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Fungi

The passage discusses the key differences between fungi and plants, noting that fungi do not possess chlorophyll, obtain carbohydrates from breaking down organic matter rather than synthesizing their own, and have cell walls made of chitin rather than cellulose. It also outlines both the destructive powers of fungi through disease and rot as well as their beneficial roles in decomposition and relationships with other organisms.

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24 views

Fungi

The passage discusses the key differences between fungi and plants, noting that fungi do not possess chlorophyll, obtain carbohydrates from breaking down organic matter rather than synthesizing their own, and have cell walls made of chitin rather than cellulose. It also outlines both the destructive powers of fungi through disease and rot as well as their beneficial roles in decomposition and relationships with other organisms.

Uploaded by

nengcintia
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fungi, of which there are over 100, 000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled

organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members
of the plat kingdom. However, in reality they are very different from plants and today they are
placed in a separate group altogether. The principal reason for this is that none of them
Line 5  possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain
their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms.
Furthermore, the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of
another complex sugarlike polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer
skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical
Line 10  composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it
enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that
break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is
these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood
pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.

Line 15  The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are a major cause of structural
damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest
causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and
after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at + 500c, while others can grow at -5c, so even food in
cold storage may not be completely safe from them. On the other hand, fungi bring about the
Line 20  decomposition of dead organic matter, thus enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to
atmosphere. They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and
other organisms. In addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in
clinical medicine, including penicillin.

1.What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?


    a. Differences between simply and complex fungi
    b. Functions of chlorophyll in plants
    c. Functions of sugar in the walls of fungal cells
    d. Differences between fungi and plants
2.Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach the study of
fungi?
   a. Fungi are no longer classified as plants
   b. Some single-cell organisms are no longer classified as fungi.
   c. New methods of species identification have been introduced
   d. Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised.
3.The word "principal" in line 4 is closest in meaning to 
    a. true
    b. main
    c. logical
    d. obvious
4.According to the passage, how do fungi obtain carbohydrates?
   a. They absorb carbohydrates from their own cell walls.
   b. They synthesize chlorophyll to produce carbohydrates
   c. They produce carbohydrates by breaking down chitin.
   d. They acquire carbohydrates from other organic matter, both living and dead.
5.The passage mentions shrimps, spiders, and insects in line 8 because their skeletons
   a. can be destroyed by fungi
   b. have unusual chemical compositions
   c. contain a material found in the walls of fungal cells
   d. secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do
6.Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
   a. "chlorophyll (line4)
   b. "polymer" (line8)
   c. "hyphae" (line11)
   d. "enzymes" (line14)
7.The word "those" in line 10 refers to
   a. tips
   b. hyphae
   c. enzymes
   d. walls
8. Fungi have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
   a. They grow hyphae
   b. They secrete enzymes
   c. They synthesize cellulose
   d. They destroy crops
9.The word "Entire" in line 17 is closest in meaning to 
   a. certain
   b. whole
   c. mature
   d. diseased
10. The passage describes the negative effects of fungi on all the following EXCEPT
   a. building
   b. animals
   c. food
   d. soil
11. The phrase “bring about” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
a. Cause
b. Join
c. Take
d. Include
12. The passage mentions “penicillin” in line 23 as an example of
a. a medicine derived from plants
b. a beneficial use of fungi
c. a product of the relationship between plants and fungi
d. a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures
kunjaw

1. D 5. C 9. B
2. A 6. C 10. D
3. B 7. D 11. A
4. D 8. C 12. B

Yeast = ragi

Mold = jamur

Enormous = besar sekali

Secrete = mengeluarkan

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