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Cell Cycle and Cancer Review

This document provides an overview of the cell cycle and its relationship to cancer. It discusses the reasons cells divide, including to repair tissue, grow, and asexually reproduce. It also describes the four phases of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - and explains that DNA is duplicated during the S phase prior to cell division. Finally, it notes that cancer cells have escaped cell cycle checkpoints and divide too frequently and rapidly, disturbing normal cell functioning.

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Eivor Lyn
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139 views5 pages

Cell Cycle and Cancer Review

This document provides an overview of the cell cycle and its relationship to cancer. It discusses the reasons cells divide, including to repair tissue, grow, and asexually reproduce. It also describes the four phases of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - and explains that DNA is duplicated during the S phase prior to cell division. Finally, it notes that cancer cells have escaped cell cycle checkpoints and divide too frequently and rapidly, disturbing normal cell functioning.

Uploaded by

Eivor Lyn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biology

Cell Cycle and Cancer Review

1) What are three reasons why cells divide?


a. to repair tissue (multicellular organisms- like us)

b. to grow (multicellular organisms- like us)

c. asexual reproduction (unicellular organisms- like bacteria)

2) Why are cells so small?


Surface area to volume ratio is high when cell is small
It is easier for cells to transport materials and it decreases demands on
DNA

Large ratio is desired (Ex: 1,000,000/1) because lots of surface area


help materials get into and out of the cell QUICKLY and little volume
is desired because it slows down the movement of these materials.

3) What are three reasons why it is important for cells to stay so small
a) To maintain a HIGH surface area: volume ratio

b) Avoid DNA overload

c) To make transport easier

4) What is the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes?


Chromatin is thread-like DNA and is the form that DNA is usually found in a cell
that is NOT dividing. When a cell is going to divide, it coils up the chromatin to
form CHROMOSOMES, which are packages of DNA that are much easier to divide
evenly among the 2 new cells.

5) Are cells produced from mitosis identical to parent or not? Yes- Identical

6) The parent cell contains 46 chromosomes and the daughter cells contain
46 chromosome.
7) What are the four phases of mitosis?
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase (and cytokinesis)

8) During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA duplicated? S Phase

9) Why is it important that a cell’s DNA is duplicated before cell division? The
DNA needs to be duplicated before the cell divides SO THAT both new cells
have the SAME AMOUNT of DNA.

10) Which phase of the cell cycle does the cell spend the longest time (in normal
cells) and how does this compare to the cell cycle in cancer cells?

Normal cell- Interphase (90% of the time); Mitosis (10% of time)


Cancer cell- Interphase (less than 90% of time); Mitosis (more than 10% of
time)

11) What part of the cell’s life is resting? G1, S, G2


12) What part of the cell’s life is making new cells? M phase (PMAT)
13) What phases are involved in cell division? PMAT
14) What biomolecules regulate the cell cycle? Proteins
15) What happens if no check points or if the checkpoints fail? 
Cancer cells have escaped the checkpoint and are growing out of control and
are dividing very often and can grow into tumors. Why is it a Problem?-
because they are too busy dividing and not doing what they are supposed to
be doing and getting in the way- disturbing normal functioning

What is apoptosis and why do cells do this?


Apoptosis, is programmed cell death- the cell destructs (because you don’t want
damaged cells to continue and divide.) It happens at the checkpoint between G2
and M phases.

16) What is the role of spindle fibers during cell division?


To move the chromosomes evenly between the two new cells

17) LOOK AT DIAGRAM BELOW


A PROPHASE
B METAPHASE
C ANAPHASE
D TELOPHASE/
BEGINNING
CYTOKINESIS
E INTERPHASE
1 CENTRIOLE
2 SPINDLE FIBER
3 SISTER CHROMATID
4 DAUGHTER CELLS
5 CHROMATIN (DNA)
6 CELL MEMBRANE
7 NUCLEOLUS
8 CENTRIOLES
9 CHROMOSOME
10 NUCLEUS
18) Write a brief explanation of each phase
Interphase G1 cell size doubles, organelles double

S DNA is doubled “synthesized”

G2 Cell grows and prepares to divide


Prophase Chromosomes condense and nucleus
disappears- “PASTA”

Metaphase Chromosomes move into the equator of


the cell “MIDDLE”

Anaphase Chromosomes are pulled away towards


opposite poles of the cell “AWAY”

Telophase Nuclear membranes reappear in both


poles, chromosomes unwind, starts to
show 2 cells “TWO”
Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides in 2
Plants- cell plate
Animals- cleavage furrow

19) Provide a brief explanation of each term


Apoptosis- programmed cell death- if a cell is irregular, and cannot be
repaired or fixed, then the cell will destroy the mutant cell rather than let it become
cancerous.

Spindle Fibers- fibers that attach to every chromosome and assist to move
them away towards opposite ends of the cell

Centromere- the middle part of chromosomes that attaches the two sister
chromatids together

20) Cancer:
What is cancer? The uncontrollable division of cells

What happens in the cell that leads to cancer? There must be a change in the DNA
(mutation) that causes the cell to lose control of its cell cycle and constantly
divide
Normal cells- mostly in interphase// Cancer cells have more cells in stages of
mitosis.

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