% waste (5/100) ×13 = 0.65

(13+ 0.65) = 13.65

Say 14 blocks

Cost of 14 blocks (14×70) =980/=/m3

4.4 PLANT EXCAVATION

Given the data build up unit rate for the trench excavation commencing from the stripped level

up to 1.5m/m3.

 Skilled constant for 1m3 of trench excavation 5 hours.

 Unskilled labour @ Ksh.50 per hour.

 Skilled labour @ Ksh.75 per hour.

SOLUTION

5 hours @ (50+70) = Ksh.625

Allow 30% d/p = Ksh.1188

Total cost = 813

4.5 HARDCORE FILLING

Using data given, build up a unit rate to the following item 290mm thick hardcore in site patch

consolidated in layers not exceeding 150mm thick.

DATA

15
  Cost of hardcore = Ksh.600/tonne

 Density of hardcore = 200kg/m3

 Purchase price of 10-tonne roller = 4million

 Interest on capital/annual =17%

 Insurance and license/annum =3% capital

 Repair and maintenance 45% of annual depreciation.

 Haulage cost of roller to and from site =Ksh.9600

 Diesel consumption 120litres at Ksh.150

 Skilled labour = Ksh.75 per hour

 Unskilled labour =Ksh.50 per hour

 10litres of oil per week @Ksh.200.

RUNNING COST

Fuel 120liters/day i.e. 8hours

= (120/8) ×150 = 2250

0.1 = (10/400 ×2000 =ksh50×8hrs each day

Operation =Ksh.75.00

Bunts man =Ksh.33.00

Total owning + Running cost = 3410 hours

Consider 5×20m long hardcore

Cost of hardcore = 5×20×0.29 = 34800

16
4.6 COMPACTION

Assume 3 hours/m2 layer

Cost of compaction (3×4310) ×2 = 20460

Total cost of material + Labour

=72415.2 +34800+20460 = 127675.2

Allow 30% profit and overhead.

= (30/100) ×127675.2

= 38302.56

Total cost = 127675.2+38302.56

= 165977.76

Cost 1m3 = (165977.76/100)

= 1659.7776

Say = Ksh.1659.71

17
COST OF HARDCORE

1m3 = 1000kg = 600

2000kg =?

(2000×600) ÷1000 =Ksh.1200/m3

Roller owning cost

Depreciation cost in one year (4000000-500000) ÷5

= 700000

Interests in 1 year

(17/100) × (60/100) ×4000000

= Ksh.408000

Insurance and licensing

= (3/100) ×4000000

Repair and maintenance

(45/100) ×700000

=Ksh.315000

Haulage to and from site

18
 = (96000÷5)

= Ksh.19200

Total cost =700000+40800+120000+315000+19200

= ksh.2562200

Total cost per hour

= (1562200÷200)

= Ksh.7811 per hour.

19
CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SITE ADMISTRATION

During this project duration work will be considered out free from temporary yard in the site and

the following were provided:

 Store for keeping materials and tools.

 Offices

 Parking areas for construction plants.

5.1 WORKING PLAN

20
Front elavation

West elevation

21
Back elevation

Planning was done to help in the management and also resources management.

 Site layout and organization.

 Setting up of the temporary site yard.

 Bringing of the construction plant and equipment on the site.

 Hiring of skilled and unskilled labour.

 Transporting construction materials to the site.

22
5.2 SITE LAYOUT AND ORGANIZATION

The site would be placed in an open place for easy accessibility.

Store Existing building

Proposed Building

Office

Gate

Security house

5.3 EARTH WORKS

This include excavation of soil, carrying away of the soil so as to make a new formation levels

fill and line areas for sub-grade.

23
5.4 HEALTH SAFETY

All workers to put on protective clothes and gears such as helmet and gumboots.

The contractor shall provide safety briefings to workers every morning before the resumption of

work.

5.5 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

The contractor shall provide portable fire extinguishers on the site.

5.6 INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL

The contractor has to inspect all materials delivered on the site to ensure that they are of high

quality, in addition he will also supervise the quality of workmanship provided on daily basis.

5.7 TEST ON CONCRETE

Slim test and cube test shall be used to test concrete on the site. All the visitor who come on the

site shall record their name on visitor’s book.

5.8 WORK PROGRAMMING

This is the analysis of the approximation duration of each activity carried out for the entire

project period. This will help estimation duration of each activity carried out for the entire

project helping monitoring and evaluating the work progress.

MATERIALS RECEIVED ON SITE

Description Quantity on site Materials delivered Remark

Sand 500 tonnes 30 tonnes Stored
Aggregate 210 tonnes 24 tonnes Stored
Cement 500 bags 500 bags Stored
Hardcore 900 ft 65 tonnes Stored
Stone 5 rolls 5200 pieces Stored
24
BRC 6 rolls 7 rolls Stored
DPC 7 rolls 6 rolls Stored
DPM 20 rolls Stored

EQUIPMENT ON SITE

Description Total Condition

Concrete mixer 3 OK
Tipper 2 OK
Pick-up 1 OK
Poker vibrator 3 OK
Dumpy level 3 OK

5.9 WORK PROGRESS

DESCRIPTION PROPOSED ESTIMATION REMARK

FINISHING WORK DONE

foundation, base 10/3/2021 260000 Complete
Footing, ground 30/3/2021

flour
Slab concrete 5/4/2021 300000 Complete
Walling 12/4/2021 200000 Complete
Steal fixing of the 26/4/1021 500000 Complete

upper floor &

concreting
Walling 6/6/2021 2300000 Complete
Roofing 12/62021 250000 Complete
Roof covering 16/6/2021 180000 Complete
Plastering 17/6/2021 110000 Complete
Fitting and painting 2/8/2021 700000 Complete

SITE LABOUR MAIN CONTRACTOR

Designation 2 weeks 3 weeks 2 weeks 3 weeks 4 weeks Average

Site agent 1 1 1 2 1 1
Store agent 1 1 1 3 1 1

25
 Foreman 1 1 1 3 1 1
Masons 10 9 1 1 3 1
Carpenter 5 5 3 1 6 1
Mix operation 0 0 5 0 0 1
Steel fixers 5 3 0 1 8 1
Drivers 4 2 5 6 2 1
Labours 23 21 4 1 11 1
Stone raisers 0 0 6 6 1 3
Sub-contractors 0 2 1 1 1 0

Electrical sub- 1 2 5 0 2 3

contractor
Plumbers 1 0 1 1 0 4
WEATHER CHART

Sunny Cloudy Snow Windy Calm Rainy

Monday √ Nil Nil Nil √ Nil
Tuesday √ √ Nil √ √ Nil
Wednesday √ √ Nil √ √ Nil
Thursday Nil √ Nil √ √ Nil
Friday √ Nil √ √ √ √
Saturday Nil √ Nil √ Nil √

During the rainy periods, the work was not going on.

5.9.1 ANTICIPATED WORKS ON SITE

They include the following:

i. Construction of drainage works.

ii. Installation of ceilings.

iii. Installation of air conditioners.

iv. Construction of external work such as fencing and gate.

26
5.9.2 CONSTRUCTION OF DRAINAGE WORKS

The drainage system and sewers are going to be constructed to avoid over-flooding and also to

remove excess water from the residential areas. The following methods of drainage systems will

be used during the project.

i. Surface drainage; This is where shallow drainage will be dug in parallel platform which

will act as a canal for run-off water. These ditches will lead the water into the main drain

to avoid water pooling.

ii. Slope drainage system; This will be constructed to allow water to flow downward from

the structure with the aid of pipes to move water down.

iii. Downspout and gutter system; Downspout and gutters will be constructed from the roof

where by water will be collected into the tanks for future use.

5.9.3 INSTALLATION OF CEILLINGS

The ceilings will be installed in the house whereby the dimension of the room will be drawn to

scale on a graph paper. The lighting location will be identified and the height at which the

suspended ceiling to be installed will also be determined. The wall angles and suspension will

also be attached

5.9.4 ISTALLATION OF PAVEMENTS.

The installation of pavements will be done, here the removal of top soil will be done using

machine, the debris will be removed, the topography of the soil will also be done before the sub-

base materials will be used to provide suitable surface to support the new pavement. Cabros will

then be installed.

27
5.9.6 CONSTRUCTION OF EXTERNAL WORKS

External works such as fencing of the building will be done to enhance security within the

premise. Here, the type of the fence which shall be used is dead fence in conjunction with live

fence on top. Therefore, the perimeter wall to be constructed and the live fence to be installed.

The security guard will also be employed

5.9.8 WORK PROGRESS

TEMPORARY WORKS

 FORM WORK

28
Timber was used in erecting of formwork. Timber was used because it was readily available and

cheap as compared to steel formwork.

 BACKFILLING

After constructing foundation walling, backfilling followed in two phases; One using rough

stone hardcore and the marram blinding was done using the marram.

 WALLING OF THE SUB-STRUCTURE WORK

The walling was done in English bond and all building cords required to build the wall was put

in place.

STEEL FIXING

29
The steel fixing was done under supervision of the structural engineer. The steel fixing work was

approved by national construction authority upon completion.

30
5.9.9 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE PROJECT

a) POOR INFRASTRUCTURE

The road from Bondo-Kopolo is a seasonal road that is affected with rains. It was difficult to

transport bulky materials such as ballast, sand and blocks.

b) ADVERSE WEATHER CONDTIONS

The climate is very hot, this makes mixing of concrete and motor difficult since it requires a lot

of water which is a problem in the area. It also quickens the setting of concrete and mortar hence

difficulty bin workability.

c) IMPROPER RECORD KEEPING

The storekeeper failed to make proper document showing the materials received on site and t5he

materials used in daily basis, this leads to wastage of materials.

5.9.9.1 RECOMMENDATION OF THE PROJECT

It is advisable to the county government of Siaya to ensure that feeder roads are repaired

regularly for ease of movement of vehicles and people.

It is good to employ a competent storekeeper who is fully equipped and has at least three year of

experience in the same field.

Upon mechanical breakdown of machine in a site, foreman should have clear detail showing how

maintenance and repair of the equipment, machines and tools should be done regular.

31
REFERENCES

CHUDLEY, R. (2017). building construction handbook. routledge.

Dubler, C., & Messner, J. (2011). Evaluating waste associated with building information

exchange using lean theory. Pennsylvania State University.

Duggal, S. Building Materials.

Majid, T. (2014). Theory of Structures. Penerbit USM.

McKay, W., & McKay, J. (1970). Building construction (metric). Longman.

Merritt, F., & Ricketts, J. (2001). Building design and construction handbook. McGraw-Hill.

32