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Lecture 1 Sample Problem Solution

1) A surveyor paced a 45m course and determined their pace factor was 0.865m per pace by taking the mean number of paces over multiple trials. 2) Using this pace factor, the surveyor determined an unknown distance CD was 666.1m by taking the mean number of paces over multiple trials and applying the pace factor. 3) A transit was used to observe vertical angles and rod intercepts to determine elevations and distances to points using tachymetry formulas. A substense bar was also used to determine the horizontal length of a line by observing the angles subtended at either end.

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SHEAN GAYLE ANG
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881 views

Lecture 1 Sample Problem Solution

1) A surveyor paced a 45m course and determined their pace factor was 0.865m per pace by taking the mean number of paces over multiple trials. 2) Using this pace factor, the surveyor determined an unknown distance CD was 666.1m by taking the mean number of paces over multiple trials and applying the pace factor. 3) A transit was used to observe vertical angles and rod intercepts to determine elevations and distances to points using tachymetry formulas. A substense bar was also used to determine the horizontal length of a line by observing the angles subtended at either end.

Uploaded by

SHEAN GAYLE ANG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES

I. Taped Distance

SP.1 A steel tape with a coefficient of linear expansion of 0.0000116/oC is known to be 50m long at 20oC.
The tape was used to measure a line which was found to be 532.28 meters long when the temperature
was 35oC. Determine the following:
a) Temperature correction per tape length.
b) Temperature correction for the measured line.
c) Correct length of the line.

Solution:

a) Ct = KL (T-Ts) = 0.0000116(50)(35o-20o) = + 0.0087m (correction per tape length due to


temperature. The positive sign indicates that tape is too long)
b) Ct’ = KL (T-Ts) = 0.0000116(532.28)(35o-20o) = + 0.0926m (correction for the measured line due to
temperature)
Solution Check (Using ratio and proportion):
𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡′ 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 0.0087(532.28)
= ; 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡′ = (532.28) = = +0.0926𝑚𝑚 (𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒)
532.28 50 50 50
c) L’ = L ± Ct’ = 532.28 + 0.0926 = 532.37m (correct length of measured line. The correction is added
since the tape is too long.

SP.2 A steel tape known to be a standard length at 20oC, is used in laying out a runaway 2,500 m long. If
its coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116/oC, determine the temperature correction and the
correct length to be laid out when the temperature is 42oC.

Solution:

Ct = KL (T-Ts) = 0.0000116(2500.00)(420-200) = + 0.638m (Correction for the length to be laid out due to
temperature. The positive sign indicates that tape is too long)

L’ = L ± Ct = 2500.00 – 0.638 = 2499.36m (Correct length to be laid out. The correction is subtracted since
the tape is too long)

SP 3. A heavy 50m tape having a cross-sectional area of 0.05sq.cm. has been standardized at a tension of
5.5 kg. If E = 2.1x106 kg/cm2 . Determine the elongation of the tape if a pull of 12kg is applied.

Solution:

(𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 − 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 )𝐿𝐿 (12 − 5.50)(50)


𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 = = = 0.003
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 0.05 (2.10𝑥𝑥106 )
SP.4 A 30m steel tape weighing 1.45 kg is of standard length under a pull of 5kg, supported for full
length. The tape was used in measuring a line 938.55m long on smooth level ground under a steady pull
of 10kg. Assuming E = 2.1x106 kg/cm2 and the unit weight of steel to be 7.9x10-3 kg/cm2 .Determine the
following:

a) cross-sectional area of the tape


b) Correction for increase in tension
c) Correct length of the line measured.

Solution:
𝑊𝑊 1.45𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
a) 𝐴𝐴 = = 100𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 7.9𝑥𝑥10−3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
= 0.06 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2
𝐿𝐿 (𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑡𝑡) 30𝑚𝑚� 𝑚𝑚 �� �
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3

(𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 −𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 )𝐿𝐿 (10−5)30


b) 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 = = = +0.00125𝑚𝑚 (Correction per tape length. The positive sign
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 0.06(2.0𝑥𝑥106 )
indicates that tape is too long)

𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 0.00125
=
938.55𝑚𝑚 30

𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 = 0.04𝑚𝑚 (𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

c) L’ = L ± Cp =938.55 + 0.04 = 938.59m

SP5. A 50m steel tape weighing 0.035kg/m is constantly supported at mid – length and at its end points,
and is used to measure a line AB with a steady pull of 6.5kg. If the measured length of AB is 1268.256 m,
Determine the following.
a) Correction due to sag between supports and for the whole tape length.
b) Total sag correction for the whole length measured.
c) Correct length of line AB.
Given:

L = 50m nominal tape length


L1 = 25m length of 1st span
L2 = 25m length of 2nd span
P = 6.5kg pull applied on end of tape
ω = 0.035 kg/m unit weight of tape
Length AB = 1268.256m measured length of tape
Solution:

a) W = 0.035 (50) = 1.75kg


W1 = 0.035 (25) = 0.875kg
W2 = 0.035 (25) = 0.875 kg

𝑊𝑊12 𝐿𝐿1 (0.875)2 (25)


𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠1 = =
24𝑃𝑃2 24(6.5)2
= 0.0189𝑚𝑚 (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 0𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 25𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑊𝑊12 𝐿𝐿1 (0.875)2 (25)


𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠2 = =
24𝑃𝑃2 24(6.5)2
= 0.0189𝑚𝑚 (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 25𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 50𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠
b) =
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐿𝐿

0.0378
(1268.256) = 0.9588 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 =
50
c) Correct Length of AB = Measured length – Total Cs = 1268.256 – 0.9588 = 1267.2972m

II. Distance by pacing

SP1. A 45m course, AB, on level ground was paced by a surveyor for the purpose of determining his pace
factor. The numbers of paces for each trial taken are shown in the accompanying tabulation.

a) Determine his pace factor.


b) If the surveyor then took 771, 770, 768, 770, 772, and 769 paces in walking an unknown
distance CD, what is the length of the line?
c) Assuming that the tape length CD is 667.0m, determine the relative precision of the
measurement performed.

TRIAL LINE TAPED NO. OF MEAN


DISTANCE PACES

1 AB 45.0 50 52
2 BA 53

3 AB 51

4 BA 53

5 AB 52

6 BA 53

Solution:

a) Determining Pace Factor


L=45m length of line AB
n1 = 6 number of trials taken on line AB
Sum1 = (50+53+51+53+52+53) = 312 paces
M1 = Sum1/ n1 = 312/6 = 52 paces (mean number of paces to walk line AB
PF = L/M1 = 45m/52 paces = 0.865m/pace ( Pace factor of surveyor)

b) Determining Unknown Distance

n2 = 6 number of trials taken on line CD


Sum2 = (771+770+768+770+772+769) = 4620 paces
M2 = Sum2/ n2 = 4620/6 = 770 paces mean number of paces to walk line CD
PD = M2(PF) = 770 paces (0.865 m/pace) = 666.1m

C) Determining Relative Precision


TD = 667.0 m taped distance
PD = 666.1 m paced distance
RP = (TD – PD)/TD = (667.0 – 666.1)/667 = 0.9/667.0
= 1/741 say 1/700 (relative precision of the measurement)
III. Distance by Tachymetry

SP1. A stadia rod held at a distant point B is sighted by an instrument set up A. The upper and lower
stadia hair readings were observed as 1.3m and 0.9m, respectively. If the stadia interval factor (k) is 100,
and the instrument constant (C) is zero, determine the length of line AB.

Soluton:

D = Ks+ C K = 100
S = 1.3-0.9 = 0.4
C=0
D = 100(0.4) + 0 = 40m

SP2. A transit is set at point “P” with elevation = 96m, H.I. = 1.2m, f/I = 100, (f+c) = 0.3. Find the
elevation of points 1 and 2 and the distance to the points observed as per data below.

Points Observed Rod Intercept True Azimuth Vertical Angle

1 1.056 352.2 degree + 2 degree

on 1.2m

2 1.260 56.2667 degre - 4 degree on


1.65m
SP3. A substense bar 2m long is set up near the middle of a traverse line PQ. Using a theodolite set up at
P, the angle subtended reads 0o20’14’’. When the theodolite was transferred and set up at Q, the
corresponding subtended angle was observed as 0o23’47’’. Determine the horizontal length of line PQ.

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