LIVED EXPERIENCES OF THE TABO VENDORS DURING THE COVID-19

PANDEMIC

A Research Proposal
Presented to:
Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee of Samar State University
Catbalogan City, Samar
___

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements in

Research in Social Studies

Alaga, Lorilyn D.

Bardaje, Joules Jerico M.

Bisnar, Chiska C.

Lojero, Melanie N.

Piedad, Mary Ann P.

February 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i
 Page
TITLE PAGE - - - - - - - i
TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - - - - ii
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING - - - - 1-4
Introduction - - - - - - - 5
Problem Statement - - - - - - 5-8
Theoretical Framework - - - - - 8
Significance of the Study - - - - - - 9
Scope and Delimitation - - - - - - 9
Definition of Terms - - - - - - 10
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE - - - 12-20
3 METHODOLOGY
Research Design - - - - - - 21
Research Locale - - - - - - 21
Participants - - - - - - - 21
Instrumentation - - - - - - 22
Validation of Instrument - - - - - 22
Data Gathering Procedure - - - - - 23
Data Analysis Procedure - - - - - 24-25
Ethical Consideration - - - - - 26

REFERENCES
INTERVIEW GUIDE QUESTIONS

Chapter 1
ii
 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction:

Global crisis brought by Covid-19 pandemic brings to human lives loss worldwide

and presents an unprecedented challenge to all human life aspects, to public health, the

world of work, food system and disruptions socially and economically. As pandemic

outbreak shutters, economic aspect really face a big change brought by this situation

informal economy workers such as street vendors, vegetable vendors, fish vendors, and

etc.
2

Each day 2.5 billion people prefer to consume street food worldwide due to its cost

and convenience (FAO, 2010). Street food vending is available almost every developing

countries. Most of the people in developing countries prefer street food. Bangladesh is

also one of the developing countries where people also eat street food. One of the study

shows that, about 2.5 million people eat street food every day in Bangladesh. Street food

vending is a prevailing and distinctive part of a large informal sector in Bangladesh. It

is commonly viewed in public spaces particularly in the cities. It provides a basic need

to the urban people. Since Bangladesh is among the low income countries, street food is

still a lucrative and better option of food among the young generations. The cost of

street food is cheaper than the cost of restaurants, fast food, outlets, which makes it

popular to the consumers. Each street food stall is generally small in size, requires

relatively simple skills and small amount of capital. For this reason street food vendors

easily generate income and employment for the rapidly rising urban population in
Dhaka city. Street food vending plays a vital role for the economic planning and

development of many towns.

The motivation of researchers’ study is to find out the problems of tabo vendors in

their daily life during the Covid-19 and how they lead their life on which this kind of

vendor play a significant but frequently unappreciated role in both the vibrancy of

public spaces as well as the informal economy.

Tabo Vendors from the word “Tabo” is an old Visayan word for "meet". It has

become the name for the traditional market event where and when different vendors

and buyers meet to exchange goods – to barter as in ancient times and to buy or sell as

in modern time. It is also defined by Alegre E. N. who did extensive research and wrote

on the Philippine tabo as the "evanescent market". It is an event that lasts for a few

hours starting before dawn and until the sun is up when there are buyers still. These

vendors are already been fully awake and are already preparing the different products

that are to be offer and sell to the market. 3

In the Philippine setting, Cebu City has it’s Carbon market the largest and oldest

market, it is a thriving area in the city where hundreds of vendors operate from their

fixed stalls and vending spaces and many ambulant vendors. While in some areas in the

country the tabo vending held in the barangays and towns of Samar and Leyte. The

municipalities of Palo, Tanauan and Burauen in Leyte have it every Sunday at the

permanent market, then the Carigara tabo held twice weekly, Wednesday and Sunday,

has its market by the sea, the Calbiga, Samar every Sunday it is also at the town market

which is distinctively located at an estuary – where the river and sea meet. There is the
Saturday tabo by the roadside in Santa Catalina, Jiabong, Samar which disappears

towards noon while in Gandara Tabo is on Saturday to Sunday that disappears also

towards noon. The Municipality of Gandara is one of the commonly known in Tabo

Vending the town comprises a large population of the Tabo Vendors coming from the

different nearby municipalities namely; Tarangnan, San Jorge, Pagsanghan & Sta.

Margarita to sell and buy their different kinds of products, the town is the main site and

center where the Tabo held, one of the largest and populous municipalities in the 1 st

District of Samar. According to the Native resident of the Municipality it is one way of

promoting town’s culture and it also helps to boost the economic status of the town.

The tabo also presents opportunities for people to adapt to social changes in their

lives but due to this situation there a huge social change could occur just like this

pandemic, which this situation is one of major concern right now travel Bans, and

restrictions (importing and exporting goods and services) some are encourage to work

from home, strict implementation of safety protocols (limiting the numbers of people to

gather, transferring locations to avoid the spread of disease, etc. ) , these Tabo Vendors

on road are among the groups that are most commonly affected, the livelihood of

majority is critically hit, handful of these vendors are still playing their part as the last

link in the supply chain, making sure essentials like vegetables and fruits are still

accessible, although this also entails being at frontline of the risk during these trying

hard times. 4

With that, the researchers had come up with the idea of this research study, the

lived- experiences of Tabo Vendors during Covid-19 Pandemic in Gandara Cultural

Center Brgy. Dumaloong, Gandara, Samar. The researcher aims to know how the tabo

vendors views and their experiences during the Covid-19 Pandemic. It is difficult to

change how the people used to be during the normal times, following the Covid-19

Strict Implementation Protocol by the Government. The researchers felt the significance

of this, the problems encountered by the Tabo Vendors.

Most Tabo Vendors are in a low-income class and self-financing business people,

due to this pandemic that leads to threaten their economic activity that force them to

stop there vending because of the financial instability and many circumstances. This

study aims to know the connection of the experiences of the Tabo Vendors during this

situation, the implications brought these changes to their livelihoods, their views about

these situations and the how the respective and specific personnel will help regarding

their situation.

To many others, Tabo vending offers still more benefits. It enlivens urban public

spaces and increases public safety by making streets vibrant and welcoming. Hence, the

tabo had fulfilled some of the socio-economic needs of the individual. This study will

give us a deep knowledge and understanding the tabo vendors views’ and experiences

during this new normal.

Problem Statement:
 As lockdown was implemented due to the worsen case of Covid-19 pandemic,

Movement of people was hinder affecting the economic activity of those people who

earn from the street especially the tabo vendors who travel and gather from one place to

sell their goods and products to the people. In this study the researcher aims to to

know the lived- experiences of Tabo Vendor during the Covid-19 pandemic in Gandara,

Samar. Specifically, this research aims to answer the questions:

(a) How do participants view Covid-19 Pandemic relative to their livelihood?

(b) What are the participants' experiences during Pandemic?

Theoretical Framework

Theory of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 6

It is a motivational theory comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often

depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. From the bottom of the hierarchy

upwards, the needs are: physiological (food and clothing) safety (job security), love and

belonging needs (friendship), esteem and self-actualization. According to Maslow (1943,

1954) he stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs and some needs take

precedence over others. Our foremost basic need is for our self/physical survival, and

this will be the primary thing that motivates the way we act or behave, once that stage

is fulfilled or achieved the next step is what motivates us followed by the next and so

on. It is also stated that every person is capable and has the desire to move forward the

pyramid towards the highest level of this model. Unfortunately, progress is often
disrupted by a failure to meet lower level needs. Life experiences, including divorce

and loss of a job, may cause an individual to fluctuate between the stages of the theory.

Since this study is focusing on the lived experiences of the tabo vendors during the

Covid-19 Pandemic in Gandara, Samar, the researchers assumed that the theory stated

has a relation to the levels of Maslow’s Model and these are linked to the following

stages (from upper to lower order): (a) Self Actualization- with the help of the job that

one’s into, they somehow get to achieve some self-fulfillment, though might be different

from how others are having it. (b) Esteem Needs- due to their current occupation, the

feeling of confidence cannot be totally observed. (c) Belongingness and love need- the

feeling of not being totally belong to a certain or specific group or such, since they

regard themselves as lower compare to others with much more stable job. (d) Safety

Needs- protecting themselves from the threat of Covid-19, without wholly affecting

their source of living. (d) Physiological needs- Tabo vendors offering and selling

products in order to achieve and meet the basic needs for the daily bases. 7

At this point, tabo vendors are still doing their activity for they have

reasons to do so. And that very reason can somehow be similar to the other reasons

posted by others, to meet the needs. Once these needs are met, that's the only time that

they get to feel something that they have reached or accomplished. A feeling of

fulfillment that can somehow drives a person’s desire to push through and drive more.

Since they are also in need to meet the basic needs for the daily life being. Pushing

themselves to be in tabo vending and continue their business having such positivity of

meeting their basic needs at the end of the day. Then the pandemic thing will now
enter. Some things that are used to be done are also put into considerations. It is not

only about meeting the expected amount of money that will allocate the basic needs,

safety of someone was also in top priority. So, for them to provide the needs of their

respective family's, they needed to protect themselves and shield their health from the

risk and threat of this pandemic.

Marxism Theory 8

Marxism is a social, political and economic philosophy named after Karl Marx.

According to his theory that it examines the effect of capitalism on labor, productivity

and economic development and argues for a worker revolution to overturn capitalism

in favor of communism. It also stated the struggle between social classes specifically

between the bourgeoisie or capitalists and the proletariat or workers defines relations in

a capitalists and proletariat or workers defines relations in a capitalist economy and will

inevitably lead to revolutionary communism. He also wrote in his theory that the power

relationships between capitalists and workers were inherent exploitative and would

inevitably create class conflict. This theory also portrays capitalism as one step in the

historical progression of economic system that follow one another in a natural sequence.

He also stated that every society is divided among a number of social class, whose

members have more in common with one another than with member of the social

classes. Since the study is all about Tabo vendors it is already observe that this kind of

vendors are frequently unappreciated role and they are ordinary laborers or the

proletariat belong to the low income class basing on how the elements of this theory

would play in a capitalist system, commonly most Tabo vendors doesn’t own the means
of production such as factories, building and materials and they have also little power

in the capitalist economic system, being a tabo vendors do not have a permanent place

or site to sell their products in order to have their place they commonly pay for their

location to have their tabo vending even if they help to promote the municipality

culture but still they need to pay some staffs to continue their living especially the

livelihood that they had and from that they receive a low income, especially now the

time of Pandemic many Tabo Vendors are still struggled to earn money and due also

the protocol implemented by those who are in a position to follow the safety protocol

that limits them and mostly those Tabo Vendors who do not own things for their

productions are most commonly affected in this situation.

Significance of the study

The result of the study will be significant to the following;

 Tabo Vendors

The result of this study will be beneficial to the Tabo vendors for this will serve as a

source of information to their situation during the time of Covid-19 Pandemic.

 LGU Officials
 9

The result of the study will provide a better understanding and awareness to policy

makers to design an efficient strategy to the in handling the situation of the Tabo

Vendor in their Municipality.

 Future Researchers

The result of the study can be used as a reference or bases for

conducting other researches that are related to the present day.

Scope and delimitation

This study is primarily focus on the situation of Tabo vendors during Covid-19

and aims to describe and understand their life in selling various types of goods. The

researchers’ study is limited to the Tabo vendors and is not meant to represent the

majority of vendors in the municipality of Gandara. This study will be conducted in

Gandara Cultural Center Barangay Dumaloong Gandara Samar, during the second

semester of S.Y. 2020-2021. The results of the study will provide better understanding

and view about the lived-experiences of Tabo vendor during the Covid-19 pandemic.

10

Definition of Terms
The important terms used in this study had been defined conceptually and

operationally to better understand the following:

 COVID-19

Corona Virus disease (Covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly

discovered coronavirus. Most people infected with the Covid-19 virus will

experienced to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring

special treatment (World Health Organization). In this study, it refers to

infectious disease which affected the lives of tabo vendor in Gandara Samar.

 Lived Experiences

According to Given (2008), Lived experiences responds not only to people ‘s

experience, but also to how people live through and respond those experiences. In this

study, it refers to the social condition of Tabo vendor, their individual experiences of

working, as well as their economic condition on how they manage their supply

continuity during the covid-19 pandemic.

 Pandemic

Is defined as “an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing

international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people”. (World

Health Organization,2020). In this study it refers to the health crisis which adds to tabo

vendor challenges. 11

 Tabo
 Is an old visayan word for “meet”. It is defined by Alegre, E.N who did extensive

research extensive research and wrote on the Philippine tabo as a “evanescent market”.

In this study, it refers to the exchange activity of various types of goods in Gandara

Samar.

 Tabo Vendor

In this study, it refers to the person who sell and displayed their goods within the

tabo vicinity in Gandara Samar. This is the main focus of the study, to know their social

and economic condition during the Covid-19 pandemic.

CHAPTER 2
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the information and researches which have bearing on this

particular investigation. Valuable information to this research were taken from

authoritative sources and internet sites.

Related Literature

According to (Balbuena, 2020), Street vendors provide essential services in cities

across the globe, particularly in Africa, Asia and South America, where residents rely

on them for basic needs. They are part of a vast informal food system that keeps much

of the world from going hungry. But the pandemic has devastated the livelihoods of

street vendors, disrupting their ability to do their jobs and leaving many in a fight for

survival. Lockdowns being enforced across the globe have thrown the world’s two-

billion informal workers into turmoil – and street vendors, whose livelihoods rely on

being in public spaces – have been particularly hard hit. Some cities and countries have

allowed trading to go on, but vendors have had to make serious adjustments to their

work and home life. In Uganda, vendors resorted to sleeping in markets so they could

continue to earn a living while avoiding contact with their families. Even in cities where

they are allowed to vend, street vendors reported a 90-percent drop in

their income due to reduced foot traffic in places such as México City, Accra, Los

Angeles, and New York City.

 13

The study presented above all about the life of being a street vendor, their

adjustments and changes when the pandemic hits, it resulted also a big impact in their

daily living specifically on their daily routine as a vendor.

As the Covid-19 pandemic unfolded, the lockdown was implemented as the

main preventive measure to contain the spread of the virus across the world

(Lancet,2020).

Due to Covid19 Pandemic there are many safety protocols that needs to follow in

order to prevent the spread of deadly disease so it can relate to the study because due to

this situation there are many changes that occur throughout the life of Tabo Vendors

especially the location where tabo held.

The Covid-19 outbreak is likely to cause bankruptcy for many well-known

brands in many industries as consumers stay at home and economies (Tucker,2020).

The study tells that this pandemic leads to the economic downfall of some

businesses and it can relate to the study because it also causes an income change to the

tabo vendors.

(Jonas,2013) pandemics are expected to have a severe negative impact on

economic activities, at least in the short run. The impact ranges from avoidances

reaction due to social distancing measures (e.g. individuals might forgo consumption

and purchases of certain goods and services), small direct cause (e.g. hospitalization

and medical cost), larger indirect cause ( loss of labor, production).

 14

The study gives a big impact to the activities of every individual especially

in their livelihoods and it cause a recession in a country’s economy due to this

pandemic, by following the health protocols also that leads to the change of number of

Tabo Vendors sell, locations, incomes, supplies and etc.

In the article of (Wongtada,2014) To have the best chance of selling their

products, street vendors seek to locate where their potential buyers will congregate.

Hence, they are likely to use public space illegally, causing them to face harassment

from the police and municipal authorities, money extortion from gangster and

competition from other sellers for valuable sites. Street vendors are those individuals

selling goods on side-walks without a permanent structure. Local street vendors face a

common set of issues ranging to civil harassment (Wongtada,2014).

Being a seller or supplier always seek goodness for the success of his

business but there are times that some are not totally follow what are the legal things to

do due to eagerness to reach the success or to gain things such as income, by this the

study also face conflicts and issues that leads them to have a gap between them and the

authority who implement the rules.

According to Bhowmik 2012, they often endure poor working conditions,

including an irregular income and long hours , a lack of social security and poor health

and safety conditions.

15

Many vendors face many conflicts when it comes to the working sites and any

aspect where they do their duty as a worker, it can relate to the study that due to
COVID-19 there are many things that needs to consider especially the health of the

Tabo vendors and its environment where they located.

In the present scenario when the whole world has to stay at home, these vendors

in roads are among the groups that are worst affected, without the luxury of work-

from-home, the livelihood of the majority is critically hit, a handful of these street

vendors are still playing their parts as the last link in the supply chain, making sure

essentials like vegetables and fruit are still accessible (Himansu Pandey, 2020).

Due to Pandemic there are some scenarios that made a change to everyday living

especially the vendors daily routine, the transformation from the scenario where they

normally do until the pandemic comes, it can relate to the study the maximum numbers

of supplies, materials and manpower are really gives something new to the things that

the vendors would used to be.

Street vending offers many pluses for cities restarting after COVID-19

shutdowns. First, it can blunt some of the economic pain of the pandemic. Second, it can

be configured to encourage social distancing more easily than the internal of crowded

shopping malls. Third, many cities are already being reconfigured and reimagine

through steps such as widening sidewalks and creating traffic-free streets. These actions

create more opportunities for street commerce (John Rennie Short, 2020).
16

The pandemic also gives us a gap to change the daily routines that used to

do by the vendors during the normal times, this time due to safety protocol

implemented it prevented the overcrowded scenarios for example the location of the
tabo vendors that usually held in a street but due to the new implementation because of

this pandemic there are already some displacements that leads them to embrace the

unusual things that we need to do this time.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic loss of human life word wide and

presents an unprecedented challenge to public health, foods systems and the world of

work. The economic and social disruption caused by the pandemic is devastating; tens

of millions of people are at risk of falling into extreme poverty, while the number of

undernourished people, currently estimated at nearly 690 million, could increase by up

to 132 million by the end of the year (WHO,2020).

The study talks about how wide the pandemic brought to the social and

economic aspect of every individual which mostly affected by this situation, it can relate

to the study because the experiences also by tabo vendors will be state during the

COVID-19 Pandemic, the life and the work routines of those vendors.

In addition to making food accessible, informal traders, operating in territorial

food systems (CSM 2016), maximise economic and owner opportunities, creating

multiplier effects into local communities they are part of it. They spend more of their

operating budget and profits on local business from farmers, to local shops and bars.

They also contribute to social integration, including for migrants, and are the ‘eyes on

the street’(Jacobs 1961) that create safer and more hospitable public space (Marc C.

Wegerif, 2020).
 17

The relation of this study is that Tabo Vendors “Laray” are also the eyes on the

street and are seen publicly, it also helps to boast economic status of one’s place due to

the exchange of products coming from the different places that gives contribution to the

daily living of individual.

Related Studies

Informal economic activities have been around since the dawn of civilization,

antedating nations’ formal commerce and trading protocols by centuries. (Alderslade et

al.,2006; Dierwechter,2002)

Street vending makes up a large proportion of the informal economy across the

world and very many street vendors sell food as their main product (Bhowmik 2010;

Cardoso 2014; Tinker 1997).

According to (Muzaffar et al., 2009) street foods provide a source of affordable

nutrients to the majority of the people especially the low-income group in the

developing countries.

Selling food on the street is a contested practice; in addition to the usual

problems which are related to street vending, such as tainting of the city image, traffic

congestion and creating unfair competition for local businesses (Bromley 1998; Cross

2000) In many cities, an aversion for street vending has resulted in the implementation

of policies that aim to remove or relocate vendors from the streets (Bromley and Mackie

2009a; Hunt 2009: Mackie et al. 2014; Musoni 2010; Middleton 2003).
 18

In a research undertaken by Golosino, he discovered the inversely proportional

relationship between the street vendors and the mass. The street vendor’s humble

means of survival may have appeased some busy pedestrian who are haste of buying

goods, however, in the admiration of some, comes the curse of many. Due to the

congregation of vendors along sidewalks, many pedestrians believe that the essence of

sidewalks has lost it’s value in the process of fulfilling other people’s needs.

According to GeetamTiwari (2000) Vendors often locate themselves at places

which are natural markets for them. A careful analysis of the location of vendors, their

numbers at each location and the type of services provided clearly shows that they are

needed since they work under completely “free market‟ principles. If their services

were not required at those locations, they would have no incentive to be there. Road

and city authorities, however, view their existence as illegal.

Bhowmik (2005) conducted a study on “Street Vendors in Asia” examined the

street vendors in Asian countries namely Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bangkok (Thailand),

Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Hanoi, Cambodia, Seoul and India. The study

analyzed the spread of street vending in different countries. The assessment found that

the number of street vendors in the countries was on the increase. The number

increased because shrinking of jobs informal sector and with lack of employment in

rural areas. These factors were common in Bangladesh, Nepal, Vietnam, and Cambodia.
19

Street vendors who are predominantly women, belong to the sector called the “informal

economy”. Unregistered and unregulated , these informal businesses are owned by

poor , marginalized groups who depend on them as alternative sources of income for

basic survival.(Enste and Scheinder ,1998)

Street vendors are often those who are unable to get regular jobs in the

remunerative formal sector on account of their low level of education and skills. They

try to solve their livelihoods problems through their own meagre financial resource.

They are the main distribution channel for a large variety of products of daily

consumption like fruits, vegetables, readymade garments, shoes, household gadgets,

toys, stationery, newspapers and magazines and so on. (Jaishankan and Sujatha, 2016)

Most of the street vendor under various studies contribute to half or more of

their household income. However, their income is low and they need to support many

dependents. The income from street vending per day, their per capita income falls

below the poverty line. Thus, street vendors could be grouped among the poorest

people in the urban population (Agnello and Moller’s 2004).

Street vendors work in diverse environments in CBD. Due to the cities rugged

topography more than half of the vendors work in the steep slopes. Many vendors are

exposed to climactic elements , especially during the monsoon season , they locate in

places without buildings overhangs and use umbrella to protect themselves from the

rain. Air pollution caused by vehicular emissions is the most critical health hazards that

vendors face. About 67 percent of them are found in areas where vehicles are idling or

moving slowly . (Akers et al.,n.d)

 20
Vending, of street foods for instance, may be stationary, residential or

ambulatory, and combines characteristics of planned , opportunistic and reactive

behaviour (Hiemstra et al.,2006). This is consistent with the schema of Bromley (2000)

who elaborates that street vending may be practiced full time, part time, seasonally or

occasionally.

In finding the related literature and studies the researchers observe the gap of

knowledge in a way that their studies focuses more on the situation and location of the

vendors while selling their goods and also the factors while vendors do sell while , the

researcher specifically focuses more on the lived- experiences of the Tabo Vendors

during this time of Covid-19 pandemic.

 CHAPTER 3

Methodology

This chapter presents the procedures which were utilized in the qualitative

analysis of this study. Included in this chapter are the research design, locale of the

study, instrumentation, validation of instrument, participants of the study, sampling

procedure, ethical considerations, data gathering procedure and data Analysis.

Research Design

The study will employ a survey research design implemented through one-on-

one interviews with the identified Participants. It will utilize the Husserlian descriptive

phenomenology approach which will qualitatively explore the lived-experiences of the

Tabo vendors during COVID -19 pandemic.

Research Locale

This research study will be conducted at Gandara Cultural Center Barangay

Dumaloong Gandara Samar. However, the place was selected to know the lived-

experiences of Tabo Vendors in Gandara, Samar during the COVID-19 Pandemic and

the interview will be held in Gandara Cultural Center since it is the main site of Tabo

Vendors in the Municipality of Gandara.

Participants

The target population for this study will be the Tabo Vendors at the Gandara

Cultural Center in Gandara, Samar.

 22

Instrumentation

The researcher will use semi-structured interview guide questions as the main

gathering tool which divided into 2 parts. In interviewing the respondents, the data

needed will be an open- ended questions which focuses on deriving information about

the lived-experiences of the Informants who are Tabo Vendors in Gandara, Samar

during COVID-19 pandemic.

Part I – Preliminaries

Part II – Face to face Interview, using the drafted interview guide questions

regarding the study about their lived-experiences of Tabo Vendors during the COVID-

19 Pandemic, the researchers will utilize to collect the information needed from the

participants.

Validation of Instrument

Content validation was undertaken to test the validity of the instrument. The

interview guide questions will be validated by experts in the discipline whom the

researchers will consult, such as the adviser and the research professors. The questions

will be directed to the identified participants. In cases where substantial will be

overlooked in relation to lived-experiences, additional questions will be essential in an

open-ended form. Informed consent will be solicited from the participants of the study

through an informed consent form through a formal letter which signed prior to the

interview. Researchers will use the purposive sampling, by these elements are selected.
 23

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers strictly applied ethical principles in its data gathering procedure,

namely: [1] self-determination- each participants will signed the Informed Consent,

were freely allowed to decide participation or non-participation from the study; [2]

confidentiality of data of each participant for the interview; by using code names and by

keeping the responses in notes and transcriptions and thereafter collecting data

immediately after finishing an interview, then by keeping the resources in a safe folder

and place in a cabinet of the researchers who will conduct the data collection process to

ascertain no leakage of information; [3] veracity of information through verification and

validation of responses during the actual conduct of data collection.

The same will be sought from each participant as informed consent. Once

interview schedules are set, the researchers will conduct a face-to-face interview with

identified Participant. Answers to the guide questions will be recorded.

 24

Data Analysis

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5

Arrange the Data Organize all Set a code

Validate Concluding
the Data to the Data
your Data the analysis
COLLECTED

Figure 1. Stages Qualitative Data Analysis

Step 1. Arrange the Data

Once you have collected all the data, it is largely unstructured and

sometimes. Researcher first need to transcribe the data collected.The first step in

analyzing your data is arranging it systematically. Arranging data means converting all

the data into a text format. You can either export that data into a spreadsheet or

manually type in the data or choose from any of the computer-assisted qualitative data

analysis tools.

Step 2. Organize all your Data

After transforming and arranging data, the immediate next step is to organize

data. Going back to your research objectives and then organizing the data based on the

questions asked. Arrange research objective in a table.

Step 3. Set a Code to the Data Collected

Setting up proper codes for the collected data. Categorizing and assigning

properties and patterns to the collected data. After assigning codes to data, begin to
build on the patterns to gain in-depth insight into that will help make informed

decisions.
25

Step 4. Validate your Data

 Accuracy of research design methods

 Reliability which is the extend to which the methods produce accurate data

consistently.

Step 5. Concluding the Analysis

The researcher will conclude the data, systematically presenting data, contains

research studies, the positives, and negatives and study limitations. Stating also the

suggestions/ inferences of the findings and any related area for future research.
 26

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

A letter request was made by the researchers to ask permission from the LGU

Officials before the conduct of the study. The researchers also gave waiver and consent

letter before the actual data collection for them to be informed about the purpose of the

research. Guaranteed to the participants that their anonymity will be safeguarded and

highlighted. The participants were informed that they were allowed to pull out from

the proceedings at any time without any explanation. All recordings and transcriptions

were deleted after the extraction of the themes and necessary statements.

Through the effort of the researcher in exploring for vital information relative to

the present study, both foreign and local references were reviewed including published

and unpublished materials such as books/thesis, dissertations and other crucial

materials and sources of information which helped the researcher towards the aim of

the study.
References

Abel Brodeur, D. G. (2020, June). A literature Review of the Economic of COVID-19.

Disobedient Markets: Street Vendors, E. a. (2017, January 16). SAGE Journals.

Himansu Pandey, S. J. (2020, June 10). Policy Push: Street vendors' Livelihoods in post-

covid world. ETGovernment.com.

Impact of COVID-19 on people's livelihoods, their heslth and our systems. (2020,

October 13). World Health Organization.

Pilar Balbuena, C. S. (2020, June 7). For World's Street Vendors, Life May Never be the

Same after COVID19.

Polamorasetty kiran, P. B. (2019, December). Problems and Prospect of Street Vendors.

International Journal of Management ,Technology and Engineering.

Short, J. R. (2020, July 8). Street Vendors make cities levelier, safer and fairer-here's why

they brlong on the post-covid19 urban scene.

Street Vendors, their Contested Spaces and the Policy Environment: A View from

Caloocan, Metro Manila. (2013). In J. E. Redento B. Recio. Caloocan, Metro

Manila, Philippines.

Wegerif, M. C. (2020, July 07). "Informal" Food Traders and Food security: experiences

from the Covid-19 response in South Africa.

Wongtada. (2020, February). Street Vendors. WIEGO, 28.

 LIVED EXPERIENCES OF TABO VENDORS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Ngaran (Name): Edad (Age):

(Optional)
Lugar (Address):

1. Ano an imo kamutangan han imo pangabuhi bag-o magkamay ada hini nga

Pandemya?

2. Ano an imo mga naeksperyensyahan han imo pakabuhi hini yana nga

Pandemya?

3. Ano an mga nag udyok haimo para ipadayun pa ini nga pakabuhi ha kaluyo hini

nga sitwasyon?

4. Paano mo naatubangan ini nga sitwasyon or eksperyensya hini nga panahon?

5. Ano nga an napurot niyo nga leksyon hini nga pagkamay ada pandemya?