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Thermochemistr Y: Laboratory Manual

This document provides instructions for a thermochemistry laboratory experiment involving the dissolution of ammonium chloride and calcium chloride in water. Students will measure the temperature change of the solutions to determine the enthalpy of dissolution. The procedure involves preparing 2.0 M solutions of each salt in a calorimeter, measuring the initial and final temperatures, and calculating the heat of solution. Safety notes emphasize proper cleanup of spilled salts. Pre-lab questions review key concepts like the meaning of negative enthalpy, entropy, and free energy values.

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Gilynne Magos
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172 views4 pages

Thermochemistr Y: Laboratory Manual

This document provides instructions for a thermochemistry laboratory experiment involving the dissolution of ammonium chloride and calcium chloride in water. Students will measure the temperature change of the solutions to determine the enthalpy of dissolution. The procedure involves preparing 2.0 M solutions of each salt in a calorimeter, measuring the initial and final temperatures, and calculating the heat of solution. Safety notes emphasize proper cleanup of spilled salts. Pre-lab questions review key concepts like the meaning of negative enthalpy, entropy, and free energy values.

Uploaded by

Gilynne Magos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THERMOCHEMISTR

YManual
Laboratory

G I L Y N N E M. M A G O S
THERMOCHEMISTRY
THERMOCHEMISTRY 

Laboratory Manual Materials:




Introduction:  Styrofoam cup

Gibbs Free Energy, G, can be used to determine if a reaction is  Calorimeter Digital
spontaneous or not. A negative value of G indicates that a given reaction is
spontaneous at the measured conditions and will proceed in the forward  thermometer100 mL
direction. G can be calculated using the Gibbs-Helmholtz
equation:G = H –TS. In this experiment, H (enthalpy) will be

1
THERMOCHEMISTRY


Note: Thoroughly clean up any spilled salts. CaCl2will corrode the metal on the balances.
Use the brush to sweep off the metal surface of the balances immediately. Any spills left
behind might result in points being deducted! Do NOT return excess reagent to the salt
container. It must go into the designated waste.

PROCEDURE:

1. Place the nested Styrofoam cups into a 400-mL beaker. Use a 100-mL graduated cylinder to
measure about 25 mL of deionized water and add to the blue plastic cup inside the Styrofoam
cups. Record the exact volume of water used.
2. Tare out (zero) the mass of the weighing cup. Remove the weighing cup from the balance and
use a spatula to add the appropriate mass of ammonium chloride (calculated in pre-lab). The
mass should be within 0.20 grams of the calculated value. NOTE: DO NOT ADD SALT TO
THE WEIGHING CUP WHILE IT IS ON THE BALANCE! Refer to the “Using an analytical
balance”, “Transferring solids”, and “Preparing solutions” techniques.

3. Place a thermometer in the DI water. This will be your initial temperature.


4. Add the salt to the water in the calorimeter and replace the lid. Stir the solution vigorously by
swirling the beaker and contents, carefully holding the lid and thermometer in place, for two
minutes. Record the temperature of the mixture every 10seconds.
5. The highest (or lowest) temperature reached will be the final temperature, Tf. Note: Tf is NOT
the temperature after 2 minutes, but the maximum (or minimum) temperature obtained.
6. Be sure to record your observations of the appearance of the salt solution in the calorimeter at the
end of two minutes. Pour your salt solution in the waste container in the hood. Rinse, dry, and
reuse the plastic weighing cup and the plastic coffee cup for your second trial.
7. Repeat all steps for a second trial of ammonium chloride. Repeat all steps for two trials of
calcium chloride.

Waste Disposal: Pour the salt solutions in the waste container.

Clean-Up: Rinse everything well with tap water followed by a quick DI water rinse. Wipe your
bench top with a damp paper towel. Put all equipment back where you found it.

Pre-Lab Questions and Calculations

2
THERMOCHEMISTRY


You will complete this quiz in Canvas 1 hour before your lab period. This page will not be turned in
or graded. You may use this page to set up your calculations before you take the Canvas quiz.

1. Calculate the mass of ammonium chloride required to prepare 25 mL of a 2.0M solution. Show your
work. Record this value on your data table (page 4) to reference during lab.

2. Calculate the mass of calcium chloride required to prepare 25 mL of a 2.0M solution. Show your
work. Record this value on your data table (page 4) to reference during lab.

3. Write the balanced equation for the dissolution of ammonium chloride in water.

4. Write the balanced equation for the dissolution of calcium chloride in water.

5. What does a negative value of H indicate about a reaction?

6. What does a negative value of S indicate about a reaction?

7. What does a negative value of G indicate about a reaction?

8.Calculate the heat of solution (qsoln) if the mass of solution is 45.6 g, specific heat is 3.98 J/goC, and
T is -34.5oC

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