IDEALS OF DR.

JOSE RIZAL

__________________

A Research Paper Submitted to The History Department

_________________

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for

The Course 212 Life and Works of Rizal

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Submitted By:

Gauvin Ralph D. Canarecio

Josel G. Caraballe

Submitted To:

Feliciano M. Ytang Jr.

Instructor

Date of Submission:
Term:
Section:
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
I -------------------------------- Objectives

II ------------------------------ Teaching Strategies used for the Presentation

III ------------------------------ Introduction

IV ------------------------------ Research Summary

V ------------------------------- Chapter of a book/ related for the assigned topic

VI ------------------------------ Conclusion/insight

VII ----------------------------- References

 OBJECTIVES

At the end of this research the students will be able:

1. To remember the women who became part of Rizal’s life and understand the

impact of these women to his life

2. To know the legacy, he brought to the all the Filipino women

3. To compare the ways of Rizal of showing love to the modern ways now
TEACHING STRATEGIES USED FOR THE PRESENTATION

 Power Point Presentation

 Research Paper Presentation

 INTRODUCTION

Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Realonda is the National Hero of the Philippines and

much of the different articles talks about how good he is in fighting our rights and enlightening

the eyes of blinded citizen through his different works including the famous works in literature,

El Filibusterismo and Noli Mi Tangere. He is known for being a nationalistic and patriotic

person and His been known as a man of great knowledge who has written excellent, well-thought

poems even as a young child whose intelligence is admired up until the generation of today.

Nevertheless, Rizal became popular also during his College days when his love life became the

topic of every student and in our current parlance, he would be considered a “kilabot ng mga

kolehiyala” (campus heartthrob) or a “mariner” with a girl in every port of call. Even before

embarking on his studies in Europe, Rizal must have been a clever and dashing young man, a

greenhorn inadvertently breaking the hearts of young women. Rizal is a young man who desires

to find a woman who will be fit to his visions in life and he is not exempted to the joy and

heartbreaks that this romance brought to his life. However, the modern youth now will be

amazed and learn what is the true essence of love throughout this topic.

On the other hand, Rizal also wrote a letter, a legacy to all Filipino women embodied in

his famous essay entitled, “To the Young Women of Malolos,” where he addresses all kinds of

women – mothers, wives, the unmarried, etc. and expresses everything that he wishes them to

keep in mind. 

There are nine (9) recorded women in Rizal’s life prior to the other women whom he first

met; namely Segunda Katigbak, Leonor Valenzuela, Leonor Rivera, Consuelo Ortiga, O-Sei San,

Gertrude Beckette, Nelly Boustead, Suzanne Jacoby and Josephine Bracken. These women are
not just an ordinary girl, they are the women might have been beguiled by his intelligence, charm

and wit.

RESEARCH SUMMARY
 Undeniably, Rizal was a hopeless romantic who desired to love and be loved in return

but, was hindered by his sense of duty toward his family and country.

Segunda Katigbak was her puppy love. They develop this kind of relationship that this

generation called MU or “Mutual Understanding” Unfortunately, after that Rizal and Segunada

parted their ways, his first love was engaged to be married to a town mate and relative- Manuel

Luz. Marrying a relative was acceptable back then because at that time it has been a tradition for

women to marry men who are in the same social circle. She gave birth to thirteen, but only nine

lived. She lived a happy life with her family. Segunda’s family was known for their love in the

arts. Manuel and Segunda later built a house named Casa de Segunda. Segunda suffered from

stroke and later passed away on June 16, 1943

After his admiration for a short girl in the person of Segunda, then Leonor Valenzuela

came to his life, a tall girl from Pagsanjan. She was described as “tender as a budding flower

with kindly wistful eyes” According to Cuadro, Delos Santos, Min, Escano, LeachonRizal they

cited the book of the loves of Rizal and other essays on Philippine history, art and public policy

by Dr. Pablo S. Trillana III. It says there that during the Sophomore year of Rizal in University

of Santos Tomas, he was a frequent visitor of the Valenzuela house and often entertain his

friends with card tricks. Eventually, Rizal began to give special attention to Orang that he even

senther love notes written in invisible ink to hide their flirtations from the public and that could

only be deciphered over the warmth of the lamp or candle. Despite of these things, Rizal’s

motives were not cleared, and it was often speculated that he only dated Orang as a Rebound

from his previous relationship with Segunda Katigbak. However, their communication continued

through Jose “Chenggoy” Cecilio, Rizal’s self -appointed apoderado energico (energetic proxy),

who would often share gossips with him. In addition to that, being a loyal friend of our national
hero, Chenggoy would gradually ignite Leanor Rivera and Orang’s rivalry over the affection of

Rizal. On the other hand, a letter from Jose Cecilio suggested otherwise of Rizal and Orang’s

relationship. The former wrote to our hero:

“…nagpipilit ang munting kasera (Leonor Rivera) na makita si Orang, pero dahil natatakpan ng

isang belong puti, hindi naming nakilala nang dumaan ang prusisyon sa tapat ng bahay. Sinabi

sa akin ni O(rang) na sabihin ko raw sa munting kasera na hindi siya kumakaribal sa pag-

iibigan ninyo. Que gulay, tukayo, anong gulo itong idinudulot natin sa mga dalagang ito!”

(Manebog 2013).

According to Jensen Manebog, writer of Jose Rizal: The First Filipino Phenom,

Chenggoy’s letter gave ample proof that Orang was not interested in Rizal or that she was giving

way to Leanor Rivera and Jose Rizal’s love affair. Manebog also stated that records were not

cleat whether Orang showed any form of reciprocation towards Rizal’s courtship. He even

visited her on the eve of his departure to Spain and bade hecket, but their love was lost when

Rizal studied and leave the country. Leonor married a Spanish mestizo and again the heart of

Rizal shattered into pieces.

On April 1880, Rizal meet a 13 years old lady who’s name Leonor Rivera. She was the

cousin of Rizal because her father Antonio was Francisco Mercado’s cousin. Leonor considered

a beauty who has a talent in singing and played the piano remarkably well. She is immortalized

in rizal’s Noli Me Tangere as Maria Clara. But the romance between them was hidden and they

even came up a code, where Rizal referred to Leonor as Taimis and his letters with his friends,

they called her La Cuestion del Oriente.

 Before the second departure of Rizal, he expressed his desires to marry Leonor, but a lot

of people opposed about it. He was not supported by his family and relatives and Rivera’s family

was concerned about the growing reputation as a Filibustero and did not want Leonor to have

anything to do with him. Rizal kept his departure a secret from Leonor who was devastated by

rhe news when it reached her. Rizal’s friend Jose “Chenggoy” M. Cecilio writes to Rizal about

Leonor on August 3, 1882:

"There is a person who has felt deeply your absence and says that had she been here when you

left you would not have succeeded in getting away. She deserves pity. You must have already

received a letter from her by now as I write this. That she loves you there is no doubt now."

The mother of Leonor, Silvestra Rivera intercepted letters and gifts from Rizal. She even

went as far as bribing postmen to prevent Leonor and Rizal from corresponding with each other.

The situation led to the two lovers' doubts about each other's faithfulness.

According to Ecuardo, in the autumn of 1890 at Madrid, Leonor wrote to Rizal about her

engagement to British engineer Henry Kipping which was pushed forward by her mother despite

her protests. Feeling betrayed, Rizal pours his heart out to Blumentritt who tells him, in a letter:

"My wife cannot understand how a woman whom Rizal has honored with his love would

be able to abandon him; she is disgusted with that girl. I myself feel it deeply, but only on your

account, for I know how your heart is pained; but you are one of the heroes who conquer pain

from a wound inflicted by a woman, because they follow higher ends. You have a courageous

heart and you are in love with a nobler woman, the Motherland. Filipinas is like one of those

enchanted princesses in the German legends, who is captive of a horrid dragon, until she is freed

by a valiant knight."

 
 Leonor married Kipping on June 17, 1890 in Dagupan, two days before Rizal's birthday.

In exchange for her consent to the marriage, she made her parents, most especially her mother,

swear upon three things. First, Silvestra Rivera must stand by her side on her wedding day, as it

is really her wedding and not Leonor's. Second, she must not be asked to sing ever again. And

lastly, her piano must stay locked up if she lives. Leonor burned Rizal's letters upon the

instruction of her mother who told her that keeping another man's letters is considered a sin in a

marriage. It was also speculated that she had sewed some of the ashes of Rizal's letters into the

hem of her wedding dress. She never ceased to treasure these ashes until August 28, 1893 when

she died giving birth to Kipping's second child. Leonor requested that she would be buried in the

saya she wore when she and Rizal have come to an understanding about their relationship, and

that the ashes of Rizal's letters would be kept with her.

  Upon receiving news of his sweetheart's death from his sister Narcisa on August 1893

when he visited his family in Dapitan, it is said that Jose Rizal grew pale and still. He sat alone

for the rest of the day holding a lock of Leonor's hair, and stayed silent for the next few days.

To this day, the ashes of Rizal's letters to Leonor Rivera are kept in a box bearing the

lovers' initials on the cover which is keep by the Kipping family. Leonor Rivera's descendants

keep her legacy alive through the Maria Clara museum in Tarlac, and, as guests of honor, by

attend events in commemoration of Rizal.

Consuelo Ortiga y Perez came in who was a daughter of liberal-minded Spanish official.

Though Rizal probably had feelings for Consuelo, he had backed out of the relationship before it

became serious as he had wanted to remain loyal to Leonor. But on the diary of Ortiga it was

found there the records between Rizal and Consuelo relationship which she wrote her feelings

toward Rizal and some of the events that suggest Rizal had feelings for her as well, such as when
Rizal gave her a gifts of native cloths from the Philippines and wrote a poem solely dedicated to

her titled, “ A La Señorita C.O.y P.” or “ To Miss C.O.y P.”

However, what was holding them back from getting into a deep and serious relationship

was a man named Eduardo de Lete, friend of Rizal who was madly in love with Ortiga. Consuelo

had feelings for Lete, but she knew she was attracted to Rizal as well. As for Rizal, he knew he

liked Consuelo, but he did not want to destroy his friendship with Lete over a girl. Therefore, he

agreed with Lete that he should keep away from Consuelo while Lete was pressing on his

courtship of Consuelo, and eventually Consuelo chose Lete over Rizal. Nevertheless, Consuelo

married was not able to push through because of the sudden death of Consuelo’s brother, Rafael,

year after her father’s death. According to Lete's accounts, "She was left alone and abandoned in

Madrid.A romantic girl deprived of her mother at an early age, possessing an education rare in

those times, she saw all her love affairs crumble and all her illusions wither."

During his short stay in Japan, year February 1888 Rizal had become acquainted to Seiko, the

daughter of a Japanese nobleman who had brief affrair with Rizal when she was 23 and Rizal was 27.

This girl taught him to read and write in Nihongo and taught him the Japanese style of painting. She was

impressed by Rizal’s wit, charm and admiration for the arts. It took two months for him to learn the

language and the lifestyle of the Japan. Seiko became Rizal’s tour guide through Tokyo, and they had a

short but torrid romance. There is no language barrier that happened between these two because Seiko

knew how to speak in French and English. If Rizal was not on a patriotic mission and had decided to

settle down with Seiko after falling in love with her, his life would have prospered in Japan. Later, Seiko

got married to an Englishman name d, Alfred Charlton and have their own family. She survived the

World War II then died on May 1, 1947 at the age of 80.

 Then, the other women in the heart of Rizal is Gertrude Beckett, a blue-blooded English

woman. Being closed together brought them to develop a more romantic sentiment for each

other. During his stay, Rizal was pampered with Gertrude's affections. He affectionately called

her "Gettie," while she called him "Pettie."She was often present by his side to assist him in

painting and sculpting. Despite the attention she was showering upon him, Rizal did not share

the kind of feelings towards her. Out of his loyalty to Leonor Rivera and his "mission" to the

motherland, Rizal ended their relationship before it grew into something more serious. Rizal has

been quoted to saying, "I am not going to commit the indignity of placing passion over pure and

virginal love, such as she might offer." He finished The Triumph of Death over Life, The

Triumph of Science Over Death, Prometheus, and composite carvings of the heads of the Beckett

sisters before he left London on March 19, 1889. He left the composite carvings to Gettie as a

gift. Marcelo del Pilar says that he left London to avoid Gertrude

He entertained the thought of courting other ladies. While a guest of the Boustead family at their

residence in the resort city of B left Europe. Her name is Nelly Bousted, she has two daughters, but

Antonio Luna is madly in love with her and when it seemed she was giving more attention to Rizal,

Antonio became jealous. However, he denied his love toward to this girl and encourage Antonio to

continue courting her.

In 1890, Rizal moved to Brussels because of the high cost of living in Paris. In Brussels,

he lived in the boarding house of the two Jacoby sisters wherein there is an atmosphere of

tranquility and congenial company, which is one of the contributing factors that led Rizal to

continue writing the El Filibusterismo. In time, they fell deeply in love with each other.

However, the relationship presumably was not very serious since Rizal did not mention anything

about it in his letters to his intimate friends, to Blumentritt in particular. Besides, he was busy
with writing El Filibusterismo and more importantly, he was still engaged to Leonor. Then, Rizal

left Brussels after six months, leaving her brokenhearted. He never attempts to wrote back to her

nor came back to her ever again.

In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal met a 19-year old petite

Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair and a happy disposition. She was Josephine Bracken,

the adopted daughter of George Taufer from Hong Kong, who came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for

eye treatment. Rizal was physically attracted to her. His loneliness and boredom must have taken

the measure of him an of some incidence, which might have shocked or frightened her. Perhaps

the most famous and most controversial of Rizal’s lovers, he had met Josephine during his exile in

Dapitan. The Catholic church denied their request for marriage unless Rizal reconciliated with

them and even the Rizal family, after finding out that Josephine Bracken was affiliated with the

church, refused to support their marriage because of the possibility that she’s a spy that can bring

forth danger to their lives and of Rizal’s as well ( Trillana III, 2003) But these series of

objections did not make them retract. Instead, it made their relationship stronger that despite the

prevention of their wedding plans, they still lived together as husband and wife . Bracken is the

one who served Rizal during his imprisoned in Dapitan, she stayed on the side of his husband while

providing its necessities. He experienced being maltreated by the family of Rizal because she was not

accepted but she endured everything. According to Teofisto Guingona, Rizal had decided to

reconcile with the church in hopes of he and Bracken’s union. After marriage, statements say

that they satisfied their urge to merge in a beach which gave birth to a premature baby named

Fernando in late December 1895 (Guingona, 1996). Rizal’s first child died soon after birth,

which severely broke the couple’s heart. It has been said that they attempted to adopt a girl
named Maria Luisa though they had to give her back because the child’s parents realized that

they couldn’t afford to give their child away (Trillana III, 2003)

In Ambeth Ocampo’s article published in the Philippine Daily Inquirer on May 20, 2011, after

Rizal’s execution, Josephine sued Teodora Alonso, Rizal’s mother for allegedly hiding Rizal’s

last will of testament from them, especially to her that she may get none of the inheritance her

deceased husband had left for her. In several letters, she tried to persuade Ferdinand Blumenttrit

to assist her because Rizal left some for him too. They went to Jose Basa, whom they believed to

have kept some 3000 worth of books and was about to sell these historical facts. Jose Basa didn’t

deny the fact that Rizal had left some of his belongings with him but in order to obtain or retrieve

these items, Josephine had to turnover a proof of their marriage. Interestingly, the suits filed by

Bracken’s party ceased to pursue which then made the whole Bracken-Rizal marriage

questionable (Ocampo, 2011). However, it has been noted in one of Josephine’s letters that this

issue regarding Rizal’s last will made her believe that Filipinos are nothing like Rizal whom she

had described as “loving and true,” (Ocampo, 2011).

 
Josephine Bracken had lived a few more years after the death of his husband, Rizal.

During these years, it has been said that she taught English in Cebu (Ocampo, 2011) where she

had the late Sergio Osmena as student. However, historians question the authenticity of this since

it was evident in her letters that she was not grammatically sound in using the language she

taught. She eventually went back to HongKong after continuing her teaching profession in

Manila for a few months. There, she settled with Vicente Abad (Trillana III, 2003) and gave

birth to a daughter whom they named, Dolores Abad (Escobar 1988). Josephine died of

Tubercolosis in 1902 in her home country

 
 Josephine was Rizal’s “dulce extranjera”, the “Amiga” and “alegria” to whom, in his Ultimos

Adios, Rizal would specifically bid goodbye before dying in Bagumbayan. She was loved, treated

good and accepted later as the wife of Rizal.

The letter of Rizal transmitted to the young women of Malolos focused on the following

salient points: the rejection of the spiritual authority of the friars – not all the priest in the country

that time embodied the true spirit of Christ and His Church. Most of them were corrupted by

worldly desires and used worldly methods to effect change and force discipline among the

people. Then, the defense of private judgement, and qualities Filipino mothers need to possess –

as evidenced by this portion of his letter, Rizal was greatly concerned of the welfare of the

Filipino children and the homes they grow up in. Next, the duties and responsibilities of Filipino

mothers to their children, duties and responsibilities of a wife to her husband - Filipino women

are known to be submissive, tender, and loving. Rizal states in this portion of his letter how

Filipino women ought to be as wives, in order to preserve the identity of the race. And the

counsel to young women on their choice of a lifetime partner.

Rizal is telling the young women that they have now their hope, the future is brighter

than before to them. “Because Filipino woman no longer bows her head and bend her knees;

her hope in the future is revived.” And Rizal’s ultimate desire was to afford Filipino women with

the same opportunities enjoyed by men in education. Rizal also emphasized the maintaining the

independence of mind and be vigilant over the rights and not be docile and passive in their
attitude towards the many injustices forced upon them. Then, the responsibility of the mothers

has a big role in society. Rizal wanted them to teach their children good conduct, molding them

with love and she must bring up her child to be the image of the true God. “Open your

children’s eyes so that they may jealously guard their honor, love their fellowmen and their

native land, and do their duty. Always impress upon them that they must prefer dying with honor

to living in dishonor” It was such an eye-opener letter to all the mothers back then, not just to

have a son but a son who is molded with truth and dignity.

Rizal enumerates the qualities Filipino mothers must possess: Be a noble wife, rear her

children in the service of the state – here Rizal gives reference to the women of Sparta who

embody this quality and set standards of behavior for men around her. In fact, there are three

basic things a wife must instill in the mind of her husband namely: activity and industry; noble

and behavior; and worthy sentiments. In as much as the wife is the partner of her husband’s heart

and misfortune. Thus, the following advices were given also: aid her husband; share his perils;

refrain from causing him worry; and sweeten his moments of affliction.

Jose Rizal points out to unmarried women that they should not be easily taken by

appearances and looks, because these can be very deceiving.  Instead, they should take heed of

men’s firmness of character and lofty ideas.  Rizal further adds that there are three things that a

young woman must look for a man she intends to be her husband: A noble and honored name, a

manly heart and a high spirit incapable of being satisfied with engendering slaves.
1.
 CHAPTER OF A BOOK

The Chapter 4: Jose Rizal’s Romance: “the Joys and Pains” gave us the part

that aside from the nine lovers of Rizal, there were still two other loves, filial and

patriotic and both were constant and abiding sources of inspiration as well as

sorrow. His love to his mother was deeply seen when he was being imprisoned

and an hour before his execution on December 30, 1896. Then he wrote a simple

yet meaningful letter to his mother. The author of the book says that no further

words were needed. None could substitute to express what his heart felt. The

very mention of her name touched chords of memory that brought his entire life

within the core of her grieving heart. And the words “Sra. Dna. Teodora Alonso”

held and carried the quintessence of that love. No wonder that we can truly be

seen the love he gave for our country because his life, plenty of works, sacrifices

and death attest to that devotion. Indeed, when you love and deeply adored

motherland, no sacrifice was too great to offer.

Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings. Genius, Writer, Scientist, and National Hero by

Zaide &Zaide, 1999 gave the five analysis from the letter of Rizal to the Young Women of

Malolo. The first one is, Filipino mothers should teach their children love of God, country and

fellowmen. Then, Filipino mothers should be glad and honored, like Spartan mothers, to offer

their sons in defense of their country. Filipino women should know how to protect their dignity
and honour. They should educate themselves aside from retaining their good racial values.

Most importantly, Faith is not merely reciting prayers and wearing religious pictures. It is living

the real Christian way with good morals and manners.

On the contrary, the article of Trillana shared a news regarding who was really the true

love of Rizal? However, Rizal scholars are divided on the issue though the choice is

between Leonor Rivera and Josephine Bracken. We knew that Leonor was a near-cousin

and childhood playmate. In April 1880, on his elder brother Paciano’s prodding, Rizal,

by then a medical student, went with him to the Rivera house in Intramuros to attend

Leonor’s 13th birthday party. Going by her photograph, Rizal’s pigtailed playmate had

blossomed into a slender teenager with an oval face, high forehead, black, smoldering

eyes, and thin mouth suppressing a smile.It was a magical moment: Rizal fell in love.

Moreover, he saw in Leonor the inspiration for Maria Clara, the heroine of his first

novel, “Noli Me Tangere.”

 CONCLUSION

Rizal’s love and romance are part of the journey as he grows in life and with his career.

He’s gone for him to find things that will help the improvement of his mother land, but he also

found the improvement within himself. He never failed to share the love for his country to all the

ladies he met before. Dr. Jose Rizal once experienced to be a normal youth who take courage to

give everything for love while simultaneously conquering and achieving various task.

He is not against in love, this chapter taught us how important to be in love and its impact

to our lives. The love for family, friends, opposite sex and for our country that gives undeniable

kind of joy. Different young ladies, cultures, and personalities he encountered along the ways,

but he gave them all the same pure and authentic love. Despite of the challenges he faced,

rejections and oppositions. It was indeed true that love can conquer everything. He did not just

died fighting for his country, but he also died fighting the love for his last girl.

Though there are a lot of historians, books and articles showing the life of Rizal as a

knowledgeable person he is still a typical normal person. We are being enlightened and it gives

a new lens of information that our National Hero is not exempted of every normal human being

did who needs love and affection, care and attention and even sexual satisfaction. We see an

imperfect hero who had made mistakes, a lover who had lost his partner, a friend who had

submitted to the what is now called “bro code” and a father who had lost his son. Many times,

we look for things beyond the surface of reality history objectively presents to us that we end

up ignoring the important things the surface could provide.

 The big question right now that is raising, was Rizal Married? In the final analysis, Rizal

never married any of his loves because he had already married “Patria” his native land.

On the other hand, the letter of Rizal is trying to give us the different message especially

for the aspiring mother who wanted to be a good mother to her children and a loving wife to

her future husband. It was a matter of choice; Rizal is just giving these different advices. He

even mentioned those who ladies who are not yet married to look carefully for the man

that they wanted to have in their lives, he must possess t noble character and many more. It

was a love letter from a concern father who wanted the youth to be in the right track and

train the light of the house to shine on their own bearing the future in their hands through the

guidance of God to them.

An article says that, in recent times, it seems that these qualities are gradually lost in the

way Filipino women conduct themselves.  There are oftentimes moments where mothers forget

their roles in rearing their children because of the overriding idea of having to earn for the family

to supplement their husband’s income.  Although there is nothing negative about working hard

for the welfare of the family, there must always be balance in the way people go through life. 

Failure in the home cannot be compensated for by any amount of wealth or fame.
 REFERENCES

Capino, D. G. et al (1977). Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings: Their Impact on our
National Identity. Quezon City; JMC Press.

De Guzman, L. P. (1975). Reflections on Rizal’s Message to Filipino Women,

Lecture Delivered on the 9th Annual Rizal Lecture at Rizal Shrine Calamba in
commemoration of the 79th Anniversary of the Martyrdom of Rizal.

Kalaw, T. M. (1932). A Letter to the Young Women of Malolos by Jose Rizal in

Manila: National Library.

Romero, M. C. S. et al (1979). Rizal and the Development of National

Consciousness.

Zaide, G. F. & Zaide, S. M. (1999). Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings. Genius,
Writer, Scientist, and National Hero. Quezon City; All Pacific Publishing.

Paraiso, B. G GREATEST LOVE OF RIZAL, THE ROMANTIC, DOMINATED HIS PASSION FOR
WOMEN

Research Article: Rizal: Antics of Romantic by Cuadro, Delos Santos, Min, Escano, Leachon
October 1, 2014

https://www.academia.edu/16011197/To_the_Young_Women_of_Malolos_Summary_and_Analysis

https://www.choosephilippines.com/do/history-and-culture/3145/rizal-and-loves-his-life/
http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2011/08/to-young-women-of-malolos-summary-and.html

Ocampo, Ambeth R. "Insignificant Love Letters."

  Inquirer Opinion N.p., 7 Dec. 2011. Web. 11 July 2014.
<http://opinion.inquirer.net/18655/insignificant-love-letters>.
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/144041/scholars-divided-on-jose-rizal’s-true-love
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/byline/pablo-s-trillana-iii