CHAPTER 14 —THE PIPING SYSTEM. 1. Determine the specifications of material and wall thickness for a 304.8 mm pipe to carry steam at a state selected from the following: (a) 28.1 kg/cm’ ga, 316 C (b) 26.7 kg/cm’ ga, saturated; (c) 84.4 ke/om’ ga, $10.C; (d) 56.2 kg/cm’, 454 C. Solution: (2) 28.1 kg/em? ga, 316 C steam Table 14.1, use Carbon Steel A-135, RW-/ 1000p _1000%28.1 s ATA Say Schedule 40, D, = 323.85 mm Thickness = 10.31 mm_ d, = 0.875 x 10.3: .02 mm d, pd, 25+0.8p C=1.65mm (28.1)323.85) 25+0.8(28.1) $= 606.14 kg/cm? < 717.1 kg/cm? S=717 kg/cm? 9.2 ‘Schedule number +Cmm +1.65mm ‘Therefore, use Carbon Steel A-135, RW-A, Schedule 40 thickness = 10.31 mm. (answer) (b) 26.7 kg/cm” ga, Saturated steam ‘Table 14.1, use Carbon Steel A-135, RW-A, S = 717 kg/cm* 1000p _ 1000%28.1 s 77a Schedule number Say Schedule 40, D, Thickness = 10.31 mm 4,= 0875x103 PD. 25+0.8p C=1.65 mm on —26:70323.85) 25+0.8(26.7) 5 =576 ke/em? < 717.1 kg/em? +Cmm +1.65mm ‘Therefore, use Carbon Steel A-135, RW-A, Schedule 40 thickness = 10.31 mm. (answer) (c) 84.4 kg/cm? ga, 510C Table 14.1, use Cr-Mo Steel A-158, S-2Cr, $= 491.5 kg/em? 1000p _ 1000x84.4 $ 4915 Say Schedule 160, D, = 323.85 mm ‘Thickness = 33.33 mm = 0.875 x 33.33 = 29.16 mm Schedule number =P .¢mm 5408p C=1.65mmCHAPTER 14 —THE PIPING SYSTEM. — (84.4)323.85) | | 25+0.8(84.4) 5 = 463.0 kg/cm? < 491.5 ke/em* 29.16 65mm Therefore, use Cr-Mo Steel A-158, 5-2Cr, Schedule 160 thickness = 33.33 mm. (answer) (4) 56.2 ke/em? ga, a54.C Table 14.1, use C-Mo Steel A-208, S-A, $= 502.7 kg/em? = 1000p _ 1000x562 1419 s 5027 Say Schedule 120, D, = 323.85 mm ‘Thickness = 25.40 mm 4d, = 0.875 x 25.40 = 22.22 mm =O 25+0.8p C=1.65 mm 22.22 = (58-2X523.85) 5 65am 25+0.8(56.2) $= 420 kg/cm’ < 502.7 kg/m? Schedule number Cmm Therefore, use C-Mo Steel A-208, S-A, Schedule 120 thickness = 25.4 mm. (answer) 2. Would Schedule 120, 203.2 mm pipe made to AS3-SA Specification be acceptable on a line operating at 17.6 ke/em? ga 400 C? Solution: ce Schedule number = 27298 pb, +C mm 25+0.8p For AS3-SA Material, 400 C, 17.6 kg/em?, 203.2 mm, Table 14.1, $= 843.7 kg/cm? 1000(17.6) 84 Schedule number =20.86 Check for schedule 20 203.2 mm nominal pipe diameter, D, = 219.08 mm, d, = C=1.65 mm .35(1 - 0.125) 56 mm. (17.6)(219.08) | 65 25+0.8(17.6) 5 =486 kg/cm’ <843.7 kg/cm? Therefore Schedule 20, 203.2 mm pipe made to AS3-SA Specification be acceptable not schedule 120.CHAPTER 14 —THE PIPING SYSTEM. 3, Specify the pipe required to carry 272,200 kg steam per hr at 87.9 kg/cm? ga $38 C, with velocity approximating 3050 m/min. Solution: Steam at 87.9 kg/em’ ga, 538 C (04043 m?/kg go p _(272,200)0.04073) 4 3050 D=0.277m=277mm Select 304.8 mm D,=323.85 mm For 87.9 kg/cm’, 538 C Select A-158, S-1 % C Material, $= 548.4 kg/cm? ga 1000p 5484 mm 5=482.6 ka/cm* <548.4 kg/em* Inside diameter = 323.85 — 2 x 33.33 = 257.19 mm < 277 mm Select another pipe size Select 355.6 mm D,=355.6 mm For 87.9 kg/cm’, 538 C Select A-158, 5-1 % C Material, $= $48.4 kg/m? ga Schedule number = 372° Schedule number = 1200%87:9 160.3 5484 Select Schedile 160 and check 4, =—?°._.¢mm 2508p For 355.6 mm, d;=35.71(1~0.125) = 31.25 mm ¢=1.65 mmCHAPTER 14—THE PIPING SYSTEM _ (87.9)(355.6) ~ 25 +0.8(87.9) $=492.8 kg/cm? <548.4 kg/cm? Inside diameter = 355.6 ~ 2x 35.71 = 284.18 mm>277mm Therefore, Use 355.6 mm pipe, Schedule 160, A-158, 5-1 % C Material 31.25 165 What maximum working pressure is advisable in an 457.2 mm OD, Schedule 40 pipe AS3-SA, operations not to exceed 232.2 C? Solution: 57 mm, Schedule 40 For AS3-SA Material, 400 C, 17.6 kg/cm’, 203.2 mm, Table 14.1, S = 843.7 ke/em? d, = 14,28 ( 1-0.125) = 12.50 mm, = PPe_.¢mm 25+0.8p 1250= 94572) 4165 28+0.8p p=40.8kg/cm? go (answer) A certain pipe line covered with heat insulation has exposed flanges. These are found to be steel and to measure 279.4 mm dia. x 33.3 mm thick, and to have 8 bolts. Without removing any of the insulation, it is desired to determine whether it would be proper to put 24.6 kg/cm’ ga steam ‘through this line. Assume line is carbon steel with flanges properly selected for the pipe weight. Solution: 279.4 mm dia. X 33.3 mm thick, 8 bolts, steel At 24.6 kg/cm’, temperature = 224.2 C, The line is carbon steel. Temp. up to 232 C from Table 14.1 Fig A-7. Steel Flange Dimensiom. Nearest is Pipe size 127 mm diameter. 0 = 279.4 mm, T = 34.93 mm with working pressure class of 21 kg/cm’ ga., 8 holes. Since 24.6 kg/cm’ ga > 21 g/cm’ ga, it is not desirable. Detail to scale a joint of 203.2 mm Schedule 80 piping consisting of a welded elbow and two 1.22 m tangents terminated by 28.1 kg/cm? raised face slip-on-and-weld type flanges. Solution: 203.2 mm pipe size Schedule 80. Outside diameter = 219.08 mm Two tangents at 1.22 m For welded elbow, use figure A-10. A= 304.8 mm For 28.1 kg/cm? raised face slip-on-and-weld type flange, use figure A-7 = diameter = 381.09 mm 8 = bolt circle diameter = 330.20 mm T= thickness = 47.63 mm N= number of bolts = 12 d= bolt hole diameter = 28.58 mmCHAPTER 14 ~THE PIPING SYSTEM Raised face thickness, figure 14-5 Detailed drawing | Roied tae sp-orandnel type ange AI] estes a aaoaa\ A welt et a k-oso,, PIPING DETAIL je ose | S205 FLANGE DETAIL Detail to scale a 1.37 m offset in a 152.4 cm screwed pipe line (including the 45° elbows). 8.8 kg/cm? WSP. Specify correct cut length for the offset Solution: Figure A-8, 45 deg elbow, 152.4 mm, screwed pipe, 8.8 kg/cm? WSP, cast iron. B=87.88mm Pipe OD = 168.28 mmCHAPTER 14 ~THE PIPING SYSTEM i a7 Serewed LL asta ioe PIPING DETAIL, 33.3 mm = 0.0333 m .7614 + 2x 0.0333 = 1.828 m (answer) Fig, 14-2, Cut Length = Repeat Prob. 7 but for (a) flanged joint piping with lap joint faces and (b) all welded joints. Solution: (a) Flanged joint piping with lap joint faces Pipe diameter = 152.4 mm Outside diameter = 168.28 mm 8.8 kg/cm? WSG For 45 deg elbow, flanged type, use Fig. A-9 c=127mm For flanges, Fig. A-7, use 10.5 kg/cm’ ga B= Bolt Circle Diameter = 241.3 mm T= Thickness d= bolt hole diameter = 22.23 mm Detail:CHAPTER 14 ~ THE PIPING SYSTEM onan 4A FLANGE DETAIL Assume 3 in butt stub ends = 76.2 mm = 0.0762 m Cut Length = 1.6835 - 2 x 0.0762 = 1.5311 m (answer) (b) All welded joints Pipe diameter = 152.4 mm. Outside diameter = 168.28 mm Figure A-10, A = 228.6 mm Detail:CHAPTER 14 ~THE PIPING SYSTEM. 7481 “Flanges 182.4 mm pipe - 41.3700 - PIPING DETAIL Cut Length = 1.7481 m (answer) Fig. 14-9P gives the configuration of a certain pipe line in isometric. Detail it to scale in plan and elevation. Pipe is 254 mm with 28.1 kg/cm’ raised face flanges. Solution: 254 mm pipe diameter wit 28.1 kg/cm? ga raised face flanges. OD = 273.05 mm Figure A.7, 28.1 kg/cm” ga., 254 mm pipe diameter D= diameter = 444.50 mm B= bolt circle diameter = 387.35 mm T= thickness = 53.98 mm N= number of bolts = 16 d= bolt hole diameter = 31.75 mm. For 90-deg elbow, Figure A-9, 28.1 ka/cm’ ga. A= 336.55 mmCHAPTER 14 ~THE PIPING SYSTEM | 12s — i oni FLANGE DETAIL 4 T ELEVATION VIEW 1 ELEVATION VIEW 2 10, Repeat Prob. 9 assuming 101.6 mm screwed piping for 17.6 kg/cm? working pressure with flange end connections. Solution: 101.6 screwed pipe, 17.6 kg/cm’ with flange end connections 00 =114.3mm Fig. A-7, use 21 kg/cm’ ga flange D= diameter = 254.0 mm lt circle diameter = 200.03 mm thickness = 31.75 mm umber of bolts N d= bolt hole diameter = 22.23 mm. Fig. A-8, 90 deg screwed elbow, 17.6 kg/cm? A=104.90 mmCHAPTER 14 ~THE PIPING SYSTEM aon | | J ooatrs [. cox J FLANGE DETAIL, ELEVATION VIEW 2 ELEVATION VIEW 1 11. Repeat Prob. 9, assuming 203.2 mm welded pipe, 21.1 kg/cm? working pressure. Solution: 203.2 mm welded pipe, 21.1 kg/cm2 working pressure 0D = 219.08 mm Fig, A-10, welded fittings A= 304.8 mm for elbow. 10CHAPTER 14 ~THE PIPING SYSTEM. Detail: r= fe ro] It T T oe |) sacs 17390 == i fy) ame | TP o7e00 Wed Pine ELEVATION VIEW 2 ELEVATION VIEW 1 112. The configuration of a certain pipe line in isometric is seen in Fig. 14-12P. Detail it to scale in plan and elevation for 28.1 kg/cm’ class, Solution: 1101.6 mm piy diameter, 28.1 kg/cm’ class, raised face flanged joints OD =114.3mm Fig. A-9. Tee and Elbow, A = 203.20 mm aCHAPTER 14 ~ THE PIPING SYSTEM 45 degree elbow, C= 139.70mm. 45 deg lateral , E = 406.40 mm and F= 114.30 mm Fig. A-7, Flange dimension PLAN VIEW 02082 +o oars oases awe 4 asa | ones sete PT Te odes oy TY] Flanged 4084 101.8 mm pp ELEVATION VIEW 1 2CHAPTER 14 ~THE PIPING SYSTEM Flanged —_ en 101.6 mm pipe. cen0 det ot az002 j a a6 o.z032 |-— os10 ——| ELEVATION VIEW 2 13, Repeat Prob. 12, but assume Schedule 80 welded piping except for end connections and valve, which are flanged. Solution: 1101.6 mm pipe diameter, Sch. 80 welded pipe except end connections and fittings. 28.1 kg/cm: class, raised face flanged joints 0D = 114.3 mm Fig. A-10. Tee, Elbow, 45 deg elbow A= 152.4 mm, 8=63.5 mm Cap, H = 63.5 mm Fig. A-7, Flange dimension 54,00 mm. meter = 200.03 mm thickness = 34.93 mm N=8 BCHAPTER 14 —THE PIPING SYSTEM. Detail of plan and elevations 14CHAPTER 14 ~THE PIPING SYSTEM |-— a.0000 3000 + 0.3000 oot 1.9100 0.3000 aaa 4 0.1824 tm be se caro —| | oases outsa4 1200 PLAN VIEW oe 07600 0.98 6100 rome ELEVATION VIEW 1CHAPTER 14 ~THE PIPING SYSTEM ELEVATION VIEW 2 14, A portion of a manufacturer's safety valve rating valve is reproduced herewith. From this line specify 3 safety valves and settings suitable for use on a stoker-fired, water-tube boiler generating at 17.6 kg/cm’ ga. Boller heating surface, 427.4 m’ including 55.7 m’ water wall area. Steam rating, 10,886 kg per hr; design pressure, 21.1 kg/cm” ga. ‘Valve size: mam 361x508 [508x762 [635x106 | 762x101.6 | 1oLSxasza Rated WSN. | S69 ke/em™ ga | 4196 6895, 9843 as2at 23201 ke per hr 17.6 kgfern ga | 4364 7149, 10206 35830 24113 atpressuresof [18.3 kefem ga | 4527 7439 10614 6047 25029 39.0 kg/er” ga | 4695 Ti 10986 17055 25936 Solution: Wor= Maximum rated steam generating capacity = 10,886 kg/hr total heating surface of boiler (excluding water wall) exposed to products of combustion) = 427.8 - 55.7 = 371.7 m? A; = total heating surface of water walls and their header exposed to products of combustion - W, 2 Wane W,=CA, +A, For water tube boiler, Stoker fired, C:= 39.06, C; = 58.59 W, 210,886 kg/hr w, =(39.06)(371.7)+(58.59)55.7) W, =17,799kg/hr 1645. CHAPTER 14 —THE PIPING SYSTEM. Use W, =17,799kg/hr IF the low-set valve is not to open at 17.6 + 0.35 = 17.95 kg/cm’, then the highest value is limited to approximately 10% or 1.80 ke/cm2 higher or 17.95 + 1.8 = 19.75 kg/cm? 1.03 x 19.75 = 20.34 < 21.1 kg/em? Select: Pressure 38.1 x50.8 50.8 x76.2 17.95 ke/em 4486 18.85 kg/em™ 7653 19.75 kg/cm? 002 Use one 38.1 x 50.8 mm set for 17.95 kg/cm’, one 50.8 x 76.2 mm set for 18.85 kg/cm’, and one 50.8 x76.2 mm set for 19.75 ke/em*. ‘A unit to produce steam at 17.6 kg/cm? ga 139 C superheat will be rated at 68,039 kg per hr. Pulverized coal, 1208 m” boiler, surface of which 576 m* are in water walls. 0.7 kg/cm’ loss in superheater. Select 3 drum valves and one superheater valve. Valve discharge factor for 111 C superheat = 0.83. Using ratings from Prob. 14, specify sizes and settings of the four valves Solution: Weer Maximum rated steam generating capacity = 68,039 kg/hr Ai = total heating surface of boiler (excluding water wall) exposed to products of combustion} 1208 ~ $76 = 632m? ‘A, = total heating surface of water walls and their header exposed to products of combustion = 576 pe W, Wg W=CA+CA, For water tube boiler, Burner fired, C,= 48.82, C,= 78.12 W, 268,039 kg/hr w, =(48.82)(632)+(78.12)(576) W, =75,851kg/hr Use W, =75,851kg/hr ‘Superheating valve setting = 17.6 kg/cm’ ga Low-set drum valve = 17.6 + 0.7 = 18.3 kg/cm? ga For 3 drum valves: Highest-set drum valve = 18.3 x 1.10 = 20.13 kg/cm’ ga Medium-set drum valve = 18.3 x 1.05 = 19.21 kg/cm’ ga Drum valves must total 0.75 x 75,851 = 56,888 ke/hr capacity Select: Pressure 76.2 x 101.6 101.6 x 152.4 18.3 kg/em* 16,447 19.21 kg/m 17,238 20.13 kg/cm” 27,400 v16. CHAPTER 14 ~THE PIPING SYSTEM Total Wsy = 61,085 ke/hr Steam rating of the superheater valve is 75,851 ~ 56,888 = 18,963 kg/hr. Factor for 111 C= 0.83. Thisis the only available factor. Equivalent steam capacity required of the superheater = 18,963 / 0.83 = 22,847 kg/hr. At 17.6 kg/cm’ ga, use 101.6 x 152.5 mm. Total Woy = 24,113 kg/hr The safety valve specification is one 101.6 x 152.4 mm valve on the superheat set for 17.6 ka/em, cone 76.2 x 101.6 mm drum valve set for 18.3 kg/cm’, one 76.2 x 101.6 mm drum valve set for 19.21, kg/em’ and one 101.6 x 152.4 mm drum valve set for 20.13 kg/cm”. (answer) Woy 0.9.x 24,113 + 16,447 + 17,238 + 27,400 = 82,787 > 75,851 kg/hr ‘A61 m long straight steam line is anchored one end and terminates in a packed expansion joint at the other. It holds steam at 10.5 kg/cm* ga. Expansion joints can be bought in various capacities generally in increments of 102 mm of slip. if the minimum cold temperature is 0 C what slip length should the purchased expansion joint have? Show by dimensioned sketch how the steam fitters should set the slip when measuring to cut pipe for the connection on @ day when the pipe temperature is 15.6 C. Solution: L=61m At 10.5 kg/cm? ga steam, tur = 185.3 C AL=KLAt k=12.96x10* At =(12.96x10~ )(61)(185.3-0)=0.1465m=146.5 mm No. of slip = 146.5 / 102 = 1.436 use 2 Slip length = 2 x 102 = 204 mm (answer) At15.6C AL=(12.96x10"{61)(15.6-0)=0.0123m=12.3mm Distance from end = 204~12.3 = 191.7 mm See dimensional sketch etm 186 C Tomporature i Packed Expansion Jolt |—191.7 mm —| 18.CHAPTER 14 —THE PIPING SYSTEM. 17. A254 mm Schedule 80 A-53 steel pipe is clamped between two rigid supports 6.1 mm apart when its temperature is 15.6 C. A liquid at 93.3 C is then pumped through the line. What thrust force is developed at the reactions? Solution: L=6.1m 3.3 C-15.6C=77.7C For A-53 steel pipe, K= 12.6 x 10° AL=KUAt But = 207 x 10° N/m? For 254 mm Schedule 80 0D = 273,05 mm = 0.27305 m 1D =0D~2t=273.05- 2(25.06) = 0.24293 m A F(00" =D" #[o27305" ~(0.24293)'| =0.01221 m? P=KAES P= (12.6x10"*\0.01221)(207x10° \77.7) P=2,474444N P=2A75kN (answer) 18, Design and detail to scale a double offset expansion U bend (type 1, Fig. 14-17) ina pipe suitable for ‘conveying 68,039 kg per hr superheated steam at 31.6 kg/cm? ab, 371.1 C. Installation at 26.7 C; no cold spring. Pipe line is straight between anchors located 45.7 m apart Solution: W = 68,039 kg/hr 31.6 ke/em? ab, 371.1 C Installation at 26.7 C L=45.7m Table 14-6 V= 3048 to 4572 m/min = 3810 m/min average ‘At 31.6 kg/cm? ab, 371.1. 4 . Density = 5 ogy 3p “20.9731 ko/m w 68,039 Vxdensity 3810(60)(10.9731) Select A-106-SA Table 14-1, at 371.1 5=758.4 kg/cm’? ‘Schedule number = 1000p/S = 1000(31.6 ~ 1.03)/758.4 = 40.3, Use Schedule number 40 Pipe diameter = 203.2 0 = 219.08 mm 19CHAPTER 14 —THE PIPING SYSTEM. ID = 219.08 2(8.18) = 202.72 mm Thickness = 8.18 mm. F(o.2027) = A 9.0323 m? 68,039 (0.0323)60)10.9731) 200 m/min ok Check for thickness 875x8.18=7.16mm po, 25+0.8p D, =219.08 mm 1.6 -1.03= 30.57 kg/em* 65mm (30.57)(219.08) 25+0.8(30.57) 5=595.5 kg/cm? <758.4kg/em? +Cmm +165 Therefore use 203.2 mm pipe diameter, Schedule 40. AL=KLAt K=12.6x10% AL=(12.610° '45.7)\371.1-26.7)=0.1983 m=198.3 mm Table 14-4, use 198.3 mm /§ = 39.66 mm expansion. Pipe diameter = 203.2 mm From table: Mean Radius of Bend, R = 2.032 m Expansion cared = 50.8 mm for quarter bend > 39.66 mm Figure 14-17, 032 m 414 x 2.032 = 6.937 m 20